International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications

Volume 8–Issue 10,438-443, 2019, ISSN:-2319–7560

Application of Matrices in Human’s Life

Daw Nan Ei Ei Theint Dr. Soe Soe

Lecturer Professor and Head
Departments of Engineering Mathematics Departments of Engineering Mathematics
Technological University (Toungoo) Technological University (Sagaing)
Toungoo, Myanmar Sagaing, Myanmar

Abstract: In this paper, applications of matrices in human’s life may be presented by being used the basic concepts of matrices, i.e.,
addition and multiplication of two matrices, and then, being obtained the determinant of a matrix and the corresponding eigen-values
and eigen-vectors. The inverse of a given matrix may be obtained by Gauss’s Elimination and Gauss-Jordan. It is essential for this
paper.

Keywords: Markov Process, Stochastic Matrix, Gauss Elimination, Gauss-Jordan, eigen-values and eigen-vectors.

A
1. INTRODUCTION
This paper contains three parts. Firstly, the basic 2.3 Matrix Eigenvalue Problem
concepts, i.e., definition of a matrix, operations of matrices,
classes of real square matrices, will be introduced. The matrix eigen-value problem may be solved as
In second portion, matrix eigen values problems following procedure.
containing eigen-values and eigen-vectors, i.e., in Economics,
in Engineering problems. Eigen values may be obtained with
determinant of is equal to zero and then, the 2.4 Vectors in terms of Matrices
corresponding eigen-vector may be obtained.
Finally, the problem of human’s life, Deformation of circular If a matrix has only one row, then the matrix is said to
to ellipse, Mixing problem including two tanks, Electrical
network problems will be solved with applications of matrices be a row vector and a matrix with only one column is known
eigen-value problems. as a column vector. In both cases, its entries are vector

2. TYPESET TEXT components and denote the vector by .

2.1 Definition of a Matrix 2.5 Definition of Matrix Addition
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers (or
functions) enclosed in brackets. These numbers function are Addition is definition only for matrices A
called entries or elements of the matrix. B of the same size; their sum, written
A matrix can be denoted by capital boldface letters A,
B, C and so on or by writing the general entry in brackets; A , is then obtained by adding the corresponding entries.
thus A=[ ], and so on. By an matrix, we mean a Matrices of different sizes cannot be added.
matrix with m rows and n columns. Thus an matrix is
of the form 2.6 Definition of Scalar multiplication
The product of any matrix A, whose dimension is , i.e.,
A has m number of rows and n number of columns. In
A matrix that is not square is called a rectangle matrix. notation, , where j = 1, 2, 3, . . ., m and k = 1, 2, 3, . .
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers (or functions) ., n, and any scalar c may be written by cA. The product of a
enclosed in brackets. These numbers function are called matrix and any scalar is also another matrix of same
entries or elements of the matrix. dimension as given matrix. So, cA is also an matrix.
In the double-subscript notation for the entries, the
first subscript always denotes the row and the second the cA obtained by multiplying each entry in A
column in which the given entry stands. Thus is the entry by c.
in the second row and third column.
If , we call A an square matrix. Then its
diagonal containing the entries is called the
main diagonal or principal diagonal of A. A matrix that is not
square is called a rectangle matrix.
2.7 Properties of matrices
2.2 Inverse of a Matrix
The inverse of a matrix may be obtained by Gauss-
Jordan Elimination in the form

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 International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Volume 8–Issue 10,438-443, 2019, ISSN:-2319–7560

Addition of matrices which have same dimensions obey (b) ,i.e., A is skew-symmetric.
commutative, associative, identity, inverse properties. In
(c) ,i.e., A is orthogonal matrix.
symbol,
(a) A 3. MATRIX EIGEN VALUE PROBLEM
(b)
(c) 3.1 Solution of Linear Systems:
(d) A Fundamental Theorem for linear systems
Both multiplication of a scalar with the sum of two or 3.1.1 Existence
more matrices and multiplication of a matrix with the sum of
A linear system of m equations in n unknowns
two or more scalars obey the distributive law. Moreover,
may be
scalar multiplication of the matrix, it is obtained by the scalar
multiplication of a given matrix with a scalar, with another
(1)
scalar obey the associative law. Lastly, scalar multiplication
........................................
obey the identity property. These are
(a)
This may be written by , where
(b)
(c) ,
(d) I A = A

2.8 Nodal Incidence Matrices ,

(e) In a Nodal Incidence Matrix, its entries may be
written as
, ,
(f)
The given linear system is consistent, that is, it has solutions,
if and only if the coefficient matrix A and the augmented
have the same rank, say p, i.e., rank of A = rank of .

2. 9 Transposition of a matrix 3.1.2 Uniqueness

Consider a matrix is of the form The system (1) has precisely one solution if and only if A and
have the common rank r and r = n. Rank of A = Rank of
= r = n.

3.1.3 Infinitely many solution

The system (1) has infinitely many solutions if and
only if A and have the common rank r, where .
rank of A = rank of .

3.2 Cramer’s Rule

Although A is an matrix is now a matrix.
Hence a matrix and its transport matrix may not have the
same dimension. But a square matrix and its transport have
same dimension.

2.10 Classes of Real Square Matrices

(Symmetric, Skew-symmetric, and Orthogonal)
Definitions Then, , where

Consider a real square matrix A = . Then,

(a) , i.e., . Then, A is symmetric.

