FILTER

Setyawan P. Sakti
Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University
What is Filter?
 What is Filter ?
 A circuit designed to perform a frequency selection.
 Filters are essential to the operation of most electronic circuits

 What filter do ?

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

What it must do ?
 a filter is an electrical network that alters the amplitude and/or phase characteristics
of a signal with respect to frequency.
 Ideally, a filter will not add new frequencies to the input signal, nor will it change the
component frequencies of that signal, but it will change the relative amplitudes of
the various frequency components and/or their phase relationships.
 Filters are often used in electronic systems to emphasize signals in certain frequency
ranges and reject signals in other frequency ranges. Such a filter has a gain which is
dependent on signal frequency.

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Representation of Filter Characteristic
 Filters are defined by their frequency-domain effects on signals, it
makes sense that the most useful analytical and graphical descriptions
of filters also fall into the frequency domain.
 curves of gain vs frequency and phase vs frequency are commonly used to illustrate
filter characteristics,and the most widely-used mathematical tools are based in the
frequency domain.
 The frequency-domain behavior of a filter is described mathematically
in terms of its transfer function or network function. This is the ratio of
the output and input signals. V T(j )
OU
(j
H )
VIN(j
)
 The magnitude and the phase of the transfer function are:
VOUT ( j ) VOUT ( j )
H ( j )  arg H ( j )  arg
V IN ( j ) V IN ( j )
Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University
Types of Filter
 Low-pass filter – allow pass of low H
1
frequencies and reject high frequencies
0
fo f

 High-pass filter - allow pass of high H

frequencies and reject low frequencies 1

0
fo f

 Band-pass filter - allow pass a band of H

frequencies and reject all others 1

frequencies
0
f1 f2 f

Notch or band-reject filter - reject a

H
 1
band of frequencies and allow to pass
all others frequencies 0
f1 f2 f

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Cutoff Frequency
 the frequency for which the transfer function magnitude is
decreased by the factor 1/ 2 from its maximum value.

 Because 1/ 2 = 0.707
 cutoff frequency is the frequency for which the transfer function
magnitude is decreased by 70% of its maximum value.
 Because 20Log(1/ 2) = -3dB
 cutoff frequency is the frequency for which the transfer function
magnitude is decreased by 3dB of its maximum value.
Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University
Bode Diagram
 The study of frequency response of RC circuits is based on the
Bode diagrams. This method consists in study of magnitude and
phase variation, as a functions of frequency. As a result, we
have two diagrams:
 Magnitude-frequency diagram
 Phase-frequency diagram
 Bode diagrams use logarithmic units.
 Advantages:
 Logarithmic function transform the multiplying operation in add
operation (much simple on graphics)
 The nonlinear function can be asymptotic approximated with linear
segments
 Using logarithms allow visualization for a large interval or
frequency

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Example of Bode Diagram

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Low Pass Filter
 a low-pass filter is a circuit offering easy passage to low-frequency
signals and difficult passage to high-frequency signals. There are two
basic kinds of circuits capable of accomplishing this objective, and
many variations of each one:
R1
1 3

C1
U1 U2
2
4

 The capacitor's impedance decreases with increasing frequency. This

low impedance in parallel with the load resistance tends to short out
high-frequency signals, dropping most of the voltage gets across series
resistor R1.

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Transfer Function
1
U ZC jC 1
H 2   
U1 R  Z C R  1 1  jRC
jC
x  RC
U 2 1  jx
For a complex number: y  a  jb 
U1 1  x 2
- Magnitude y  a2  b2 U2 1

U1 1 x2
phase y   arctg
b
- Phase
a phase  arctg ( x)

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Cutoff Frequency
 All low-pass filters are rated at a certain cutoff frequency. That is, the frequency
above which the output voltage falls below 70.7% of the input voltage.
 The cutoff frequency is given as:

1
fo 
2RC
U2
20 log  3dB
U1


 For x = 1 (f = fo) we have: o  
4
U2 1

U1 1 x2
Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University
Bode Diagram [email protected]
Subyek: DIB-01
Nama file : NIM-NAMA

U2 U2
1 0
U1 U1


 0  
2

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

High Pass Filter
 A high-pass filter's task is just the opposite of a low-pass filter: to offer
easy passage of a high-frequency signal and difficult passage to a
low-frequency signal.

