1 Integral a CalculusPublished by ATLANTIC* PUBLISHERS & DISTRIBUTORS B-2, Vishal Enclave, Opp. Rajouri Garden, New Delhi-110027 Phones : 25413460, 25429987, 25466842 Sales Office 7/22, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002 Phones : 23273880, 23275880, 23280451 Fax : 91-11-23285873 web : www.atlanticbooks.com e-mail : [email protected] Copyright © Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Application for such permission should be addressed to the publisher. Printed in India at Nice Printing Press, DelhiContents Preface v L_Antiderivatives 1 2. Integration by Substitution Method 9 3. Integration by Parts 21 4. Integration by Trigonometrical Substitutions 29 5. Integration of Hi lic Functions 34 6. Integration of Rational Functions 38 7. Integration of Irrational Functions 62 8. Integration by Partial Fractions 79 9. Integration of Transcendental Functions 90 10. Definite Integrals 96 LL_ReductionFormulae CC 12. _Beta and Gamma Functions SCSC~iS. 13. Determination of Areas (Quadrature) 230 14, Determination of Lengths (Rectification) 287 16D ination of Vol i Surf f Solids of Revolution 313 16. Integration of Functions of Two and Three Variables 348 17. Change of Order of Integration 365Antiderivatives 1.1 Integration Integration is a process which is the inverse of differentiation. In differential calculus, we find the differential coefficient of a function, while in Integral calculus, we find the function whose differential coefficient is given. 1.2 Definitions If 4 F(x) = f(x), we say that F(x) is an integral or a primitive or anti-derivative of f(x). We write [fede = FQ) Thus Joos x dx =sin x because 4 in x) = cos x. ad 3 x Similarl xtdx =—, imilarly j 3 feta =e", etc. The process of finding the integral of a function is called integration. We are said to integrate f(x) when we find the integral of f(x). The function to be integrated is called the integrand. Here J{x) is the integrand. The symbol “J” denotes integration; dx indicates that the integration is to be performed wrt. x; x is called the variable of integration. Now if C is an arbitrary constant, which may assume different values, we also have2 Integral Calculus {F@)+C} =f) = [fod =F @+C It shows that the integral of a function is not unique, because by assigning different values to C, we will get several integrals of S (x). It is for this reason that F (x) + C is called the General Integral or Indefinite Integral of f (x). C is called the constant of integration. Note : The constant of integration is usually omitted from the result but it is always understood to exist with every indefinite integral. 13 Standard Integrals We can find out the integrals of certain important functions keeping in mind that integration is a reverse process of differentiation. (i) frde== inet (2 )-e Bia n+l dk \nt+1 (ii) f- dx = log x; of log (x) =~ (iii) fe" de=e’; of (e")=e" (iv) fa" de = -4(S)- a’ (vy) fsin xdx=-cos x eZ cos x) =sin x (vi) Joos xdx=sin x wf (sin x) = cos x (vii) foec? x dx = tan x (tan x) =sec? x (viii) foosec* xdv=-cotx “ < (-cot x) = cosec’x (ix) focc x tan x dr =sec