International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

ISSN (Online): 2319-7064

Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438

Optimal Power Flow Studies Using FACTS Devices

K. Seetharamayya1, M. Venkateswara Rao2
1
P.G Scholar, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GMRIT, Rajam, India
2
Associate Professor, Department of Power engineering, GMRIT, Rajam, India

Abstract: The subject of optimal power flow (OPF) has gained a lot of attention due to the high cost of electrical energy. The main
objective function of OPF problem is optimizing specific objective functions such as power loss minimization and voltage profile
improvement of power system by adjusting the power control variables and at the same time satisfying the equality and the inequality
constraints. Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) has been proposed as the better alternative to overcome this, as in addition to
improving system performance, reliability, quality of supply and also provide environmental benefit. Static Var compensator (SVC) has
been employed to meet the objective of this project which is to evaluate optimal location of SVC for voltage improvement and loss
minimization in power system. For determining that optimal location Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT) software Analysis is used
here. The proposed algorithm has used to determine optimal placement of SVC controller and solving optimal power flow (OPF) to
improve voltage profile and reduce the real power losses within real and reactive power generation limits, and SVC operation limit., and
it can be obtained for IEEE standard bus systems. In order to determining the optimal location of SVC, the Continuation Power Flow
(CPF) analysis is used here. The continuation power flow (CPF) is an accurate method for estimating the maximum loading margin
and determined the “weakest bus” When the voltage collapse occurs. Continuation power flow (CPF) is done with PSAT Soft ware. The
advantage of this simulated method is to develop a simple, fast and convenient procedure which can be applied effectively. Effectiveness
of the proposed method is tested for IEEE 6 and IEEE 30 bus system using MATLAB/PSAT software.

Keywords: Optimal power flow (OPF), FACTS Devices (SVC), Optimal location of SVC, PSAT Soft ware (CPF)

1. Introduction Optimization is a mathematical tool to find the maximum or

the minimum of a function subject to some constrains. Using
In generally Power is generated in generating station, lose function as objective function subjected to generator
transmitted through transmission line and then distributed to MW, transformer tapping, reactive power injection and
consumers. Power flow analysis is the backbone of power controlled voltage as constrains. Using this we get optimal
system analysis and design. They are necessary for planning, value for bus parameters such that transmission losses are
operation, economic scheduling and exchange of power minimum.[6-9]
between utilities. Load flow studies are done using Newton-
Raphson method. Transmission line is characterized by Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) are the name
resistance, inductance, and capacitance. This will result in given to the application of power electronics devices to
losses. These losses cannot be eliminated but it can be control the power flows and other quantities in power
reduced. Voltage collapses typically occurs on power systems. In addition to improving system performance,
systems that are heavily loaded, faulted and/or have reactive reliability, quality of supply and it is also providing
power shortage. The only way to prevent the occurrence of environmental benefit. FACTS devices have become very
voltage collapse is either to reduce the reactive power load or popular in improving the overall performance of power
to provide the system with additional supply of reactive system under both steady state and dynamic conditions. In
power before the system reaches the point of voltage the literature, many research works were carried out with
collapse. [1-2] FACTS devices being included in the power system analysis
and optimization. They were introduced to discuss the
The Optimal power flow (OPF) is the most important tool for control strategy of FACTS devices using multiobjective OPF.
power system planning, operation and control. The OPF In addition to the steady state control of power flow and
problem is a nonlinear optimization problem. The OPF has voltage, FACTS controllers can also contribute to both large
been usually considered as the Minimization of an objective and small signal dynamic performance of the power
function representing the generation cost and/or the system.[10-13]
transmission loss minimization of the total voltage deviation
at all load buses.[3-5] Optimal power flow (OPF) started, as one of the challenging
needs for economic power system operations, in the early
The Optimal power flow (OPF) problem has been well sixties.. The importance of incorporating FACTS devices in
known since 1960s. In 1962, Carpentier first introduced a OPF cannot be over emphasized. This importance can be
generalized nonlinear programming formulation of the realized when looking to the benefits offered by FACTS
economic dispatch problem, including voltage, reactive devices, the good coordination needs between them, and the
power and operational constraints. Since then, the main focus need for relaxing the operating limits that stop the OPF
of the research work has been on the technical aspects of objective optimization. PSAT soft ware used solves the OPF
network modeling, mathematical formulation, and solution of problem. The proposed algorithm has used to determine
OPF. In this case, nonlinear techniques must be employed. optimal placement of SVC controller and solving optimal