C1
1
3

U1 R1
U2
2
4

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Transfer Function

U2 R jRC jx
  
U1 R  1 1  jRC 1  jx
jwC

x  RC
U2 x

- Magnitude U1 1 x2
1
- Phase   arctg
x

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Cutoff Frequency
 All high-pass filters are rated at a certain cutoff frequency. That is, the frequency
below which the output voltage falls below 70.7% of the input voltage.
 The cutoff frequency is given as:

1
fo 
2RC
U2
20 log  3dB
U1


 For x = 1 (f = fo) we have: o 
4

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Bode Diagram

U2 U2
0 1
U1 U1


  0
2

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Band-Pass Filter
 There are applications where a particular band, or spread, or
frequencies need to be filtered from a wider range of mixed signals.
Filter circuits can be designed to accomplish this task by combining the
properties of low-pass and high-pass into a single filter. The result is
called a band-pass filter. Creating a band-pass filter from a low-pass
and high-pass filter can be illustrated using block diagrams:

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Circuit
 What emerges from the series combination of these two filter circuits is
a circuit that will only allow passage of those frequencies that are
neither too high nor too low.
R1 C1
1 3

U1 R2 C2 U2
2 4

1 1  jR1C1 R2
Z1  R1   Z2 
jC1 jC1 1  jR2C2

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Transfer Function
For R1=R2= R and C1=C2= C :

1  jRC Z2 
R
Z1 
jC 1  jRC

The transfer function:

R
U2 Z2 1  jRC jRC
  
U1 Z1  Z 2 1  jRC  R 1  jRC 2  jRC
jC 1  jRC
x  RC
U2

jx

jx

3 x 2  jx 1  x 2  
U1 1  jx   jx 1  x  3 jx
2 2 2
1 x2  9x2  
Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University
Resonant Frequency
U2 x
magnitude 
U1 (1  x 2 ) 2  9 x 2
1 x2
phase
  arctg ( )
3x

At the resonant frequency, the reactive component of the transfer function must be
zero (the circuit behavior is resistive) .

1
1 x  0 2
fo 
2RC

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Bode Diagram

U2 U2 1 U2
0  0
U1 U1 3 U1

 
 0  0  
2 2

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Bandwidth
Band-pass = band of 3dB attenuation

B3dB  f H  f L
fH and fL are the cutoff frequencies, where the module of transfer function is with
3dB lower (or 2 times lower) than the maximum value

1
U2 1
 3  tan   1
U1 2 3 2

1 x2  3  13
tan   1 1 xL 
3x 2
xL  0

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Quality Factor
1 x2
tg  1  1 3  13
3x xH 
2
xH  0
fH f L B3dB
xH  xL    3
fo fo fo

B3dB  3 f o
The Quality Factor (Q):
It is defined as the ratio of the center frequency to bandwidth:
Q=fo/B3dB
1
Q
3

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Notch or Band-reject Filter (Wien-
Robinson bridge)
 A filter with effectively the opposite function of the band-pass is the
band-reject or notch filter. Notch filters are used to remove an
unwanted frequency from a signal, while affecting all other
frequencies as little as possible.
U1
R 2R1

U3
0 C

U4

U2
R C R1

0 0 0
0 0

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

 U3  U4 U2 U1
U4 
3
U3 1 U2
 
U1 3 U1

U2 jx

U 1 (1  jx ) 2  jx

U3 1 jx
 
U 1 3 (1  jx ) 2  jx

U3 1 x2 3x
   arctan 2
U 1 3 (1  x 2 ) 2  9 x 2 x 1
Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University
 1 1
0  f0 
RC 2RC
U3
For x=1 0
U1

For x->1, x<1 0  
2

For x->1, x>1 0  
=> Phase shift with .
2
U3 1
For x<<1 
U1 3
0  0
U3 1
For x>>1 
U1 3
0  0

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Bode Diagram

U3 1 U3 U3 1
 0 
U1 3 U1 U1 3

0  0 0  0
 
0   0  
2 2

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

 ACTIVE FILTER
Setyawan P. Sakti
Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University
Passive Filters
 made up of passive components - resistors, capacitors and inductors
 no amplifying elements (- transistors, op-amps, etc)
 no signal gain
 1st order - design is simple (just use standard equations to find
resonant frequency of the circuit)
 2nd order - complex equations
 require no power supplies
 not restricted by the bandwidth limitations of the op-amps
 can be used at very high frequencies
 can handle larger current or voltage levels than active devices
 buffer amplifiers might be required

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Passive elements : Inductor
30

