ASSIGNMENT No.

TITLE: TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS OF REFRIGERATION AND AIR

CONDITIONING WITH APPLICATIONS AND MANUFACTURING COMPANIES IN
PAKISTAN.

REGISTRATION No:
16-ME-35
16-ME-71
16-ME-83
16-ME-131

SUBJECT: REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING.

MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT
UET TAXILA
 ABSTRACT

This report is about the technical advancements in the refrigeration industry in which I have
discussed the basics of refrigeration process, general components of the refrigerators and their
functioning. I have discussed the working of the refrigeration processes and their applications.
Then I have also explained the different types of the refrigeration phenomenon, their basic
functioning and their basic principles. I have also explained clean room working and
classifications. I also explained the manufacturing companies in Pakistan which build
refrigerators and air conditionings.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. HISTORY OF REFRIGERATION AND REFRIGERATORS:
Refrigeration may be defined as the process of achieving and maintaining a temperature
below that of the surroundings, the aim being to cool some product or space to the
required temperature. One of the most important applications has been the preservation of
perishable food products by storing them at low temperature. Refrigeration systems are
used extensively for providing thermal comfort to human beings by means of air
conditioning. Air Conditioning refers to the treatment of air so as to simultaneously
control its temperature, moisture content, cleanliness, odor and circulation, as required by
occupants, a process, or products in the space. The subject of refrigeration and air
conditioning has evolved out of human need for food and comfort, and its history dates
back to centuries.
The history of refrigeration is very interesting since every aspect of it, the availability of
refrigerants, the prime movers and the developments in compressor and the methods of
refrigeration all are a part of it.
History of refrigeration broadly divided into two categories:
1. Age of Natural Refrigeration.
2. Age of Artificial Refrigeration.

1.1. NATURAL REFRIGERATION:

In olden days refrigeration was achieved by natural means such as the use of ice or
evaporative cooling. In earlier times, ice was either:
1. Transported from colder regions.
2. Harvested in winter and stored in ice houses for summer use.
3. Made during night by cooling of water by radiation to stratosphere.
In Europe, America and Iran a number of icehouses were built to store ice. Materials
like sawdust or wood shavings were used as insulating materials in these icehouses.
Later on, cork was used as insulating material. Literature reveals that ice has always
been available to aristocracy who could afford it. In 1806, Frederic Tudor, who has
later called as the ICE KING began the trade in ice by cutting it from the Hudson
River and ponds of Massachusetts and exporting it to various countries including
India. In India Tudor’s ice was cheaper than the locally manufactured ice by
Nocturnal Cooling.
1.1.1. ART OF ICE MAKING BY NOCTURNAL COOLING:
The art of making ice by Nocturnal Cooling perfected in India. In this method ice was
made by keeping a thin layer of water in a shallow earthen tray and then exposing the
tray to the night sky. Compacted hay of about 0.3 m thickness used as insulation. The
water loses heat by radiation to the stratosphere, which is at around -55ᵒC and by
early morning hours the water in the trays freezes to ice. This method of ice
production was very popular in India.

Fig.1. Nocturnal Cooling

1.1.2. EVAPORATIVE COOLING:
As the name indicates, evaporative cooling is the process of reducing the temperature
of a system by evaporation of water. Human beings perspire and dissipate their
metabolic heat by evaporative cooling if the ambient temperature is more than skin
temperature. Animals such as the hippopotamus and buffalo coat themselves with
mud for evaporative cooling.

Fig.2. Earthen Pot

 Evaporative cooling has been used in India for centuries to obtain cold water in
summer by storing the water in earthen pots. The water permeates through the pores
of earthen vessel to its outer surface where it evaporates to the surrounding, absorbing
its latent heat in part from the vessel, which cools the water.

1.1.3. COOLING BY SALT SOLUTION:

Certain substances such as common salt, when added to water dissolve in water and
absorb its heat of solution from water i.e. endothermic process. This reduces the
temperature of the solution (water + salt). Sodium chloride (NaCl) can yield
temperature up to -20ᵒC and calcium chloride (CaCl2) up to -50ᵒC in properly
insulated containers.
1.1.4. LIMITATIONS OF NATURAL METHOD:
 Dependent of local condition.
 Uncertainty due to dependence on weather.
 Difficult to produce large amount of refrigeration.
 Not available to everyone.
1.2. ARTIFICAL REFRIGERATION:
In 1755, the Scottish professor William Cullen produces small quality of ice by
evaporating ethyl ether under vacuum. The principle involves; “absorption of large
quantity of heat i.e. latent heat when a liquid boils at low temperature under the action
of vacuum”.
1.2.1. VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM:
In 1805, the American Engineer, Oliver Evans describe a closed cycle for producing
refrigeration in continuous manner. In 1835, Jacob Perkins patent and builds the
system describe by Oliver Evans, using ethyl ether as refrigerant in London.
The American engineer, Alexander Twining 1801-1884 received a British patent in
1850 for a vapor compression system by use of ether, NH3 and CO2.
James Harrison obtains a patent in 1856 for a vapor compression system using ether,
alcohol or ammonia. Charles Tellier of France patented in 1864, a refrigeration
system using dimethyl ether.
 Fig.3. Jacob Perkin’s Machine

