2019 Volume-1

www.crackjee.xyz

PHYSICS
The Formulae Book
Recommended for all competitive Exams

JEE

NEET KVPY

AIIMS PAT

by Sunil Gupta
EduGene
 www.crackjee.xyz
Presents

ABOUT THE BOOK

This book contains basic formulae for solving the

Numerical physics Problems. Useful for all
competitive Exams of Physics.

✓ IIT-JEE ( Main & Advanced )

✓ NEET AIIMS NTSE
✓ Olympiad
✓ KVPY CETs PAT ICAR
✓ Railways Exam
✓ Nursing Entrance Exams
✓ All Engineering and Medical Entrance Test

However the book is written precisely with keeping

target of errorless articles but the
human error can be possible in typing so , If any
error is found in book please mail us at
[email protected]
 INDEX
 Units and Measurements

 Motion in a Straight Line

 Motion in a Plane

 Laws of Motion

 Work, Energy and Power

 System of Particles and Rotational Motion

 Gravitation

 Mechanical Properties of Solids

 Mechanical Properties of Fluids

 Thermal Properties of Matter

 Thermodynamics

 Kinetic Theory

 Oscillations

 Waves

 Ray Optics

IIT JEE BOOKS: www.crackjee.xyz

3
 UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
Formulae

1.
1 Au  1.5  1011 m 

1 ly  9.46  1015 m 

1 par sec  3.08  10 m
16

1 ly 9.46  1015 
  6.3  10 4

1 Au 1.5  1011 

 1 ly  6.3  10 Au
4


1 par sec 3.08  10 16
Also,   3.26 
1 ly 9.46  1015 

 1 par sec  3.26 ly 
Clearly,1 par sec  1 ly  1 Au 


2. To determine the order of magnitude of a number N, we express it as

N = n  10x
If 0.5 < n ≤ x, then x will be the order of magnitude of N.

3. Reflection or echo method

c t vt
S or
2 2

4. Triangulation method:
(i) Height of an accessible object
h = x tan
where x is the distance of observation point from the foot of the object
(ii) Height of an inaccessible object
d
h
cot 2 cot 1
where d is the distance between the two observation points.
(iii) Parallax method: The distance of an astronomical object
Basis b
S 
Parallactic angle 

5. Size of an astronomical object

Linear diameter = Distance  Angular diameter or, D = S  

6. Copernicus method:
(i) The distance of a planet from the sun
rps = sin. res = sin. Au
(ii) The distance of a planet from the earth
rpe = sin. res = sin. Au
7. From Kepler’s law of periods
4
 2/3
a23 T22 T 
3
 2 or a2   2  .a1
a1 T1  T1 

8. Molar volume = Volume of 1 mole of a gas at S.T.P. = 22.4 L

4 3
9. Volume of a sphere = r
3

10. Thickness of an oil film = Volume of oil drop

Area of the film

11. Linear magnification

= Final size  Size of image
Initial size Size of object

12. Linear magnification = Areal magnification

Mass M
13. Density = or 
Volume V

4 3
14. Volume of a sphere, V = r
3

15. Fractional error in time

= Diffrence in time  t
Time interval t

16. n1u1 = n2u2

n1[M1a Lb1 T1C ]  n2 [M2a Lb2 T2C ]

a b c
M  L   T 
n2  n1  1   1   1 
 M2   L2   T2 

17. True values: If a1, a2, a3, ……., an are the readings of an experiment, than true value of the quantity is given by
the arithmetic mean,
a1  a2  a3  .....an 1 n
a
n

n
a
i1
i

18. Absolute error = True value – Measured value of ai = a  ai

19. Final absolute error = Arithmetic mean of absolute errors

5
 |a1 | | a2 || a3 |....| an | 1 n
a 
n

n
| a |
i1
i

20. Relative error or fractional error =

Final absolute error a
or a 
True value a

a
21. Percentage error =  100%
a

22. If Z = A + B, then the maximum possible error in Z,

Z = A + B

23. If Z = A – B, then the maximum possible error in Z,

Z= A + B

24. If Z = AB, then the maximum fractional error in Z,

Z A B
 
Z A B

25. If Z = A/B, then the maximum fractional error in Z,

Z A B
 
Z A B
26. If Z = An, then the maximum fractional error in Z,
Z A
 n.
Z A

p q
27. If Z = A Br , then the maximum fractional error in Z,
C
Z A B C
p q r
Z A B C
The percentage error in Z
Z A B C
 100  p  100  q  100  r  100
Z A B C

NOTE
1. Distance S, x, d, h, a, b and D are in meter, angle  in radian.

2. Volume V is in m3 or litre, radius r in meter.

3. Magnification has no units.

4. Radius r is in meter, volume V in m3 and density  in kg m-3.

5. Times t and t are in second.
6
6. The SI units of mass, length and time are kg, m and s and the corresponding CGS units are g, cm and s.

7. The maximum possible error has the same units as the quantity itself but fractional error has no units.

Conversions used

1. 1 kg m-3 = 103 g cm-3

2. 1 g cm-3 = 10-3 kg m-3

(i) 1 N = 105 dyne
(ii) 1 amu = 1.66  10-27 kg
(iii) 1 Au = 1.496  1011 m
(iv) 1 ly = 9.46  1015 m
(v) 1 parsec = 3.08  1016 m
(vi) 1 Å = 10-10m = 0.1 m

3. 1 = 4.85  10-6 rad

IIT JEE Formulas:

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 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
Formulae

1. Distance covered = Length of actual path traversed by the body.

2. Displacement = Vector drawn from initial to final position of the body.

3. Average speed = Total dis tance travelled

Total time taken

vav = s2  s1  s
t2  t1 t
Instantaneous velocity
s ds
v = lim
t0 
t dt
Average acceleration
aav = v2  v1  v
t2  t1 t
Instantaneous acceleration
v dv d2s
a lim
t0  
t dt dt2

4. Equations of motion in conventional form

(i) v = u + at
1 2
(ii) s = ut + at
2
(iii) v2 – u2 = 2as or v2 = u2 + 2as
a
(iv) snth  u  (2n  1)
2

5. Equations of motion in cartesian form,

(i) v(t) = v(0) + at
(ii) v(t) = v(t) + a(t - t)
1 2
(iii) x(t) = x(0) + v(0)t + at
2
1
(iv) x(t) = x(t) + v(t) (t - t) + a(t - t)2
2
(v) [v(t)]2 – [v(t)2] = 2a[x(t) – x(t)]