 Problem:
 high accuracy (1% or 2%), small physical size, or large
inductance values are required ??
 standard values of inductors are not very closely spaced

 difficult to find an off-the-shelf inductor within 10 percent

of any arbitrary value
 adjustable inductors are used
 tuning such inductors to the required values is time-
consuming and expensive for larger quantities of filters
 inductors are often prohibitively expensive
Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University
Active Filter
 no inductors
 made up of op-amps, resistors and capacitors
 provides virtually any arbitrary gain
 generally easier to design
 high input impedance prevents excessive loading of the driving source
 low output impedance prevents the filter from being affected by the
load
 at high frequencies is limited by the gain-bandwidth of the op-amps
 easy to adjust over a wide frequency range without altering the
desired response

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Single-Pole Low/High-Pass Filter
32

+V +V
R1 C1
+ +
vin vin R1
C1 vout vout
- Rf1 - Rf1

-V -V

Rf2 Rf2

Low Pass Filter High Pass Filter

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Passive single pole low pass filter
33

Vi C Vo or

0
H ( s) 
Vo 
XC
Vi s  0
XC  R where
1 s  j
jC 1
Vo  Vi  Vi 
1 1  jCR  ( )   tan 1  
R 
 0
jC

1 1
H ( j )  where  o 
 RC
1 j
0

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Bode Plot
1   0  Vo = Vi  max. value
H ( j ) 
1  jCR   ∞  Vo = 0  min. value

1
Vo  Vi vo
1  jCR
vo max

1 vo
  Vo = ??
max

2
RC

1 c
Vo  Vi H ( j )
1 j
1
1 1
Vo  2 2 Vi  Vi 1
1 1 2 2
1
 c  o  (cut - off frequency)
RC

c
Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University
Bode Plot (single pole)
1 1
H ( j )   R
1  jCR 
1  j  
 o  Vi C Vo

1
H ( j )  Single pole low-pass filter

2

 1   
 o 
 
2

H ( j ) dB  20 log10 H ( j )  20 log10  1 1    
  o  
 
For >>o


H ( j ) dB  20 log10  
 o 

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

 
H ( j )  20 log10  
 o 
 2
For octave apart,  H ( j )  6dB
o 1
For decade apart,  10 H ( j )  20dB

o 1

H ( j ) dB
x 2x 10x
 (log)
6dB

slope
20dB

-6dB/octave
-20dB/decade

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Cascading of Passive Low-pass Filter Stages

s  j

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Cascading of Passive Low-pass Filter Stages

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Passive RC Low-Pass Filter Responses
Gain Phase

Roll-off Slope for 1st Order: Phase Shift for 1st Order:
20dB/decade <= > 6dB/octave 0º @ low freq  -90º @ high freq

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Two-Pole (Sallen-Key) Filters
40

C2 R2

+V +V
R2 R1 C2 C1
+ +
vin vin
C1 vout R1 vout
- Rf1 - Rf1
-V -V

Rf2 Rf2

Low Pass Filter High Pass Filter

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Three-Pole Low-Pass Filter
41

Stage 1 Stage 2
C2

+V
R2 R1
+ +V
vin R3
+
C1
- Rf1 C3 vout
-V - Rf3
-V
Rf2

Rf4

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Two-Stage Band-Pass Filter
42
C2 R4

+V
R2 R1 +V
+ C4 C3
vin +
C1 - R3
Rf1 - vout
-V
Rf3
-V
Rf2
Rf4
Stage 1 Stage 2
Two-pole low-pass Two-pole high-pass
Av

Stage 2 Stage 1
BW response
response
BW = f2 – f1
Q = f0 / BW

f
f1 fo f2
Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University
Multiple-Feedback Band-Pass Filter
43

C2
Rf

+V
R1 C1
-
vin R2
vout
+

-V

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Band-Stop (Notch) Filter
44

The notch filter is designed to block all frequencies that fall within its bandwidth.
The circuit is made up of a high pass filter, a low-pass filter and a summing
amplifier. The summing amplifier will have an output that is equal to the sum of
the filter output voltages.

Low pass Av(dB)

filter low-pass high-pass

f1
Summing
amplifier
{
-3dB

High pass
filter

vin vout

f2
f
f1 f2
Block diagram Frequency response

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Notch filter
45

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University

Transfer function H(j)
46

Transfer
Ui Function Uo
H ( j )

H ( j ) 
U o ( j ) H  Re( H ) 2  Im( H ) 2
U i ( j )

H  Re( H )  j Im( H )  Im( H ) 

1
H  tan   Re( H )  0
 Re( H ) 
 Im( H ) 
1
H  180  tan 
o
 Re( H )  0
 Re( H ) 

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya University