I EY 8.32 (A When soup is sired in a bowl, there is consider. able turbulence in the resulting motion (sce Video V8.7). From a ‘ery simplistic standpoint, this turbulence consists of numerous in- tertwined swirls, each involving a characteristic diameter and ve- locity. As time goes by the smaller swils (the fine sale structure) dic out relatively quickly, leaving the large swirls that continue for {uite some time, Explain why this is to be expected 833 (@> Determine the thickness ofthe viscous sublayer in a smooth 8-in.-diameter pipe ifthe Reynolds number is 25,000. 834. > Water at 60°F flows through a6-in-diameter pipe with an average velocity of 15 £US. Approximately what is the height of the largest roughness element allowed if this pipe is to be classified as smooth? Section 8.4.1 Major Losses (also see Lab Problem 8.1LP) 8.35 Water flows in a constant-diameter pipe with the following conditions measured: At section (a) p, = 32:4 psi and z= 56.8 ft, at section (b) py = 29.7 psi and z, ~ 68.2. Is the Flow from (a) to (or from (6) to (ay? Explain £836. Water is pumped between two tanks as shown in Fig. P8.36. ‘The energy line is a indicated, I the uid being pumped from Ato Bor B to A? Explain, Which pipe has the lager diameter: A tothe pump or B tothe pump? Explain, ag ine igure P8.36 837. (vA perso wth no experience in Mid mechani wants 0 tate ton fac fr an-dimeter alanired von pps | Reyolds umber of 8000, The person stunblesscros he inp Sava of = ote and ose thst cleat fton facto Expat te problem wi bis approth an extinate he oe 8.38 (6 During a heavy rainstorm, water from a parking lot comple isan 1-retr smh concrete slr sever If the flowrate is 10 ft'/s, determihe the pressure drop in a 100-ft forzotl section ofthe pipe Repeat he pblem if eres 221 Change in cevaton ofthe pp pr 10a eng 839 Water ows though horizontal past pie witha diameter (402 mata velocity of 10 ens, Deemine te pesue dop pet tetr of pe ing the Moody char 840, (GB For Problem 8.39, cleat he power ost othe ie ton preter of pie 841 (a Oil (SG ft/s, flows in a: tos peru lng a tis ow 8.42 (mare Water flows through a 6-in.-diameter horizontal pipe at tate 672 cfsanda pressure dropof €2 pipe 100 fot pipe: De= tcimine he on fac, 4443. Water flows downvard shroogh a verical 10-mm-iameter fslanzed rm pie wih an eerage veloc) of 30 mand exis ‘Safest Thee isa smal nen the pipe 4m above the ou Wit wae ek out o be pipe thoughts hoe or wil sit enter Ino he pipe tough the hale? Repet te problem i the serge velocity 60.5 mv ‘4 eae Air at standard conditions flows through an 8-in siameter, 14.6-f-long, straight duct wid the velocity versus pressure Problems 471 “drop data indicated in the following table, Determine the average ftietion factor over this range of data VGminy Ap Cin. water) 3950 035 3730 032 3610 030 3430. 027 3280 024 3000 020 2700 06 8.45 (E> Water flows though a horizontal 6-sam-diameter gale ‘anize iron pipe ata rate of 0.02 mis If the pressure drop is 135, {kPa per 10m of pipe, do you think this pipe is (a) a new pipe, (b) an old pipe with somewhat increased roughness due 0 aging, of {avery old pipe thats partially clogged by deposits Susi your 8.46 (EE Water flows a rat of 10 gallons per minute in & new horizontal 0.75-n- Two equal length, horizontal pipes, one witha diameter of In the other with a ameter of? n, are made ofthe same ma- terial and cary the same Mud atthe same flow rate. Which pipe produces the larger head loss? Justify your answer. 8.48 Carbon dioxide at a temperature of 0*C and a pressure of 600 ‘kPa (abs) flows through a horizontal 40-mm-diameter pipe with an average velocity of 2 mis. Determine the fition factor ithe pres- sure drop is 235 Nim per 10-m length of pipe, 8.49 Blood (assume je = 4.5 % 10° Ib sf, 0) flows through an artery in the nec ofa grafe from its heart tits head at arate of 2.5 X 10 fe, Assume the length i 10 fe and the dian eter is 0.20 i, I the pressure atthe beginning ofthe artery (outlet ofthe heart is equivalent to 0.70 fH, determine the pressure at the end ofthe artery when the head isa) 8 ft above the hear, or (b) 6 ft below the heart. Assume steady flow. How much of this pres- sue difference is due to elevation effect, and how much is due to frictional effects? ‘850 (a A 40-m-ong, 12-mm-diamete pipe witha friction fac- tor of 0020 is used to siphon 30 °C water from a tank as shown in A are 1 Figure P8.50472 Chapter 8 Viscous Flow in Pipes Fig. P8.50. Determine the maximum value of hallowed if there is to be no cavitation within the hose, Neglect minor losses 8.51 (Gir Gasoline ws in a smooth pipe of 40-mm diameter at 4 rate 0f 0.001 mist were possible to prevent turbulence fom ‘occurring, what would be the raio of the head loss for the actual {urbulent ow compare wo tha it were lamina flow? BS2 (Rie A 3teiameter ducts used to cary ventilating sir into a vehicular tunel at at of 9000 Yin. Tests show tat the pres- Sure drops 15 in of water per 1500 fof duct. What isthe vale of the friction factor fr this duct and the approximate size of the ‘equivalent roughness ofthe surface of the duct? 853 A uid flows in a smooth pipe with a Reynolds number of £6000. By what percent would the head loss be reduced ifthe flow could be maintained as laminae flow rather than the expected turbu- Tent flow? Section 8.4.2 Minor Losses (also see Lab Problem 8.6LP) 8.54 Air at standard temperature and pressure flows through a in-diameter galvanized ion pipe with an average velocity of 8 fs. What length of pipe produces a head Toss equivalent to (a) a flanged 90° elbow, (b) a wide-open angle valve, oF (€) a sharp- edged entrance? 8.55 Given 90° threaded elbows used in conjunction with copper pipe (drawn tubing) of 0.75-in, diameter, conver the loss for a sin- le elbow to equivalent length of copper pipe for wholly turbulent flow, 8.56 Aira 80°F and standard atmospheric pressure flows through a furnace filter with an average velocity of 24 fs. If the pressure ‘drop across the filters 0.06 in. of water, what isthe loss coefficient, for the filter? 857 (Gide To conserve water and energy, a “flow reducer” is in stalled in the shower head as shown in Fig. P8.57. Ifthe pressure at point (1) emains constant and all losses except for that in the flow reducer are neglected, determine the value ofthe loss coef- ficient (based on the velocity in the pipe) of the flow reducer if its presence is to reduce the flowrate by a factor of 2. Neglect, arevity dun Few racer wher 1m Figure P8.87 858. (Ge Water flows at a rate of 0.040 mis in 8 0.12-m-diameter Pipe that contains a sudden contraction toa 0.06-m-diameter pipe Determine the pressure drop across the contraction section, How much of this pressure difference is due to losses and how much is, due to kinetic energy changes? 8.59. i> Water flows from the container shown in Fig. PS.59. Determine the loss coefficient needed in the valve ifthe water is 10 “pubble up” 3 in. above the outlet pipe. The entrance is slightly rounded. 2, 4] sin-sirster ahanin on poe wh vended tings 1B Figure P8.59 8.60 (See Fluids in the News anicle tiled “New Hi-tech Foun- Section §.5.) The fountain shown in Fig. P8.60 is designed to provide a stream of water that rises h = 10 f to h = 20 f above the nozzle e ic fasion. To do this the water from the pool enters a pump, passes through a pressure regulator that main tains a constant pressure ahead of te flow contol valve. The valve is electronically adjusted to provide the desired water height. With i = 10 ft te loss coefficient for the valve is Ky, = 50. Deter- mine the valve loss coefficient needed for hk = 20'ft. All losses excep fr the flow control valve are negligible. The are of the pipe is 5 times the area of the exit nozzle, x rae Pas 8.61 (Gir Water flows through the seen in the pipe shown in Fig. P8.61 as indicated, Determine the loss coefficient forthe tee 1 Figure P8.61 cacetbasaaibt474 Chapter 8 mt Viscous Flow in Pipes 2 pip is in-ear plastic (oo <0 tangs tras | __ gees Lee) on w rau F073 Fight, bof the water tank under the assurption that (a) minor losses are negligible, (b) minor losses are not negligible. 8.74 Repeat Problem 8.73 with the assumption thatthe branch line {is open so that half ofthe flow from the tank goes into the branch, and half continues in the main lin, 875. The /-in- Water at 10° is pumped fom a lake a shown in Fig 'P8.79. Ifthe flowrate is 0.011 ms, what is the maximum length inlet pipe ¢, that can be used without cavitation occurring? oi eatin OTE ms am 1m Figure P8.79 880. (GP At ask esort, waterat 40°F is pumped through 3 diameter, 2000-F-long steel pipe fom a pond at an elevation of 4286 f toa spow-making machine at an cleaton of 4623 fata rate of 0.26 fs itis necessary to maintain a pressure of 180 ps athe snow-making machine, determine the horsepower added the water bythe pump. Neglest minor loses 8.81. (Gir Wace at 40°F flows trough the cols of the heat ex ‘hanger as shown in Fig, P881 at rate of 0.9 gam, Determine the ‘pressure drop between he pt and out ofthe borzonal deve. Pee — ° \ testes 180" 0. capper rawn ting) = Figure P8.81 8.82 A 70-f-long, 0.5-in-diameter hose with a roughness of ¢ (0.0009 fis fastened to a water faucet where the pressure is p. De- termine pif there is no nozzle attached and the average velocity in the hose is 6 fs. Neglect minor losses and elevation changes. 8.83 Repeat Problem 8.82 if thete isa nozzle of diameter 0.25 in. attached to the end ofthe hos. 8.84 (Gi Water flows through a2-in-diameter pipe with a veloe- ity of 15 fUs as shown in Fig. P88. The relative roughness ofthe pipe is 0.004, and the loss coefficient for he exits 1.0. Determine the height, 1 which the water rises in the piezometer tub. | sn 1 Figure Pe.84 8.85. Water is pumped through a 60-m-long, 0.3-m-liameter pipe fom a lower reservoir toa higher reservoir whose surface is 10 mabove the lower one, The sum of the minor loss coefficient forthe system is Ky = 14.5. When the pump ads 40 KW tothe water the Tosrate i 0.20 ms. Determine te pipe roughness 8.86 Natural gas (p = 0.0044 slugs? and v = 5.2.x 10°* 171) is, ‘pumped trough a horizontal 6-n diameter cast-iron pipe at arate ‘f 800 ll. I the pressure at section (1) is 50 psi abs), detemine the pressute a section 2) 8 mi downstream if the flow is assumed incompressible. Is the incompressible assumption reasonable? Explain 887 © As shown in Fig. P87, a standard household water me- tris incorporated into a lawn irrigation system to measure the vol- ume of water applic 10 the lawn. Note that these meters measure ‘volume, not voluie flowrate (See Video V8.16. With an upstream pressure of p; ~ 50 psi the meter registered that 120 1 of water was ‘elivered 10 te lawn during an “on” cycle, Estimate the upstream pressure, p, needed if itis desired to have 150 ft delivered during fn “on” ec. List any assumptions needed to ative at your answer. i WateR i spar here rps ties, cr 4 * paz ot 1 Figure P8.87 8.88. (> A fan is to produce a constant air speed of 40 m/s throughout the pipe loop shown in Fig. P8.88, The 3-m-diameter Pipes are smooth, and each of the four 90° elbows has a loss coefi- ‘ent of 0:30, Determine the power thatthe fan adds tothe air. 20m — 1 Figure P8.68 Section 8.5.1 Single Pipes—Determine Flowrate (also see Lab Problems 83LP and 8.4LP) 8.89 The turbine shown in Fig. P8.89 develops 400 KW. Deter rine the Flite if (a) head losses are negligible or (b) head loss Ave to friction in the pipe is considered. Assume f = 0.02. Note ‘There may be more than one solution or there may be no solution to this problem. 1m 120 mot 030:mdlameter ‘astien pipe 1 Figure P8.89 Problems 475 8:90. (> Water flows from the nozzle atached to the spray tank showa in Fig. P8.90. Determine te owrat if the loss coefficient forthe nozzle (based on upsteam conditions) is 0.7 andthe fri ton factor forthe rough hose i 0.11 Nozaedometer oF Sr p= 150% 020m 1 Figure P8.90 891 Water flows through the pipe shown in Fig, P81. Determine the net tension in the bolts if minor losses are neglected and the wheels on which the pipe rests ar frictionless, te 30m | 27m atari on pal D tom ss Figure P3.91 8.92. When the pump shown in Fig. P8.92 adds 0.2 horsepower to the flowing water, the pressures indicated by the two gages are ‘equal Determine the Nowra, Length of pipe between gages = 60 ft Pipe diameter = 0.1 ft Pipe friction factor = 0,03, Filter loss coefficient = 12 Q Figure P8.92 8.93 Water at 40 °F is pumped from a lake as shown in Fig. 893. What isthe maximum Mlowrate possible without cavitation ‘occurring? eats co (amulet Up Sseteeee at 5 Figure P8.93476 —chaptor 8 m Viscous Flow in Pipes 8.94. The pump shown in Fig. PS.94 adds 25 KW to the water and ‘causes a flowrate of 0,04 mls. Determine the flowrate expected if, the pump is removed from the system. Assume f= 0.016 for either ‘ease and neglect minor losses. | Soke | 40-mmdianetes Fern ras ae = Bellows, tip i | 1 Figure Pe.94 $8.98 Gasoline is unloaded rom the tanker trock shown in Fig. P8.95 through a 4-in-diameter rough-surfaced hose. This is a “gravity dump” with no pump to enhance the flowrate Its claimed ‘that the 8800-zallon capacity tuck can be unloaded in 28 minutes. Do you agree with this claim? Support your answer with appropri- ate caleuations, Midstate Gasoline Figure P8.95, I 8.96 (GH The pump shown in Fig. P8.96 delivers a heed of 250 ft to the water Determine the power thatthe pump adds to the ‘water. The difference in elevation ofthe two ponds is 200 ft 1 Figure P8.96 897 (Water flows through two sections of the vertical pipe shown in Fig. P8.97. The Bellows connection cannot support any force inthe vertical direction. The O--ftdiameter pipe weights 0.2 It andthe ction factors assumed to be O02. At what velocity willie foee, required to old the pipe be 2x0? 1 Figure P8.97 8.98 Water is circulated from 2 large tank, through a filter, and ‘back to the tank as shown in Fig. P8.98. The power added tothe wa- ter by the pump is 200 ft Ibs. Determine the flowrate through the file, 200 ft of 0.1-te-lameter prewineb 00! ier Purp 1 Figure P8.98 Section 8.5.1 Single Pipes—Determine Diameter 8.99 (ER A certain process requires 2.3 cfs of wate 1 be dliy- cred at a pressure of 30 psi. This water comes from a large-diameter supply main in which the pressure remains at 60 pi. If the gala rized iron pipe connecting the two locations is 200 ft long and Contains six threaded 90° elbows, determine the pipe diameter. Elevation differences are negligible 8.100 A flowrate of 3.5 fs is to be maintained in a horizontal aluminum pipe (e = 5 % 10-*f.The inlet and outlet pressures ate 65 psi and 30 ps, respectively and the pie length is $00 ft. Deter- rine the diameter ofthe pipe. 8.101 Waters pumped between two large open reserves through 1.5 km of smooth pipe. The water surfaces in the two reservoirs are atthe same elevation. When the pump adds 20 KW to the water the flowrate is m/s If minor losses are negligible, determine the pipe diameter 8.102 (> Determine the diameter of a see! pipe that is to cary 2000 galmin of gasoline with a pressure drop ofS pst per 100 fof horizontal pipe 8.103. (Ge Waters to be moved from a lage, closed tank in which the air pressure is 20 psi into & large, open tank through 2000 ft of| smooth pipe at the rate of 3%. The fui lve in the open tank is 150 ft below that in the closed tank, Determine the required diame- ofthe pipe. Neglect minor losses. 8.104 Water flows downward through a vertical smooth pipe When the flowrate is 0.5 fs, there is no change in pressure along the pipe. Determine the diameter ofthe pipe 8.105 Rainwater flows trough the galvanized iron downspout shown in Fig, P8.105 at a ate of 0.006 mJ. Determine the size of| the downspout cross section if it isa rectangle with an aspect ratio1 Figure P8.105, of 1.7 to 1 and itis completely filled with water. Neglect the veloc- ity of the water inthe gutter atthe free surface and the head loss as- sociated with the elbow. *8.106. (i Repeat Problem 8.105 ifthe downspout is circu. 8.107 For a given head loss per unit length, what effect on the flowrate does doubling the pipe diameter have if the low is (a) laminar, or (b) completely turbulent? Section 8.5.2 Multiple Pipe Systems 8.108 7» Air, assumed incompressible, flows through the 180 pipes shown in Fig. P8108, Determine the flowrate if minor losses are neglected and the friction factor in each pipe is 0.015. Determine the flowrate if the 0.5-in.diameter pipe were replaced by a Lin diameter pipe. Comment on the assumption of incompressibilt. 203 0 1 Figure P8.108, '*8.109 Repeat Problem 8.108 ifthe pipes are galvanized iron and the fiction factors are not known a prio. ¥8.110 Estimate he power thatthe human heart must impart to the blood to pump it through the two carotid arteries from the heart 10 the brain. List all assumptions and show all calculations. BALL (The flowrate between tank A and tank B shown in Fig 8.111 is tobe increased by 30% (ie. from Q to 1.300) by the ad- dition ofa second pipe (indicated by the dtd lines) running from node C to tank B. If the elevation of the free surface in tank A is 25 ft above that in tank B, determine the diameter, D, ofthis new Pipe, Neglect minor loses and assume that the friction factor for cach pipe is 0.02. Sin. danete, Sin ameter, ‘00 ftiong 500 long Diameter D 500 tong Figure 8.111 Problems 477 8.112. (2 With the valve closed, water flows from tank A to tank {Bas shown in Fig. P8.112. What is the flowrate into tank B when, the valve is opened tallow water to flow into tank C also? Neglect, all minor losses and assume thatthe friction factor is 0.02 for all pipes. Eteatign = 15 etions = SS 1 Figure P8.112 "*8.113 Repeat Problem 8.112 ifthe fiction factors are not known, but the pipes are steel pipes. 8.114 (G" The three water-filled tanks shown in Fig. P8.L14 are connected by pipes as indicate, If minor losses are neglected, de- termine the flowrate in each pipe. Eeation= 60 m ry eaon = 0 7 rans =0.08 m 200m J =0000 5 Figure P8.114 08m ‘oom 020 8.115 (See Fluids in the News ancl tiled “Deepwater Pipeline” Seton 85.2) Five oll elds, each producing an output of @ bares per day, are connected tthe 26in-diameter “mainline pipe" (A-8-C) by T6-in-diameter“teral pipes" as shown in Fig. PS.115. The friction factor isthe same for cach ofthe pipes und el cation effects are negligible (a) For secon 4~B determine the r= tio of the pressure dropper mul in the manlne pipe wo that in the lateral pipes. (b) Repeat the calculations for setion B-C. a Figure P8.115 48116 As shown in Fig. P8.116, cold water (T = 50 °F) flows from the water meter to ether the shower or the hot water heater. Ia the hot water heater itis heated to a temperature of 150 °F. Thus, ‘with equal amounts of hot and cold water, the shower is at a com. fortable 100 °F. However, when the dishwasher is turned on, the