SAP Functions in Detail

Crystal Reports Server

CRYSTAL REPORTS® SERVER Crystal Reports® Server

software offers user-friendly
A FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW
features and tools to simplify
your work when you manage
reports and dashboards.
Crystal Reports Server har-
nesses the same platform
as SAP® BusinessObjects™
Enterprise software to offer
small businesses and mid-
size companies a proven
reporting and dashboard
solution on a single server.
It addresses the complete
reporting process – from
data access and report and
dashboard design to report
management and delivery,
including content integration
with portals and enterprise
applications.
CONTENT

3 Disclaimer

4 Functional Overview

5 Functional Architecture
5 User-Interaction Tier
6 Report Viewers for Viewing,
Printing, and Exporting
6 Microsoft Office with SAP
BusinessObjects Live Office
7 Web and Application Developer
Services
7 Developer Interfaces
7 Services for Microsoft .NET
and J2EE
7 Web Services
8 Portal Integration Kits
8 Management Tools
8 Central Management Console
9 Central Configuration Manager
9 Infrastructure Services
9 Security
10 System Management
10 Repository, Storage, and
Retrieval
10 Auditing
10 Scheduling and Alerting
10 Publishing
11 Processing and Caching
11 Collaboration
11 Adding Reports to Crystal
Reports Server
12 Report and Dashboard Creation
14 Data Services
14 Data Drivers and Connectivity
14 Metadata

15 Conclusion
15 For More Information

Disclaimer

The availability of some functionality may vary depending on license type.

For full details, please visit the licensing terms for Crystal Reports Server
on our Web site.
 Functional Overview
Complete Reporting and
Dashboard Management Solution

Crystal Reports® Server software software, which is designed using

offers small businesses and midsize modern Web standards with an
companies a proven reporting and industry-standard communication
dashboard solution on a single server. framework to tie all components and
It addresses the complete reporting services together.
process – from data access and report
and dashboard design to report man-
agement and delivery, including content
integration with portals and enterprise
applications. Crystal Reports Server
is powered by the proven service-
oriented architecture (SOA) of SAP®
BusinessObjects™ Enterprise software,
a specialized end-user tool that
Crystal Reports Server includes Crystal Reports software,
offers user-friendly and Xcelsius® software, SAP
BusinessObjects Web Intelligence®
powerful features and software, SAP BusinessObjects
tools to simplify your Voyager software, and SAP
BusinessObjects Dashboard Builder
work when you manage software. SAP BusinessObjects
reports. Enterprise also includes data integra-
tion functionality from SAP
BusinessObjects Data Integrator

4 SAP Functions in Detail – Crystal Reports Server

Functional Architecture
Optimized Components, Services,
and End-User Tools

Crystal Reports Server is composed

of separate yet interconnected com­ Report
ponents and services optimized for creation User-interaction tier
specific tasks (see Figure 1). These Crystal Portal and Microsoft Search SAP® Business­Objects™
components and services include: Reports® Web applications Office Live Office
• User-interaction tier for end-user
report and dashboard viewing and
Developer services Data services
interaction
• Developer services, such as devel- Web J2EE software
1 Data services Metadata
opment kits and portal integration services development kit ODBC,2 XML, and
native drivers
kits, to enable flexible integration
with Web portals and applications Management
tools Infrastructure services
• Web-based management tools for
Management Security Collaboration Management Scheduling Repository
administration and auditing of Crystal tools and alerting storage and
Reports Server services and objects
Metadata retrieval
• Services for report publishing, design
security, and processing
• Data services for comprehensive 1 J2EE = Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition, 2 ODBC = open database connectivity
and flexible data access
Figure 1: Crystal Reports Server Functional Architecture
User-Interaction Tier

The end-user portal (see Figure 2) is a

complete, production-ready Web portal
that enables end users to access, view,
and manage their Crystal Reports doc-
uments (.rpt) and Xcelsius dashboards
(.swf). Consumers use the portal to
readily find the documents they need.
They can navigate using an integrated
search facility as well as a folder navi-
gation tree. They can also schedule
their own Crystal Reports documents
to refresh on a regular basis and man-
age their history list of previously
scheduled reports. Users can cus­
tomize their portal by saving multiple
layouts of frequently viewed reports
and can access SAP BusinessObjects
Dashboard Builder to create and view
personal and corporate dashboards.
Figure 2: Reporting and Dashboard End-User Portal in Crystal Reports® Server