Fig.4. Perkin’s Machine made by John Hague

1.2.2. OTHER LANDMARK EVENTS:

YEAR SCIENTIST ACHIEVEMENT

1874 RAOUL PITCTET Design first SO2 based refrigeration system.
1877 CARL VON LINDE Builds the first NH3 based refrigeration system.
1885 FRAUNZ WINDHAUSEN Builds the first CO2 based refrigeration system.
1920 COPELAND & EDWARD Builds the iso-butane based Domestic refrigerators.
1.3. DOMESTIC REFRIGERATORS:
The domestic refrigerators using natural ice i.e. domestic ice box was invented in 1803
and was used for almost 150 year without much alternation. The domestic ice box used
to be made of wood with suitable insulation. Ice used to be kept at the top of the box,
and low temperatures are produced in the box due to heat transfer from ice by natural
convection. A drip pan is used to collect the water formed due to the melting of ice. The
box has to be replenished with fresh ice once all the ice melts.
1.4. VAPOR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM:
1. In 1810, John Leslie demonstrates the basic principal using water and H2SO4.
2. In 1860, Ferdinand Carre invents aqua-ammonia system in France.
3. In 1878, Windhausen develop water-H2SO4 system. H2SO4 is replaced by LiBr.
4. In 1922, Swedish Students Platen and Munter develop pump less absorption
system.
5. In 1926, Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard patent a pump less system.
The rapid growth in vapor compression refrigerator is attributed to the simultaneous
development of;
1. Electric motors and compressor.
2. Batter shaft seals.
3. Automatic control.
4. Introduction of CFC’s in 1930s.
1.5. HISTORY OF AIR CONDITIONING
The air conditioner is one of the most important inventions of modern times cooling
homes, businesses and systems that are critical to our world. Explore this timeline to
learn some of the key milestones in the history of air conditioning. We take the air
conditioner for granted, but imagine what life would be like without it. Once
considered a luxury, this invention is now an essential, allowing us to cool homes,
businesses, hospitals, data centers, laboratories and other buildings vital to our
economy and daily lives. In fact, air temperature is so important to us that 48 percent
of all energy consumption in American homes is a result of cooling and
heating, according to the energy information administration. Like most important
breakthroughs, modern commercial and residential air conditioning technology is a
result of a series of advancements by scientists and inventors who challenged
 themselves to come up with creative solutions to problems of the day. Scroll through
our interactive timeline above and read on to learn about some of the key milestones
in air conditioning history.
1.5.1. THE EVILS OF HIGH TEMPERATURES
In the 1840s, physician and inventor dr. john gorrie of Florida proposed the idea of
cooling cities to relieve residents of "the evils of high temperatures." gorrie
believed that cooling was the key to avoiding diseases like malaria and making
patients more comfortable, but his rudimentary system for cooling hospital rooms
required ice to be shipped to Florida from frozen lakes and streams in the northern
united states. To get around this expensive logistical challenge, gorrie began
experimenting with the concept of artificial cooling. He designed a machine that
created ice using a compressor powered by a horse, water, wind-driven sails or
steam and was granted a patent for it in 1851. Although gorrie was unsuccessful at
bringing his patented technology to the marketplace -- primarily due to the death of
his chief financial backer -- his invention laid the foundation for modern air
conditioning and refrigeration.
1.5.2. WRINKLED PAGES, REVOLUTIONARY SOLUTION
The idea of artificial cooling went stagnant for several years until engineer Willis
carrier took a job that would result in the invention of the first modern electrical air
conditioning unit. While working for the buffalo forge company in 1902, carrier
was tasked with solving a humidity problem that was causing magazine pages to
wrinkle at sackett-wilhelms lithographing and publishing company in Brooklyn.
Through a series of experiments, carrier designed a system that controlled humidity
using cooling coils and secured a patent for his "apparatus for treating air,” which
could either humidify (by heating water) or dehumidify (by cooling water)
air. As we continued testing and refining his technology, he also devised and
patented an automatic control system for regulating the humidity and temperature
of air in textile mills. It wasn't long before carrier realized that humidity control and
air conditioning could benefit many other industries, and he eventually broke off
from buffalo forge, forming carrier Engineering Corporation with six other
engineers.
1.5.3. PUBLIC BUILDINGS GET COOL:
At the St. Louis world's fair in 1904, organizers used mechanical refrigeration to cool
the Missouri state building. The system used 35,000 cubic feet of air per minute to
cool the 1,000-seat auditorium, the rotunda and other rooms within the Missouri state
building. It marked the first time the American public was exposed to the concept of
comfort cooling. A big breakthrough in comfort cooling technology came in the
1920s, when Americans flocked to movie theaters to watch Hollywood stars on the
silver screen. Early cooling systems for public theaters were essentially heating
systems modified with refrigeration equipment that distributed cold air through floor
vents, resulting in hot, muggy conditions at upper levels and much colder
temperatures at lower levels, where patrons sometimes resorted to wrapping their feet
with newspapers to stay warm. In 1922, carrier Engineering Corporation installed the
first well-designed cooling system for theaters at metropolitan theater in Los Angeles,
which pumped cool air through higher vents for better humidity control and comfort
throughout the building. In May 1922 at Rivoli Theater in New York, carrier publicly
debuted a new type of system that used a centrifugal chiller, which had fewer moving
parts and compressor stages than existing units. The breakthrough system increased
the reliability and lowered the cost of large-scale air conditioners, greatly expanding
their use throughout the country.