Volume 4 Issue 9, September 2015

www.ijsr.net
Paper ID: SUB158170 820
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
power flow (OPF) to improve voltage profile and reduce the Substituting form equation for in equation
real power losses within real and reactive power generation
 Y V   (4)
n

limits, and SVC operation limit, and it can be obtained for

P  jQ  V
i i i
 i j 1 ij ij
 ij j

IEEE standard bus systems. .[14-17] Separating the real and imaginary parts,
P  V V Y cos(   ) (5)
n
i j 1 i j ij i j
 ij
In recent years many types of controllers based FACTS
Q  V V Y sin(    ) (6)
n
devices such as: shunt Controllers (SVC, STATCOM), series i j 1 i j ij i j ij

Controllers (TCSC, SSSC) and hybrid Controllers (UPFC) The result is a linear system of equations that can be
integrated in the electricity market to improve the expressed as:
performances of the practical power system.The P   J 1 J 2   
Minimization of real power losses, improving voltage profile (7)
Q     
of the buses and enhancing system stability by placing the    J 3 J 4   V 
Static Var compensator (SVC). Static VAR compensator is Where ΔP and ΔQ are called the mismatch equations. The
considered as simple injecting the reactive power into the liberalized system of equations is solved to determine the
transmission line. The SVC is defined by IEEE as ``A shunt next guess (m + 1) of voltage magnitude and angles based on:
connected static Var generator or absorber whose output is (8)
    
( k 1) (k ) (k )

adjusted to exchange capacitive or inductive current so as to

i i i
( k 1) (k ) (k )
(9)
maintain or control specific parameters of the electrical V i
 V i
V i
power system (typically bus voltage)”. [18-21] Where, i and j are ith and jth buses and k is no. of iterations.

The type of FACTS device and their location and setting in 2.2 Optimal Power flow (OPF) Problem Formulation
the system have different effect on power system. For
determining that optimal location Power System Analysis The Objective function of optimal power flow(OPF) can be
Toolbox (PSAT) software Analysis is used here. In order to formulated as a general constraints optimization problem as
determining the optimal location of SVC, the Continuation follows Minimization of power losses and also the improve
Power Flow (CPF) analysis is used here. The performance of the voltage profile.
shunt FACTS controller connected to the weakest bus is
assessed by comparing voltage profile and steady state 2.2.1. Real Power losses minimization
stability margin of the system. Voltage stability index can be This objective consists of minimizing real power losses in
used for determining the weakest line in a power system.The power system network, It can be expressed as
continuation power flow (CPF) is an accurate method for
estimating the maximum loading margin and determined the
“weakest bus” When the voltage collapse occurs. The P losses
 min( k 1 g
NL
k
V 2
i
V j  2V i V j cos( i   j ) ) (10)
2

“weakest bus” taken as optimal location of SVC.
Continuation power flow (CPF) is done with PSAT Soft Where, gk is the conductance,
ware. The advantage of this simulated method is to develop a Vi, Vj are voltages at bus i, j
simple, fast and convenient procedure which can be applied δi, δj are voltage angle at bus i, j
effectively. Effectiveness of the proposed method is tested
2.2.2. Voltage profile improvement
for IEEE 6 and IEEE 30 bus system using MATLAB/PSAT
software. [22-25]
Optimal location and size of SVC is determined such that
voltage profile will improve. To have a good voltage
2. Problem formulation of OPF using SVC performance, the voltage deviation at each bus must be made
as small as possible. Objective function for improve the of
2.1. Newton Raphson Power flow Method load bus voltage (VP) can be defined as:
VP  k 1
Nbus
V V
ref
The most widely used method for power flow solution is the k k
(11)
Newton-Raphson (NR) method. NR method is found to be
Where ,Vk is the voltage magnitude at bus k.
more efficient and practical. The number of iterations
Equality constraints: The equality constraints of the OPF
required to obtain a solution is independent of the system size
reflect active and reactive power between productions
and less. Since in the power flow problem real power and
PGi  PDi  PL (12)
voltage magnitude are specified for the voltage-controlled
buses, the power flow equation is formulated in polar form. Q Q Q (13)
This equation can be rewritten in admittance matrix as:
Gi Di L

n
Inequality constraints: These are the sets of all operational
I   Y ij V (1) In the above equation, j includes bus i. power system elements (generator, transformer, and
compensators from production source to load bus).
i j
j 1

expressing this equation in polar form, we have Voltage limits:

min max
V i  V i  V i ; i=1, 2….N no. of bus
n
(2)
I i
  Y ij V ij 
j 1
  ij j
Real power generation limits:
The complex power at bus i is
P  P  P ; i=1, 2 ..N no. of Generators
min max

