MODUL II
I Komang Sulastra [13116008]
Asisten: Auliya Rendy Aidi [13115046]
Tanggal Percobaan: 12/04/2019
EL-3206- Praktikum Sistem Komunikasi
Laboratorium Teknik Elektro - Institut Teknologi Sumatera
1. DASAR TEORI
1.1. Experiment 5 – Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Preriminary discussion
In an amplitude modulation (AM) communications system, speech and music are converted into an
electrical signal using a device such as a microphone. This electrical signal is called the message or
baseband signal. The message signal is then used to electrically vary the amplitude of a pure sinewave
called the carrier. The carrier usually has a frequency that is much higher than the message's frequency.
Figure 1 below shows a simple message signal and an unmodulated carrier. ft also shows the result of
amplitude modulating the carrier with the message. Notice that the modulated carrier's amplitude varies
above and below its unmodulated amplitude.
Message
Unmodulated
carrier
AM Signal
Figure 1
Figure 2 below shows the AM signal at the bottom of Figure 1 but with a dotted line added to
track the modulated carrier's positive peaks and negative peaks. These dotted lines are known in the
industry as the signal's envelopes. If you look at the envelopes closely you'll notice that the upper
envelope is the same shape as the message. The lower envelope is also the same shape but upside-down
(inverted).
Figure 2
In telecommunications theory, the mathematical model that delines the AM signal is
AM = (DC + message) × the carrier
When the message is a simple sinewave (like in Figure 1) the equation's solution (which necessarily
involves some trigonometry that is not shown here) tells us that the AM signal consists of three
sinewavess
▪ One at the carrier lrequency
▪ One with a frequency equal to the sum of the carrier and message frequencies
▪ One with a frequency equal to the dillerence between the carrier and message frequencies
In other words, for every sinewave in the message, the AM signal includes a pair of sinewaves - one
above and one below the carrier's frequency. Complex message signals such as speech and music are
made up ol thousands sinewaves and so the AM signal includes thousands of pairs of sinewaves
straddling carrier. These two groups ol sinewaves are called the sidebands and so AM is known as
double-sideband, full carrier (DSBUC).
Importantly, it's clear from this discussion that the AM signal doesn't consist ol any signals at
the message lrequency. This is despite the lact that the AM signal's envelopes are the same shape as the
message.
The experiment
For this experiment you'll use the Emona DATEx to generate a real AM signal by implementing its
mathematical model. This means that you'll add a DC component to a pure sinewave to create a message
signal then multiply it with another sinewave at a higher frequency (the carrier). You'll examine the AM
signal using the scope and compare it to the original message. You'll do the same with speech lor the
message instead of a simple sinewave.
Following this, you'll vary the message signal's amplitude and observe how it allects the modulated
carrier. You'll also observe the effects of modulating the carrier too much. Finally, you'll measure the
AM signal's depth of modulation using a scope.
It should take you about 1 hour to complete this experiment.
Equipment
▪ Personal computer with appropriate soltware installed
▪ NI ELVIS II plus USB cable and power pack
▪ Emona DATEx experimental add-in module
▪ Two BNC to 2mm banana-plug leads
▪ Assorted 2mm banana-plug patch leads
1.2. Experiment 8 – AM Demoduation
Preriminary discussion
If you've completed Experiment 5 then you've seen what happens when a 2kHz sinewave is used
to amplitude modulate a carrier to produce an AM signal. Importantly, you would have seen a key
characteristic of an AM signal - its envelopes are the same shape as the message (though the lower
envelope is inverted).
Recovering the original message from a modulated carrier is called demodulation and this is
the main purpose of communications and telecommunications receivers. The circuit that is widely used
to demodulate AM signals is called an envelope detector. The block diagram of an envelope detector is
shown in Figure 1 below
AM Signal
As you can see, the rectifier stage chops the AM signal in half letting only one of its envelopes
through (the upper envelope in this case but the lower envelope is lust as good). This signal is fed to an
RC LPU which tracks the peaks of its input. When the input to the RC LPU is a rectified AM signal, it
tracks the signal's envelope. Importantly, as the envelope is the same shape as the message, the RC
LPU's output voltage is also the same shape as the message and so the AM signal is demodulated.
A limitation of envelope detector shown in Figure 1 is that it cannot accurately recover the message
from over-modulated AM signals. To explain, recall that when an AM carrier is over- modulated the
signal's envelope is no-longer the same shape as the original message. Instead, the envelope is distorted
and so, by definition, this means that the envelope detector must produce a distorted version of the
message.
The experiment
For this experiment you'll use the Emona DATEx to generate an AM signal by implementing its
mathematical model. Then you'll set-up an envelope detector using the Rectifier and RC lPU on
the trainer's Utilities module.
Once done, you'll connect the AM signal to the envelope detector's input and compare the demodulated
output to the original message and the AM signal's envelope. You'll also observe the effect that an over-
modulated AM signal has on the envelope detector's output.