1.5.4. BRINGING COOLING HOME:

Despite advancements in cooling technologies, these systems were too large and expensive
for homes. Building off refrigeration technology, Frigidaire introduced a new split-system
room cooler to the marketplace in 1929 that was small enough for home use and shaped like
a radio cabinet. However, the system was heavy, expensive and required a separate, remotely
controlled condensing unit. General electric's frank Faust improved on this design,
developing a self-contained room cooler, and general electric ended up producing 32 similar
prototypes from 1930 to 1931.Around this same time, Thomas Midgley, Albert Henne and
Robert Mcnary of general motors synthesized chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) coolants, which
became the world's first non-flammable refrigerating fluids, substantially improving the
safety of air conditioners. However, the chemicals would be linked to ozone depletion
decades later and were eventually phased out by governments all across the globe after
the Montreal protocol in the 1990s. Hydro fluorocarbons (hfcs), which don't destroy the
ozone, gain popularity but are eventually linked to climate change. Recent breakthrough
research by the energy department's building technologies office and oak ridge national
laboratory is resulting in new refrigerants and technologies that are less harmful to the
planet. Home cooling systems got smaller after H.H. Schultz and j.q. Sherman filed a patent
for an air conditioning unit that could be placed on a window ledge. The units hit the market
in 1932 but were not widely purchased due to their high cost. Engineer henry galson went on
to develop a more compact, inexpensive version of the window air conditioner and set up
production lines for several manufacturers. By 1947, 43,000 of these systems were sold --
and, for the first time, homeowners could enjoy air conditioning without having to make
expensive upgrades. By the late 1960s, most new homes had central air conditioning, and
window air conditioners were more affordable than ever, fueling population growth in hot-
weather states like Arizona and Florida. Air conditioning is now in nearly 100 million
American homes, representing 87 percent of all households, according to the energy
information administration.

1.5.5. EFFICIENCY STANDARDS DRIVE IMPROVEMENTS:

 As air conditioning use soared in the 1970s, the energy crisis hit. In response,
lawmakers passed laws to reduce energy consumption across the board, setting the
stage for the energy department’s appliance and equipment standards program, which
establishes a single federal energy efficiency standard for air conditioner
manufacturers rather than a patchwork of state-by-state standards.
Since 1992, the energy department has issued conservation standards for
manufacturers of residential central air conditioners and heat pumps. The initial
standard is expected to net about $29 billion in energy bill savings from 1993 to 2023.
The standard passed in 2006 is anticipated to result in around $70 billion in energy
bill savings from 2006 to 2035 and avoid more than 369 million metric tons of carbon
dioxide emissions, equivalent to the annual greenhouse gas emissions of about 72
million cars. The program has already driven huge efficiency improvements in new
air conditioning technology that has helped consumers save energy and money. In
fact, new air conditioners today use about 50 percent less energy than they did in
1990.