6. For a freely falling body, the equations of motion are

(i) v = u + gt
1 2
(ii) s = ut + gt
2
(iii) v2 – u2 = 2gs

For a body falling freely under the action of gravity, g is taken positive.
For a body thrown vertically upward, g is taken negative,
When a body is just dropped, u = 0

8
7. For a body thrown vertically up with initial velocity u,
u2
(i) Maximum height reached, h =
2g
u
(ii) Time of ascent = Time of descent =
g
2u
(iii) Total time of flight =
g
(iv) Velocity of fall at the point of projection = u
(v) Velocity attained by a body dropped from height h, v = 2gh

8. Slope of position-time (s-t) graph gives velocity v  x  s2  s1

t t2  t1

9. Slope of velocity-time (v-t) graph gives acceleration a  v  v2  v1

t t2  t1

10. Distance travelled = Area between the (v-t) graph and time axis

11. Change in velocity = Area between the (a-t) graph and time axis

12. Relative velocity of object A w.r.t object B, v AB  v A  vB

13. Relative velocity of object B w.r.t object A, vBA  vB  v A

14. Where v A and vB are the velocities w.r.t. the ground.

15. When the objects A and B move in the same direction, VAB = VA - VB

16. When the object B moves in the opposite direction of A, VAB = VA + VB

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 MOTION IN A PLANE

1. By triangle law or parallelogram law of vector addition, the magnitude of resultant R at two vectors P and
Q inclined to each other at angle , is given by

R  P2  Q2  2PQcos 

2. If resultant R makes an angle  and P , then

Q sin 
tan  
P  QCos

3. If Ax, Ay, Az are the rectangular components of A and ˆi, ˆj, kˆ are the unit vectors along X-, Y- and Z-axis
respectively, then
A  Axˆi  A yˆj  Azkˆ
(i) |A| A2x  A2y  A2z

A A xˆi  A yˆj  Azkˆ

(ii) Â  
|A| A2  A2  A2
x y z

4. If Vector A makes angle  with the horizontal, then horizontal component of A = Ax = Acos Vectical
components of A = Ax = Acos
and A2x  A2y

5. Dot product of two vectors

A  B |A||B|cos   ABcos 
(i) If A  B,   90 and A  B  0

(ii) Angle  between vectors A and B is given by cos = A B

|A||B|
(iii) In terms of rectangular components, A B  AxBx  AyBy  AzBz

6. Cross product of two vectors

A  B  ABsin  n

7. Unit vector n perpendicular to the plane of vectors A and B is given by n̂  A  B

|A  B|

(i) Angle  between vectors A and B is given by sin  |A  B|

|A||B|
ˆi ˆj kˆ
(ii) In terms of rectangular components, we have A  B  A x Ay Az
Bx By Bz

or A B  (AyBz  AzBy )jˆ  (AzBx  AxBz )jˆ + (AxBy  AyBx )kˆ

(iii) For parallel vectors, A  B  0
(iv) Moment of a force or torque,   r  F

8. The relative velocity of A w.r.t B, v AB  v A  vB

10
9. The relative velocity of B w.r.t A, vBA  vB  v A

10. For two objects moving with velocities vA and vB at an angle , the relative velocity of an object A w.r.t. B is
given by
v AB  v2A  vB2  2v A vB cos 

11. If velocity vAB makes an angle  with vA, then

vB sin 
tan 
v A  vB cos 

12. Position of the projectile projected horizontally from a height h after time t is
1 2
X = ut, y = gt
2
g
(i) Equation of trajectory: y  2 .x2
2u
(ii) Velocity after time t: v  u2  g2 t2
gt
  tan1
u
2h
(iii) Time of flight: T
g
2h
(iv) Horizontal range: R  u  T  u
g

13. For a projectile fired with velocity u at an angle  with the horizontal : ux = u cos, uy = u sin, ax = 0, ay = -g
(i) Position after tiem t:
1 2
x = (u cos)t, y = (u sin)t - gt
2
(ii) Equation of trajectory: y = x tan  g
.x2
2u cos 
2 2

u2 sin2 
(iii) Maximum height: H 
2g
2usin 
(iv) Time of flight, T 
g

u2 sin2
(v) Horizontal range, R 
g
u2
(vi) Maximum horizontal range is attained at  = 45 and its value is Rmax =
g
(vii) Velocity after time t, ux = cos, vy = usin - gt
vy
 v  v x  v y and tan 
2 2
vx

S
14. Angular displacement,  
r

11
 
15. Angular velocity,  
t

2
16. Also,    2
T

17. Linear velocity, v = r

v2
18. Centripetal acceleration, a   r2
r

NOTE

1. Unit of Ax, Ay, Az are same as that of A and angle  is in radians.

2. Displacement and distance are in meter, average speed and average velocity are in m s-1.

3. Velocities, vA, vB and vAB are in m s-1.

4. Distances x, y, h and R are in meters. Acceleration due to gravity g in m s-2, and times t and T in second.

5. Angular velocity,  in rad s-1, v in m s-1, a in m s-2 and angular acceleration  in rad s-2.

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 LAWS OF MOTION

1. Linear momentum, p = mv

2. According to Newton’s second law,

Applied force = Rate of change of linear momentum or F  dp  ma  m  v  u 
dt  t 
3. Impulse = Force  time = change in momentum or J = F t = m(v – u)
t2

(i) 
J  F  dt  Area under force-time (F-t) graph
t1

4. Reaction = -Action

5. The apparent weight of a man in a lift:

(i) When the lift moves upwards with acceleration a,
R = m(g + a)
(ii) When the left moves downwards with acceleration a,
R = m(g - a)
(iii) When the lift falls freely, a = g,
So R = m(g – a) = m(g – g) = 0
(iv) when the lift is at rest or moves with uniform velocity, a = 0, so
R = m(g – 0) = mg

6. In the absence of any external force, vector sum of the linear momentum of a system of particles remains
constants,
m1 v1  m2 v2  m3 v 3  .......  m2 vn  constant

7. For a two body system, m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

mv
8. Recoil velocity of a gun, V  
M
where M is the mass of the gun, m the mass of bullet and v is the velocity of the bullet.