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 International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Volume 8–Issue 10,438-443, 2019, ISSN:-2319–7560

. ,

3.3 Applications of Matrices , , ,

(EIGEN-VALUED PROBLEMS IN ,
HUMAN’S LIFE)

3.3.1 Matrix Time Vector, Weight Watching. and . must

Suppose that in a weight-watching program, a person of 185 be calculated for required solutions.
pounds burns 350 calories per hour in walking (3 miles per Let y denote the 2009 state. Then,
hour), 500 calories per hour in bicycling (13 miles per hour)
and 950 calories per hour in jogging (5.5 miles per hour). Bill,
weighing 185 pounds, plans to exercise according to the
matrix shown. Verify the calculation.

(W= Walking, B= Bicycling, J= Jogging).

Let z denote the 2014 state. Then,

Total calories lost = 5500 or 1.6 lb per week. Let u denote the 2019 state.

3.3.2 Markov Process with Stochastic Matrix

Suppose that the 2004 state of land use in a city of 60 of
built-up area is Commercially Used, C 25%, Industrially
Used, I 20% and Residentially Used, R 55%. Apply Markov In 2009, the commercial area will be
Process to be determined the probabilities of state of land in , the industrial and the
Commercially Used, Industrially Used and Residentially Used
residential .
in 2009, 2014 and 2019.Assume that the transition
probabilities for 5-year intervals are given by the Stochastic For 2014, the commercial area will be
Matrix A. 17.05 , the industrial and
the residential .
The next 5 year after 2014, the commercial area will
be , the industrial
and the residential area
A is a stochastic matrix, that is, a square matrix with
.
all entries nonnegative and all column sums equal to 1. Our
example concerns a Markov process, that is, a process for 3.3.3 Gauss- Jordan Elimination
which the probability of entering a certain state depends only Solve the system of equations
on the last state occupied (and the matrix A), not on any
earlier state.
Solution: Markov Process with Stochastic Matrix .

Let the column vector x denote the 2004 state. Then,

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 International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Volume 8–Issue 10,438-443, 2019, ISSN:-2319–7560

Firstly write the given system of equations in the

form . Then find by being used the Gauss-
J ’ El m m h
Solution:

, where 3.3.4

Process: Expand A . Mixing problem involving two tanks

Start scaling and adding rows to get I | Tank contains initially 100 gal of pure water. Tank
contains initially 100 gal of water in which 150 lb of
fertilizer are dissolved. Liquid circulates through the tanks at a
constant rate of 2gal/min and the mixture is kept uniform by
stirring. Find the amounts of fertilizer in
respectively, where t is time.
Solution:
Let amount of fertilizer in tank and
= amount of fertilizer in tank .
Hence, the time rate of change of and
the time rate of change of .
Tank.1: (100) gal of water contains of dissolved
fertilizer.
(2) gal of water contains lb of dissolved fertilizer.

Tank.2: (100) gal of water contains lb of dissolved

fertilizer.

(2) gal of water contains lb of dissolved fertilizer.

In tank1,

In tank2,

Let

For ,

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 International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Volume 8–Issue 10,438-443, 2019, ISSN:-2319–7560

For , Let , ,
, (3)

It is a non- homogeneous first order differentiation equation.

and
Consider a homogeneous differentiation equation is

3.3.5 Electrical Network (4)

Let . Then,

For and

Since g is a constant, let be the particular solution

of (3).
Find the current and in the network in
Then,
figure. Assume all the currents and charge to be zero at t=0,
the instant when the switch is closed.

Solution: Electromotive force,

, , ,

For the left loop yield ;

,
and

4 CONCLUSION
(1)
In my conclusion, matrices can be applied in human’s life,
For the right loop yield, i.e., they may be applied not only in various engineering
problems, such as in electrical networks, in nets of roads, in
production processes, mixing problems etc, but also in
economics. All of these were solved in the previous section.

5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly, I would like to give my acknowledgement to
Dr. Soe Soe, Professor & Head of Engineering Mathematics
Differentiate both sides, Department, Technological University (Sagaing), as her
encourage for this paper together with me and advised me to
The above equation is solved by equation (1) perform this paper the best. Secondly to Rector,
Technological University (Toungoo) and Dr. Yu Yu Khin,
Professor & Head of Engineering Mathematics Department,
(2) TU (Toungoo), as she let me go to TU (Sagaing) to perform
this paper. Finally, I am also grateful to all of the members
,
who accepted my paper to be published in this journal.

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 International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Volume 8–Issue 10,438-443, 2019, ISSN:-2319–7560

6 REFERENCES
[1] Lecture Outline 13, ES 111 Mathematical Methods in
the Earth Sciences.
[2] Fumio Hiai and Denes Petz, Introduction to Matrix
Analysis and Applications. Graduate School of
Information Sciences. Tohoku University, Aoba-ku,
Sendai, 980-8579,japan, E-mail;
[email protected]. Alfred Renyi Institute of
Mathematics. Realtanodautca 13-15, H-1364 budapest,
Hungary,E-mail: [email protected].
[3] Dr.soesoe, ME-72008, Lectur Note (2010-2011).
[4] Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss, Mathematics for
Economists
[5] Denis Serre, Mathematics Subject Classification
(Graduate texts in mathematics; 216) (2000) : 15 -
[email protected].

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