1.6. HISTORY OF AIR CONDITIONER AND REFRIGERATION:

 1820 Ice was first artificially made as an experiment.
 1824 Michael Faraday discovered the principles for the absorption type of
refrigeration.
 1834 Jacob Perkins invented the first artificial ice manufacturing machine
which led to our modern compression systems.
 1902 Willis Havilland Carrier invented the first air conditioner to control the
temperature and humidity of a printing company, marking the first time effort
taken to control the temperature of the surroundings. This starts the history of
air conditioning.
 1906 Stuart W. Cramer come out with the term "Air Conditioning." which was
later adopted by Carrier.
 1913 The first international refrigeration expo is held in Chicago.
 1928 The discovery of Freon refrigerant by Thomas Midgley, Jr.
 1930 The White House is air-conditioned.
 1946 The demand for room air conditioners began to increase with more than
30,000 units produced on this year.
 1953 Room air conditioners sale exceed 1 million units. This is another key
milestone in the history of air conditioner.
 1953 The Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturers Association and The Air-
Conditioning and Refrigerating Machinery Association are formed.
 1957 The first rotary compressor was developed hence making air conditioning
units smaller and more efficient compared to the reciprocating type.
 1977 Heat Pumps equipment developed that allows cooling and heating cycle
using the same machine that can be used to provide cooling during summer and
heating during winter.
 1987 Montreal Protocol signed to protect the earth's ozone layer is signed in
Montreal, Canada. The Protocol establishes international cooperation on the
phase out of ozone depleting substances, including the chlorofluorocarbon
(CFC) refrigerants used in HVAC equipment.
 1990 Microprocessor control systems are used in all areas of refrigeration and
air conditioning due to the readily available semiconductor technology.
 1992 The R-22 Alternative Refrigeration Evaluation Program (AREP) starts to
find alternative refrigerants to R-502 and R-22.
 1995 Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) manufacturing in the USA ends on December
31.
 1997 Kyoto Protocol signed to protect the earth's climate by reducing
greenhouse gases that cause climate change.
 1998 Unitary air conditioners and heat pumps set a sale record of more than 6
million units.
 2007 A State Council issued a circular to restrict the temperature of air
conditioning in public buildings to 26°C (78°F) or higher during summer and
20°C (68°F) and lower during winter. Sale of low efficiency air conditioning
units is also outlawed.
2. TECHANICAL ADVANCEMENT IN REFRIGERATIONS:
Refrigerants have involved over a past several decades to address changing requirements
for safety, performance and energy efficiency. More recently certain classes of chemicals
were found to have a damaging effect on our environment. This knowledge is resulted in
transitions in types of refrigerants used in air conditioning equipment’s. First because
chlorine and stratosphere is known to be one of the primary causes of the depletion of
ozone layer that shields the earth from harmful radiations. Chlorofluorocarbons CFC
Refrigerants such as R12 were faced out under an international 3D known as Montreal
Protocol. This 3D is established in 1989 and their aim is to reduce the CFC Refrigerants
production. Their main aim is to control the ozone layer from depletion which is caused
by these CFC’s. For this most of the international companies will make Environmental
Friendly Refrigerants after many researches. The alternative solution for these CFC’s
Refrigerants, companies are able to emerge new Refrigeration Technologies. These
technologies are;
 Magnetic Refrigeration.
 Thermo-acoustic Refrigeration.
 Thermo-electric Refrigeration.
Now we can discuss one by one according to their technical working and applications in
different fields.
2.1. MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION:
Magnetic Refrigeration is a cooling technology based on a magneto-caloric effect.

Fig.5. Magnetic Refrigeration

This technique can be used to attain extremely low temperatures as well as the ranges used in
common refrigerators comparatively to traditional gas compression refrigeration. Magnetic
Refrigeration is safer, quieter and more compact. It has a higher cooling efficiency and it is more
environments friendly because it does not use harmful ozone depleting coolant gases. Magneto-
caloric effect is a physical process that exploits the magnetic properties of some certain
substances to produce refrigeration. The refrigerant is often a paramagnetic salt, such as cerium
magnesium nitrate. It gives us cooling nearest to the absolute zero temperature so it made
liquefaction of gases easier. Magneto-caloric effect is actually an effect of magnetic material
which is used as a refrigerant. The material will heat up in the presence of magnetic field and
cools down when the magnetic field is removed.
Materials required for refrigerants in Magnetic Refrigeration are Paramagnetic Salts, such as
cerium magnesium nitrate. Alloys of Gadolinium are also used as refrigerants for magnetic
refrigeration.

Fig.6. Working of Magnetic Refrigeration

TECHANICAL ADVANCEMENT:
Researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Ames Laboratory have designed and build
Magnetic Refrigeration that uses very small quantity of magneto-caloric materials to achieve
refrigeration level cooling.
APPLICATIONS:
The applications of Magnetic Refrigerators are in every field, some of them are;
1. Magnetic household Refrigeration Appliances.
2. Magnetic Cooling and air conditioning in buildings and houses.
3. Central cooling system.
4. Refrigeration in medicine.
5. Cooling in food industry and storage.
6. Cooling in transportation.
7. Cooling of electronic equipment’s.

2.2. THERMO-ACOUSTIC REFRIGERATION:

Thermo-acoustic Refrigeration uses the oscillation of sound waves to transfer heat. Sound
waves expand and compress in an active with surrounding air to cause fluctuation and
pressure and thus temperature. When sound waves compress, it creates a high pressure
which releases heat. Expansion of sound waves on the other hand; it creates a low
pressure which has tendency to absorb heat. Thermo-acoustic refrigeration is a Green
Technology because it is also called Environmental Friendly Refrigerator.

Fig.7. Thermo-acoustic Refrigeration

The refrigerant used in this type of refrigerators is Argon and helium gases. Thermo-
acoustic Refrigeration works on the thermodynamic and acoustics theory. It basically
works on reversed Carnot Cycle. The technology used in this refrigeration is based on a
principle “Sound waves are Pressure waves”. They have potential to replace conventional
refrigeration.
 Fig.8. Working of TAR
A sound wave basically oscillates that causes compression and expansion in the system.
This expansion and compression is responsible for cooling and heating. The gas involved
in this system compressed which rises the temperature of the system and when this gas
expands the temperature get lowered. This is a cyclic process called Reversed Carnot
Cycle. Figure 3 shows the working of TAR Refrigerator.
APPLICATIONS:
TAR is basically an idea to cool the ice cream so its main application is Ben and Jerry’s
Ice Cream. Other applications of TAR are;
1. Liquefaction of Natural gas.
2. Chip cooling.
3. Electronic equipment’s cooling on naval ship.
4. Domestic food refrigerators and freezers.
5. Automobile sectors use these types of refrigerators.

