Direct levelling methods | | I | Simple cheek levelling levelling Profile Reciprocal levelling levelling * . ‘ Differential Fly cross-section Precise levelling levelling levelling levelling © Sensitivity: Angle b/w the line of sights in radius D = Distance of the instrument from the staff n= Number of divisions / = length of one divison (2mm) R = Radius of curvature $= Staffintercept. * Check in Height of Instrument Method > BS- fT FS=~ Rise- = Fall =Last RL-First RL * Curvature: C. = 4. =0,0785d?. «Refraction: C,= (=) 2R 2 ~! 6( * Final Combination Correction: C= C—C, = (=), C = 0,06735e, * Distance of Visible Horizon d= 3.85Vh , d= inkm and h = in meter. © Reciprocal Levelling: The true difference Elevation: I H= >(h,-h,)+(h,“h,)][ L. Geicgical Agitncomm «Siem Cero Neate Umtrlied slesed grein SeSMMEY \iemorphic Rack Types Chemically Physically Geologically Granite Siliccous Unstratified Igneous: Quartzite Siliceous foliated Metamorphic Marble Calcarious Foliated Metamorphic Limestone ‘Calearious ‘Stratified Sedimentary Sandstone Siliceous Stratified Sedimentary Slate Argillacous Foliated Metamorphic Laterite Argillacous Stratified Sedimentary. Tools for Quarrying stones Jumper, Dipper, Crow bar, Tamping bar Test Purpose Smith test for Durability of stones Brard’s test for frost resistance Acid test To check weather resistance Hardness test Mohn scale© Hydraulic design of sewers: V = —r'’5'” (manning, formula) di “hs © Oxgen Demand: a -KL,L,=L,-10" , ¥= L,-L,=L,[1-10*" ] y.=[BOD, = 0.6841], K Ky =KD,, [1.047]"™ Note: Minimum velocity about 0.45m/sec. Disinfection Oil and Grease Trap Biological wa Bar Grit SST enka: Cenmie Tank) Sereen OiVGrease Underdrain water Drying Beds Sludge pee Dried sludge } Gases for disposal ” Effluent for final disposal © Design Criteria for Grit Chamber: Setting velocity V, = & . Fe(Gs—1)5 (Min, Vg, = 0.45 ms.) * Detention Time: 30-608, Horizontal velocity of flow—15-30 cm/ sec. Length to breath ratio of chamber varies from 6 to 15 and length to depth ratio varies form 40 to 30, cleaning interval = | or 2 weeks, Channel length = detention time = velocity of flowFOLLOWING BOOKS AVAILABLE BY CIVIL Ki GOLI PUBLICATION: 1. CIVIL Ki GOLI 2. REASONING Ki GOLI 3. CIVIL BOOSTER 4. HARYANA Ki GOLI 5. SOLUTION OF CIVIL Ki GOLI Roman Roads — Tresaguct Construction > Metcalf Construction 3 Telford Construction —» Macadam Construction Nov. 1927 — Jayakar Committee formed Feb, 1928 — Recommendations by Jayakar Committee 1929 —> Central Road Fund 1934 — Indian Road Congress 1939 —» Motor Vehicle act 1952 — Central Road Research Institute 1956 — National Highway act Nagpur Plan Bombay Plan Lucknow Plan —» 1943-1963 1961-1981 1981-2001 —+ Road density Road density Road density 16 km/100 km? 32 km/100 km* 82 km/100 km* —» Recommended — Construction of star & grid 1600 km of pattern Expressway v ve + ssp; |"*Saeronm oars» sear aie© Strength of plate between rivet holes in Tension = o,, « (p-d)x t Bearing strength of rivet=o_*xd*t or =o,,*dét. Shear Strength of rivet = Tyx oad? (in single shear), Rey PAT ene in double shear), d = gross diameter of rivet, (unwins formula) Diameter: Grosss diameter = nominal diameter + 1.5 mm (if < 25mm), Nominal diameter + 2mm (if > 25mm) Pitch: Should not exceed 16t or 200mm, which ever is less in ten- sion member, and 12t or 200mm, which ever is less in Compres- sion Members. Tacking rivets should not exceed 32 t or 300 mm which ever is less. Minimum pitch = 2.5d Tacking rivets. Thickness of member“ Minimum diameter of rivets Up to 10 mm 16mm Over 10mm to 16 mm 20 mm Over!0 mm 22mm Ww * Force due to axial load on each rivet: F, = a Mxr * Force due to moment M on any rivet: P= $y7Wess (4% ~ overlapping) to centre spacing of # Short & Long C less than, 12/ Tie spacing S.< 41 n Fecentri Continuous b Type of slab P=0ast, A © Avially Loaded essed Coner Loss of pre-st © Loss of stress di 555 of stress Post tensioning CRN ac SWOT OU I a le wear acanihf 6}, Minimum diameter of longitudinal bar ~ 12 mam, Maxim Lateral tes: Tie diameter 4, > Slenderness Limits to Es eS Control of Detlection: Cantilever beam Simply supported beam 20 © Concentrically Loaded Column: (e = 0) Loss due to length effect: Px # Curvature effec: Pua + Loss of stress due to shrinkage of concrete: =,» f Minium Number of Bars (Rect lar-4, circular reinforcement = 300mm ‘olumnn: Short ifsalenderness. ratio of both axes are Ionita eae re Lateral Stability f Simply supp 100 Clear span 4 O75, Av Column: (¢ < 0,0Sh) n ssa the Anchoring stage: = “Tx ve to creep of conerete: = orf E strain lost in stool « E, |g Post tensionad lose im: Freyssinet, Magnel-Blatoo, Lee-me-calE, =5700Jf, N/mm’| Min. grade = M15 (IS 456:1978), E_ = 5000/f, N/mm’| Min. grade = M20 (IS 456:2000) 2 f, = 07 Ric. f= 0.666, =F f,,(flexure > Splitting > Direct Tensile strength) Calculation of effective 0.148 f, + Fe 280 0.138 /, -» Fe 415 0.133 f+ Fe $00 = ya 1 Ste « Analysis Of Stresses (WSM): Moment of Comp. Area = Moment of ten. Area bx > = mA,(d-3)) b- 4], j= 4 = tever am cocticint = (1-*) © Optimum Section:Window Width = ql wWiath of room:+ Height of Room] * The sill of a window should be located about (70 — 80) cm above Noor level of the room. * Generally Height of a Door should not be less than (1.8 — 2) m * Commonly Width height relation used in India: (i) Width = (0.4 — 0.6) Height (ii) Height = (Width + 1.2) m * Doors of residential Buildings: (a) External Door — (1 * 2) to(1.1 *2)m (b) Internal Door — (0.9 « 2) to (1 = 2)m (c) Doors for bathrooms and Water closets: — (0.7 * 2) to (0.8 = 2)m * Public Buildings (School, Hospital, library) (a) (1.2 2) m(b) (1.2 * 2.1) m (c) 1.2 * 2.25)m Designation of Door = Length x Type of Door Height 8 DS 20 —A door opening Having width (8 < 100 mm) < Height (20 = 100 mm) with S (Single SHutter) D (Door) Types of Window 1. fixed 2. Pivoted 3. Sliding 4. Bay 5. Corner 6. Cable (7) Dormer (8) Skylights (9) Louvered (10) Lantern (11) Gable Stairs No of steps are not more than 12 and not less than 3 in a flight, Angle of Inclination (Pitch) — (25° ~ 40), Head room must not be less than 2.05 m. Minimum width of stairs in residential building — 85 cm and in commercial building is 1 m. * Some Thumb rule: (a) QR+T)= 60 (b) (R + T) =(40-45) (c) R« T= (400-450) where R — Rise in cm, T — Tread in cm * For residential building, common size of steps is (16 * 26) cm, IN Hospital etc. (10 * 30) cm. * Incase of straight staircase, No. of Trade = (No. of Riser — 1) Total Height between floor and Roof Height of One Riser No. of riser =© Consumption Irrigation Requirements (CIR): Field Irrigation Requirement (FIR): Gross Irrigation Requirement: Kutter’s/ chezy’s Formula; IcIR=C,-R, Re ,(GIR>FIR>NIR > CIR) Kennedy's theory: |V, = 0.55.my'* V= we) n 1o{2n 088 JR! meee fl n. ARS Qf Lacey's Theory: 140 5 ¥ J ae a Hydraulic Mean depth: |® = {e S=ssa09" £21.75 fm , Q = Discharge > W i= 10! P 75. wetted perimeter Difference B/W Lacey & Kennedy Theory Kennedy . Trapezoidal channel . Applicable for alluvial channels . Silt is kept in suspension due to eddies generated from bottom. . No eq. for bed slope . Recommended Kutter eq. to find velocity . Trial & error procedure Lacey . Semi elliptical channel . Applicable for alluvial channels as well as for rivers. » Silt is kept in suspension due to eddies generated both from side slope and the bottom ie. through out the parameter. . Gave eg. to calculate . Gave his own velocit . Diret procedurev= EN icy = 1S 20s p m?/sec, dy| 1 mm of Hg = 10° m of Hg = 107 = 13.6 m of water = 10% * 13.6 * 9810 N/m*, 1 N/mm? = 10° Nim 98LN 1 keffem? = 75,7 = 98.1» 10" Nim*, 1 mm = 10° = 10° N/‘m? 1d NS, Compressibility =~ sp > bm?" =10 poise, 1 mis (S1) = 10" stoke Comparison between PERT and CPM PERT cPM 1. Probabilistic approach 1. Deterministic approach 2. Three time estimate 2. Single time estimate 3, Event oriented 3. Activity oriented. 4. Cost is proportional to time 4. Cost model is developed 5. B-distribution 5. Normal distribution 6. Concept of slack 6. Concept of float 7. Critical path by joining 7. Critical path by joining critical events critical activities. Crash Optimum Normal time time time2. Circular Tapering Bar: * Thermal Expansion: o = EaAT, A= LaAT Coefficient of Thermal expansion (Aluminium > Brass > Copper > Steel) Euler's Theory) = [2x slain’ Forma lie ad!« [Water Budget Equation] [p—R—-G-E-T=AS| Instruments used in measurement Relative humidity | Psychrometer Humidity Hygrometer Transpiration | Phytometer Evaptoranspinition | Lysimetsr Evaporation Atmometer Annual Rainfall « |The Coefficient of variation C= 100x standard deviation 1004, mean — Pp « [Number of Stations’ 2B ¢ 10%, P, = Precipitation magnitude in the i* station, mean precipitation Normal ppt, = 30 years data, avg. annual ppt. = 35 years data Method for Calculation of Average Depth: Arithmetic Mean, Thiessen Polygon, Isohyetal Method Hyetograph (Time Vs Intensity), Mass curve (Time Vs Accumulated ppt) * Estimate of Missing Data: BtP, t.ut+P t..4P, low FS ee ee tone BAL BA, +PA, (A+ A, +. A,) e [Thiessen Mean Method) ; p = « _|Isohyetal Method) -QD ~~ °°. © ee — v.- YR =3000d/K.S, +S, =0 a Permeability of Stratified Soils« [Water Budget Equation] [p—R—-G-E-T=AS| Instruments used in measurement Relative humidity | Psychrometer Humidity Hygrometer Transpiration | Phytometer Evaptoranspinition | Lysimetsr Evaporation Atmometer Annual Rainfall « |The Coefficient of variation C= 100x standard deviation 1004, mean — Pp « [Number of Stations’ 2B ¢ 10%, P, = Precipitation magnitude in the i* station, mean precipitation Normal ppt, = 30 years data, avg. annual ppt. = 35 years data Method for Calculation of Average Depth: Arithmetic Mean, Thiessen Polygon, Isohyetal Method Hyetograph (Time Vs Intensity), Mass curve (Time Vs Accumulated ppt) * Estimate of Missing Data: BtP, t.ut+P t..4P, low FS ee ee tone BAL BA, +PA, (A+ A, +. A,) e [Thiessen Mean Method) ; p = « _|Isohyetal Method) -« End Condition of column; ‘One end fixed | Both end | Both end | One end fixed tin oneend free | Hinged | Fixed ei * Shaft In series: Taukan , Trckne , Token = 0.) -—“ + Bias =Oin# Onc +0cn] , [P40 Gils Osten Grain © Shaft In parallel; |®, =9, _ 64PR'n © Strain Energy in Spring: Gd! a Gd‘ . 7 OR n 2 |N= ie3;| Flexibility in Spring: ed Ky Bee = Kit ks +Ky+-K, (In Spring) Note: It a spring is cut down by K times, then its strain energy de- 1 creased by [ times, its stiftness is increased by K times, and its 1 flexibity decreased by a time, a< 4797 of 4831 © TRIANGULAR © TRarezomaL 1V:MH | m= 1,0=45° 2y 1 [9 = 60" Hor, 3 V3lo = 30° Vert. e |A=my" e [A=(B+my)xy) : ay yer e = 0 > te : ay fs. . = a © Sl i . = W Wy he 1 . = Wt a he . a i i . =z u baled . oS i ez 0 . a W Fay seType of flow Depth of — Velocity of flow flow Suberitical p> y, vey Critical vey, Super Critical = y1 Shooting flow, rapid flow, torrential flow O:-y" AY,Y: Ys + ¥2) urface Undulating Small rollers form Water oscillates in random manner. Roller and jump action Very rough and choppy NvP . Ns= (yy (for Turbine), 3. =3 (VaR 4. Types of Jump Fr E/E, Undular 1-17 =0 Weak 1.7-2.5 5-18% Oscillating 2.5-4.5 18-45% Steady 45-9 45-70% strong 29 270% Flow in pipe Flow between parallel plate Flow in open channel Flow through soil (for Pump) ‘Transition Turbulent 2000 < RK, < 4000 R, > 4000 1000 < R, < 2000 R > 2000 500 2000 12« Trapezoidal Formula (Area mean area Method): A, +A, vad AAA AeA, | f * Fixed Hair Method: D=k * S+C,K=>= 100 (Multiplying Con- stant), Addition Constent C = (f + d),S = Staff intercept, i= Stadia interval, f = focal length of object pa BRA 180 T=R an A/2 = 2K sin A/2 M=R(l-cos A/2) b=R(sec4-1) Method of orientation: trough compass, back sighting, resection, Method of plane table surveying: Radiation, Traversing, Intersec- tion, Resection Plane Table Accessories: Tripod, Alidade, Spirit level, Plumbing fork, clinometer, Drawing sheet, Plane Table Board, Trough compass. Instrument Purpose Abney level To measure slope, cross section, to find gradient Planimeter To measure area very accurately Pantagraph Used to reduce/enlarge the maps Hand level To trace contours Sextant To measure horizontal & vertical angle Substense To measure horizontal distanceBasic Capacity of Single lane, Vehicle Per hours: y = speed kmph, 3 T(See/km)= Where, y,= Free mean speed, (Maximum speed at zero density.), k = jam density, (Maximum density at zero speed), Maximum flow V, ua, Occurs when the speed is es and density is k/2. Number of potential conflicts: Both roads are two way = 24, Both road one way = 6, One road is two way, other one way = 11 eye 240u/ I+ w [- 3 ) ‘Types of interchange: Trumpet, ate, Q= “J7+35 | Diamond, Full Cloverleaf, } Partial Cloverleat Floating Car Method: For Speed and delay study. © Aggregate crushing value: Loss of wt. in Ncresnecar meine . RE- Contact Pressure * Rigidity factor: "Tyre Pressure © California Resistance Value: Elastic Modulus: A is maximum vertical deflection of the flexible _Ligpa plate, _ F | » Rigid circular plate is used instead of flexible a= radius of plate, p = pressure at deflection, E, = young’s modulus of pavement material. (za) CBR x) |* * California Bearing Ratio M/D:S+10H . s CcSI= = , Sleeper density = M + x, D..= 20 127R Length of transition curve approach Il approach Maximum of the following 7.2¢ L= max{0.073eV, () Railway board formula \\o.073D Ye, e=S.Eincm L= 4.4/8 L,.R>m D = cant deficiency in cm (ii) Change of radial acceleration _ 3.28v’ R (iii) Rate of change of super elevation L=3.6e Stretcher bar Over all length Bend in check mail TURN OUT DIAGRAM ‘Theoretical nose of crossing (TN.C.) Actual nose of crossing (A.N.C.)Description Quantity Work in foundation with Mud Mortar 15m Work iin foundation with Lime/Cement Mortar 1.25 m* Work in Superstructure with Mortar Im Work in Superstructure mud Mortar 1.25 m Distemper (1 coat) 35 mi White Washing/Colour Washing (3 Coat) 70m? White Washing/Colour Washing (1 Coat) 200 nm RCC Work 3m Talf Brick wall/Partition Wall Sm Lime conerete in Roof 6m Lime Concrete in foundation/Floring 8.9m 12 mm Plastering with cement/Lime Mortar 8m Degree of Accuracy (descreasing order) Detailed > Cube rate > Plinth area > Rough estimate Area Plinth veo ey w area Circulation area Carpet area Vertical circulation area Horizontal circulation area Staircase, Lift) (Varandaha, Passes) 4-5% of P.A. 10-15% of P.A, F.A, = Plinth area — area occupied by walls/Intermediate supports Courtyard, play ground, unclosed Balcony, cantilever porch is not in- cluded in plinth area. Carpet Area: Useable area/Living area C.A. = Total floor area — (circulation area + Non-useable arca) C.A. in residential area (50 — 63)% and in commercial area (60 — 75)%, Work % of Estimate Departmental charges (centage charge) (10 = 15) Contractor charge 10 Labour Charge 25 Electrification 8 Electric fan 4 Saniatory and Water Supply Charge 8 Contigences Charges (3-5) Work Charge Establishment (15) Tools and Plants (1-15) Security money is about 10% of total contract including Earnest Money. Security money and Earnest Money are refundable after some time Without Any Interest. Types of Contract: Lum sum, unit price, cost plus contract,* Basic Capacity of Single lane, Vehicle Per hours: y = speed kmph, 3600 ‘T(Sec/km) = Sys Where, y,— Free mean speed, (Maximum speed at zero density.), k, = jam density, (Maximum density at zero speed), Maximum flow v, yay OCCUFS When the speed is - and density is k/2. Number of potential conflicts: Both roads are two way = 24, Both road ‘one way = 6, One road is two way, other one way = 11 saa ; [i-8) te, ‘Types of interchange: Trumpet, w 2 erchange: . Q= Wyonme =" *+35 | Diamond, Full Cloverleal, ( we ) ‘ner Partial Cloverleal Floating Car Method: For Speed and delay study. 2 x 100) wi * Aggregate crushing value: © Cocfclnt of Hantuess: [+ 20-22 stn em Rive Contact Pressure « Rigidity factor: |" Tyre Pressure * California Resistance Value: « Elastic Modulus: A is maximum vertical deflection of the flexible eee ee . . 7 plate, F |» Rigid circular plate is used instead of flexible |» a> radius of plate, p = pressure at deflection, E, = * California Bearing Ratio M/D:© Lacey’s Theory: © Hydraulic Mean depth: wetted perimeter |P = 4.750) Difference B/W Lacey & Kennedy Theory Kennedy 1. Trapezoidal channel 1. 2. Applicable for alluvial 2. channels 3. Silt is kept in susy due to eddies generated from bottom. 4. No eq, for bed slope 4. 5. Recommended Kutter eq. 5. to find velocity 6. Trial & error procedure 6. ion 3; Lacey Semi elliptical channel Applicable for alluvial channels as well as for rivers. Silt is kept in suspension due to eddies generated both from side slope and the bottom i.e. through out the parameter. Gave eq. to calculate bed slope Gave his own velocity equation Diret procedure S.SOROUT, 9255624029 FOLLOWING BOOKS AVAILABLE BY CIVIL Ki GOLI PUBLICATION: 1. CIVIL Ki GOLI 2. REASONING Ki GOLI 3. CIVIL BOOSTER 4. HARYANA Ki GOLI 5. SOLUTION OF CIVIL Ki GOComparision of slow sand and Rapid Gravity Filters. Slow sand filter Rapid sand filter C,=5 C,= 13-17 Dj = (0.2-0.3) mm Dy = (0.45-0.7) mm Frequency of cleaning = (1-3) Cleaned through Back washing months Design period = 10 year n= 1.22/Q Rate of filtration is very low as Operational Troubles— compared to R.S.F., but efficiency (a) Air Binding is High (6) Mud ball formations (c) Cracking of filter 1. Minor Methods. (i) Boiling, (ii) Treatment with excess lime, (iii) Treatment with ozone (KMNO,), (iv) Treatment with silver Process. 2. Major Method Chlorination (Disintection with Cl,) © Cl, +H,O—">HOCI+ HCI ° Hoci—&-y H°+OcT © = =HOCl +H" +0C! NH, + HOC is called combined chlorine. « NH,+HOCI>NH,CI+H,0 Formation of free chlorine and | Presence of chloro-organic 50.5, ' " ' | compounds not destroyed Ss pe { Destruction of chloramines > ei ly and chloro organic comp } - 5 i | _——_—— Bo3- | {Formation of chloro-orfanic ; £7] { — {eompounds and chloramines ' 20.2;Hestraction of ues =e Shducing compou S01 i Bisse o Au Sante scout t point ‘Combined cit] L 4 1 4 0.1 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 Chlorine Added (p.p.m)Maximum Principle Suitable for Stress or Brittle Neither accurate for Brittle nor Ductile Suitable for Ductile Ductile Ductile Where S = shear -force, Note: Shear stress at top & Bottom is always 0. y 4S . eee * In Cireular Beam: [4 5 —33 « In Triangular Section: TNA = 1,33T ayy > tenDescription Unit Earthwork, Stone/Brick Work, Wood Work/Sunshade m Surface/Shallow Excavation, batten, panel, plywood m Pointing, Soling, DPC, Plastering ot Steel/Iron Work kg/Quintel Dressing of stone/Half Brick wall/partition wall mm” Painting Work/Distemper/Colour Washing/Jali Work nF Degree of Accuracy: Wood Work: 2mm, Weight — | kg, length — | cm, Area = 0.01 m’, Volume — 0.01 m* * Purpose of Valuation:(a) Taxation— (10-14%), (b) Rent fixation — (6 —10% of total value) Outgoing: (a) Repairness — (10 — 15)% of total Income, (b) Manage- ment and collection Charge — (5 — 10)% of total Income. Scrap Value: It is about 10% of total value. It is the value of Dismental Material, Salvage Value: It is value at the end of Utility period without being this dismental. Book value = Initial cost — Depreciation cost Sinking Fund: Annual Installment (1) = (a) Straight line Method: Assume depreciation by same amount _&s on (b) Constant percentage Method: Also called Balancing Decline Ss Method. It assume depreciation by same percentage. D = 1-(8} General Overhead Cost Job Overhead Cost Telephone Bill Salary Delay Travelling charges Establishment of a New Office Printing, Post office Compensation Description Quantity Work in foundation with Mud Mortar 15m Work in foundation with Lime/Cement Mortar 1.25 m? Work in Superstructure with Mortar In Work in Superstructure mud Mortar 1.25 m*Min, grade = M15 (IS 456:1978), Min. grade = M20 (1S 456:2000) f, (flexure > Splitting > Direct Tensile strength) Calculation of effective span (left) Calculation of total load w * Analysis Of Stresses (WSM): Moment of Comp. Area = Moment of ten. Area |bX>= mA,(d—x) = 2 ever am cote - (1-4) d 3 * Optimum Section:¢ Variation of Demand Maximum daily Consumption = 1.8 avg. daily consumption. Maximum Weekly Consumption = 1.48 *Avg. weekly Maximum Monthly Consumption = 1.28 * Avg. monthly. © Population Forecasting Mehtod Arithmetic Increase Method: P, = P,+nx (For old cities) Geometric Increases Method: P, = P,, ( 1 +H) (For new cities) = De Incremental Increase Method: P, = ?, +nX+ net) y © Physical characteristics Turbidity: Turbidity limit = 5 to 10 NTU Colour: Tintometer Limit = 20PPm ‘Taste and odour: T.O.N = | ($3) ‘Temperature: 10°C desirable ( $ 25°C) «© Chemical Characteristics Total solids and suspended soils: Limited to 550 ppm PH = —log H (6.6 to 8,5) 2, 50. 7 Total Hardness: [Ca” ]« oO + [Mg”" x (3) ‘Carbonate Hardness: min of total hardness or alkalinity ‘Chloride Content: Prescribed limit — 120mg/L Nitrogen Content: Limits: Free ammonia +0.1Smg/L, Organic Nitrogen + 0.3 mg//, nitrite should be zero, nitrate > 45 mg// Measurement (i) Free Ammonia-by simple boiling of water. (ii) Organic Ammonia — By adding Kmno,, (i+ii) are known as kjeldahl Nitrogen Nitrate and Nitrate by - colour Matching M/d. © Chemical: (Mn = 0.05 mg/L) (Iron — 0.3 mg/L), (Fluride -1.0 -1.2 mg/L) (Sulphate ; 250 mg/L) (Cyanides = 0.2mg/L.) ® Screening: Velocity >0.8 to Im’sec Principle is based on stokes law. tting velocity: y, = 2 Setting velocity: v, aEStray umstesely ! li | | Unicom — Gradually — Rapidly —-Spaialy Graduslly ——Rapaly Seaitinlly canal flow Verlost ‘Varied Varied ‘Varied Varied Varied (OVE) (RYT) (SVT) (GVLF) myury (SVUr) > Docking up Lydraulic Plow —> River flowin > Asunge —> Surface runolT ol water die Jump oe wlluvial reach nrg due ho todas sille welt during fising §=—upsiream rfl oud © Chezy’s Formula; |V=CVRS], Manning equation |V Dimension of C = L’? T', n= L-3'T', f= Dimensionlesswin wut an AQ S846)S.SOROUT, 9255624029 FOLLOWING BOOKS AVAILABLE BY CIVIL Ki GOLI PUBLICATION: 1. CIVIL Ki GOLI 2. REASONING Ki GOLI 3. CIVIL BOOSTER 4. HARYANA Ki GOLI 5. SOLUTION OF CIVIL Ki GOLI Roman Roads — Tresaguct Construction >» Metcalf Construction 4 Telford Construction + Macadam Construction Nov. 1927 —» Jayakar Committee formed Feb. 1928 —» Recommendations by Jayakar Committee 1929 — Central Road Fund 1934 — Indian Road Congress 1939 — Motor Vehicle act 1952 — Central Road Research Institute 1956 — National Highway act Nagpur Plan Bombay Plan Lucknow Plan —> 1943-1963 1961-1981 1981-2001 — Road density Road density Road density 16 knv/100 km* 32 km/100 km? 82 km/100 km? — Recommended — Construction of star & grid 1600 km of pattern Expressway ¥ vi * ssp: |Y'*>.¢200m)| | 0278 Sa s |= V,.1+ (VT +2S)+ V.T|(1) Unenlined Plow Pamplin Test: (e) Kamy-Carman Equation [FT 2725] (0) Aten then Nguaion: [E=E (a) Coeteient of Consolidation Equation: K °C...) ve ¥ me mOlE.S, «3,08 + Permeabay of Sead Sei inn SEES {) Wetieat Ph: eee ie >, aay. Critical Hystrnale Gradient:* Stream Function (v): - ~ 5 * Z>Constant Static pressure | | head Dynamic Hydrostatic pressure pressure head head Stagnation pressure head Piezometric pressure head (Base on momentum conservation) P 2 * Bernoullies Equation: +245 =C w 2g (Base on energy conservation)2. Circular Tapering Bar: [tro * Thermal Expansion: o = EaAT, A= LaAT Coefficient of Thermal expansion (Aluminium > Brass > Copper > * Bending Equation:M az Zz, * Shape Factor: S= yy =)" (Load factor = FOS » S) Shape factor For different Shapes Section Shape factor |. Rectangular Section LS, 2. Solid circular Section ig 3. Triangular Section 2.34 (vertex upward) 1-k* 4. Hallow circular Section re tea 5. a. Diamand Section Rhombus 2.00 b. Thin Hollow Rhombus 150 6. Thin Circular ring Solid 1.27 7. 1 section a, About strong Axis 1.12 b. About weak Axis 135 8. T Section. 1.90 to 1.95 ® Method of Analysis: Plastic moment condition (a) Lower bound theorem (P=P,) Equilibirim condition (a) Upper bound theorem (P Splitting > Direct Tensile strength) Calculation of effective sspan (lett) Calculation of total oad w Calculation of design soeficient (Q) 0.133 f, - Fe $00 * Analysis Of Stresses (WSM): Moment of Comp. Area = Moment of ten. Area |bx-~ = mA,(d—x) 4 —jevet arm eoefisint} = (-4) © Optimum Section: |g—y~ Gg /m|>Type of Structure | Degree of Indeterminacy D, 2D (plane) frames (3m+tr)-3) (6 2D (plane) i pin-jointed truss (mtt)-2) (ns Slope Deflection Equations 2El 36 « Man = Mean a 20, +04 ae (Continuous Beam) Map = Mean +o, -- (one end is pin supported) Important Points y shear plane (t) Principle plane (a)I aint Corbine (ite Kowaation nda Tae ic fiz =A, a — . _ Net ultimate bearing ity * Net Safe Bearing Capacity: q_ = Factor of safety “ fe oe, (Generally F = 2-3) eae 1esing © Elastic Settlement: $= ria) Dept=9 (fant) * Bearing Capacity for shallow foundation 1 © Strip footing: a, = CN. YD,N, + S1PN, © Circular Footing: q,, = 1.3CN, + yD.N,+0.3 ybNy © Square Footing: q., = 1.3 CN + yD.N,*0.4ybNy 5,_(8(B,+03)) _ * Settlement of Footing: sa B,(B, +03) (For Sandy Soil), a, _B, (PLT west: IS 1888-1992, By = 5x Bp) dy By (orsand). (gp test: height 75 em, weight 63.5 kg) * Coorection Applied to SPT Value: =N (8) Over burden Correction: N, = No.™*| = 5 1 © Dilatancy Correction: N = 15+—(N,—15) * Ultimate bearing Capacity of pile Load taken by base + load by skin friction: Q.,=q.,+ Qs, Q,,= 4," A, + FA, WH * Engineering News Formula: Ultimate load on pile, Q..= G&s+.) D.-D, # Inside Clearance: C= ~p,*'°°* Generally (1 -3)% + Out Side Clearance: ©,= Pee. 100 (C,> C, always) (sae 1} A, < 20 For stiff clay eae (a Sas ete D, A, <10 For sensitive clayPrestressed Concrete © Loss due to length effect: Pk.x © Curvature effec; Pic AL... * Loss of pre-stress at the Anchoring stage: = tee E, Loss of stress due to shrinkage of concrete: = ¢,, * E, Loss of stress due to creep of concrete: = omf, © Losss of stress = strain lost in steel x E, Pre tensioned losses>Post tensioned losses Post tensioning system: Freyssinet, Magnel-Blaton, Lee-me-call, Gifford Stress Grade of Concrete M,, M,, M, M,, © DirectTension $$ ‘12 £13 £15 1.6 e Bendng Tension ‘I? £08 2.0 £22 RCC. Structure Min. Clear Cover(mm) * Slab 20 * Beam 25 e Column 40 © Footing 50 Exposure Condition Min, Clear Cover (mm) * Mild 20 © Moderate 30 © Severe 45 e Very severe 50 © Extreme, 75Direct levelling methods | T ‘Simple check Profile Reciprocal levelling levelling levelling levelling Differential Fly ‘cross-section Provise levelling levelling levelling levelling © Sensitivity: Angle bAv the line of sights in radius lem San 4 L- (Se 2oczes D R] |R_ (sD D = Distance of the instrument from the staff n= Number of divisions 1 = length of one divison (2mm) R = Radius of curvature S=Staffintercept. * Check in Height of Instrument Method = BS-E FS=~ Rise~¥ Fall= Last RL-First RL : * Curvature: C, = 4 =0,07850°. ¢Retraction 6( a * Final Combination Correction: C= CC, = 1 ) ' C = 0.06735", * Distance of Visible Horizon d= 3.85¥h , d= inkm and h= in meter. * Reciprocal Levelling: The true difference Elevation: H= 3(h,-h,)+0h, 9) * Determining Areas: Mid ordinate rule A = Area = Average ordinate 0,40, +. +x 1, * Length of base, A = * Average ordinate Rule: Area D = Average ordinate of the base 0,+0,+....+0,, Det itt. ey, Daz nal n pee ED =DytintO,. * Simpson's One-Third Rule: a 510. +0,)+2(0,+0,+...+0,,) +40, +0, +..0, .)] * Trapezoidal Formula (Area mean area Method): yg Aah, Apache }(i) For trackled vehicles — 25% of span upto 5 m linearly reduced to 10% for span of 9 m. (ii) For wheeled vehicles — 25% For Span = 9 m; . For trackled vehicle — R.C. bridges, 10% upto span 40 m. For steel bridge, 25% for span upto 23 m. 2. AASTHO Loadings: d= —>2— : ee was Codes used for Bridge Design: 1. IRC - 5 - Code of practice for specification of Bridge. 2. IRC - 6 - 2010 - Loads & stress. (L.S.M.) (Old Code - IRC - 6 - 2000 - (W.S.M.) 3. IRC - 21 - Code of practice for cement concrete (L.S.M) 4. IRC - 22 - for composite structure 5. IRC - 78 - for foundation design Map to be prepared on Bridge site 1, Index Map; It shows proposed location of bridge & alterna- tive route. Scale | : 50,000 2. Contour Map: It shows topographical or other features that might influence the location of bridge site. Scale 1 : 10,000 3. Longitudinal Map: It shows highest flood level & ordinary flood level along the length of the bridge. Scale | ; 2500 Abutment - extra load of backfilling Parapet - 80 km, 110 KN load - design Scourdepth - to avoid scouring 4. Cross - section: It shows current width of the road for various c/s. Seale 1 : 1000Window Width = gl Width of room + Height of Room] * The sill of a window should be located about (70 — 80) cm above floor level of the room, * Generally Height of a Door should not be less than (1.8 — 2) m + Commonly Width height relation used in India: (i) Width = (0.4 — 0.6) Height (ii) Height = (Width + 1.2) m * Doors of residential Buildings: (a) External Door — (1 * 2) to(1.1 * 2)m (b) Internal Door — (0.9 = 2) to(1 x 2)m (c) Doors for bathrooms and Water closets: — (0.7 = 2) to (0.8 * 2)m * Public Buildings (School, Hospital, library) (a) (1.2 * 2) m(b) (1.2 * 2.1) m(c) 1.2 * 2.25) m Designation of Door = Length * Type of Door * Height 8 DS 20 — A door opening Having width (8 < 100 mm) * Height (20 « 100 mm) with $ (Single SHutter) D (Door) Types of Window |. fixed 2. Pivoted 3. Sliding 4. Bay 5. Corner 6, Cable (7) Dormer (8) Skylights (9) Louvered (10) Lantern (11) Gable Stairs No of steps are not more than 12 and not less than 3 in a flight. Angle of Inclination (Piteh) — (25° — 40). Head room must not be less than 2.05 m. Minimum width of stairs in residential building — 85 em and in commercial building is 1 m. * Some Thumb rule: (a) (2R+T)=60 (b) (R+T) =(40—45) (c) Rx T=(400— 450) where R = Rise in cm, T — Tread in cm * For residential building, common size of steps is (16 * 26) em, IN Hospital etc. (10 * 30) cm. + Incase of straight staircase, No. of Trade = (No. of Riser — 1) Total Height between floor and Roof Height of One Riser No. of riser =Components of bridge I. Sub-Structure: Upto the level of bearing. . Consists of piers, abutments, wing walls and founda- tions for the piers, abutments and wing walls. . Super Structure: Above the level of bearing. . Consist of beams, girders, arches and cables, parapet walls. Flooring, guard stones, hand rails etc. Ss Adjoining Structure: Approaches, guard stones, bear- ing, river training work, apron ete. Impact Factors 1. For Road Bridges: (i) Indian road congress: (a) For class A and B loading: A = — -> Length s B+L . A= Constant, for RCC bridge = 4.5, for steel bridge = 9.0 B = Constant, for RCC bridge = 6.0, for Steel bridge = 13.5 For Span, less than 3m, I = 0.5, for R.C. bridge, I = 0.545, for Steel bridge. For span exceeding 4.5 m., | = 0.088 for R.C. bridge = 0,154 for Steel bridge, For class AA or TOR loading: Span < 9 m,Description Unit Earthwork, Stone/Brick Work, Wood Work/Sunshade m Surface/Shallow Excavation, batten, panel, plywood m Poiming, Soling, DPC, Plastering me ‘Steel/Iron Work kgy/Quintel Dressing of stone/Half Brick wall/partition wall m Painting Work/Distemper/Colour Washing/Sali Work nt Cornice (unit running meter), Order of Booking the Dimension in MB=L, B, H If depth of excavation < 30 em, surface excavation (unit nm!) Number of Bricks using flat soling & edge soling (using conven- tional brick) 38 & 56 respectively. For doors & window, we use 6 & 4 hold fast respectively. ‘Truek: No. of bricks = 4000, volume of sand = 3-5 m! (generally) Formula for weight of steel bar per meter length = (d°/162) kg, Degree of Accuracy: Wood Work: 2mm, Weight — 1 ky, lengih - | em, Area — 0.01 m’, Volume—0.01 mt! + Purpose of Valuation:(a) Taxation- (10-14%), (b) Rent fixation — (610% of total value) ‘Outgoing: (a) Repairness ~ (10 ~ 15)% of total Income, (b) Manage- ment and collection Charge ~ (5 ~ 10)% of total Income. Scrap Value: It is about 10% of total value. It is the value of Dismental Material. Salvage Value: It is value at the end of Utility period without being. this dismental. Book value = Initial cost — Depreciation cost Sinking Fund: Annual Installment (1) = a 1S (a) Straight line Method: Assume depreciation by same amount cs on (b) Constant percentage Method: Also called Balancing Decline Method, It assume depreciation by same percentage. = (sy Capitalised Value = Net income * Years purchases Classification of Work on the Basis of amount: Petty < 50000, minor 50000 - 200000, major > 200000, If distance between source of material and construction site is more than & km, then transportation charge will be given. General Overhead Cost Job Overhead Cost Telephone Bill Salary Delay Travelling charges Establishment of a New Office Printing, Post office Compensation Deseription Quantity ‘Work in foundation with Mud Mortar 1S m© Design Criteria; Over flow rate= a 500-750 lit/hr/m* for plain BH * sedimentation, Depth = 03 to 4.5m Width B = 10 m * Coagulants 1. Use of Alum 2. Use of copperas; (FeSo,,7H,O) 3. Use of chlorinated copperas (Fe,(So,),+FeCl,), 4, Use sodium Aluminate (Na,Al,O,) Comparision of slow sand and Rapid Gravity Filters. Slow sand filter Rapid sand filter Cas C= 13-17 Djp = (0.2-0.3) mm Dy = (0.45-0.7) mm Frequency of cleaning = (1-3) Cleaned through Back washing. months Design period = 10 year n= 122JQ Rate of filtration is very low as Operational Troubles— compared to R.S.F., but efficiency (a) Air Binding is High (6) Mud ball formations (c) Cracking of filter 1. Minor Methods. (i) Boiling, (ii) Treatment with excess lime, (iii) Treatment with ozone (KMNO,), (iv) Treatment with silver Process. 2. Major Method Chlorination (Disintection with Cl,) e Cl, +H,O—*=>HOCI+ HC] , e HOC] 4H" +OCT~ © HOC “5H +0Cr , ¢ NH,+HOCI— NHCI+11,0 NH, + HOC is called combined chlorine. Chlorine forms: Free chlorine, Hypochlorites (Swimming Pool), Chloramines, Chlorine dioxide Formation of free chlorine and Presence of chloro-organie Fos | ion { | compounds not destroy Boot Destruction of ghloramings as | 1 | and chloro organic comp | ee ee $0.3-—teanetonot "Cc Ul Eo os we 01 02 03 04 05 06 0.7 08 09 Chlorine Added (p.p.m)Number Equation Uses Reynolds No. Aeroplanes, submarines, pipe flow H Ev Bulers No. Ro fp Cavitation problem Pp RV Mach No. re Aerodynamic testing, rocket, missile A ; ; Froude No. E et OCF, spillway, weir Convective | Temporal Acceleration | Acceleration Total Acceleration = Convective acceleration with respect to space + local acceleration with respect to time.du EH y| 1 mm of Hg = 107 m of Hg ~ 10° x 13.6 m of water = 10° * 13,6 * 9810 Niém*, 1 Nimm? = 10° Nin 981N Ligflem? = ipige 98.1 10 Nim? TP mm = 10% x 108 Nim? 1 @& NS. Compressibility = = gap + ge) 10 poise, 1 ms gi) ~ 10" stoke ‘Comparison between PERT and CPM PERT CPM 1. Probabilistic approach 1. Deterministic approach 12. Three time estimate 2. Single time estimate 3. Event oriented 3. Activity oriented. 4, Cost is proportional to time 4, Cost model is developed 5. B-distribution 5. Normal distribution 6. Concept of slack 6. Concept of float 7. Critical path by joining 7. Critical path by joining critical events critical activities, Cost slope = “. ~. Total cost z : Go Crash Optimum Normal time time timeFroude No. v eel Veins, arteries, rising bubble ‘Convective | Temporal Tape at flew Acceleration | Acceleration ‘Steady & uniform 0 0 Steady non-uniform | Exists 0 Unsteady & uniform 0 Exisis Unsteady &€ non-unifonn | Exiots Exists Total Acceleration = Convective acceleration with respect to space + local acceleration with respect to time. According to National building code, Buildings are classified in groups: Group A — Residential Building Group B — Educational Building Group C — Institutional Building Group 1) — Assembly Building Group E — Business Building Group F — Mercantile Building Group G — Industrial Building, Group H — Storage Buildi Group I — Hazardous Bi Dimension of Regular Sheets Designation | Dimensions (mm) A, 84141189 A, 504% 841 A; 420% 594 ; 297% 420 A, 210x 297 z 149 210Pile cap PileDirect levelling metheuls i alias nlc Simple check Profile Reciprocal levelling levelling levelling levelling Differemial Fly ‘04s section Precise levelling levelling levelling levelling © Sensitivity: Angle bAv the line of sights in radius osama L- (Se 2oczes p~"*R| |e (ao D = Distance of the instrument from the staff n= Number of divisions 1 = length of one divison (2mm) R = Radius of curvature S=Staffintercept. * Check in Height of Instrument Method = BS-E FS=_ Rise~¥ Fall= Last RL-First RL : * Curvature: C, = 4 =0,07850°. ¢Refraction 6( a * Final Combination Correction: C= CC, = 1 ) ' C = 0.06735", * Distance of Visible Horizon d= 3.85¥h , d= inkm and h= in meter. * Reciprocal Levelling: The true difference Elevation: H= 3th, -h,)+0h, 9] * Determining Areas: Mid ordinate rule A = Area = Average ordinate 0,40, +. +x 1, * Length of base, A = A * Average ordinate Rule: Area D = Average ordinate of the base 0,+0,+....+0,, Det itt. ey, Daz nal pee ED =DytintO,. * Simpson's One-Third Rule: a 510. +0,)+2(0,+0,+ O,,) +40, +0, +..0, .)] * Trapezoidal Formula (Area mean area Method): Ve fant, AAA }ee Molesworth formula :- Where, A = Natural Waterway, A, = Linear Waterway C, = Contracted Area Zonstant 1. Dicken's formula : [o=ta"/ Area of catchment This formula is applicable in North India 2. Ravev's formula ; Applicable in South India 3. Ingli's formula : Applicable in Maharashtra Region 4. Nawab Jung Bahadur's formula : Applicable in North & South India Classification of Bridges 1. According to span i. Culvert ii) Minor Bridge iii) Major Bridge iv) Long span bridge 2. According to Masonary i) Timber ii) Masonary iii) Iron & Steel iv) PrestressedDescription Quantity ‘Work in foundution with Mud Mortar 15 ‘Work in foundation with Lime/Cement Mortar 1.25 m? Work in Superstricture with Lime/Cement Mortar Inv ‘Work in Superstructure mud Mortar 1.25 m! Distemper (1 coat) 35m White Washing/Colour Washing (3 Coat) 70m White Washing/Colour Washing (1 Coat) 200 m? RCC Work 3m Half Brick wall/Panttion Wall Sm Lime concrete in Roof om Lime Conerete in foundation/Flocing 89 me 12 mm Plastering with cement/Lime Mortar 8m Degree of Accuracy (Jesereasing order) Detailed > Cube rate > Plinth area > Rough estimate Area Plinth area Flgor area Circulation arei Carpet area Vertical circulation area’ Staircase, Lift) AS%OfPA. 10-15% of PA. Plinth area = Built up covered area Courtyard, play ground, unclosed Balcony, cantilever porch is not included in plinth area, FA. Plinth area — area occupied by walls/Intermediate supports Area of balcony is included upto $0% in the floor arca. Horizontal circulation area (Varandaha, Passes) ran = Taal ray fal Bo so own as Sem Het | ‘Area of plot ratio, floor space index (Carpet Area: Useable area/Living area C.A.= Total floor area — (circulation area + Non-seable area) CA. in residential area (50 — 65)% and in commercial area (60 — 75%. ‘Work % of Estimate Departmental charges (centage charge) (10-15) Contractor charge 10 Labour Charge 25 Flectrification 8 Electric fan 4 ‘Saniatory and Water Supply Charge 8 Contigences Charges G5) ‘Work Charge Establishment (13-2) “Tools and Plants (1-15) Security money is about 10% of total contract including Earnest Money. Security money and Earnest Money are refundable after some time Without Any Interest. ‘Types of Contract: Lum sum, unit price, cost plus contract. ‘Types of Trap: P, Q, S (Shape), Intercepting, Gully, Floor (Purpose)L)ClassA ii.) 70 R loadin + . Permanent Bridges 3. According to loading jji.)Class AA iv.)Class B Temporary Bridge 1. Culvert - span < 6m 2. Minor Bridge - 6 - 30 m 3. Major Bridge - 30 - 120 m4. Long span Bridge - above 120m Loading on Bridge as per IRC - 6 - 2010 1.) D.L., 2.) Live Load, 3.) W.L., 4.) Earthquack Load, 5.) Earth Pressure, 6.) Centrifugal force, 7.) Water current 8.) Impact load, 9.) Longitudinal force, 10.) Snow load Correction for Elevation, Temperature and Gradient (Airport) Elevation: Basic Runway length is increase at the rate of 7% per 300 m rise in elevation above MSL. Ta Th 3 Gradient: After elevation and temperature correction, should be further increase at the rate of 20% for every 1% of effective gradient. Temperature: Airport reference temperature = T, + 0.388 W2 Radius of taxi i = ius of taxiway (in m) T/-5« True Meridian/Bearing — True meridian is a line joining True North pole, True South Pole end and point of reference, It never changes with time, — Angle measured for any line w.r.t True Meridian is called Ture bearing. * Bearing Taken W.r.1 magnetic meridian is called magnetic Bearing. ™ MM A a> W

Projection of a line on N-S direction is called latitude: —»> Projectione of a line on E-W direction is called deparature: D=/sindISSCS: On the bases of particle size Cane Gabel SF Nomider Cobble and ~ ceases cms asta) ae eee a = (09-8) ‘0.3 «W.20) thom Bs » Lt Plasticity Chart © Darey's Law: ‘+ Measurement of Permeability (4) Constant Head Permeameter Test: |» 2-= (b) Falling, Head Permeameter Test: (©) Confined Flow Pumping Test: | (@) Uneonfined Flow Pumping Test: (c) Kozeny-Carman Equation: (0 Allen Hazen's Equation: (a) Coefficient of Consolidation Equation: v.=¥. e300. +5, <0 + Permeability of Stratified Soils TR © Critical Hydraulic Gradient:2. Conical Bar: » Thermal Expansion: o = EaAT, A= LaAT Coefficient of Thermal expansion (Aluminium > Brass > Copper > Steel) » Incase of Pure Bending: » Incase of pure Torsion: q ® Bending Equation: i TRSulphur Silica Iron oxide = Trioxide t ¢ LoSS Me Hai AIM § ' Lime Alumina Magnesia (Cement Composition in a Order) Belite Felite « A B C fraud Aadmi Hai ‘ Alite Celite (Bogue Compound in a Order)Column: Longitudinal reinforcement-Minimum (0.8%), Maximum (6%) (4% ~ overlapping). Minimum Number of Bars (Rectangular - 4, circular = 6). Minimum diameter of longitudinal bar = 12 mm. Maximum centre to centre spacing of reinforcement = 300 mm. * Short & Long Column: Short ifsalenderness. ratio of both axes are less than, 2(}o(e 2 ¢ fongitudinal max Lateral ties: Tie diameter , > 4 (6mm D ‘Tie spacing S, < 4166 longitudinal min (300 mm Minimum Eccentricity: 2p) mie = Max 4{'og * 39] Fornon—rectangular /circular section (20mm L ly ,D, ©min = MAX 1 509 Cee = ee Sena (20mm. | 3m: Slenderness Limits to Ensure Lateral Stability Slendemess limits to ensure lateral stability Cantilever beam Simply supported beam or continuous beam 25b 60b Clear span < min, | 100b° Clear span m D = cant deficiency in em (ii) Change of radial acceleration 3.28V" R (iii) Rate of change of super elevation L=36e L= Stretcher bar Over all length Throw of switch rail TURN OUT DIAGRAM Theoretical nose of crossing (1.N.C,) Actual nose of crossing (A.N.C.)A member carrying compressive load resulting from dead load and imposed load A tension member in which reversal of direct stress due to load other than wind and seismic force A member subjected to compressive forces resulting from wind EQ force provide deformation of such member does not affect stress Compression flange of Beam A member normally act as a tie in Roof Truss Ei Tension member other than Pre-tension 400 © Strength of plate between rivet holes in Tension = o,, < (p- d* in double shear), d = gross diameter of rivet, (unwins formula) Diameter: Grosss diameter = nominal diameter + 1.5 mm (if < 25mm), Nominal diameter + 2mm (if > 25mm) Pitch: Should not exceed 16t or 200mm, which ever is less in ten- sion member, and 121 or 200mm, which ever is less in Compres- sion Members, Tacking rivets should not exceed 32 t or 300 mm which ever is less, Minimum pitch = 2.5d Tacking rivets. Thickness of member Minimum diameter of rivets Up to 10 mm 16mm Over 10mm to 16 mm 20mm Overl0 mm 22mm* Equivalent Torque: |' Maximum Principle Suitable for Stress or Brittle Maximum Normal * Shear Stress: 6: « Shear Stress In Rectangular Section: b-(S-r] (q= 7), = Z| Where S = shear -force, [Sax 28 « In Triangular Section: Te! Gans =F . twa =! 33t yyy, top = 1ST