x (see x)= see xtanxAntiderivatives 3 (x) foosec x cot x dr oi cosec x) =-cosec x =cosec x cot x (i) fide=x o£) (xii) fOde=c & (C)=0 es 1 4 4 pay] (xiii) J aay de = sin x =, (sin x)= — 1 1+x? I | ae a ee (xv) foyarnsee x “FZ (see x) Sa 1.4 Fundamental Rules for Integration Rule 1. The integral of the product of a constant and a function is equal to the product of the constant and the integral of the function, i.e., fof (x) =c Jf (=)ae. Rule 2. The integral of the algebraic sum of two or more functions is equal to the algebraic sum of the integrals of those functions i.e. fetvtws..)de= fudet [vdet fwdre... where u, v, w, ... all are functions of x. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Integrate the following functions wrt. x : (xiv) fy dx =tan' x . (tan x) = (i) xt (i) 32 (iii) x vy (wy) SS (vi) (1-27) cos” x sin’ x4 Integral Calculus wo ' ‘ = = @ J 8+1 9° 3 ath os (ii) fracas efx at! 5 1 -s+l (ii) [pede fe = 2 =2¥5 te) 2 (iv) foe Jsect x de = tan x cos x cosx 1 (v) kG dx = [= = dx = foot x cosec x dx = - cosee x sin’ xX sinx siInx (vi) fo-2y? dx = [ores emis. Example 2. Integrate the following functions w.rt, x : @0 (ii) 5 (iii) 2 - x7 . : 2 , sin x (iv) sin.x— x +e {v) Gnla-a) (a- a) . Solution : (i) foa&=c where C is an arbitrary constant. (ii) f5de=5 far=Sx Git) (2-x*)de = fade— [xrdx ll 2 [de - [x°de a+) = 2x -*~_, wherea#-! atl (If a = - 1, then integral = 2x — log x)Antiderivatives (iv) f[sins-2 +e" = foin xe - fe + fe‘ae i -cosx-2 frdcter x = -—cosx-2logx+e" sin x 1 . ) San(a—a) ~a) ~ 'sin(a—a) fsin xs _ _-cosx ~ sin(a-a)’ Example 3. Find Jui +sin 2x dr. Solution : fJi+sin 2x de = f cos’ x + sin? x + 2 sin x cos x dx = fy(cosx+sin x)? ax = (cos x+sin x) de = foosx dk + fsin x de = sin x — cos x. Solution : j= de = xt rltl 1+x? x4] xt a = eal” +E +1 _ (x?-1)(x? +1) de = ics A = f(e -1) de + tan x6 Integral Calculus = |x’de- [de +tan'x fide J x = ycxtans. Example 5. If f'(x)=cosx+4 and f (0) = 1, then find f (x). Solution : By definition of integral [f@)& =F) FQ) = f(cosx+4)dr+C = Joos x dk + fade+c = sinx+4 Ja+e =sinx +4xe+C Put x = 0, We get {(0) =e But f(@)=1 o c=1 f (@) =sin x + 4x +1. EXERCISE 1.1 Find the integrals of the following functions with respect to x. 1. 6x3 2. 1 3. cot? x 4. tan? x 1 5. vx-— 6 a+ixte vx x x I, 7 l+x+ +7 +... 8. —+sinx 2 B x 2 9. SetT gr 10. («-+} x x i. 4-5Ssinx LD. cos2x cos? x cos? xAntiderivatives 7 13. 15. 17. 19. ‘21, 23. 25. 27. 29, 31. 32, I 14, S* l-sin x sin’ x saad 2 sin’ x — cos —ee 16, (tan x +cot x)’ sin’ xcos’ x x+3x7 44 18 cos 2x +2sin? x x ‘ cos? x . ] sin x sec? x 20. —— 1+sin x cos 2x — cos2a. cos x—sinx : £08 ox — COS £0 22, ————— (I + sin 2x) cos x — cosa cos x +sin x sin x +cos x sin x + cosec x ——— 4 er Jl +sin 2x tan x 3 x+a 10° + 327+ 26. (x+a) vx 2 2 xt +3sec? x 28. (+8) 1-x? x* -2 2 (2x7 +3x-7)x3 30, ——5 +30" l+x If o 222! +x-1 and y = 0 when x = 0, then find out a relation in y and x. If a 1- 5x? and y = 3 when x = 1, then express y in terms of x. ANSWERS EXERCISE 1.1 . x 2.x / — cotx —x 4, tanx—x 2 3 ay 6. we ox 3 3 2x? x xt . Xt +—$— FH, 8 7 3B i 9. 54+ 7 logxt+e 10. ll, 4 tan x -— 5 secx 12. 13. tan x + sec x 14, 15. tan x + cot x 16. 7 3 17. Sex +8x 18. 19. sec x 20. 21, 2 (sin x + x cos a) 22, 23. x 24. 10° oe . +3e"+—x 25 log. 10 4 2 3 i 3 26. =x? 4 ax? +2a°x? + 2a*x? 7 3 27. 6 sin x +3 tan x 28. 3 10 4 1 29, 37 +—x3 - 21x) 30. 2 31. yotvetns 32. Integral Catculus . log x — cos x 3 x _,-1 3 x 2x - tan x — coOsec x tan x — cot x tan x tan x - sec x sin x cos x sin x — cosec x 16 64, y-— wt x 3 2tan'x+ 3a log, a2 Integration by Substitution Method 2.1 Suppose we are required to integrate f(x) wrt. x. Sometimes its direct integral is not easy or possible. In such a case we regard x as a suitable function of ¢ say x = o (#) so that dx = ' (4) dt. Now, [fede = [f{o@}o' wat Now we evaluate this integal and putting the value of ¢ in terms of x from x = (rf), we express the result in term of x. Note : There is no hard and fast rule for making suitable substitutions. It depends upon the nature of the integral. Experience will enable the students to think out a suitable institution. However, for the sake of convenience, we can learn certain suitable substitutions under the following headings : (i) Function of a linear function of x : For evaluating an integral of the type Jf (ae+b) de, we put ax + b =f so that a dx = dt deo a - [f(a+b)de " dt jro— I — | f(t) at ~ [fo which can be easily evaluated. (ii) Functions involving a? + x. In such cases the proper substitution is x = at.10 Integral Calculus (iii) Functions of x" : If we have an integral of the type j f (x") x"~'de, then the proper substitution is x” = ¢. (iv) Powers of a function : Any power of a function when multiplied by the differential coefficient of the function can be immediately integrated by substituting ¢ for the function. (v) The integral of a function in which the numerator is the differential coefficient of the denominator is equal to the logarithm of the denominator, i.e., 8 tog Frey B= 8) Note : Sometimes two or more substitutions in succession are used. 2.2 Remember the following results : (i) fsin (cae +b) dx = - (ae +4) (ii) feos (ar + 6) dx = (= *4) (iii) face? (ax +5) dx = antes) Ae = (iv) fe dx = a () fg de=* log (ax +8) , py"! (vi) f(ae+0) a = ne (vii) foce(ax+ 6) an (ax +B) de = (+9) vii) f ! ax tan" (2) atx aIntegration by Substitution Method Il I sa [ x i ———=—— dr = = *) J a-x? ™ (;) pede (* (x) F ra BS (2) (xi) Jian x cx = log sec x =— log cos x (xii) foot x dr = log sin x. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES 3 x Example 1. Evaluat dx, imple uale l= Solution : 3 Let T= [Ax we l-x x Then l= 5 dx Put Met 1 A (x') 4? a =a It 3 =— 4 x de 4 i=—(4 4*yl-? = =sin"'t = lsat (x*) i . Example 2. Evaluate iF = Solution : a = dx Let ! Weer ae™ aa Then T= f = a =| Dividing the numerator and be“ +e denominator of the Integrand by et12 Integral Calculus Now put be" +c =¢ — be* dx =dt dt de et ° B a ~—logr be a -—log(be“ + 5 og ( e c) -=t0 $+] b € e ~“ tog b+ce* b e 4 tog e b b+ce* )* 9x? Example 3. Evaluate ee "i dx. Solution : Let i= jee dx Then f=2Integration by Substitution Method 13 Example 4. Evaluate a ae wae Solution : Let I - ee Then iS Put Vx =t } -t 2 | =dt 2vx ax - =2dt l - 2a * T=-— 2h 1-7? = fe 1-7? = sin's=sin"' (vz) Example 5. Evaluate f idan? x Solution : 1 Le l= |————a& ‘ We3ans Divide Numerator & Denominator by cos? x, we get sec? x [= j 2 2 sec’ x+3 tan’ x 2 sec’ x - ier 1+ tan’ x+3 tan? x 2 sec’ x dx = |—— & 1+4 tan’ xIntegral Calculus l 4 sec? x dx l =+ 4 Put tan x =1 z tan’ x sec? x dx = dt wa" (2 tan x). Example 6. Evaluate [,/1+ sin x dr. Solution : I= n svi +sin x dx J sin’ = + cos? 5 + 2sin cos > dx 2Integration by Substitution Method 15 MW ~2cos~ +2sin~ 2 2 2{ sin -cos 2. 2 2 W Example 7. Evaluate jee acos’ x+sin’ x Solution : Let r= f sin x cos x dk acos’ x+dbsin’x Put a cos? x + b sin? x =¢ *. (- 2a cos x sin x + 26 sin x cos x) dx = dt *. 2 (b — a) sin x cos x dx = dt dt “. sin x cos x dx = 2(b-a) 1 edt = 36-2) FP 2(b-a) log t = ia log (a cos* x +b sin’ x), Example 8, Evaluate Je = x Sx Solution : =f | sin x+cos x ! dx eLpj | - v2 Tix Leas16 Integral Calculus _——— l- »_ mt. Tt sin — sin ¥ + cos — COS x 4 4 _ 1 f dx ~ V2 “5 fs [see( x) Put = x- Bala u = a feet pocreGscee + tan) ~ 2 sec f+ tané Again, put sec r+ tan’ =z “. (sec ¢ tan f+ sec? #) dt = ul *. sec ¢ (tan f + sec #) dt = dz 1 dz fs |—- al = —=logz e|~ = Jy log (see + tan) gems (eg] Example 9. Evaluate AE l+x - al Solution :Integration by Substitution Method 17 Put vx = - ay - —x idx =dt a& >= =2d vx 2 1=2 dt 1+? = 2[t-tan" t] 2 [ve = tan” (vz). Example 10. Evaluate fain 2x cos 3x de. Solution : ol ul © [asin 2x cos 3x dx 2 Wt 5 [(sin $x —sin x) de “2 5 cos x - cos 5x 10 , EXERCISE 2.1 Integrate the following functions with respect to the variable of integration x : | cos 5x ——J Fos x 2x+3 l-sinx “x? 43x47 "x 4cosx cos x -sin x sinx * sin x + cos x * 445cosx9 il. 13. 15. 17, 19, 21. 23. 25. 27. 29, 31. mad 1+ x" tan x logsec x sec x cosec x log tan x e-e” e+e™ x a+bx" 3x+2 3x7 +4x4+7 l xlogx 3 e 3+e I 1 vx (1+ vz) cosec x x? (a+bxy cos. vx vx t cos & + *) 10. 12, 14, 16. 18. 20. 22. ~ - ? 26. 28. 30. Integral Calculus x 1+x* cot x log sin x cosec*x 1l+cotx ev +1 e* 1 sin x a+bcosx x+l x? +2x4+2 I x (I+ log x) xt per! x" +e" 1 Ji -x' sin’ x I x log x {log (log x) ] 2x-] (x41) x 1+x4 x sin x? “Integration by Substitution Method 33. 35. 37. e" cos e* 34, tan’ x 36, aan 38 (i-x') , x” ' sin x" sec! x sinx sin (x -a) 39. sin x sin 2x sin 3x 40. cosec (x — a) cosec (x — 4). ANSWERS EXERCISE 2.1 1. log (? + 3x + 7) 2. log (x + cos x) 1 3. log (sin x + cos x) 4. ~ 5 log (4+ 50s x) I 1 4 . —log (1+ x" . —log (i+ 5. — los( x") 6, zlog(I+x*) 7. log [log (sec x)] 8. log [log (sin x)] 9. log [log (tan x)} 10. — log (1 + cot x) 11. log (e* + 2") 12. log (e" -— e*) 13. log (a+ 3") 14, ~ £log (a + bc0s x) 15. 5 oe (3s +4x+7) 16. 5 log (x* + 2x +2) 17, log log x 18. log (1 + log x) 1 “ cs 19. log (3 + e*) 20. 5 os (x +e ) 21. log tan’ x 22. log sin x 23. 2 log (1+x) 24. log [log {log (x)}] 25. log (cosec x — cot x) or log tan 2 6 2-43 " oxtl 2(x+ 1 27. a [(a + bx) — 2a log (a+ bx)-a@ (a+ bx) |20 Integral Calculus 28, 5 tant? 29, sinvx ' sin (2«+2} 30. 73 cos” 31. tT 32. 2(1-x)'-2(I-xp +4 (1a)! 1 33. sin ef 34, 7 cos x" 35. ~ 5 tan? x— tan + x 36. tan x + > tan? x —_t_ 37. 4(i-x') 38. x cos a + sin @ log sin (x - a) 1 sin (x- a) 1 1 39. ~5[oo2+ 5085) 40. sin(a—b) sin(x—) °3 Integration by Parts 3.1 Formula of Integration by Parts If w and v are two functions of x, then Juv cbe=u fede [A ( fords) a ie. integral of the product of two functions = first function = integral of second function — integral of [differential coefficient of first function x integral of second function]. Integration with the help of this rule is called integration by parts. The success of the method depends upon choosing the first function in such a way that the second term on the right hand side may be easy to evaluate. There is no general rule for choosing first and second functions. However, the following points should be kept in mind while solving the questions by this method : (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Of the two functions, the one whose integral is not known should be taken as the first function. If the integrals of both the functions are known, then the function which vanishes by successive differentiation be treated as the first function. If the integral is a single function, then | should be treated as the second function. If the integral of neither of the two functions reduces to zero by differentiating successively, then any of the given function can be treated as the first function, But if the integral on the right hand side reverts to the original form, then the value of the integral can be immediately inferred by transposing the former to the left hand side.22 Integral Calculus 3.2 fe" {f(x) + s"(x)} de=e"- f(x) ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Evaluate poets») v8 (es 2) ay Solution : tor (ti i= poets) a. I= hh logt & Put log x =f i dx = dt x ; (integrating by parts) = (logs)r- Jota =tlogr-t = log x log (log x) — log x = log x [log (log x) — 1) = log x [log (log x) — log e] = log xg ‘ee2), Example 2. Evaluate fan" x ae. Solution : pa [lta xde ~ db = tan x-x— J z -x dx (integrating by parts) = xan! x-> 7 (i+ = xtan! ot ptee) l+x? = xian" x— log (I+).Integration by Parts 23 Example 3. Evaluate [sin x ae. Solution : — flsin' xd re fy 1 1-3? ‘x dk = sin! x-x~ f = xsin™ x- TS dx (integrating by parts) l-x Put 1-x =f — 2x dy = 2tdt x dx =— tdt \ it dt = xsin' x+ |— t =xsin'x+¢ = xsin' x+,/1-x’, xe" Example 4, Evaluate lies dx Solution : xe* Mee" = fre’ - ay ad (integrating by parts) I Ul It 5 a | z| ag TS t — — % a + %, — ! *|- H a, Example 5. Evaluate Je" sin bx dx, Solution ; f= few sin bx dx Ion24 Integral Calculus Integrating by parts cos bx cos bx I= e*|- - my a dx ° ( b Jee ( P e“cosbx a pe™ cos dx dx b bel ow e™ cos bx +4 a™ sin bx _ tg Sin bx b b b b (again integrating by parts) =~ EOS 4 Ft sin bx fe sin bx dx b B ar a = — SOE Set sin ox -Z 1 a a) _ Porke Se™ sin bx a ae _@ sets ae™ sin bx BY __é@ « cos ae™ sin bx a+b? a+b e” 4 1- sR (asin bx ~b cosdx), Example 6. Evaluate fe’ (1+ tan x) sec x dx. Solution : I= fe" (1+ tan x) see x dx e sec xd Tr 1 = e*secx- fet sec x tan x de + Je‘ sec x tan x dr UW + Jet sec x tan x dx = e* sec x.