2.3. THERMO-ELECTRIC REFRIGERATION:

Thermo-electric cooling is a way to remove thermal energy from a medium, device or
components by applying a voltage of constant polarity to a junction between two
dissimilar electrical conductor and semi-conductor.

Fig.9. Thermo-electric Refrigeration

Thermo-electric cooling is less efficient than compressor based refrigeration. A thermo-
electric cooling may be more practical and least effective than a conventional
refrigeration system. A thermo-electric cooling system is also called Peltier Heat Pump.
Thermo-electric cooling uses the peltier effect to create a heat flux between the junctions
of two different types of materials. This effect is commonly used in camping and portable
cooler and for cooling electronics equipment’s.

Fig.10. Working of TER

In 1821, Seeback, a German Physicist observed that if a closed circuit was made if two
dissimilar metals are joined together and junctions were maintained at different
temperatures, an emf will produce. This phenomenon is called Seeback Effect. In 1834,
Jean Peltier, a French scientist discovered a reversed phenomenon of seeback. He found
that there is a heating or cooling of a junction of a pair of dissimilar substances, if direct
current is passed through them. In 1851, Thomson pointed out the 3rd effect. He related
the heat absorbed or evolved in a single conductor to the temperature gradient along it
and current flowing through it. They are also environmental friendly because they release
no CFC’s.
 APPLICATIONS:
1. For the preservation of insulin and other drugs.
2. For the preservation of food stuffs.
3. For cold water.
4. For beverages.

3. TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT IN AIR CONDITIONING:

In the department of Air Conditioning, development in technologies and improvements in
energy efficiency is the key target. USPTO issued the U.S. Patent No. 8744632 in the
field of energy-efficient air conditioning units, which is titled as “System and Method for
Operating an Economizer Cycle of an Air Conditioner”. The objective of the system is to
improve the switching operation between the refrigeration and economizer cycles by the
analysis of outside dew point and the outer temperature as well as humidity. This patent
was issued to Airxcel, Inc., of Wichita, KS, in June 2013. The system of Air conditioning
consists of an air conditioner and a control system in order to trigger an economizer cycle
of the air conditioner. This control system helps in checking the electrical load and
calculation of maximum feasible outdoor temperature. This system helps in starting the
economizer cycle provided that the actual outer temperature is equal to or less than the
maximum feasible outer temperature.

Fig.11. Flow Chart

 Fig.12. Graph: Load Vs Temperature

3.1. MAGNETIC AIR CONDITIONERS:

The researchers are trying to develop the magnetic cooling technology for the
refrigeration and air conditioning purposes. Magnetic technology can be helpful in
controlling the climate effects. This technology is environment friendly as it does not
need to use hydro chlorofluorocarbons which are used in traditional air conditioners.
MAGNETO-CALORIC EFFECT:
Magnetic air conditioners operate on the principle of magneto-caloric effect. Ehen the
magnetic material is exposed to the magnetic field, it heats up and on removing the
magnetic effect it is cooled down.

Fig.13. Magneto-caloric Effect

 WORKING OF MAGNETIC AIR CONDITIONER:
The process of magnetic air conditioning involves a Magneto-caloric material that is that
is exposed to magnetic effect quickly and repeatedly. A prototype was designed in which
a wheel containing an element gadolinium is made to spin the stationary magnetic field.
The gadolinium gets heat up by the spinning of disk, and then it gets cooled while
passing through the gap in the field. In this way as it completes a trip, it causes the
cooling of water it surrounds.
AVAILABILITY:
A major part of this project has been done but still it is far away for its commercial
implementation. It is also stated that firstly it will use for industrial work rather than
residential.
3.2. MEMBRANE BASED ROOF TOP AIR CONDITIONERS:
Oak Ridge National laboratory (ORNL) in collaboration with Dais Analytics in Florida is
working on a new membrane based roof top air conditioner. Instead of conventional
chemicals, it will use water as a refrigerant. This technology is good for Sweltering,
humid summer night. It is capable of saving 30 % to 40% electrical consumption.

Fig.14. Image Courtesy: Dais Analytic Corporation

A patented nanostructured membrane is being utilized for the purpose. Water molecules are
passed through this membrane instead of traditional fluorocarbons. This makes the customer
capable of controlling the temperature and humidity independently. Selective water molecules
are permitted to pass through the membrane rapidly and exposed to a very little difference of
pressure. Thus, this enables the constant temperature dehumidification of stream of air and
causes evaporative cooling.

