TURBO-SUPER CHARGER

ATTACHMENT FOR

TWO WHEELER

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

ANANDA KRISHNAN.V (720812114009)

ARUN KUMAR.M (720812114017)

BALASUBRAMANIYAN.N (720812114022)

BRAVIN BRADVIN.J (720812114026)

in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HINDUSTHAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

COIMBATORE-641032

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025.

APRIL – 2016
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI - 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “TURBO-SUPER CHARGER

ATTACHMENT FOR TWO WHEELER” is the bonafide work of
“ANANDA KRISHNAN.V (720812114009), ARUN KUMAR.M
(720812114017), BALASUBRAMANIYAN.N (720812114022), BRAVIN
BRADVIN.J (720812114026)” who carried out the project work under my
supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr.S.R.RAJA BALAYANAN M.Tech.,Ph.D. Mr.R.SELVENDRAN M.E.,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Assistant professor

Department of Mechanical Department of Mechanical

Engineering Engineering
Hindusthan Institute of Hindusthan Institute of
Technology Technology
Othakalmandapam-641 032 Othakalmandapam-641 032

Submitted for the project Viva-Voce held on ………………….

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER i

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our heartiest thanks to our honourable Chairman

Shri.T.S.R.KHANNAIYANN, for having provided us with all necessary
infrastructure and other facilities. Our special thanks to our Secretary
Smt.SARASUWATHI KHANNAIYANN and our Joint Secretary Smt.PRIYA
SATISH PRABU for extensive support to successfully carryout this project.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to our Principal
Dr.J.SUGANTHI, M.E.,Ph.D., for forwarding us to do our project and offering
adequate duration in completing our project.
We extend our sincere gratitude to Professor and Head
Dr.S.R.RAJA BALAYANAN, M.Tech., Ph.D., Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Hindusthan Institute Of Technology for extending all possible help
for this work.
We sincerely thanks to our guide Prof.R.SELVENDRAN, M.E.,
Department of Mechanical Engineering for his valuable guidance in making this
project a grand success.We also thanks to all our other Professors and Technicians
of our Department.
We extend our heartfelt salutations to our beloved parents and the
friend who has always been an integral part in helping to our success of this
project.

ii
 ABSTRACT

Nowadays the two wheelers are most commonly used by all the peoples

in the world.We observed that the exhaust gases from the Internal Combustion

Engine(IC Engine) is freely left out to the atmosphere.It is very important to

Analysis on the prospect of engines efficiency.Hence our project is to use these

gases to extract some more power to increase the Efficiency.

Using the exhaust gas from the IC engine,a compressor is driven with the

turbine setup which in turns develops additional compressed air to the

engine.These arrangement is called Turbo-Super Charger(TS Charger).For the

four wheelers the Turbo Super Charger is a commonly used ,but not implemented

in two wheelers due to compact size and less exhaust pressure.We tried the Turbo-

Super Charger with some modifications and attached in the two wheelers.

By providing these attachment the exhaust gases are used to power the

turbo charger which gives rise to the super charger.Thus the fresh air gets sucked

from the atmosphere and delivered with the pressure greater than the

suction.These additional compressed air provides the increase in Pulling power of

the Engine.

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT iii

LIST OF FIGURES vii

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1.DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENT PARTS 2

1.1.1.Turbo Charger 3

1.1.2.Super Charger 3

1.1.3.Shaft 3

1.1.4.Bearings 3

1.1.5.Casing 3

1.2.VARIOUS METHODS TO INCREASE

COMPRESSION 4

2. COMPONENTS 5

2.1.TURBO CHARGER 5

2.1.1.Benefits 6

2.2.SUPER CHARGER 8

2.2.1.Types of Super Charger 9

iv
 2.2.2.Centrifugal Compressor 10
2.3.TURBO CHARGER VS SUPER CHARGER 11

2.4.SHAFT 12

2.4.1.Standard sizes of Shaft 13

2.5.BEARINGS 13

2.5.1.Roller Bearings 13

2.5.2.Raceway 14

2.5.3.Rolling Element 14

2.5.4.Cages 15

2.5.5.Characteristics 15

2.6.CASING 16

2.6.1.Objective of Casing 16

2.6.2.Casing Eccentricity 17

2.7.FREE WHEEL 17

2.7.1.Free Wheel Mechanism 17

2.7.2.Advantages over Free Wheel 18

v
3. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 19

3.1.EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 20

3.2.ADVANTAGES 22

3.3.DISADVANTAGES 22

4. DESIGN 23

4.1.CALCULATION 25

5. PHOTOS 26

6. CONCLUSION 28

6.1.USED FOR BOTH SI AND CI ENGINES 29

7. REFERENCES 30

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1.1 LINE DIAGRAM OF TS CHARGER 4

2.1 TURBO CHARGER 7

2.2 SUPER CHARGER 9

2.3 COMPRESSOR BLOWER 10

2.4 TURBINE WHEEL 11

2.5 COMPRESSOR 11

2.6 SHAFT 12

2.7 BEARINGS 14

2.8 ROLLING BEARING 15

2.9 CASING 16

2.10 FREE WHEEL 18

3.1 LAYOUT OF TURBO SUPER CHARGER 21

vii
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1
1.INTRODUCTION

We all well known that the Turbo-Super charger(TS charger) are used in
four wheelers.The performance is suggested in two wheelers here.Most of the
sports racing vehicles are using this technology to improve the pulling power.

The burned gases from the combustion chamber is allowed to enter the
turbo charger where the turbine is situated.By these exhaust gases,the turbine
rotates which develops the turbo rotational power.Next the super charger comes
into action.The super charger requires the rotary power as an input.The turbines
rotation is served as the super chargers input.The compressor blower is used to act
as an super charger.By the roation,the atmospheric fresh can be sucked in by the
super charger and delivered with high pressure than suction.thus the TS charging
action can be done to increase the mass of air entering the Engine.

The power output of an engine depends upon the amount of air inducted
per unit time and the degree of utilization of this air and the thermal efficiency of
the engine.

1.1.DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENT PARTS

This involves the main function of the contents,

 Turbo charger,
 Super charger,
 Shaft,
 Bearing,
 Casing.
2
1.1.1.TURBO CHARGER:

In Turbo charger the exhaust air from the engine is allowed to rotate a
turbine directly.And the gases are send out to the atmosphere via catalyst.(The
silencer functions)

1.1.2.SUPER CHARGER:

By connecting the rotary compressor blower with the same shaft as that of
turbine shaft the compressor works.It sucks the atmospheric air and delivers with
high pressure than that of the atmosphere

1.1.3.SHAFT:

The shaft is the members which is used to transmit the power from the
turbine to the nearer compressor blower.

1.1.4.BEARINGS:

The bearings are used to support the rotating shaft at the end sides.

1.1.5.CASING:

The casing is used to cover the arrangement in order to eliminate the

leakage of gases from the turbine and also compressed air from the blower.

3
1.2.VARIOUS METHODS TO INCREASE COMPRESSION

These are the four ways to increase the Compression,

o SUPERCHARGING,

o TURBOCHARGING,

o CHEMICAL,

o ENGINE MODIFICATION.

Fig.1.1 Line diagram of Turbo Super Charger

4
 CHAPTER 2
COMPONENTS

5
2.1.TURBO CHARGER

To start with, a study on the effect of turbocharger on a single cylinder

is made. The fabrication of turbocharger in a single cylinder is available in this
literature. We have fabricated a prototype of the Turbosuper charger was
implemented in Two- wheeler, In which the efficiency of the Engine can be
increased . Engine efficiency is increased by providing combustion chamber with
maximum amount of air. This is achieved by Turbocharger and Supercharger.
Turbocharger doesn’t utilize any engine power it runs by Exhaust gases. In
present work we’ll be increasing th efficiency of a single cylinder engine by
fabrication of turbocharger.To start with, a study on the effect of turbocharger on
a single cylinder is made.

In turbocharging, the turbocharger is being driven by a gas turbine

using the energy in exhaust gases. The major parts of turbocharger are turbine
wheel, turbine housing, turbo shaft. Since the power a piston engine can produce
is directly dependent upon the mass of air it can ingest, the purpose of forced
induction (turbo-supercharging) is to increase the inlet manifold pressure and
density so as to make the cylinders ingest a greater mass of air during each intake
stroke.A turbocharger consists of a single-stage radial-flow(centrifugal
blades)which is driven by a single-stage radial-flow turbine, instead of being
driven directly by the crankshaft. The turbine extracts wasted kinetic and thermal
energy from the high- temperature exhaust gas flow and produces the power to
drive the compressor, at the cost of a slight increase in pumping losses.

6
 fig 2.1 Turbo charger

The output of the engine exhaust gas is given to the input of the
turbine blades, so that the pressurized air produced. This power, the alternate
power must be much more convenient in availability and usage. The next
important reason for the search of effective, unadulterated power are to save the
surrounding environments including men, machine and material of both the
existing and the next fourth generation from pollution, the cause for many harmful
happenings and to reach the saturation point. We have fabricated a prototype of
the Turbocharger was implemented in Two- wheeler, In which the efficiency of
the Engine can be increased. Thus we have developed a method to increase the
efficiency of the engine and at the same time to control the Emissions from the
engine.

2.1.1.BENEFITS OF TURBOCHARGING:

1. Increased engine power output (in the region of 50%increase).Improved

fuel consumption on (improved pressure balance across the engine. Altitude
compensation.
7
 2. A very high percentage of two wheel gasoline vehicles (48%)were found
not complying with the prescribed National Emission Standards. The
increase in Carbon monoxide and Hydro carbon emissions by two wheel
gasoline engine sat accelerated engine speed was quite significant.
3. About90%ofscootersand85%ofmotorbikes were found emitting CO within
the prescribed national standard of 4.5%. About 33% of scooters and 83%
of motor bikes were found emitting Hydrocarbon within 2000ppm.
4. Duringhalfthrottlingabout90%ofscooters and 93%ofmotorbikes were found
emitting HC within the prescribed national standard of 2000PPM.
5. .It was observed that the Carbon monoxide emissions from two wheel
vehicles increased from two to three times at the full acceleration engine
conditions.It was observed that the Hydrocarbon emissions from two wheel
vehicles increased from two to four times at the full acceleration engine
conditions.

2.2.SUPER CHARGER

By connecting the rotary compressor blower with the same shaft as that
of turbine shaft the compressor works.It sucks the atmospheric air and delivers
with high pressure than that of the atmosphere.The method of increasing the air
capacity of an engine is known as supercharging.The device used to increase the
air density is called supercharger.Supercharger is merely a blower or a
compressor that provides a denser charge to the engine.

For ground installation,it is used to produce a gain in the power output of

the engine.Supercharging is employed in aircraft engine and race cars only.Apart
from increasing the volumetric efficiency of the engine it results in an increase in
the intake temperature of the engine.Increase in pressure and temperature 8
of the inducted air reduces ignition delay and hence the rate of pressure rise
results in a better,quiter and smoother combustion.The compressor blower used
here is shown below,

fig 2.2 Super Charger

2.2.1.TYPES OF SUPER CHARGERS:

The three types of compressors are,

1.Centrifugal type,

2.Roots type,

3.Vane type,

9
2.2.2.CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR:

We are talking about centrifugal compressors.We will take a look at how

the centrifugal compressors are indeed designed. Now, as you have already learnt,
the centrifugal compressors have been around much longer. It actually predates
axial flow compressors by long distance and this is because the centrifugal
compressor principles are rather simple and have been known to mankind for a
long long time. As a result of which, they have been around much longer than
axial flow compressors, which as we have seen are little more fragile kind of
aerodynamic machines. While a centrifugal compressor is a very robust machine
and as a result, aerodynamically, as well as, structurally and because of that it has
been around for a very long time.

Fig 2.3 Compressor blower

10
2.3.TURBOCHARGER VS SUPERCHARGER

Keeping the air that enters the engine cool is an important part of the
design of both superchargers and turbochargers. Compressing air increases its
temperature, so it is common to use a small radiator called an intercooler between
the pump and the engine to reduce the temperature of the air.

In contrast to turbochargers, superchargers are not powered by exhaust

gases but driven by the engine mechanically.Belts, chains, shafts, and gears are
common methods of powering a supercharger.A supercharger places a mechanical
load on the engine to drive.For example, on the single-stage single-speed
supercharged Rolls-Royce Merlin engine, the supercharger additional 400
horsepower, a net gain of 250 hp (190 kW). This is where the principal
disadvantage of a supercharger becomes apparent: the internal hardware of the
engine must withstand the net power output of the engine, plus the 150
horsepower to drive the supercharger.

Fig 2.4 Turbine wheel fig 2.5 Compressor

11
2.4.SHAFT

The shaft is the members which is used to transmit the power from the
turbine to the nearer compressor blower.

Fig 2.6 Shaft

Shaft is a common and important machine element. It is a rotating

member, in general, has a circular cross-section and is used to transmit power. The
shaft may be hollow or solid. The shaft is supported on bearings and it rotates a
set of gears or pulleys for the purpose of power transmission. The shaft is
generally acted upon by bending moment, torsion and axial force. Design of shaft
primarily involves in determining stresses at critical point in the shaft that is
arising due to aforementioned loading. Other two similar forms of a shaft are axle
and spindle.

12
 Axle is a non-rotating member used for supporting rotating wheels etc.
and do not transmit any torque. Spindle is simply defined as a short shaft.
However, design method remains the same for axle and spindle as that for a shaft

2.4.1.STANDARD SIZES OF SHAFT:

Typical sizes of solid shaft that are available in the market are,

 Up to 25 mm 0.5 mm increments,
 25 to 50 mm 1.0 mm increments,
 50 to 100 mm 2.0 mm increments,
 100 to 200 mm 5.0 mm increments.

2.5.BEARINGS
The bearings are used to support the rotating shaft at the end sides.The
roller bearings are used here

2.5.1.ROLLER BEARINGS:
Most rolling bearings consist of rings with raceway (inner ring and outer
ring), rolling elements (either balls or rollers) and cage.The cage separates the
rolling elements at regular intervals, holds them in place within the inner and outer
raceways, and allows them to rotate freely.
.

13
 Fig 2.7 Bearings
2.5.2.RACEWAY:
The surface on which rolling elements roll is called the "raceway surface".
The load placed on the bearing is supported by this contact surface. Generally the
inner ring fits on the axle or shaft and the outer ring on the housing.

2.5.3.ROLLING ELEMENTS:
Rolling elements classify in two types: balls and rollers. Rollers come in
four types: cylindrical, needle, tapered, and spherical. Balls geometrically contact
with the raceway surfaces of the inner and outer rings at "points", while the
contact surface of rollers is a "line" contact. Theoretically, rolling bearings are so
constructed as to allow the rolling elements to rotate orbitally while also rotating
on their own axes at the same time.

14
2.5.4.CAGES:
Cages function to maintain rolling elements at a uniform pitch so load is
never applied directly to the cage and to prevent the rolling elements from falling
out when handling the bearing. Types of cages differ according to way they are
manufactured, and include pressed, machined and formed cages.

2.5.5.CHARACTERICTICS:
Rolling bearings come in many shapes and varieties, each with its own
distinctive features. However, when compared with sliding bearings, rolling
bearings all have the following advantages:
(1) The starting friction coefficient is lower and there is little difference
between this and the dynamic friction coefficient.
(2) They are internationally standardized, interchangeable and readily obtainable.
(3) They are easy to lubricate and consume less lubricant.
(4) As a general rule, one bearing can carry both radial and axial loads at the
same time.
(5) May be used in either high or low temperature applications.
(6) Bearing rigidity can be improved by preloading.

Fig 2.8 Rolling Bearing

15
2.6.CASING
The casing is used to cover the arrangement in order to eliminate the
leakage of gases from the turbine and also compressed air from the blower.

Fig 2.9 casing

2.6.1.OBJECTIVE OF CASING:

The engineer responsible for developing the well plan and casing design is
faced with a number of tasks.

 The pressure difference is lost if pressure builds up in the

casing.
 The valve must be required to prevents excessive pressure from damaging
the casing .
 Design strings to minimize well costs over the life of the well.
 Provide clear documentation of the design basis to operational personnel at
the well site. This will help prevent exceeding the design envelope by
application of loads not considered in the original design. 16
 While the intention is to provide reliable well construction at a minimum
cost, at times failures occur. Most documented failures occur because the pipe was
exposed to loads for which it was not designed. These failures are called “off-
design” failures. “On-design” failures are rather rare. This implies that casing-
design practices are mostly conservative. Many failures occur at connections. This
implies that either field makeup practices are not adequate, or the connection
design basis is not consistent with the pipe-body design basis.

2.6.2.CASING ECCENTRICITY:

With mechanical analysis of casing under non-uniform load, there is a

hypothesis in modeling and deduction.It is very important to take casing off-center
into consideration for casing safety evaluation in the evaporated beds. According
to the casing mechanical analysis under non- uniform load, the most risk area is
the points that have 90 or 270 degree. For the casing in deep ground, longitudinal
deformation is limited. If we do not think about the longitudinal deformation, the
problem can be transformed into a plane strain one.

2.7.FREE WHEEL

Can drive,at the same time also act as ratchet mechanism.

2.7.1.FREE WHEEL MECHANISM:

Allows the clockwise rotation spontaneous along with the outer pawl.But
not same as on anti-clock rotation.

17
 Fig 2.10 Free Wheel

2.7.2.ADVANTAGES OVER FREE WHEEL:

By providing the freewheel, the overheating of the turbine blades during the
static position of vehicle is overcome with rotation of turbine independent of chain
drive.

18
 CHAPTER 3
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

19
3.PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A TURBO-SUPER
CHARGED ATTACHMENT ON THE TWO WHEELER
The progress of automobiles for transportation has been intimately
associated with the progress of civilization. The automobile of today is the result
of the accumulation of many years of pioneering research and development. An
attempt has been made in this project; the exhaust gas is used to rotate the turbine
with blower arrangement. Exhaust gas is used to rotate the blower and this air is
given to the ignition input supply. Our fore most aim in selecting this project is to
use efficiency turbo charging. It is also good with regard to economic
considerations and engine efficiency

3.1.EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Today, the turbocharging of petrol engines is no longer primarily seen
from the performance perspective, but is rather viewed as a means of reducing
fuel consumption and, consequently, environmental pollution on account of lower
carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Currently, the primary reason of using
turbochargers is the reduced consumption and emission of harmful gases. A
turbocharger, often called a turbo, is a small radial fan pump driven by the energy
of the exhaust flow of an engine.
A turbo-super charger consists of a turbine and a compressor on a
shared axle. The turbine inlet receives exhaust gases from the engine causing the
turbine wheel to rotate.This rotation drives the compressor, compressing ambient
air and delivering it to the air intake manifold of the engine at higher pressure,
resulting in a greater mass of air entering each cylinder. In some instances,
compressed air is routed through an intercooler before introduction to the intake
manifold.

20
 Turbo-super charging, simply, is a method of increasing the output
of the engine without increasing its size. The basic principle was simple and was
already being used in big diesel engines. European car makers installed small
turbines turned by the exhaust gases of the same engine.. A naturally aspirated
automobile engine uses only the downward stroke of a piston to create an area of
low pressure in order to draw air into the cylinder through the intake valves.
Because the pressure in the atmosphere is no more than 1 bar (approximately 14.7
psi), there ultimately will be a limit to the pressure difference across the intake
valves and thus the amount of airflow entering the combustion chamber. This
ability to fill the cylinder with air is its volumetric efficiency. Because the
turbocharger increases the pressure at the point where air is entering the cylinder,
a greater mass of air (oxygen) will be forced in as the inlet manifold pressure
increases. The additional oxygen makes it possible to add more fuel, increasing
the power and torque output of the engine.

(a) (b)
Fig 3.1 Layout of Turbo-Super Charger

21
3.2.ADVANTAGES:
 The low cubic capacity(CC) engines also gives more pulling power as that
of the high CC engines
 It improve the engine's volumetric efficiency by increasing the intake
density.
 The compressor draws in ambient air and compresses it before it enters into
the intake manifold at increased pressure, that results in a greater mass of air
entering the cylinders on each intake stroke.
 The power needed to spin the centrifugal compressor is derived from the
high pressure and temperature of the engine's exhaust gases.
 The turbine converts the engine exhaust's potential pressure energy and
kinetic velocity energy into rotational power,which is in turn used to drive the
compressor.
 Since it delivers extra power the engine efficiency will be increase.
 By using this setup, the pressurized air will makes the engine more Pulling
power.

3.3.DISADVANTAGES:
 Expensive and complexity,Detonation,Parasitic losses,Space required is
high.
 Thermal load on the varies parts of the engine increases.
 Durability, reliability and fuel economy are main consideration that limits
the degrees of supercharging of an engine.

22
CHAPTER 4
DESIGN

23
4.DESIGN

24
4.1.CALCULATION:
Scooty ES
 Maximum Pulling Power=3.5 bhp @ 5500 rpm(as per the company)
 Engine Displacement =59.90 cc
 Engine Type Single Cylinder 2- stroke, forced air cooled
 Maximum Torque=4.5 Nm @ 5000 rpm
 Inlet Temperature of turbine,Tti=76oc =349k
 Outlet temperature of turbine,Tto = 41.5oc =314k
 Inlet temperature of compressor,Tci= 33oc =306k
 Outlet temperature of compressor,Tco = 35.1oc =308k
Turbine power = mg×cpg(Tti-Tto)
= mg×1.05(349-314)
Here: Mg=ma+mf
Ma/mf=18
Mg = {ma+(ma/18)}
Turbine power ={ma+(ma/18)} ×1.05(349-314) = 38.79ma
Compressor power=ma×cpa×(tco-tci)
= ma×1×(308-306) = 2ma
Volume of air(cu ft/min)=(engine rpm x engine cid)/(1728 x 2)
=(5500X 3.5663)/(1728 x 2)
=5.8295 (cu ft/min)
Volumetric Efficiency:VE=(3456 X CFM)/(CID X RPM)
VE=3456x3.57÷3.5663×5500 = 0.6290 = 62%
 Increased Pulling power=4 bhp @ 6285rpm

25
CHAPTER 5
PHOTOS

26
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

28
6.CONCLUSION

A prototype of the Turbo-Super Charger was attached in Two- wheeler,

by which the efficiency of the Engine can be increased .Thus we have developed a
method to increase the efficiency of the engine and at the same time to control the
Emissions from the engine. The experimental setup of block diagram shows the
arrangement of turbo-Super Charger in two- wheeler. This type of engine will be
more efficient than existing engines.

This work is an attempt to reduce our dependency on foreign oil and

reduce the tailpipe emission from automobiles and this was an attempt to attach
this new technology that will drive us into the future. Use of production TS
Charger will reduce smog- forming pollutants over the current national average.
The first hybrid on the market will cut emissions of global-warming pollutants by
a third to a half and later modes may cut emissions by even more.

6.1.USED FOR BOTH SI AND CI ENGINES:

 The spark ignition engines engine will have to be attached in carburetor
with nitrogen gas otherwise directly passed during the power stroke of
cylinder.
 The compression ignition engines will have to be attached to the pump
setup which connects the fuel tank and the fuel injector.

29
CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES

30
7.REFERENCES
 Mohd Muqeem, “Turbocharging With Air Conditioner Assisted
Intercooler” Sep- Oct 2012, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil
Engineering (IOSRJMCE) ISSN: 2278-1684 Volume 2, Issue 3 , PP 38-44.
 Wallance F J et al, “Thermally insulated diesel engine”1972, Proc. Of the
Institution of Mech. Engrs., vol 198A, No.: 5, PP 97- 105.2000.
 R.Kamo and W.Bryzik,” Adiabatic Turbocompound Engine Performance
Prediction”, SAE 1978, paper 780068.
 R. Kamo, et al,” Cummins- Taradcom Adiabatic Turbocompound Engine
program”, SAE 1981, Paper 810070.
 Chen T., Zhang Y. and Zhuge W.Integrated System Simulation for
Turbocharged IC Engines. (2008). SAE Technical Paper Series, 2008-01-
1640.
 Hawley J., Wallace F., Cox A., Horrocks R. and Bird G.Variable geometry
turbocharging for lower emissions and improved torque characteristics.
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers;2010; 213, 2;
ProQuest Science Journals pg. 145.
 Wang J C,” High temperature Liquid Lubricant Development-Part Ii: Bench
Test Development”1986, SAE Paper No. 932843.

31