9. Resultant force on the rocket,

F = up thrust on the rocket – weight of the rocket
dm
=u  mg
dt

10. Acceleration of the rocket after time t,

 
 u  dm
a   g
 m0  t dm  dt
 dt 
11. Velocity of the rocket after time t,
m
v  v 0  u loge 0  gt
m
If the effect of gravity is neglected, then
 
dm  u  dm m
F u ; a   ;v  v 0  u log e 0
dt  m0  t dm  dt m
 dt 

13
12. Burn-out speed of the rocket,
m
vb  v0  u loge
mv
Here,
U = velocity of exhaust gases
v0 = initial velocity of the rocket
v = velocity of the rocket at any instant t
m0 = initial mass of the rocket
m = final mass of the rocket
mr = mass of the empty rocket
dm/dt = rate of ejection of fuel

13. A number of forces acting at the same point are called concurrent forces.

14. A number of concurrent forces are said to be in equilibrium if their resultant is zero
F  F1  F2  F3  ......  Fn  0

15. If F1  F2 and F3 are three concurrent forces in equilibrium

(i) F1  F2  F3  0
F1 F F
(ii)  2  3 (Lami’s theorem)
sin  sin  sin 

16. Co-efficient of limiting friction = Limitting friction

Normal reaction
fsmax
or s  or fsmax  sR
R

17. Co-efficient of kinetic friction = Kinetic friction

Normal reaction
fk
or k  or fk  ukR
R

18. For a body placed on horizontal surface, R = mg

fsmax  s  mg and fk  uk  mg
Static friction, fs  fs or fs  sR
max
19.

Kinetic friction, fk  fs
max
20.

21. If  is the angle of friction, then s  tan 

22. If  is the angle of repose, then s  tan 

23. Angle of repose = Angle of friction i.e.,  = 

24. For a body moving on a rough horizontal surface with retardation a,
f ma a
  
R mg g

14
 R
25. fr  r 
and r  k  s
r
where r is the coefficient at rolling friction, fr is the rolling friction and r is the radius of the rolling body.

26. For a body placed on an inclined plane of inclination ,

Normal reaction, R = mg cos
Friction, f = R = mg cos

27. When a body moves down an inclined plane without any acceleration, net downward force needed is
F = mgsin - f = mg(sin - cos)
Work done, W = Fs = mg(sin - cos)s

28. When a body moves up an inclined plane without acceleration, net upward force needed is
F = mgsin + f = mg(sin + cos)
W = mg(sin + cos)s

29. When a body moves up an inclined plane, with acceleration a, net upward force needed is
F = ma + mgsin + f = m (a + gsin + gcos)
W = m(a + gsin + gcos)s

30. For a body moving along a horizontal circular path, centripetal force is
2
mv2  2 
F  mr2  mr(2)2  mr  
r  T 

31. Centrifugal force is equal to centripetal force in magnitude but acts away from the centre.

32. A vehicle taking a circular turn on a level road. If  is the coefficient of friction between tyres and road, then
the maximum velocity with which the vehicle can safely take a circular turn at radius r given by
vmax   rg

33. Banking of tracks (roads): The maximum velocity with which a vehicle (in the absence of friction) can
negotiate a circular road of radius r and banked at an angle  is given by
v  rg tan 
When the frictional forces are also taken into account, the maximum safe velocity is given by
   tan  
vmax  rg  
 1   tan  

34. Bending of cyclist: n order to take a circular turn of radius r with speed v, the cyclist should bend himself
through an angle  from the vertical such that
v2
tan  
rg

35. Velocity of the body at any point at a height h from the lowest point,
v  u2  2gh

36. Tension in the string at any point,

m
T  (u2  3gh  gr)
r
15
 m 2
37. Tension at the lowest point, TL  (u  gr)
r

m 2
38. Tension at the highest point, TH  (u  5gr)
r

39. Difference in tensions at the highest and lowest points, TL - TH = 6mg

40. Velocity at the highest point for looping the loop,

vH  gr

Unit Used

1. Velocities u and v are in m s-1, time t in second, momentum p in kg m s-1, acceleration a in m s-2 and force F in
Newton (N).

2. The absolute SI unit of force is newton and CGS unit is dyne. The gravitational SI unit of force is kg f or kgwt
and CGS unit of gf or gwt.

3. Force of friction f and normal reaction R are in Newton (N), coefficient of friction  has no units.

4. Radius r and height in meter, velocity u and v are in ms-1, tensions T, TL and TH are in Newton (N).

Conversion Used

1. 1 N = 105 dyne

2. 1 kg wt = 9.8 N

3. 1 g wt = 980 dyne

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16
 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

1. The work done by force, W = F  s =Fs cos

2. If a body of mass m is raised through height h, then W = mgh

3. If a body moves up a plane inclined at an angle  with a constant speed, then W = mgsin  s

4. W F  s
i
i i

sf

5. 
W  F  ds
si

6. W = Area under the force-displacement curve between the initial and final positions of the body.

1
7. Kinetic energy, K = mv2
2

8. According to work-energy theorem,

1 1
W  Kf  Ki  mv2  mu2
2 2

9. Gravitational P.E., U = mgh

dU
10. For a conservative force, F =
ds

xf

11. U = Uf – Ui = - W =  Fds 
xi

12. When work is by only conservative forces only, mechanical energy is conserved.

13. According to Hooke’s law, F = -kx

F
14. Force constant, k =
x

1 2
15. Work done on a spring or P.E. of a spring stretched through distance x, W = U = kx
2

16. According to Einstein, energy equivalent of mass m is E = mc2, where c = speed of light in free space =3108
ms-1.

Work W
17. Power  or P 
Time t

17
18. Also, P = F  v when  = 0, P = Fv

19. Linear momentum is conserved both in elastic and inelastic collisions i.e.,, m1u1 +m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

20. Kinetic energy is conserved in elastic collision

1 1 1 1
m1u12  m2u22  m1v12  m2 v22
2 2 2 2

21. In one dimensional elastic collision, velocities after the collision is given by
m1  m2 2m2
v1  u1  u2
m1  m2 m1  m2
2m1 m  m1
v2  u1  2 u2
m1  m2 m1  m2

22. Coefficient of restitution for a collision is given by

v1  v2 |v2  v1 |
e 
u1  u2 |u2  u1 |

v
23. For a ball rebounding from a floor, e =
u

24. For an elastic collision (involving no loss of K.E.) e = 1

25. For an inelastic collision (involving loss of K.E.) e < 1

Unit Used

1. In SI, force F is in newton, distance s is in meter and work done W In joule, in CGS system, force F is in dyne,
distance s in cm and work done W in erg.