4. CLEAN ROOMS:
4.1. INTRODUCTION:
A cleanroom or clean room is an environment, typically used in manufacturing, including
of pharmaceutical products or scientific research, as well as aerospace semiconductor
engineering applications with a low level of low degree of contaminations, for example,
dust, airborne microorganisms, vaporized particles, and compound vapors. The air inside
is constantly recirculated through high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) and/or ultra-low
particulate air (ULPA) filters to remove internally generated contaminants while the air
entering a cleanroom from outside is filtered to exclude dust. Staff wears protective
clothing such as hoods, face masks, gloves, boots, and coveralls and enter and leave
through airlocks (sometimes including an air shower stage). Air contamination is also
minimized by using special equipment with minimum wear. Only special mops and
buckets are used and cleanroom furniture is designed to produce a minimum of particles.
Common materials such as paper, pencils, and fabrics made from natural fibers are often
excluded and alternatives used. Cleanrooms are not sterile (i.e., free of uncontrolled
microbes) only airborne particles are controlled. Particle levels are usually tested using a
particle counter and microorganisms detected and counted through environmental
monitoring methods.
4.2. WORKING:
Cleanrooms employ laminar or turbulent air flow principles to maintain particulate-free
air through the use of either HEPA or ULPA filters. Laminar or unidirectional air stream
frameworks direct sifted air descending or flat way in a consistent stream towards filters
situated on dividers close to the cleanroom floor or through raised perforated floor boards
to be recirculated. 80% of a cleanroom ceiling use laminar air flow to maintain constant
air processing. laminar air flow filters are constructed by Stainless steel or other non-
shedding materials and hoods to prevent excess particles entering the air. turbulent, or
non-unidirectional, air current uses both laminar wind stream hoods and vague speed
filters to keep air in a cleanroom in steady movement, despite the fact that not all a
similar direction. The turbulent air looks to trap particles that might be noticeable all
 around and drive them towards the floor, where they enter channels and leave the
cleanroom condition. US FDA and EU have set down rules and limits for microbial
sullying which is stringent to guarantee opportunity from microbial contamination in
pharmaceutical items. Some cleanroom HVAC frameworks control the humidity to low
levels, to such an extent that additional hardware ("ionizers") is important to anticipate
electrostatic release issues.
4.3. CLASSIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS:
Cleanrooms are classified according to the number and size of particles allowed per
volume of air. Large numbers like "class 100" or "class 1000" refer to FED-STD-209E,
and denote the number of particles of size 0.5 µm or larger permitted per cubic foot of
air. Small numbers refer to ISO 14644-1 standards, which specify the decimal logarithm
of the number of particles 0.1 µm or larger permitted per m3 of air. So, for example, an

ISO class 5 clean room has at most 105particles/m3. Both FS 209E and ISO 14644-1

assume log-log relationships between particle size and particle concentration as it has
been mentioned in Table 1.

Table.1.Classification of Clean Room

5. APPLICATIONS OF REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING:
The applications of Refrigeration and air conditionings are;
1. Domestic Refrigerator.
2. Domestic Air Conditioners.
3. Automotive Air Conditioners.
4. Water Coolers.
5. Commercial Refrigeration Ice plant.
6. Commercial Refrigeration-Diary, cold storage.
7. Commercial Air Conditioning-Multiplex, Hospitals.
5.1. DOMESTIC REFRIGERATORS:
Refrigerators and freezers use basic refrigeration principles to extract heat from the air.
To remove heat from the air, a compressor pushes a refrigerant through copper tubing
between a condenser and an evaporator coil.

Fig.15. Domestic Refrigerators

5.2. DOMESTIC AIR CONDITIONERS:
Window and room air conditioners use refrigeration principles to extract heat and
moisture from room air, cooling and dehumidifying the air.

Fig.16. Domestic AC

5.3. AUTOMOTIVE AIR CONDITIONERS:

Air conditioning facilitates the removal of heat from inside the vehicle. The heat removed
from vehicle by conduction and convection.

Fig.17. Automotive AC
5.4. WATER COOLERS:
When hot air is drawn into an air cooler, it passes through a wet honeycomb cooling
media. As it passes through the honeycomb cooling media, water flowing over it absorbs
heat from the air causing the water to evaporate. This results in cooler air.

Fig.18. Water Cooler

5.5. COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION ICE PLANT:

The function of an ice plant or ice factory is to make or form ice in large quantity and in
large size. Commercial Refrigeration is also used in hospitals.
1. Operation Theatre.
2. Intensive Care Unit.
3. Diagnostic Machine Room.
4. Patient Room.
 Fig.19. Ice Plant

Fig.20. Insulin Storage Box

Fig.21. Patient Room

 6. MANUFACTURING COMPANIES OF R&AC IN PAKISTAN:
Refrigerator and Air Conditioners market of Pakistan is growing every minute and is
creating potential in best manner from international investment. Example, Arcelik
acquired Dawlance. With growth of around 3.5% every year, there are many regions that
are untapped. A grey market still caters a considerable amount of sales. 50% of the
population of Pakistan is under 50 year of age and the country’s per capita income is
around $1500, which is expected to grow to $2000 in next eight years. All of these are
raising demand signals. The potential is huge in Pakistan. There are many manufactures
of R&AC in different provinces of Pakistan. We discuss both manufacturing companies
separately.