(3)
 gi gi gi

P  j Q V I
i i i i Reactive power generation limits:
Volume 4 Issue 9, September 2015
www.ijsr.net
Paper ID: SUB158170 821
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
min
Q Q
max at the end of iteration i, the variable shunt susceptance Bsvc
Q gi gi gi updated according to the equation given below;
SVC limits: i
min
 
max
 B svc 
B B B  B   (17)
( i 1) i
B 
svc svc svc
SVC svc

Q
min
Q Q
max  B svc 
svc svc svc
The changing susceptance represents the total SVC
susceptance necessary to maintain the nodal voltage
2.3 Modeling of Static Var Compensator magnitude at the specified value.
Static VAR Compensator (SVC) is a shunt connected 2.4 Optimal location of SVC
FACTS controller whose main functionality is to regulate the
voltage at a given bus by controlling its equivalent reactance. To improve the voltage profile and minimize power losses of
SVC is a shunt compensator that has both inductive and power system an alternative solution is to locate SVC. For
capacitive nature. It absorbs reactive power due to its determining that optimal location Power System Analysis
inductive nature and injects reactive power due to its Toolbox (PSAT) software Analysis is used here. The main
capacitive nature. It is connected in parallel with bus and if functions of PSAT soft ware are: power flow analysis,
the bus voltage falls below lower limit then SVC acts as a continuation power flow analysis, N-1 contingency analysis.
capacitor and generates reactive power. If the bus voltage In order to determining the optimal location of SVC, the
exceeds the upper limit then SVC acts as an inductor and Continuation Power Flow (CPF) analysis is used here. The
absorbs reactive power. SVC total susceptance model: The performance of shunt FACTS controller connected to the
SVC is taken to be a continuous, variable susceptance, which weakest bus is assessed by comparing voltage profile and
is adjusted in order to achieve a specified voltage magnitude. steady state stability margin of the system. The optimal
A changing susceptance Bsvc represents the fundamental location of SVC has been selected on the basis of voltage
frequency equivalent susceptance of all shunt modules stability index (VSI) .Voltage stability index can be used for
making up the SVC as shown in Fig. 2.1 SVC firing angle determining the weakest bus in a power system. Continuation
model: The equivalent reactance XSVC, which is function of load flow analysis suitably modifies conventional load flow
a changing firing angle α, is made up of the parallel equations to become stable also in the singular point of the P-
combination of a thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) V curve and therefore to be capable to calculate both upper
equivalent admittance and a fixed capacitive reactance as and lower part of the P-V curve. CPF is a static voltage
shown in Fig. 2.2 stability assessment method. This method gives voltage
stability in terms of a parameter called loading margin.
Loading margin is the maximum allowable load increase
from the base load condition before the system enters voltage
collapse. CPF also gives the complete PV curve of the
system buses. Normal power flow fails to converge from the
collapse point onwards since at the voltage collapse point the
Jacobian matrix in the Newton Raphson method becomes
singular. To continue power flow solving beyond collapse
point, CPF is employed. Since it can continue power flow
Figure 2.1: Total substance SVC model Fig.2.2: firing angle solution beyond collapse point it is called as „Continuation'
SVC model power flow. By continuation power flow (CPF) is an accurate
method for estimating the maximum loading margin and
The SVC is treated as a generator behind an inductive determined the “weakest bus” When the voltage collapse
reactance when the SVC is operating within the limits. The occurs. Simulation and it is done by using Power System
SVC is represented by a shunt variable susceptance inserted Analysis Toolbox (PSAT). Several steps have been achieved
at the bus. It may take values characterized by the reactive the objectives, the step used to simulate the bus system.
power injected or absorbed at the voltage of 1 p.u. The
current drawn by the SVC is a) Modeling the bus system by using PSAT
(14) b) Perform the power flow analysis (NR method).
I SVC  j BSVCV k c) Perform the CPF and draw PV curve to determine weak
The reactive power drawn by the SVC, which is also the
bus of the system
reactive power injected at bus k, is
d) Identify the suitable location of SVC, So it gives optimal
Q  Q  V k BSVC
2
(15)
SVC k Performance.
The modified equation of the SVC is given by the Following e) Obtained the voltage magnitude and real power losses
equation where the total susceptance Bsvc is taken to be the using with and without using SVC for optimal power flow
state variable: studies.
0 0  Q k
i i i
P k   (16)