2. Distance x in meter, potential energy U in joule and force constant k in N m-1.

3. Mass m is in kg and energy E in joule and power in watt (W).

4. Masses m1, m2 are in kg, velocities u1, u2, v1, v2 are in ms-1, linear momentum in kg m s-1, kinetic energy in
joule and coefficient of restitution ‘e’ has no units.

Conversion Used

1. 1 J = 107 erg
2. 1 eV = 1.60  10-19 J
3. 1 MeV = 106 eV = 1.6  10-13 J
4. 1 amu = 931 MeV
5. 1 kilowatt = 1000 W or 1 kW = 1000 W
6. 1 horse power = 746 W or 1 hp = 746 W

18
 SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTION

1. For a system of N particles, the position vector of centre of mass is

N

m r  m2 r2  ....  mN rN
m  r
i1
i i
RCM  1 1 
m1  m2  ....  mN M

2. The position vector of the centre of mass of a two particle system is

m1 r1  m2 r2
RCM 
m1  m2

3. The Cartesian co-ordinates of the centre of mass are given by

N

m x  m2x2  ....  mNxN

m x
i1
i i
x 1 1 
m1  m2  .....  mN M
N

m y  m2 y2  ....  mNyN
m y
i1
i i
y 1 1 
m1  m2  .....  mN M
N

m z  m2z2  ....  mNzN

m zi 1
i i
z 1 1 
m1  m2  .....  mN M

4. For a continuous mass distribution,

1
RCM 
M 
r dm

where dm is the mass of small element located at position r

Also,
1 1 1
xCM 
M  x dm, yCM 
M 
y dm, zCM 
M
z dm. 
5. The algebraic sum of the moments of mass of various particles of a system about its centre of mass is zero.

6. Velocity of CM of a two particles system is

m1 v1  m2 v2
vCM 
m1  m2

7. For a body in rotational motion under constant angular acceleration, the equation of motion can be written
as
(i)  = 0 + t
1 2
(ii)  = 0t + t
2
(iii) 2 - 2 = 2 ( - 0)

8. Torque = Force  its perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation,

9. Torque,  = rF sin  or   r  F
10. Power of torque = Torque  Angular velocity or P = 
19
11. Work done by a torque = Torque  Angular velocity or W = 

12. Angular momentum = Linear momentum  its perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation.

13. Angular momentum, L = rpsin or L  r  p

14. For a particle of mass m moving with uniform speed v along a circle of radius r, L = mvr.

dL
15. Torque = Rate of change of angular momentum or  
dt

16. Moment of inertia of a body about the given axis of rotation,

n
I  m1r12  m2r22  ....  mnrn2  m r
i1
i i
2

17. Radius of gyration K is given by

I
I  MK2 or K 
M
When all the particles are of same mass,
r12  r22  ....  rn2
K
n

18. Theorem of parallel axis, Iz = Ix + Iy

19. Theorem of perpendicular axis, I = ICM + Md2

20. M.I. of a circular ring about an axis through its centre and perpendicular to its plane, I = MR2

1
21. M.I. of a thin ring about any diameter, I = MR2
2

3
22. M.I. of a thin ring about any tangent in its plane, I  MR2
2

1
23. M.I. of a circular disc about an axis through its centre and perpendicular to its plane, I = MR2
2

1
24. M.I. of a circular disc about any diameter, I  MR2
4

5
25. M.I. of a circular disc about a tangent in its plane, I  MR2
4
1 2
26. M.I. of a thin rod about an axis through its middle point and perpendicular to rod, I  ML
12

20
 1
27. M.I. of ta thin rod about an axis through its one end and perpendicular to rod, I  ML2
3

28. M.l. of a rectangular lamina of length l and breadth b about an axis through its centre and perpendicular to
 l2  b2 
its plane, I  M 
 12 

1
29. M.I. of a right circular solid cylinder about its symmetry axis, I = MR2
2

30. M.I. of a right circular hollow cylinder about its axis, I = MR2.

2
31. M.I. of a solid sphere about an axis through its centre, I  MR2
5

7
32. M.I. of a solid sphere about any tangent, I  MR2
5

5
33. M.I. of a hollow sphere about any tangent, I  MR2
3

1 2
34. Rotational K.E. = I
2

35. Total K.E. = Rotational K.E. + Translational K.E.

1 1
 I2  Mv2
2 2

36. Torque = M.I.  angular acceleration of  = I

37. Work done by a torque, W = 

38. Angular momentum = M.I.  Angular velocity

L = I

39. In the absence of any external torque,

L = I = a constant
2 2
or I11  I22 or I1   I2 
T1 T2

40. For a cylinder of mass M and radius R rolling without slipping down plane inclined at angle  with the
g sin 
horizontal. Its acceleration down the inclined plane is given by, a 
K2
1 2
R

41. Force of friction between the plane and cylinder,

1
f  Mgsin 
3

21
 2
42. Linear acceleration, a = g sin 
3

43. Condition for rolling without slipping is

1
s  tan 
3

NOTE

1. Masses of various particles of a system are in kg and their distances from the axis of rotation are in meter.

2. Angular displacement  is in rad, initial angular velocity 0 and final angular velocity  are in rad s-1, angular
acceleration  in rad s-2.

3. Torque is in N m, work done in joule, power in watt, angular velocity  in rad s-1 and angular momentum L in
kg m2s-1.

4. Moment of inertia I in kg m2 and radius of gyration K in meter, rotational K.E. in joule and angular velocity 
in rad s-1.

5. Acceleration a and g are in ms-2 and coefficient of friction s has no units.

IIT JEE Formulas:

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22
 GRAVITATION

Gm1m2
1. Newton’s law of gravitation F =
r2

Mass of planet or satellite, M  4  r2

2 3
2.
GT

3. Principle of superposition of gravitational forces,

FR  F1  F2  ....  Fn

4. Acceleration due to gravity on the earth’s surface,

GM
g 2
R
gR2
5. Mass of the earth, M 
G

3g
6. Mean density of earth,  
4GR

7. Weight of a body, W = mg

R2
8. gh  g , when h is comparable to R.
(R  h)2

 2h 
9. gh  g  1   , when h << R.
 R 

10. At a depth d, gd  g  1  d 
 R

11. When h = 2d, gh = gd

12. At latitude , g = g - R2 cos2

13. At equator,  = 0, so ge = g - R2

14. At poles,  = 90, so gp = g

15. gp – ge = R2

F GM
16. Intensity of gravitational field, E  
m r2
Work done GM
17. Gravitational potential, V  
Mass r

18. Gravitational potential energy,

23
 GMm
U = Gravitational potential  Mass = 
r

dU
19. E
dr

20. Total energy of a body in a gravitational field,

1
= K.E. + P.E. = mv2 +   GMm 
2  r 

2GM 8
21. ve   2gR  GR2
R 3

22. Orbital velocity at a height h,

GM gR2 g
v0   R
R h R h Rh

23. When a satellite revolves close to earth’s surface

v 0  gR , v e  2v 0

24. Time period of satellite,

2(R  h) (R  h)3
T  2
v0 GM
2 (R  h)3 3(R  h)3
 
R g GR3

1/3
 T2R2g 
25. Height of satellite, h   2 
R
 4 

GMm
26. Potential energy, U  
r

27. Kinetic energy, K  1 mv20  1 m  GM   1 GMm

2 2  r  2 r

1 GMm GMm
28. Total energy, E  K  U  mv20  
2 r 2r

U
29. As E = = -K  K = -E and U = 2E
2

GMm
30. Binding energy =
2r

31. Angular momentum, L = mvr = constant

24
32. Law of periods, T2  r3 or T2 = Kr3.
4 2
For a satellite of earth, K   10 13 s2 m3
GME

T22 r23
33. 
T12 r13

NOTE

1. Force of gravitation F is in newton, masses m1, m2 and M are in kg, distance r in meter and period of
revolution in second.

2. Acceleration due to gravity g in m s-2, period of revolution T in second and density  in kg m-3.

3. Here g, gc, gp, g are in m s-2, latitude  in degrees, angular velocity  in rad s-1 and R in meter.

4. Gravitational intensity E is in N kg-1, gravitational potential V in J kg-1 and gravitational P.E. in joule.

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25
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS

Force F
1. Stress = 
Area A
2. Longitudinal strain = Change in length  L
Original length L

3. Young’s modulus = Longitudinal stress

Longitudinal strain

F/A F L
or Y   
L / L A L

4. Percentage increase in length,

L F
 100   100
L AY
F
5. Volumetric stress =  P, the applied pressure
A
V
6. Volumetric strain =
V

7. Bulk modulus = Volumetric stress

Volumetric strain

F/A P P
or B =    V
V / V V / V V

8. Negative sign indicates the decrease in volume with the increase in stress
1 V
9. Compressibility =   
B PV
Tangential force F
10. Shearing stress = 
Area A
L
11. Shearing strain =  =
L
F/A F/A
12. Modulus of rigidity = Shearing stress or   
Shearing strain  L / L

13. Total P.E. stored in a stretched wire,

1 1
U   Stretching force  Extension = FL
2 2
1
Or U   Stress  Strain  Volume of wire
2
14. P.E. stored per unit volume of a stretched wire,
1
u=  Stress  Strain
2
1
or u =  Young modulus  Strain2
2
Breaking force = Breaking stress  Area of cross section

26
15. Poisson’s ratio,
Lateral strain D / D
 or  
Longitudinal strain L / L

NOTE

1. Force F is in newton, area A in m2, stress in N m-2, Young’s modulus Y in N m-2 or Pa, Strain L/L has no units.

2. Bulk modulus B is in N m-2 and compressibility k in N-1 m2 or Pa-1.

3. Modulus of rigidity  is in N m-2 or Pa-1.

4. Elastic P.E. is in joule, elastic P.E. per unit volume is in J m-3.

5. Length L and diameter D are in meter, Poisson’s ratio  has no units.

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27
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

1. Thrust = Total force exerted by a liquid on the surface in contact

Thrust F
2. Pressure = or P 
Area A

3. According to Pascal’s law, pressure applied at any point of an enclosed mass of fluid is transmitted equally in
all directions.

f F
4. For a hydraulic lift, P  
a A

5. Pressure exerted by a liquid column of height h and density, P = hg

6. Absolute pressure = Atmospheric pressure + Gauge pressure

P = P a + Pg

7. According to Archimedes’ principle,

Loss in weight of a body in a liquid = Weight of liquid displaced = Volume  Density of liquid  g

8. Apparent weight of solid in a liquid

= True weight – Weight of liquid displaced
m   
= mg  Vg  mg  g  mg  1  
  
Where  is the density of the liquid and  that of solid.

9. When a body just floats, weight of the body = weight of liquid displaced
V 
or Vg  Vg or 
V 
Volume of immersed part Density of solid

Total volume of the solid Density of liquid

10. Relative density = Density of subs tance

Density of water at 4C

11. Relative density of solid = Weight of solid in air

Loss in weight in water

12. Relative density of a liquid = Loss in weight in liquid

Loss of weight in water

dv
13. Velocity gradient =
dx
dv
14. Newton’s formula for viscous force between two parallel layer is F  A
dx

15. Poiseuille’s formula for the volume of a liquid flowing out per second through a narrow pipe is
28
 v  Pr 4
Q 
t 8l

16. According to Stoke’s law, force of viscosity acting on a spherical body of radius r moving with velocity v
through fluid of viscosity  is
F = 6rv

17. Terminal velocity of a spherical body of density  and radius r moving through a liquid of density  is
2 r2
v (  )g
9 n

18. For a liquid at viscosity , density  and flowing through pipe of diameter D, Reynold’s number is given by
vD
Re 


19. Flow is laminar for Re between 0 and 2000. The fluid velocity corresponding to N = 2000 is called critical
velocity.
2000  
ve 
D

20. Flow is turbulent for Re above 3000.

21. Flow is unstable for Re between 2000 and 3000.

22. Volume of liquid flowing per second through a pipe of cross-section ‘a’ with velocity ‘v’ is given by
Q = av

23. Equation of continuity, av = constant

or a1v1 = a2v2

24. First form of Bernoulli’s theorem

P v2
 gh 
 2
or pressure energy per unit mass + P.E. per unit mass + K.E. per unit mass = constant

25. Second form of Bernoulli’s theorem

P v2
 h  = constant
g 2g
or pressure head + gravitational head + velocity head = constant

26. Volume of a liquid flowing out per second through a venturimeter

2gh
Q  a1a2
a12 a22
Where a1 and a2 are area of cross-section of bigger and smaller tubes respectively.

29
27. Torricelli’s theorem, velocity of efflux of a liquid through an orifice at depth ‘h’ from the liquid surface,
v  2gh .

Force F
28. Surface tension = or  
Length l

29. Increase in surface energy or work done,

W = Surface tension  inside in area of the liquid surface

30. Excess pressure inside a liquid drop.

2
P (with one free surface)
R

31. Excess pressure inside a soap bubble

4
P (with two free surface)
R

32. Excess pressure in air bubble,

2
P (with one free surface)
R

33. When a capillary tube of radius ‘r’ is dipped in a liquid of density  and surface tension , the liquid rises or
falls through a distance,
2 cos 
h where  is the angle of contact.
rg

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 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

1. If TC, TF, TR and T are T are the temperatures of a body on Celsius, Fahrenheit, Reaumur and Kelvin scales
respectively, then,
TC  0 T  32 TR  0 T  273.15
 F  
100  0 212  32 80  0 100
TC TF  32 TR T  273.15
or   
5 9 4 5

5 9
2. TC  (TF  32), TF  TC  32
9 5

3. T = TC + 273.15, TC = T – 273.15

9 5
4. TF = (T – 273.15) + 32 T= TF + 255.37
5 9

5. For a constant volume air thermometer, T = T0  P

P0

In terms of triple point of water, T = Ttr  P

Ptr

6. For a platinum resistance thermometer, resistance of platinum at T C, R = R0 (1 + T)

Temperature coefficient of resistance,  = R  R0
R0  T

7. Change in length,
L  L = L(T  T) or L = LT

L
8. Coefficient of linear expansion,  
LT

9. Final length, L = L (1 + T)

10. Change in surface area, S – S = S(T – T)

or S = ST
S
11. Coefficient of superficial expansion,  =
ST

12. Final surface area, S = S(1 + T)

13. Change in volume, V  V = V(T  T)

or V = VT

31
 V
14. Coefficient of cubical expansion,  
VT

15. Final volume, V = V(1 + T)

16. Relation between ,  and 

  
    = 2 and  = 3
1 2 3

17. Final density,  = (1 - T)

18. Heat gained or lost, Q = mcT

19. According to the principle of calorimetry, Heat gained = Heat lost

20. Water equivalent, w = ms (gram)

21. Heat capacity = ms (cal C-1)

22. Latent heat of vaporization or fusion, Q = mL

23. The amount of heat than flows in time t across the opposite faces of a slab of thickness  and cross-section
KA(T1  T2 )t
A, Q =
x

24. Where T1 and T2 are the temperature of hot and cold faces and K is the coefficient of thermal conductivity of
the material of the slab.

dQ dT
25. Rate of flow of heat,  KA
dt dx
Here dT/dx is the rate of fall of temperature with distance and is called temperature gradient.

26. Newton’s law of cooling. If the temperature difference between body and surroundings is small, then
Rate of loss of heat  Temperature difference between the body and the surroundings
 Rate of loss of heat from the body is
(T1  T2 )  T T 
ms  k(T  T0 )  k  1 2  T0 
t  2 
Here, temperature of the body falls from T1 to T2 in time-interval t.

27. Stefan’s law: Energy emitted per second per unit area by a black body at absolute temperature T,
E = T4, where  = Stefan’s constant

28. Stefan-Boltzmann law: When a black body at temperature T is placed in an enclosure at temperature T0, the
net heat energy radiated per second per unit area, E =  (T  T0 )
4 4

32
29. Energy radiated by a surface of emissivity , area A in time t,
(i) E = T4  A  t (Stefan’s law)

E =  (T  T0 )  A  t
4 4
(ii) (Stefan-Boltzmann law)

30. Wien’s displacement law: The wavelength m corresponding to maximum energy emission by a black body at
b
absolute temperature T is given by m 
T
where b = Wien’s constant = 0.002898 m K

IIT JEE Formulas:

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 THERMODYNAMICS

1. According to first law of thermodynamics,

dQ = dU + dW = dU + pdV

2. Specific heat capacity,

S (heat capacity)  1  d
s  
m (mass of subs tance)  m  dt

3. Heat capacity per mole of the substance,

S 1 Q
C 
  t
where  is moles.

4. For change of state, dQ = mL

5. For rise in temperature, dQ = mCT

6. Change in internal energy, dU = Uf - Ui

7. Heat loss or gained by a gas:

(i) Q = mCpT (At constant pressure)
(ii) Q = nCVT (At constant volume)
Where n = Number of moles of gas
= Mass of gas
Molecular mass

8. Equation for isothermal process, PV = constant or P1 V1 = P2 V2

9. Work done by an ideal gas in an isothermal process from volume V1 to V2 at temperature T is equal to heat
V 
absorbed Q = W = RT In  2 
 V1 

10. Work done when 1 mole of a gas expands isothermally,

V2
(i) Wiso  2.303RTlog
V1
P1
(ii) Wiso  2.303RTlog
P2

11. Equation for adiabatic process,

(i) P1V1  P2 V2
(ii) T1V11  T2 V21
P11 P21
(iii)   , where   CP
T1 T2 CV

34
12. Work done when 1 mole of a gas expands adiabatically and its temperature fall from T1 to T2,
R
(i) Wadi  [T1  T2 ]
 1
R
(ii) Wadi  [P1 V1  P2 V2 ]
 1

13. Work done in an isobaric process,

W = P(V2 – V1) = R(T1 – T2)

14. Efficiency of a heat engine,

Work output W Q1  Q 2 Q
   1 2
Heat input Q1 Q1 Q1

15. Coefficient of performance of a refrigerator,

Q2 Q2 T2
  
W Q 1  Q 2 T1  T2
Where Q2 = heat drawn per cycle from sink
W = work done per cycle on refrigerator

16. Efficiency of a Carnot’s engine (an ideal heat engine)

Q2 T
1 1 2
Q1 T1
Where, Q1 = heat extracted from the source
Q2 = heat released to the sink
T1 = temperature of the source
T2 = temperature of the sink

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 KINETIC THEORY

1. Boyle’s law : At constant temperature,

PV = constant or P1 V1 = P2 V2

2. Charles’s law : At constant pressure,

V  T or V2  T2
V1 T1

3. Gay Lussac’s law : At constant volume,

P  T or P2  T2
P1 T1

4. Perfect gas equation is PV = nRT

or P1 V1  P2 V2
T1 T2

R
5. Boltzmann’s constant, kB 
N

1M 2 1 2
6. Pressure exerted by a gas, P  vrms  pvrms
3V 3

3P
7. vrms 


8. Mean K.E. per molecule of a gas,

1 2 3
E  mvrms  kB T
2 2

9. Mean K.E. per mole of a gas,

1 2 3 3
E  mvrms  RT  kBNT
2 2 2

1 2 3R
10. K.E. of 1 g of a gas =  vrms  T
2 2M

11. Avogadro’s number =

Molecular mass M
or N 
Mass of 1 molecule m

12. No. of moles, n = Mass of gas

Molecular mass

1
13. Energy associated with each degree of freedom per molecule = kB T
2

14. For a gas of polyatomic molecules having f degrees of freedom,

36
 f
Energy associated with 1 mole of gas, U = RT
2
f  f C 2
CV  R, CP   1   R,   P  1 
2  2 CV f

15. For a monatomic gas f = 3, so

3 3 5
U  RT, CV  R, CP  R,   1.66
2 2 2

16. For a diatomic gas, f = 5

5 5 7
U  RT, CV  R, CP  R,   1.4
2 2 2

17. For a triatomic gas of non-linear molecules f = 6, so

U = 3RT, CV = 3R, CP = 4R,  = 1.33

18. For a triatomic gas of linear molecules f = 7, so

7 7 9
U  RT, CV  R, CP  R,   1.28
2 2 2

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 OSCILLATIONS

1. Displacement, x = Acos(t + 0)

Where A = amplitude  = angular frequency and 0 = initial phase of particle in S.H.M.

dx
2. Velocity, v  Asin(t  0 )   A2  x2
dt
Maximum velocity, vmax  A

dv
3. Acceleration, a   2 Acos(t  0 )  2 x
dt
Maximum acceleration, amax   A
2

4. Restoring force, F  kx  m2 x

k
Where k = force constant and 2 
m

2
5. Angular frequency,   2 
T

6. Time period, T  2 Displacement  2 x

Acceleration a

Inertia factor M
7. Time period, T  2  2
Spring factor k

8. P.E. at displacement y from the mean position

1 1 1
U  ky2  m2 y2  m2 A2 sin2 t
2 2 2

9. K.E. at displacement y from the mean position,

1 1
K  (A2  y2 )  m2 (A2  y2 )
2 2
1
 m2 A2 cos2 t
2

10. Total energy at any point,

1 1
E  kA2  m2 A2  22mA2 2
2 2

F
11. Spring factor or force constant, k 
y

12. Period of oscillation of a mass m suspended from massless spring of force constant k,
m
T  2
k

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13. For two springs connected in series, k1 and k2 connected in parallel, effective spring factor,
m
k  k1  k2 ,  T  2
k1  k2

14. For two springs connected in series, effective spring factor k is given by
1 1 1 kk
  or k  1 2
k k1 k 2 k1  k 2

m(k1  k2 )
 T  2
k1k2

15. When length of a spring is made n times, its spring factor becomes 1/n times and hence time period
increases n times.

16. When a spring is cut into n equal pieces, spring factor of each part becomes nk
 m
T  2
nK

L
17. Time period, T  2 , Frequency,   1 g
g 2 L

h
18. For a liquid of density  contained in a U-tube upto height h, T  2
g

19. For a body dropped in a tunnel along the diameter of the earth
R
T  2 , where R = radius of the earth
g

20. For a cylinder of density  floating with length h submerge in a liquid of density ,
h
T  2
g

21. For a ball of mass m oscillating in the neck of air chamber of volume V,
mV
T  2
EA2
Where A = area of cross-section of the neck,
E = bulk modulus of elasticity of air

22. For a balance wheel of a watch of moment of inertia I and torsional constant C,
I
T  2
C

IIT JEE Formulas:

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 WAVES

1. Wave velocity = Frequency  Wavelength or v = 

2. Wave velocity = Wavelength or v  

Time period T

3. Velocity of transverse waves in a solid of modulus of rigidity  and density ,


v


4. Velocity of longitudinal waves in a solid of bulk modulus B, modulus of rigidity  and density  is given by,
4
B 
v 3


5. Velocity of longitudinal waves in a metallic bar of Young’s modulus Y and density  is given by,
Y
v


6. Velocity of longitudinal waves in liquid of bulk modulus B and density  is given by,
B
v


7. Newton’s formulae for the velocity of sound in a gas is

Biso P
v 
 
Where P = pressure of a gas

8. Effect of pressure.
There is no effect of pressure on velocity of sound.

1 v 
9. Effect of density, v  or 1  2
 v2 1
v1 T
10. Effect of temperature, v  T or  1
v2 T2

Also v  RT ,
M
Where M = Molecular mass of the gas.

11. Temperature coefficient of sound.

It is given by,
v v
 t 0
t

40
 For air,  = 0.61 m s-1 C-1

12. A plane progressive harmonic wave travelling along positive direction at x-axis can be represented by any of
the following expressions:
2
(i) y = A sin(t – kx), where k =

(ii) y = A sin2  t  x 
T 
2
(iii) y = A sin (vt  x)

Where  is the wavelength, v is the velocity, A is the amplitude and x is the distance of observation point
from the origin.

13. For a progressive wave travelling along –ve x-axis,

y  Asin(t  kx)
t x 2
or y  Asin2     Asin (vt  x)
T  

14. Phase,   2  t  x   0 ,
T 
Where 0 is the initial phase.

2
15. Phase change with time,  = t
T

16. Instantaneous particle velocity,

dy 2A t x
u  cos2   
dt T T 
2A
Velocity amplitude, v 0   A
T

17. Instantaneous particle acceleration,

du 42 t x
f   2 Asin2     2 y
dt T T 
Acceleration amplitude, f0  42 A  2 A
2

18. Let y1  asin2  t  x  (incident wave)

T  

y2 = asin2  t  x  (reflected wave)

T 
Then stationary wave formed by the superposition is given by
2x 2t
y  y1  y2  2asin sin
 T
It involves the product at separate harmonic functions of time t and position x.