SAP Functions in Detail – Crystal Reports Server 5

Report Viewers for Viewing, access is timely, consistent, and accu- PowerPoint. This client-side component
Printing, and Exporting rate. From within Microsoft Office (see uses Web services to communicate
Within the end-user portal, you can Figures 3 and 4), you can use SAP with Crystal Reports Server.
select your preferred viewer from a BusinessObjects Live Office to:
choice of thin- and zero-client report • Access live data refreshed from The Java Web component adapter,
viewers: dynamic HTML (DHTML), accurate reports included in the server-side installation,
ActiveX viewer, and Java applet. These • Modify data filters and formulas as communicates with the client. SAP
viewers provide end users with simple needed, while retaining all existing BusinessObjects Live Office takes
report-viewing and interaction func- formatting and calculations advantage of both the report security
tions, including report refreshing, • Automatically refresh a single data and data security that Crystal Reports
printing, exporting, and searching. item or all the data in your document Server provides. Users must log in to
The portal and the report viewers are Crystal Reports Server through the
simple, straightforward, and designed SAP BusinessObjects Live Office SAP BusinessObjects Live Office client
to be used by your end users with mini- architecture uses Web services to to ensure that they are authorized to
mal training. Crystal Reports Viewer eliminate firewall configuration issues see the list of reports presented. Data-
software, a stand-alone .rpt file viewer, and reduce the client-side footprint. level security is also applied when data
is available via free download for offline It consists of a client-side component is refreshed, which means that users
report viewing and interaction. Export- that integrates with Microsoft Word, see only the data they have the rights
ing is a common end-user requirement. Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft to view.
Crystal Reports Server supports a
variety of exporting formats, including
Adobe PDF, Microsoft Excel, XML,
and RTF. End users can choose to
export a complete report or a specific
page.

Microsoft Office with SAP

BusinessObjects Live Office
SAP BusinessObjects Live Office
software lets you embed refreshable,
verified corporate data – managed by
Crystal Reports Server – into your
Microsoft Office documents. With
SAP BusinessObjects Live Office, your
Microsoft Office documents display
data from the same trusted reports you
manage in Crystal Reports Server.
When everyone uses the same correct
source of information, you don’t spend
time disputing the validity of the data.
Instead, everyone focuses on making
quicker, better-informed decisions.
With SAP BusinessObjects Live Office, Figure 3: Filtering Crystal Reports® Data Within Microsoft Excel
you can be confident the data you

6 SAP Functions in Detail – Crystal Reports Server

 servers, including Microsoft IIS, BEA
WebLogic, IBM WebSphere, Apache,
Oracle10g application server, or Sun
ONE. The SDKs provide a high-level
application programming interface (API)
so that you can use the development
language you prefer to control every
aspect of Crystal Reports Server. The
components process requests from
users in the user-interaction tier and
then communicate these requests to
the appropriate service in the infra-
structure tier. The developer services
include support for report viewing
and logic to interpret and direct Web
requests to the appropriate Crystal
Reports Server service.

Crystal Reports Server uses a Java

SDK or a Microsoft .NET SDK to
run the software with a third-party
application server, which acts as the
Figure 4: Navigating Crystal Reports® Server Content Within Microsoft PowerPoint gateway between the Web server and
the rest of Crystal Reports Server.
Web and Application Developer • Extract content listings The application server is responsible
Services • Control content processing and for processing requests from your
delivery browser, sending certain requests to
Crystal Reports Server includes • View and interact with content the Web component adapter, and using
comprehensive software development • Administer the software the SDK to interpret components in
kits (SDKs) and portal integration JavaServer Pages (JSP files) or in
kits to enable flexible integration with All the sample applications included Active Server Pages (.aspx files).
existing Web environments. with Crystal Reports Server use this
well-documented object model. Web Services
Developer Interfaces Crystal Reports Server includes a
Crystal Reports Server comprises a Services for Microsoft .NET and J2EE comprehensive Web services SDK that
powerful set of reporting services Crystal Reports Server provides tight allows developers to integrate docu-
that are exposed through an extensive integration with Java and Microsoft- ments directly into applications using
set of SDKs. All end-user interfaces based platforms via native Java, Micro- industry-standard technology. It con-
are built on top of these SDKs, which soft .NET, and Web services SDKs. sists of a series of Web-based func-
means that developers can access These kits include robust reporting tions that use Microsoft .NET or Java 2
all aspects of the software. The SDK components, sample applications, and Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE)
object model encapsulates all the calls documentation. Developers can install platforms.
needed to: these components on Web application