Q  0 Q k  B svc B svc
 k 

Volume 4 Issue 9, September 2015

www.ijsr.net
Paper ID: SUB158170 822
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
3. Results and Discussion improved. From Fig.5 it is observe the maximum loading
factor of 11.696 has increases when compared to the base
3.1 Results for IEEE 6 bus system case i.e. 11.1607 and also improve the voltage profile. So,
bus 4 is the optimal location of SVC.
Firstly design the IEEE 6 bus by using PSAT software, is
show in fig. 5.1.By using Continuation power flow (CPF) on Table 1: Voltage magnitude of IEEE 6 bus system before
PSAT software can get the PV curve of IEEE 6 bus system and after placement of SVC:
and also identify the weak bus during voltage collapse, and it Bus Voltage magnitude in p.u
is taken as the optimal bus for svc placement. The PV curve no. Without SVC With SVC
of IEEE 30 bus system is show in below figure 3.1. 1 1.050 1.050
2 1.050 1.050
3 1.050 1.050
4 0.985 1.050
5 0.968 0.979
6 0.991 0.994

Figure 3.1: PV curve of IEEE 6 bus system Without SVC

From Fig. 3.1, It is clearly says that the voltage collapse

occurs at the maximum loading parameter of 11.1607 and Figure 3.3: voltage magnitude in case of with and without
voltage magnitude of 0.57182 p.u. at bus no.4 (Dark line). SVC
So, weakest bus is taken as bus no.4. And it is taken as
optimal bus for placement of SVC. And line 4-5 is gives From table no.1 and fig no. 3.3 it is observe that the voltage
better shunt compensation results. profile of load buses will be improved. The optimal reactive
power injected by SVC bus no.4 is 10.926 Mvar. The
corresponding total active power loss is 9.0451 MW reduced
from base case i.e. 9.8754 MW. So, the OPF down by using
optimal location of SVC.

3.2 Results for IEEE 30 BUS system:

Firstly design the IEEE 30 bus by using PSAT software, is

show in fig.5.2. IEEE 30 bus systems of 6 generators buses
and 24 load bus and also 41 transmission lines. Bus no. 1 is
taken as the slack bus. By using PSAT soft ware By run the
NR load flow method and also get the power flow data i.e.
voltage magnitude and angle, real and reactive power
generation and load. By using Continuation power flow
(CPF) on PSAT software can get the PV curve of IEEE 30
bus system and also identify the weak bus during voltage
collapse, and it is taken as the optimal bus for svc placement.
The PV curve of IEEE 30 bus system is show in below figure
8. In the PV curve can take least three bus voltage magnitude
Figure 3.2: PV curve of IEEE 6 system with SVC at bus 4 i.e Vbus 26, Vbus 29, Vbus 30. Is show in below figure .3.4
The PV curve for IEEE 6 bus without SVC is seen As
described in the earlier section, the SVC was placed in the
weakest bus one at a time and it was found voltage profile
and PV curve for IEEE 6 bus system with SVC at bus no. 4 is

Volume 4 Issue 9, September 2015

www.ijsr.net
Paper ID: SUB158170 823
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
Table 3: Voltage magnitude of IEEE 30 bus system before
and after placement of SVC:
Bus Voltage magnitude in p.u
no. Without SVC With SVC
1 1.060 1.060
2 1.045 1.045
3 1.023 1.025
4 1.015 1.017
5 1.010 1.010
6 1.010 1.012
7 1.007 1.008
8 1.010 1.010
9 1.025 1.029
10 1.015 1.023
11 1.038 1.038
12 1.039 1.043
13 1.040 1.040
14 1.022 1.027
15 1.011 1.018
16 1.018 1.023
17 1.012 1.019
Figure 3.4: PV curve of IEEE 30 bus system Without SVC 18 1.010 1.017
19 1.003 1.011
Fig. 3.4. It is clearly observe that the voltage collapse occurs 20 1.005 1.013
at the maximum loading parameter of 1.5819 and voltage 21 1.001 1.011
magnitude of 0.473 p.u at bus no.30, So, the optimal location 22 1.001 1.012
of SVC is bus no.30 and line 30-29 is gives best Line for 23 0.995 1.008
shunt compensation. 24 0.984 1.004
25 0.961 1.008
26 0.942 0.990
27 0.956 1.019
28 1.002 1.007
29 0.905 1.005
30 0.859 1.000