41
19. For (+) sign in the above equation, antinodes are formed at the positions
 3
x  0, ,  , ,.... and nodes are formed at
2 2

 3 5
x , , …..
4 4 4

20. For (-) sign, antinodes are formed at the position

 3 5
x , , and nodes at
4 4 4
 3
x  0, , , ...
2 2


21. The distance between two successive nodes or antinodes is and that between a node and nearest
2

antinode is .
4

22. Fundamental frequency   v  1 T

2L 2L M

23. When the stretched string vibrates in p loops,

p T
p   p
2L M

24. For a string of diameter D and density ,

1 T

LD 

25. Law of length,

1
 or L = constant or 1L1 = 2L2
L
26. In an average pipe closed at one end, only odd harmonics are present.
v
(i) Fundamental mode, 1    (First harmonic)
4L
(ii) Second mode, 2 = 3 (Third harmonic or first overtone)
(iii) Third mode, 3 = 5 (Fifth harmonic or second overtone)
(iv) n mode, n = (2n – 1)
th
[(2n – 1)th harmonic or (n - 1)th overtone]

27. In an average pipe open at both ends.

Both odd and even harmonics are present.
v
(i) Fundamental mode, 1    (First harmonic)
2L
(ii) Second mode, 2  2 (Second harmonic or second overtone)
(iii) Third mode, 3  3 (Third harmonic or third overtone)
(iv) n mode, n  n
th
[nth harmonic or (n – 1)th overtone]
Clearly, 1  2

42
28. Resonance tube: If L1 and L2 are the first and second resonance lengths with a tuning fork of frequency , the
speed of sound,
v = 4 (L1 to 3D),
D = internal diameter of resonance tube
or v = 2 (L2 – L1)
L  3L1
End correction = 0.3, D = 2
2

29. Beat frequency = Number of beats per second = Difference in frequencies of two sources.
or b = (1 - 2) or (2 - 1)

30. 2 = 1  b

31. If the prong of turning fork is filed, its frequency increases. If the prong of a turning fork is loaded with a little
wax, its frequency decreases. These facts can be used to decide about +ve or –ve sign in the above equation.

32. If v, v0, vs and vm are the velocities of sound, observer, source and medium respectively, then the apparent
frequency
v  vm  v 0
  
v  vs  vs

33. If the medium is at rest (vm = 0), then

v  v0
  
v  vs

34. All the velocities are taken positive in the source to observer (s  0) direction and negative in the opposite
(o  s) direction.

IIT JEE Formulas:

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 RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

1. When two plane mirrors are inclined at an angle  and an object is placed between them, the number of
image of an object are formed due to multiple reflections.

360 Position of Number of

n
 object images
even anywhere n1
odd symmetric n–1
asymmetric n

360
2. If is a fraction, the number of images formed will be equal to its integral part.


R
3. The focal length of a spherical mirror of radius R is given by f =
2

1 1 1
4. Mirror formula,  
u v f

5. Transverse or linear magnification

size of image v
m 
size of object u

6. Longitudinal magnification
dv
mL  
du

7. Superficial magnification
area of image
mS   m2
area of object

8. Laws of refraction
sin i 1
 2
sin r

9. Absolute refractive index

c speed of light in vacuum
 
v speed of light in medium

10. General expression for Snell’s law

 c 
 
 v
1
2  2   2   v1
1  c  v2
 
 v1 

44
11. Lateral shift, d  t sin(i  r)
cos r
where t is the thickness of the slab.

12. apparent depth = real depth

refractive index()
(i) If there is an ink spot at the bottom of a glass slab, it appears to be raised by a distance
t  1
d  t   t1  
  
(ii) If a beaker is filled with immissible transparent liquids of refractive indices 1 , 2 ,  3 and individual
depth d1, d2, d3 respectively, then the apparent depth of the beaker is
d1 d2 d3
  
1 2 3

13. Critical angle

1
sin iC  R
D
If the rarer medium is air or vacuum, then
1
sin iC 


14. A diver in water at a depth d sees the world outside through a horizontal circle of radius
d
r  d taniC 
 1
2

15. When the object is situated in rarer medium, the relation between 1 (refractive index of rarer medium) 2
(refractive index of the spherical refracting surface) and R (radius of curvature) with the object and image
distances is given by
   
 1 2 2 1
u v R

16. When the object is situated in denser medium, the relation between 1, 2, R, u and v can be obtained by
interchanging 1 and 2. In that case, the relation becomes
    2     1
 2 1 1 or  1  2  2
u v R v u R

17. Lens maker’s formula

1 1 1
 (  1)   
f  R1 R2 

18. Thin lens formula

1 1 1
 
v u f

19. Magnification produced by a lens,

size of image (I) v
m 
size of object (O) u
20. Power of a lens
45
 1
P
focal length in metre

21. When two thin lenses of focal lengths f1 and f2 are placed coaxially and separated by a distance d, the focal
length of a combination is given by
1 1 1 d
  
f f1 f2 f1 f2

22. In terms of power P = P1 + P2 – dP1P2.

23. For refraction through a prism, angle of deviation  = i + e – A, where A = r1 + r2

(i) When A and i are small,  = ( - 1) A
(ii) In a position of minimum deviation
 A  m  A
i  and r 
 2  2
(iii) The refractive index of the material of the prism is
 (A  m ) 
sin 
2 
 
A
sin  
2

24. Angular dispersion =  V  R  ( V  R )A

where  V and  R are the refractive index for violet and red rays.

25. Simple microscope

(i) Magnifying power
angle subtended by image at the eye
M
angle subtended by the object at the eye
tan  
 
tan  
(ii) When the image is formed at infinity (far point),
D
M
f
D
(iii) When the image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision D (near point), M = 1 
f

26. Compound microscope

(i) Magnifying power of a compound microscope M = m0  me
(ii) When the final image is formed at infinity
v0 D
(normal adjustment), M   
u0  fe 
Length of tube, L = v0 + fe
v0  D
(iii) When the final image is formed at least distance of distinct vision, M  1  
u0  fe 
where u0 and v0 represent the distance of object and image from the objective lens, fe is the focal
length of an eye lens.

46
  f D 
Length of the tube, L  v 0   e 
 fe  D 

27. Astronomical telescope (Refracting type)

(i) When the final image is formed at infinity
(normal adjustment), M  f0
fe
Length of tube, L = f0 + fe
(ii) When the final image is formed at least distance of distinct vision, M  f0  1  fe 
fe  D

Length of tube, L  f0  fe D
fe  D

28. Terrestrial telescope

(i) In normal adjustment,
Magnifying power, M  f0
fe
Length of the telescope tube, L = f0 + 4f +fe
where f = focal length of erecting lens

29. In reflecting type telescope

R
f0 2
(i) Magnifying power, M  
fe fe

Units Used

1. Units of lengths f, r, u, v, t, d, r, L, R, I, O and D are in cm or metre.

2. Unit of power of lens is in diopter (D).

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