6.1. MANUFACTURING COMPANIES OF REFIGERATION IN PAKISTAN:

1. DAWLENCE:
 Saves Energy.
 Lowers Electricity Bills.
 Runs Efficiently On Low Voltage.
 Stylish Design.
 Insect Repellent & Anti-Fungal Technology.
KEY FEATURES:
 12 Year Compressor Warranty
 45% Energy Saving Through ES Technology
 R600A Refrigerant
 Freezer Eutectic Plate- Keeps Items Frozen For Up To 15 Hours During Power
Breakdowns
 10% Excess Usage Capacity Than Other Refrigerators
 Contemporary Design- Double Textured Door
COST: PKR 27499

2. HAIER:
COST: RB-3404BS-R, Rs.26,799 approximately.
KEY FEATURES:
The bottom-mounted double-door fridge reduces the need to bend by up to 90%. It has
ample space for vegetables and gives you twice as much space to store them as compared
to other fridges.
 temperature of freezer: -25 C
 fast cooling: Yes
 Storage Period in Event of Power Failure (h): 100 Hours
 Noise level(dB): 42

3. ORIENT:
 High gloss dual injection indoor.
 Biggest indoor.
 Factory installed Wi-Fi kit.
 Built in energy meter.
 Electricity consumption management.
 Online control.
 Schedule Management.
 Full Money back in 1 year.
 Bigger outdoor.
 50 feet long air-throw.
 Low voltage operation.
 Heat and cool.
 R-410A Eco-Friendly.
 Made in Japan Digital high efficiency chip.
 Double layer condenser.
 Up to 60% Electricity saving.
COST: PKR 34999

4. PEL:
Glass Door 2000 Purple Blaze (168 Liter)
COST: PKR 32500
KEY FEATURES:
 High speed fan feature keeps your food cool all day long.
 Food friendly plastic.
 LUMI Fresh technology keeps your vegetables always fresh.
 Fast Freeze.
 Deodorizer.
 99.9% pure copper condenser.

5. WAVES REFRIGERATOR:
PRODUCT NAME: WR-309 Vista Series 9 Cuft
COST: PKR 31000
KEY FEATURES
 Low Voltage Start.
 Sealed Tight Cabinet.
 100% Copper Winding Compressor.
 VCM Sheet.
 Anti-fungal Gasket.
 10 Years Compressor Warranty.
6. CHANGHONG RUBA REFRIGERATORS:
COST: PKR 54900
PRODUCT NAME: Changhong Ruba CHR-DD308GPR Smart DC Inverter Red Glass
2 Door
KEY FEATURES
 European Standard A++ Energy Rating.
 Energy Saving Up To 70% (Saving Rs: 13,000/year).
 Works on UPS, Generator Properly.
 Fastest cooling, more than your imagination.
 Open evaporator for 6 way cooling.
 Digital Temperature Display & Settings.
 3 Sided Condensers.
 Keeps Frozen Up To 137 Hours.
 R600a Gas.
 LED Light

6.2. MANUFACTURING COMPANIES OF AIR CONDITIONINGS:

1. KENWOOD:
Kenwood new e-Inverter is the powerful machine which saves a lot of energy with its
newest electricity saving technology, up to 75% saving gives you real value for money.
“If we consider quality then MITSUBISHI and DAIKIN are the units but these AC’s are
quite expensive comparatively”.
PRODUCT NAME:
Kenwood e-Inverter Split Air Conditioner 1.5 Ton 3-Star Series (KDC-1810S)
COST: PKR 72,900
KEY FEATURES:
 Up to 75% energy efficient.
 Cools perfectly even at 50ᵒC.
 Long distance air throws.
 Super quiet.
 Hidden LED display.
 The I-feel function operates according to the ambient temperature.
 Environment friendly gas.
 100% copper insulation kit.
  Outer unit comes with anti-rust protection and golden condenser fins.
 18000 BTU Capacities.
2. DAWLENCE:
Dawlance is the leading home appliance brand in Pakistan known for its reliability and
consistency.
COST: PKR 79,000
KEY FEATURES:
 Offer maximum comfort.
 Saves 60% energy.
 Equipped with the latest technology.
 Maintains the cooling temperature of the room.
 Save 60% on your electricity bill.
 Available in elegant white and electric blue colors.
3. ORIENT:
PRODUCT NAME:
ULTRON PLUS DC INVERTER SMART EDITION (1.5 TON)
COST: PKR 71,999
KEY FEATURES:
 High gloss dual injection indoor.
 Biggest indoor.
 Factory installed Wi-Fi kit.
 Built in energy meter.
 Electricity consumption management.
 Online control.
 Schedule Management.
 Full Money back in 1 year.
 Bigger outdoor.
 50 feet long air-throw.
 Low voltage operation.
 Heat and cool.
 R-410A Eco-Friendly.
  Made in Japan Digital high efficiency chip.
 Double layer condenser.
 Up to 60% Electricity saving.
4. SAMSUNG:
This Samsung unit is very expensive as compared to other brands, but this unit comes
with some extra features, like the built in stabilizer, auto air cleaning process, fin
protection and much more.
PRODUCT NAME:
TRIANGLE INVERTER SPLIT AC WITH FASTER COOLING, 1.5 TR.
COST: PKR 1, 06,000
KEY FEATURES:
 10 year compressor warranty.
 Voltage fluctuation built-in stabilizer.
 Up to 60% energy saving.
 Eliminates Viruses.
 Golden fin protection.
 Auto cleaning and filter.
 Powerful cooling.
5. GREE:
GREE is a Chinese home appliances manufacturing and the largest air conditioner
manufacturer in the world. In Pakistan, GREE inverter air conditioners are highly
popular.
COST: PKR 78,200
KEY FEATURES:
 Equipped with the latest technology to control the speed of compressor motors.
 Power consumption regulated as per the changing temperature.
 Save more than half of the electricity consumption.
 Sleek and compact design.
 Can both cool and warm room quickly.
 5 years standard compressor.
 1 year parts replacement warranty.
6. PEL:
INVERT-O-COOL (H&C)
PEL, GREE and DAWLANCE inverter AC’s are more or less similar to each other and
the prices are also close 68,000 to 71,000 for 1.5DC inverter H&C Air Conditioner. But
PEL has upper hand on all of them due to the technology and equipment used in the unit.
COST: PKR 71,000
KEY FEATURES:
 Heat and Cool.
 10 years compressor warranty.
 Energy efficient ratio of 3.1.
 Full cooling watts.
 Air purification.
7. HAIER:
DC INVERTEWR AC
COST: PKR 51,000
KEY FEATURES:
 50% power saving.
 Cool and Heat.
 Automatic air flow adjustment.
 Hot condition working in 50 degrees.
 COMPARISON ORIENT vs GREE vs HAIER:
SPECS METRICS ORIENT GREE HAIER
Capacity BTU/h 18,000 18,000 18,000
Rated Current A 7.1 7.2 1.45-8.36
EER W/W 3 3.6 3.6
Refrigerant & Weight kg R-410A/1.3kg R-410A/1.2kg R-410A/1.4kg
Air Throw ft 50 N/A N/A
Indoor motor size 2 TON 1.5 TON 1.5 TON
4D Air Throw available YES NO NO
Wi-Fi Control available YES NO NO
Energy Metering available YES NO NO
Efficiency Report available YES NO NO
Price PKR 67,499 73,999 64,999

CONCLUSION OF COMPARISON:
All the brands compared in this post perform really well but considering the overall scores in
terms of convenience, value for money and features, nothing beat ORIENT. Though if you’re
more into the non-smart version of DC inverter Air Conditioners in Pakistan then you can
definitely choose for GREE and HAIER, performance wise they are a good option too. GREE is
a bit overpriced but not a bad option either.
CONCLUSION:
The above topics explain the technical advancements of refrigeration and air conditionings. It
explains the different models of refrigerators, their applications and uses. We also explain the
clean room, its working and classification. Different type of applications of refrigeration and air
conditioning are also explained, also enlist the Manufacturing companies of R&AC in Pakistan.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
 Engineering Knowledge (PLO-1): we are able to understand the Refrigeration and Air
Conditioning technical advancement and their applications.
 The Engineer and Society (PLO-6): above we discuss the manufacturing companies of
Refrigerators and air conditioners, we are able to interact with the society of R&AC,
where they are located and which type of refrigerators and air conditioners are made in
different manufacturing companies.
 Team Work (PLO-9): since this assignment is in group form so we feel like a team and
we divide our work in 4 different accepts.
 REFERENCE:

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_refrigeration
https://www.coolingpost.com/world-news/magetic-commerical-fridges-system-launches
https://phononic.com/life-sciences-healthcare/facilities-engineering
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/ni,alan_i/thermoacoustic-refrigeration
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/thermp-electric-refrigerators
https://www.foodmag.com.au/advances-in-refrigeration-technology
https://www.slideshare.net/net/mobile/shehrozadil/refrigerator-industry-of-pakistan-2018
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cleanroom
https://www.businessbook.pk/category/refrigerator-manufactures-2844
https://khareed.pk/company/34683/Pakistan-Refrigeration
MANUFACTURING COMPANIES OF AIR CONDITIONING:
REFERENCES:
1. https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/digneshparmar12/history-of-refrigeration
2. https://www.researchsnipers.com/best-dc-inverter-ac-buy-pakistan/amp/
3. https://clickmall.com/blogs/news/orient-vs-gree-vs-haier

FIGURE REFERENCES:
1. http://energywise.net.au/resource/history-of-refrigeration/
2. https://www.quora.com/Did-accient-people-in-india-freeze-make-ice/
3. https://www.quora.com/Why-does-water-in-a-pot-become-cool/
4. https://www.lickr.com/photos/brookston/35655361282
5. https://www.material.sandvick/en/campaigns/fridge-of-the-future/history

JAWAD:
https://www.energy.gov/articles/history-air-conditioning
https://www.airconditioning-systems.com/history-of-air-conditioner.html
AZAM:

https://www.brandsynario.com/5-reasons-new-dawlance-mirror-glass-inverter/
http://www.dawlance.com.pk/products/food/refrigerators/energy-saver-series
https://orient.com.pk/collections/refrigerator?sort_by=price-ascending
http://www.whatprice.com.pk/index.php/home-electrical/refrigerator/changhong-ruba/13019-
changhong-ruba-chr-dd308gpr-smart-dc-inverter-red-glass-2-door