Figure 3.4: PV curve of IEEE 30 system with SVC at bus30

As described in the earlier, the SVC was placed in the

weakest bus one at a time and it was found that The voltage Figure 3.5: voltage magnitude in case of with and without
profile and PV curve will improve with SVC placed at bus SVC of IEEE 30 bus system
no. 30. From Fig. 3.4. It is observe the maximum loading
factor of 3.0338 has increases when compared to the base From table no.3 and fig no. 10 it is observe that the voltage
case and also improve the voltage profile. So, bus 30 is the profile of load buses will be improved. From table no.4, it is
optimal location of SVC. also observe that active power losses will be minimized. The
optimal reactive power injected by SVC at bus no.4 is 20.311
Mvar, the corresponding total active power loss is 9.548 MW
reduced from base case i.e. 10.786 MW. So, the OPF down
by using optimal location of SVC.

Volume 4 Issue 9, September 2015

www.ijsr.net
Paper ID: SUB158170 824
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
4. Conclusion 5.2. Annexure-2: PSAT Model of IEEE 30 Bus Systems:

The subject of optimal power flow (OPF) has gained a lot of

attention due to the high cost of electrical energy. The main
objective function of OPF problem is power loss
minimization and voltage profile improvement of power
system by adjusting the power control variables and at the
same time satisfying the equality and the inequality
constraints. FACTS devices have gained importance in
power system because they offer increased power transfer
capability, better controllability of power flow, increased
stability of power system. In this project, SVC has been
employed to meet the voltage improvement and loss
minimization. The simulations are done by using PSAT and
continuation power flow technique. By using PSAT soft ware
can find the optimal location of SVC and also improve the
voltage magnitude and real power losses. Continuation power
flow (CPF) is find weak bus when voltage collapse is occurs.
The proposed algorithm has used to determine optimal
placement of SVC controller and solving optimal power flow
(OPF) to improve voltage profile and reduce the real power
losses within real and reactive power generation limits, and
SVC operation limit. The algorithm was tested on the IEEE 6
bus, IEEE 30 bus system. Hence the optimal power flow
(OPF) is obtained by using the optimal location of SVC for
IEEE 6 and 30 bus system.

5. Annexure
5.1. Annexure-1: PSAT Model of IEEE 6 Bus System Figure 5.2: PSAT model of IEEE 6 bus system

IEEE 6 bus system is totally consists of 6 generator buses ,

24 load buses and 41transmission lines.

References
[1] Esmaeil Ghahremani and Innocent Kamwa, “Optimal
Placement of Multiple Type FACTS Devices to
Maximize Power System Loadability Using a Generic
Graphical User Interface", IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, vol. 28, no.2, May 2013, pp. 764-778,
[2] Belkacem Mahdad, K. Srairi “Security optimal power
flow considering loading margin stabilityusing hybrid
FFA–PS assisted with brainstorming rules” , Electrical.
Power Co. Syst. 35 (2015) 291–309
[3] Karim Sebaa,Mounir Bouhedda,Abdelhalim“Location
and tuning of TCPSTs and SVCs based on optimal
power flow and an improved cross-entropy approach“
Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 536–
Figure 5.1: PSAT Model of IEEE 6 Bus System 545
[4] Karim Sebaa , Mounir Bouhedda , Abdelhalim Tlemçani
IEEE 6 bus system is totally consists of 3 generator buses ,3 , Noureddine Henini,”Location and tuning of TCPSTs
load buses and 11 transmission lines. and SVCs based on optimal power flow and an improved
cross-entropy approach” Electrical. Power Co. Syst. 54
(2014) 536–545
[5] W. Ongsakul, T. Tantimaporn, “Optimal power flow by
improved evolutionary programming”, Electr. Power Co.
Syst. 34 (1) (2006) 79–95.
[6] S. Gerbex, R. Cherkaoui, and A. J. Germond, "Optimal
location of multitype FACTS devices in a power system