SAP Functions in Detail – Crystal Reports Server 7

You can use robust security Management Tools system management, deployment, and
configuration. The console (see Figure
options for user, group, To support decentralized management 5) provides flexible, powerful, and
object, and folder levels functions, Crystal Reports Server granular control of the environment for
includes a Web portal for tasks such as tasks that include user-role setup,
to give the right people password management, report sched- security access, server administration,
access to the right infor­ uling, and user-access control. You can password management, and so on. It
customize and automate management enables administrators to readily
mation at the right time. tasks using the Crystal Reports Server access and configure the software
SDKs. while controlling the overall access
rights, applications, and end-user view-
You can use robust security options Central Management Console ing experience. IT management and
for user, group, object, and folder lev- For total system control from a single administration personnel benefit from
els to give the right people access to Web interface, you require a powerful the central repository for all Crystal
the right information at the right time. yet easy-to-use administration environ- Reports, Xcelsius dashboards, folders,
Web services make it easier and faster ment to help you manage a broad set and user profiles, as well as from
to integrate Crystal Reports Server and of end-user interaction requirements, access to security entitlement data­
SAP applications with Web-based as well as security and access rights. bases for user, role, and document
applications and facilitate the deploy- Crystal Reports Server includes a security.
ment of Crystal Reports Server and central management console – a 100%
SAP BusinessObjects Enterprise with Web-based environment for centralized
customized applications. Web services
are available for document display and
refresh and to provide drill-down func-
tionality to end users. For developers,
the Web services provider is deployed
on the server side with Crystal Reports
Server or SAP BusinessObjects Enter-
prise. For developers, the API enables
the creation of customized Web sites,
applications, or Web services that
access the services in Crystal Reports
Server.

Portal Integration Kits

Crystal Reports Server supports inte-
gration into industry-leading portal
server environments by delivering com-
ponents with similar functionality to the
end-user portal. Prebuilt portal integra-
tion kits for Microsoft Sharepoint, IBM,
and Oracle portals are available for use
with Crystal Reports Server. These por-
tal integration kits use portal standards,
such as JSR 168 and Web Parts. Figure 5: Central Management Console

8 SAP Functions in Detail – Crystal Reports Server

Central Configuration Manager the actual data that is visible within the group, the user is added automatically
A central configuration manager is reports. Building on a hierarchical to that same group within the Crystal
designed exclusively for the server object-level security model, Crystal Reports Server software. When
management and configuration of the Reports Server supports security Microsoft operating systems, Active
Crystal Reports Server services. rights at both the folder and object lev- Directory, and Microsoft SQL Server
This tool allows you to start, stop, el and supports full inheritance at the are used, Crystal Reports Server
enable, and disable servers; you can user and group level (see Figure 6). enables single sign-on through to
also view and configure advanced Similarly, the product supports aggre- the database for your end users.
server settings. gation through a flexible group-user
membership model. Data-level security In addition, an integrated Crystal
Infrastructure Services is provided by an innovative view-time Reports Server security function is
security feature, which secures report available for those customers who do
Based on the proven SOA of SAP
BusinessObjects Enterprise, Crystal
Reports Server represents the servic-
es where actual data processing, docu-
ment processing, and end-user access
take place. The server is segmented
into a series of specialized services for
different tasks and is linked by a highly
optimized communication framework.
For Crystal Reports Server, these ser-
vices all run on a single server.

The communication framework handles

the movement of information between
the services and SDKs and provides
end-user information access, delivery,
and interaction. You can access individ-
ual services via the provided Java,
Microsoft .NET, and Web services
SDKs, so there is no need to directly
access or configure the communication
framework. The server enables end Figure 6: Central Management Console Authentication Window
users to view and interact with informa-
tion inside and outside the firewall. It data even for scheduled reports. You not currently use an entitlement data-
allows interactive report viewing, dis- can integrate with many third-party base. The function also supports the
cussion threads for collaborative deci- security-entitlement database protocols ability to use more than one entitlement
sion making, and integrated scheduling – such as lightweight directory access database in the same implementation.
and distribution of Crystal Reports doc- protocol (LDAP), Kerberos, eTrust Site- This is particularly important in cases
uments based on events, business cal- Minder, and Active Directory through where organizations need to combine
endars, or intervals. Microsoft Windows NT – and use the different audiences. For example, a
information to control user-access system might maintain that internal
Security rights. The Crystal Reports Server users access the environment using a
Crystal Reports Server can secure security function maps to these securi- Microsoft NT authentication database,
access to reports and dashboards, the ty databases directly. For example, while business-partner security infor-
folders in which they are stored, and when a user is added to an LDAP mation is stored in an LDAP database.

SAP Functions in Detail – Crystal Reports Server 9

 including scheduling based on a speci-
fied time, a recurring schedule, or a
business calendar. Reports can also be
scheduled to output in different formats
such as Crystal Reports, Microsoft
Excel, Adobe PDF, Microsoft Word,
and text – allowing further user interac-
tion. And you can schedule reports to
different destinations, including e-mail,
printer, or file server. You can also com-
bine report scheduling with user role–
based security, allowing IT and end
users to deliver the right information to
the people or groups that need it. The
scheduler in Crystal Reports Server
(see Figure 7) enables you to schedule
reports for automatic distribution to
external locations, such as file transfer
protocol (FTP) servers, e-mail distribu-
tion lists, printers, and file servers.
When used in conjunction with securi-
ty, a single report can be run once and
Figure 7: Central Management Console Scheduling Window distributed with personalized data for
specific individuals or groups.
System Management physical copies of the reports. It con-
The central management server is a tains pointers to the physical reports, Publishing
key service responsible for maintaining thereby making report retrieval faster. Publishing lets you make documents
a database of information about Crystal The repository database is maintained publicly available for mass consumption
Reports Server. Data in the central by using the provided MySQL database (see Figure 8). Users can create a pub-
management server includes informa- or a Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle lication by defining source documents,
tion on users and groups, security lev- database, or IBM DB2 database. The selecting recipients, tailoring the infor-
els, and reports. This information is database structure can be created mation that user groups will see, and
used to enforce access rights to Crys- automatically during setup of Crystal scheduling the publication to multiple
tal Reports Server and the types of Reports Server or configured on a destinations and in multiple delivery for-
tasks users can perform. The central different database. mats. Your users can also subscribe to
management server also manages or unsubscribe from publications. You
access to the report repository and Auditing can extend data-driven report delivery
auditing databases. Crystal Reports Server records signifi- beyond your Crystal Reports Server
cant events in an auditing database, deployment by distributing personalized
Repository, Storage, and Retrieval allowing administrators to report content to dynamic recipients. These
Crystal Reports Server stores reports against these events and answer ques- recipients are outside the Crystal
in a central repository database. tions about user and system activity. Reports Server system. Using a cus-
Although this repository database tom data provider, such as a database,
stores specific information about the Scheduling and Alerting LDAP, or active directory, you can
objects published to it – including The report job server provides schedul- define these external recipients and
users, security, groups, folders, and ing functions for Crystal Reports. distribute publications to both internal
parameters – it does not actually store There are many options available, and external recipients simultaneously.

10 SAP Functions in Detail – Crystal Reports Server

Figure 8: Publishing to a List of Dynamic Recipients

Processing and Caching applications, and database. A major Adding Reports to Crystal Reports
Crystal Reports Server supports benefit of active data sharing is that as Server
efficient report processing through the the load and usage increase, more data Crystal Reports Server is designed to
page server. The page server is primar- is cached, and the system runs more support batch publishing of Crystal
ily responsible for responding to page efficiently. The cache server in Crystal Reports documents to the document
requests by processing reports and Reports Server is responsible for han- repository on the Web. Using a desk-
generating them as needed. Only the dling all report-viewing requests. The top publishing wizard (see Figure 9),
requested page is returned, not the cache server checks whether or not your administrators and end users can
entire report. This greatly enhances it can fulfill a request with a cached publish multiple reports to Crystal
performance and reduces unnecessary report page. If it cannot, it asks the Reports Server. The wizard also lets
network traffic for large reports. page server to generate the page. you configure report processing sched-
ules, security, parameters, and data-
Crystal Reports Server also supports Collaboration base logons.
active data sharing. Active data sharing Threaded discussions – a fully integrat-
means that in situations where different ed feature of the end-user portal –
reports access the same data, the doc- enable users to create and maintain
uments can “share” the data, and the comments on any Crystal Reports doc-
requested report can be rendered with- ument accessible in Crystal Reports
out an additional database hit, even Server. All threaded-discussion infor-
though the other report itself may mation is managed and stored in the
be different. This results in significant repository. Discussion threads can also
performance improvement across the be made public or private.
entire system, including hardware,

SAP Functions in Detail – Crystal Reports Server 11

Figure 9: The Publishing Wizard

Report and Dashboard Creation ers to edit a report template with data
retrieved from the database. Dynamic
Crystal Reports Server lets you view, cascading prompts enable end users
share, and manage the reports to select parameter values from a
designed in Crystal Reports and also dynamic list populated at runtime from
dashboards designed in Xcelsius soft- a data source. As a result, end users
ware. Crystal Reports is a powerful are presented with options that are
tool built to address diverse data for- always valid.
matting and presentation requirements.
For novice report designers, Crystal
Reports includes intuitive wizards, tem-
plates, and experts to simplify common
reporting tasks. For more advanced
users, Crystal Reports includes fine-
grained control over most features –
including formulas, conditional format-
ting, and object positioning – to address
specific customization requirements. It
also includes the powerful editable pre-
view feature, which allows report design-

12 SAP Functions in Detail – Crystal Reports Server

Simple and straightforward
end-user portal and report
viewers provide end users
with immediate access to
information with minimal
training.

A simple and straightforward portal

provides end users with immediate
access to information with minimal
training. A parameter panel (see Figure
10) means that parameter values can
be set without refreshing data. Report
consumers can view the parameters
displayed in the panel, change them,
and have the new values applied direct-
ly to the saved data in the report. Sort
and filter features are another solution
to reduce the report count as well as IT
and development support costs.
Figure 10: Report with Shockwave Flash File, Parameter Panel, and Repository Explorer
Importing Shockwave Flash (SWF) files
generated by Xcelsius software into sis, and experience interactive visual- (Please note that Crystal Reports 2008
your report provides what-if scenario izations with corporate dashboards that and Xcelsius Engage 2008 software
models and helps you visualize the you provide. licenses are not included in Crystal
potential outcome of business deci- Reports Server 2008.)
sions. (Please note that the Xcelsius You can use Xcelsius to create dynamic
design tool is not included in Crystal charts and graphs, data presentations, The Crystal Reports Server repository
Reports Server.) Crystal Reports visual what-if scenarios, and budget provides a secure, central location to
Server also lets you view, share, and plans. The software helps you develop store common report elements, includ-
manage the SWF files generated by executive summaries and forecast ing custom functions, SQL commands,
Xcelsius. Xcelsius lets you create com- models. You can also work with ROI dynamic cascading prompts, and bit-
prehensive and interactive dashboards calculators, various financial models, maps. You can share these elements
from multiple live-data sources. Prebuilt and scorecards. The software helps across multiple reports and update
templates and analytics allow you to you build operational dashboards, them from a single location. Repository
create professional-looking dashboards departmental dashboards, key perfor- objects are managed in the infrastruc-
in just a short while, and no coding is mance indicator dashboards, and dash- ture tier for secure object sharing and
required. Your users can create person- boards based on Microsoft Excel or a updating.
al dashboards, perform what-if analy- live-data source.

SAP Functions in Detail – Crystal Reports Server 13

 Gain peace of mind
with a solution ready
for migration at any
time to more com­
prehensive business
intelligence solutions
such as SAP
Business­Objects
Edge solutions and
SAP BusinessObjects
Enterprise software.

security is also provided. This feature

Figure 11: Comprehensive Data Source Access in Crystal Reports® means that end users see only the data
they have the rights to see, even when
Data Services choose from native, open database the report is scheduled.
connectivity (ODBC), object linking and
The Crystal Reports report designer embedding database (OLE DB), and Gain peace of mind with a solution
provides a variety of flexible data- Java database connectivity (JDBC) to ready for migration at any time to more
connectivity options. For example, you databases, files, logs, enterprise appli- comprehensive software such as SAP
can extend report creation tasks to cations, or program elements. Report BusinessObjects business intelligence
report designers who may have limited authors can also choose to write their solutions.
knowledge of the underlying data own SQL commands. Data from multi-
source, taking advantage of the seman- ple sources can be joined and synchro-
tic metalayer that masks the complexi- nized for use in one report.
ties associated with data access.
Metadata
Data Drivers and Connectivity An abstraction layer over complicated
Crystal Reports includes more than 35 data sources simplifies data connectivi-
data drivers for direct connectivity to ty. This accelerates report design by
relational, XML, online analytical pro- making it easier to access data. In addi-
cessing (OLAP), and in-memory data tion to this abstraction layer, a powerful
(see Figure 10). Report authors can data-security feature called view-time

14 SAP Functions in Detail – Crystal Reports Server

Conclusion
A Complete Report and Dashboard
Management Solution

Available for deployment on either a For More Information

Microsoft Windows or Linux operating
Crystal Reports system, Crystal Reports Server is a To learn more about Crystal Reports
Server is a complete complete reporting and dashboard Server and how it can meet the report-
management solution that helps small ing and dashboard needs of your com-
reporting and dash- businesses and midsize companies pany, call your SAP representative or
board management so- create, manage, and securely deliver visit us on the Web at
reports and visualizations. It is built www.sap.com/sapbusinessobjects.
lution that helps small using the proven and trusted SAP
businesses and midsize BusinessObjects Enterprise software,
providing a powerful service-oriented
companies create, architecture. Plus, it includes SAP
manage, and securely BusinessObjects Live Office for inte-
gration with Microsoft Office. An inte-
deliver reports and gration kit for Microsoft Sharepoint
visualizations. It is built Services is also included. Regardless
of the reporting challenges your organi-
using the proven and zation faces today, you can benefit
trusted SAP from using Crystal Reports Server to
address the complete reporting pro-
Business­Objects cess and convert your data into valu-
Enterprise software, able information – wherever your users
choose to work.
providing a powerful
service-oriented
architecture.

SAP Functions in Detail – Crystal Reports Server 15

Quick Facts www.sap.com /contactsap

Summary
Powered by the same platform as SAP® BusinessObjects™ Enterprise software, Crystal
Reports® Server software is a complete report and dashboard management solution that
meets the needs of small businesses and midsize companies. The software enables organiza-
tions to securely open, view, interact with, and share interactive reports and dashboards over
the Web, in e-mail, and in Microsoft Office documents.

Business Challenges
• Improve decision making with reliable, trusted data accessible to all authorized users
• Eliminate the use of homegrown server applications, data integrators, and user interfaces
that are expensive to develop and maintain and are hard to use
• Control access to sensitive business data and prevent unauthorized use of reports

Key Features
• Interactive reports and dashboards for all users – Answer business questions quicker
with interactive business performance dashboards and on-report parameter panels, sort-
ing buttons, and embedded what-if scenarios
• Report integration – Embed refreshable corporate data into Microsoft Office documents
and save them on corporate portals
• Report management and delivery – Simplify IT administration work with an intuitive
Web portal
• Data-driven publishing – Deliver personalized reports to anyone, anywhere, cost-
effectively
• Secure access to information – Secure reports at user, group, object, and folder levels

Business Benefits
• Enable business users to access and explore report and dashboard data interactively,
without any dependencies on IT
• Reduce the cost and effort of securing, managing, and sharing information with a
prebuilt reporting server solution
• Enhance confidence and reliance on corporate data that is timely, consistent, and
accurate
• Gain administrative control with a powerful, user-friendly environment available from a 50 093 295 (09/10)
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Call your SAP representative, or visit us on the Web at www.sap.com/sapbusinessobjects. other countries.

Business Objects and the Business Objects logo, BusinessObjects,

Crystal Reports, Crystal Decisions, Web Intelligence, Xcelsius, and
other Business Objects products and services mentioned herein as
well as their respective logos are trademarks or registered trademarks
of Business Objects S.A. in the United States and in other countries.
Business Objects is an SAP company.

All other product and service names mentioned are the trademarks
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may vary.

These materials are subject to change without notice. These materials

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