Finally, if time permits, you'll demodulate the AM signal by implementing by multiplying it with a local
carrier instead of using an envelope detector. It should take you about 50 minutes to complete Parts A to
D of this experiment and another 20 minutes to complete Part E.
Equipment
▪ Personal computer with appropriate software installed
▪ NI ELVIS ff plus USB cable and power pack
▪ Emona DATEx experimental add-in module
▪ Two BNC to 2mm banana-plug leads
▪ Assorted 2mm banana-plug patch leads
▪ One set of headphones (stereo)
2. HASIL DAN ANALISIS
2.1. Experiment 5 – Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Part A - Generating an AM signal using a simple message
Gambar 1. AM dengan 1 vdc
Gambar 2. AM dengan f = 2 kHz sine
Pembahasan:
Pada gambar 1 merupakan bentuk sinyal carrier pada channel ‘0’ dengan frekuensi 2 kHz dan Vpp
sebesar 1.042 v. Pada gambar 2 terlihat bahwa sinyal informasi pada channel ‘1’ di tumpangkan pada
sinyal carrier channel ‘0’ tanpa merubah frekuensi.
Part B - Generating an AM signal using speech
Gambar 3. Sinyal AM dengan speech
Pembahasan:
Berdsarkan dari gambar 3, terlihat bahwa sinyal informasi memiliki karakteristik yang sama dengan
sinyal pembawa ketika menggunakan suara.
Part C - Investigating depth of modulation
Gambar 4. AM saat G clockwise
Gambar 5. AM saat G anti-clockwise
Gambar 6. AM saat amplitude 1vpp
𝑃−𝑄
M = 𝑃+𝑄
5.944 −2.4
M = 5.944 + 2.4
M = 0.42
Table 1.
P dimension Q dimension M
5.944 2.4 0.42
𝑃−𝑄
M = 𝑃+𝑄
Gambar 7. AM sinyal saat amplitude minimum negatif
Pembahasan:
Berdasarkan dari gambar diatas terlihat bahwa ketika G di putar berlawanan dengan arah jarum jam nilai
amplitude sinyal AM menjadi kecil, begitu juga sebalik nya saat G di putar searah dengan jarum jam
maka nilai amplitude sinyal AM nya akan mejadi lebih besar. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa nilai sinyal
carrier dan message mempengaruhi nilai indeks modulasi (M). Pada gambar 7 terlihat bentuk sinyal
menjadi overmodulated di karenakan perubahan nilai amplitude minimum menjadi negative.
2.2. Experiment 8 – AM Demodulation
Part A - Setting up the modulator
Gambar 8. AM signal dengan f = 2 kHz
Pembahasan:
Pada bagian A ini menampilkan sinyal informasi yang di tumpangkan pada sinyal carrier pada
oscilloskop.
Part B - Recovering the message using an envelope detector
Gambar 9. AM recovery saat f = 2kHz
Pembahasan :
Berdasarkan gambar 9 diatas terlihat bahwa sinyal output hasil recovery memiliki besar frekuensi yang
sama dengan sinyal message yaitu sebesar 2 kHz
Part C - Ivestigating the message’s amplitude on the recovered message
Gambar 10. AM recovery saat Vpp=500mv
Gambar 11. AM recovery saat Vpp=2v
Gambar 12. Amplitude recovering full clockwise
Pembahasan:
Berdasarkan gambar 10 dan gambar 11 ketika sinyal message diperkecil maka nilai pada sinyal
recovering juga akan mengecil, begitu juga sebaliknya ketika sinyal message diperbesar maka nilai pada
sinyal recovering juga akan membesar.
Part D - Transmiting and recovering speech using AM
Gambar 13. AM sinyal dengan transmisi dan recovery
Part E - The mathematic of AM demodulation
Gambar 14. Sinyal AM
Gambar 15. Hasil rectifier sinyal AM
Gambar 16. Hasil Output LPF
Gambar 17. Hasil 100% modulated
Pembahasan:
Berdasarkan gambar diatas didapat frekuensi dari sinyal AM yaitu sebesar 100 kHz dan hasil rectifier
dari sinyal tersebut sebesar 200 kHz dan ketika hasil 100% modulated frekuensinya menjadi 97.91 kHz
3. KESIMPULAN
Modulasi Amplitudo (Amplitude Modulation, AM) adalah proses menumpangkan sinyal
informasi ke sinyal pembawa (carrier) dengan sedemikian rupa sehingga amplitudo gelombang
pembawa berubah sesuai dengan perubahan simpangan (tegangan) sinyal informasi.
Demodulasi adalah kebalikan dari modulasi yang berarti pemisahan sinyal informasi dari sinyal
carrier (pembawa).
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[1]. Modul Praktikum Sistem Komunikasi, Institut Teknologi Sumatera - Emona-datex-vol1-
labmanual-e2-student-rev3. 2019
[2]. Data Experiment 8 Part E - Kelompok C-02