Volume 4 Issue 9, September 2015

www.ijsr.net
Paper ID: SUB158170 825
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
by means of genetic algorithms", IEEE Trans. Power [24] Mansour Y, Xu W, Alvarado F, Rinzin C. “SVC
Systems, vol. 16,2001, pp. 537-44. placement using critical modes of voltage instability”.
[7] Yu X, Singh C, Jakovljevic S, Ristanovic D, Huang G. IEEE Trans on Power Systems. 1994 May; 9(2):757–63.
“Total transfer capability considering FACTS and [25] F. Milano, "Power System Analysis Toolbox," Version
security constraints”.IEEE Trans.Power Systems. 2003 1.3.4, Software and Documentation, July 14, 2005.
7–12; 73–8 .
[8] Xiao Y, Song YH, Sun YZ. “Power flow control
approach to power systems with embedded FACTS
devices”. IEEE Trans Power Syst. 2002 Nov;
17(4):943–50.
[9] Chung TS, Li YZ. “A hybrid ca approach for OPF with
consideration of FACTS devices”.IEEE Power Eng Rev.
2001 , 21(2):47–50.
[10] J.S.Huang, Z.H.Jiang, M.Negnevitsky “Loadability of
power systems and optimal SVC placement” Electrical
Power and Energy Systems 45 (2013) 167–174
[11] Mansour Y, Xu W, Alvarado F, Rinzin C. “SVC
placement using critical modes of voltage instability.
IEEE Trans on Power Systems”. 1994 May; 9(2):757–
63.
[12] Perez MA, Messina AR, Fuerte-Esquivel CR.
“Application of FACTS devices to improve steady state
voltage stability”. Power Engineering Society Summer
Meeting. IEEE. 2000 ,Jul 16–20; 2:1115–20.
[13] Lie TT, Deng W. “Optimal flexible AC transmission
systems (FACTS) devices Allocation” Int J Electr Power
Energy Syst 1999;19:125–34.
[14] Pilotto LAS, Ping WW, Carvalho AR, Wey A, Long
WF, Alvarado FL, Edris “A. Determination of needed
FACTS controllers that increase asset utilization of
power systems”. IEEE Trans . 1997 Jan; 12(1):364–71.
[15] L.L. Lai, J.T. Ma, R. Yokoyama, M. Zhao, “Improved
genetic algorithms for optimal power flow under normal
and contingent operation states”, Int. J. Electr. Power
Energy Syst. 19 (5) (1997) 287–292.
[16] H. A. Perez, E. Ache, and C. R. F. Esquivel, “Advanced
SVC Models for the Newton –Raphson load flow and
Newton optimal power flow studies”, IEEE Transactions
on the power systems, vol. 15, 129-136, 2000.
[17] Singh S,David A.“Congestion management by
optimizing FACTS device location”.In: IEEE ,2000. p.
23–8.
[18] Gerbex S, Cherkaoui R, Germond AJ. “Optimal location
of multi-type FACTS devices in a power system by
means f genetic algorithms”, IEEE Trans Power Syst
2001;16:537–44
[19] D. J. Gotham and G. T. Heydt, “Power flow control and
power flow studies for system with FACTS devices”,
IEEE Trans. Power Syst. vol. 13, no. 1, (1998).
[20] A.A. Abou El Ela, M.A. Abido, S.R. Spea, “Optimal
power flow using differential evolution algorithm”,
Electr. Power Syst. Res. 80 (2010) 878–885.
[21] M. Varadarajan, K.S. Swarup, “Solving multi-objective
optimal power flow using differential evolution”, IET
Gener. Transm. Distrib. 2 (5) (2008) 720–730.
[22] V. Ajjarapu, C. Christy, “The Continuation Power Flow:
a Tool for Steady State Voltage Stability Analysis",
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol.7, no.1, pp.
416-423, February 1992.
[23] Canizares CA, Faur ZT. “Analysis of SVC and TCSC
controllers in voltage collapse”. IEEE Trans. on Power
Systems. 1999; 14(1):158–65.
Volume 4 Issue 9, September 2015
www.ijsr.net
Paper ID: SUB158170 826
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY