12.04.

2016

Subjects
Gebze Technical University Week Subjects Methods

Department of Architecture 1
2
10.02.2016
17.02.2016
Introduction
Set Theory and Fuzzy Logic. Term Paper
3 24.02.2016 Technical Tour
Real Numbers, Complex numbers,

MAT120
4 03.03.2016
Coordinate Systems.
5 10.03.2016 Functions, Linear equations
6 17.03.2016 Matrices
7 24.03.2016 Matrice operations
8 30.03.2016 MIDTERM EXAM MT
9 06.04.2016 Introduction to Statistics.
Asst. Prof. Ferhat PAKDAMAR 10 13.04.2016 Term Paper presentations Dead line for TP
(Civil Engineer) 11 20.04.2016 Limit. Derivatives, Basic derivative rules
12 27.04.2016 Integration by parts,
N Blok 1-17
13 04.05.2016 Area and volume Integrals
[email protected] 14 11.05.2016 Introduction to Numeric Analysis
Spring – 2015/2016 15 Review
16 FINAL EXAM FINAL
Week 12

Example 1
Area Under a Curve by Integration
Find the area underneath the curve y=x 2  2 from x=1 to x=2.
We wish to find the area under the curve y=f(x) from x=a to x=b. Answer
We can have several situations

Case1: Curves which are entirely above the x axis.

In this case, we find the area by simply

finding the integral
b
Area=  f ( x)dx
b a

Area=  f ( x)dx 2
 x3 
2
 8  1 
a   ( x 2  2)dx    2 x     4     2  
1 3 1  3  3 
13

3
 12.04.2016

Case2 : Curves which are entirely below the x axis. Example 2

We consider the case where the curve is below the x-axis for the range Find the area bounded by y=x 2 -4, the x-axis and the lines x=-1 and x=2.
of x values being considered. Answer

In this case, the integral gives a negative

number. We need to take the absolute value of b

this to find our area: Area=  f ( x)dx

a
2
2
 x3   8   1 
 1 ( x  4)dx   3  4 x    3  8     3  4  
b 2

Area=  f ( x)dx
a
1

 9
9

Case3 :Part of the curve is below the x-axis, part of it is above the x-axis Example 3
What is the area bounded by the curve y=x 3 ,x=-2 and x=1?
Answer

In this case, we have to sum the individual parts, taking

the absolute value for the section where the curve is
below the x-axis (from x=a to x=c).

c b
0 1

 f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx  x4   x4 
0 1
Area=  16    1 
Area  2 ( x )dx  0 x dx   4    4    0  4     4  0 
3 3
a c
2 0

If we don't do it like this, the "negative" area (the part 1

below the x-axis) will be subtracted from the "positive"  4
4
part, and our total area will not be correct.
 4, 25
 12.04.2016

Case4 :Certain curves are much easier to sum vertically Example 4

In some cases, it is easier to find the area if we take vertical sums. Sometimes the
only possible way is to sum vertically
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y=  x  1 , the y-axis and the lines y=1 and y=5?
Answer
In these case, we express x as a function of y:
y=  x  1
y2  x  1
x  y2  1
In this case, we find the area is the sum of the rectangles, heights x=f(y) and width dy. So the area is given by:
5
If we are given y=f(x), then we need to re-express this as x=f(y) and we need to sum 5
 y3 
from bottom to top. A=   y 2  1 dy    y 
1  3 1
d
 53   13  1
Area=  f (y)dy    5     1   45
c  3   3  3

Summing vertically to find area between 2 curves

Area Between 2 Curves Using Integration Likewise, we can sum vertically by re-expressing both functions so that they
are functions of y and we find:
We are trying to find the area between 2
curves, y1=f1(x) and y2=f2(x), and the lines x=a and x=b.
d
A    x2  x1 dy
c
We see that if we subtract the area under lower curve

y1  f1 ( x)
Notice the c and d as the limits on the integral (to remind us we are summing
vertically) and the dy. It reminds us to express our function in terms of y.
from the area under the upper curve

y2  f 2 ( x )
hen we will find the required area. This can be achieved
in one step: b
A    y2  y1 dx
a
 12.04.2016

Example 5 Example 6
Find the area between the curves y=x 2  5 x and y=3-x 2 between x=-2 and x=0. Find the area bounded by y=x 3 , x=0 and y=3
b d
Answer A rea=   y2  y 1 d x Answer We will use: Area=  f ( y ) dy
a c
0
and use horizontal elements. (In this
   3  x 2   x 2
 5 x   d x
 example we could have added horizontally
2
0
as well, but will do it vertically to illustrate

    2 x  5 x  3   d x
 2 the method.)
2
0 In this case, c=0 and d=3.
 2 3 5 2 
  x  x  3x
 3 2  2 d
We need to express x in terms of y:
16
 0  

 10  6 Area=  f  y  dy y  x 3 so x=y1/3
 3  c
3
2
 dy   34 y 
d
 10 3 43
 y 
  4 3  0 

1 3 4 3 4 3

3
c 0
 3.245

Example 7 d

Find the are bounded by the curves y=x , y  2  x and y=1

2
A re a =  x
c
2  x1 d y

2 d y
4

Answer  
1
 y   y

We take horizontal elements in this case. 4

  2  y  y d y
1
So we need to solve y=x2 for x:
4
 y 2 2 
x=±√y  2 y   y 3 / 2

 2 3  1
We need the left hand portion so x=−√y.  1 6   1 3 
     
 3   6 
1 9
Notice that x=2−y is to the right of x=−√y so we choose 
6
x2=2−y and x1=−√y.
The intersection of the graphs occurs at (−2,4) and (1,1).

So we have: c=1 and d=4.

 12.04.2016

Example 8 Example 9
Find the area bounded by y=-x 2 +4, the x-axis and the lines x=-2 and x=2. Find the area between the curve y=x(x-3) and the ordinates x=0 and x=5.
Answer Answer
3 3

2 AA   ydx    x 2  3 x dx
A  ( x  4)dx
2
0 0
2 3
 x3 3x 2   27 27   0 0  
 1 
2
 1   1            
   x3  4 x     (2)3  4(2)     (2)3  4(2)   3 2  0  3 2   3 3 
 3  2   3   3 
 16   16 
 27 
      9    0
 3  3  2 
32 1
  4
3 2

Example 10
5 5
AB   ydx   ( x 2  3 x)dx Calculate the area of the segment cut from the curve y=x(3-x) by the line y=x.
3 3
5 Answer
 x3 3x 2   125 125   27 27  
        
3 2  3  3 2   3 2  2 2
A1   ydx   x (3  x) dx
2 0 0
8
3  3x 2 x3 
2
 3(2) 2 23   3  0 2 03  
        
 2 3  0  2 3  2 3 
  
A  AA  AB
 8
  6     0
1 2  3
A  4  8
2 3 3
1
3
1
A  13
6
 12.04.2016

2 2
Example 11
A2  
0
ydx   xdx
0
Find the area of the segment cut off from the curve y=sinx, 0  x   by the line y=1/ 2.
2
x 2
  4   0  3
4
3
4
         Answer
 2 0  2   2 
A1   ydx   sin xdx
 
4 4

 2 0
 3    
   cos x     cos     cos  
3
4
 2 4   4 
4

  1   1 
A T  A1  A 2       
  2  2 
1 2
AT  3  2 
2
3 AT  A1  A 2
1  3   1 2 
AT  
AT  1 A2    x
 4 4 2 2 2 2
3  4   

2 2 AT 
2 2

Finding Volumes by Integration Adding the volumes of the disks (with infinitely small dx), we obtain the formula:

b b 2

V=  y dx which means V=   f ( x)  dx

To find this volume, we could take slices (the yellow disk shown above), each dx 2
wide and radius y.

a a
The volume of a cylinder is given by:

V= r 2 h where:

Because radius=r=y and each disk is dx high, we notice

y=f(x) is the equation of the curve whose area is being rotated
that the volume of each slice is:

V= y dx2
a and b are the limits of the area being rotated

dx shows that the area is being rotated about the x-axis

 12.04.2016

Example 1 Example 2
Consider the area bounded by the straight line y=3x, the x-axis and x=1. Finding the volume if the area bounded by the curve y=x 3  1 the x axis and
the limits of x=0 and x=3 is rotated around the x axis.
Answer Answer

b b
Vol=  y 2 dx V    y 2 dx
a
a
3 3
    x 3  1 dx     x 6  2 x 3  1 dx
1 2
1
    3 x  dx    9 x dx
2 2
0 0
0
0 3
 x7 x4 
1     x     355.93  0 
  3x 3   3  0  3 7 2 0
0
 1118.2

Volume by Rotating the Area Enclosed Between 2 Curves

Example 3
If we have 2 curves y2 and y1 that enclose some area and we rotate that area around A cup is made by rotating the area between y=x 2 and y=x+1 with x  0 around the x-axis.
the x-axis, then the volume of the solid formed is given by: Find the volume of the material needed to make the cup. Units are cm.

Answer
Volume=   y2    y1  dx
b 2 2

a  
In the following general graph, y2 is in blue and y1 is black. The lower and upper limits
for the region to be rotated are indicated in dark red: x=a to x=b.

1 1
Volume=   x  1   2 x 2  dx     x 2  2 x  1   4 x 4  dx
2 2

0
 
0
1
 x3 4 x5   1 4 
    x2  x       1  1    0 
3 5 0  3 5 
 5  30  12  23
    15
 15
 4.817 cm3
 12.04.2016

Rotation around the y-axis

Example 4
Find the volume of the solid of revolution generated by rotating the curve
When the shaded area is rotated 360° about the y-axis, the volume that is generated
can be found by: y=x 3 between y=0 and y=4 about the y-axis.

Answer
y  x3
1 3
d d 2
x=y
V= x
2
d x w h ich m ean s V =   f (y)  d x
c c

d
where: Vol=  x 2 dy
c
x=f(y) is the equation of the curve expressed in terms of y 4
4
3y 3  3 5 3 4
5
2
   y 3 dy      y 
5  0
c and d are the upper and lower y limits of the area being rotated
0  5 0
dy shows that the area is being rotated about the y-axis 3
 10.079  0
5
 19.0

Example 5 Example 6
The curve y 2  x bounded by y=4 and x=0, revolved about the y-axis.
The curve y=2x-x 2 bounded by y=0, revolved about the x-axis.
Answer Answer
b
V=  y dx 2 d

a
V=  y 2 dy
2 2 c
    2 x  x 2  dx    4 x 2  4 x3  x 4 dx
2
4
4
 y5  1024 
0 0
   y 4 dy        0
 4 x 3 4 x 4 x5 
2
 32 32  0  5 0  5 
         16     0
 3 4 5 0 3 5 1024

16
 
5
5  643.40
 3.351
 12.04.2016

Example 7 Example 8
The curve x 2  4 y 2  4 in quadrant, revolved around the y-axis. Find the volum e of the solid that lies below the surface given by z= 4-x 2 -y 2 and
D =  x , y  :  1  x  1,  1  y  1
Answer Answer
d
V    x dy 2
V     4  x 2  y 2 dA
z
c
D
1
1
 4 y3  1  1

    4  4 y dy    4 y 
1 1
z  4  x 2  y2 x3
  4  x  y 2 dxdy    4 x   y 2 x dy
2
  2

 3 0  3 
0 1 1 1  1 

 4 8 1
  4     0  1
 22  22 y3
 3 3     2 y 2  dy  y2
(‐1,1,0)
1  3  3 3 1
 8.378 (1,‐1,0)
y
(1,1,0)
40
x 
3

Example 9 Example 10
Find the volume between corners ( 0,0) , (2,0) and (0,1) point of the triangle and Find the volume of the solid that lies below the surface given by z=16xy+200 and lines above
z = 15x3y surface. the region in the xy-plane bounded by y=x 2 and y=8-x 2 .
Answer Answer
1
 x 1
2 2
x=‐2y+2 V   15 x ydA   3

3
15 x ydydx Here is the graph of the surface and we've tried to show the region in the xy-plane below the surface.
y (y=‐(1/2)x+1) D 0 0
1
2  x 1 2
 15  2 15 3
   x3 y 2  dx   x  x  2  dx
(0,1) 2

0
2 0 0
8
D
2
15
2
 6 5

 x5  4 x4  4 x3 dx  158  x6  4 x5  x4 
x

8 0

(0,0) (2,0)

 0
15  32 128 
    16 
8 3 5 
2
 12.04.2016

The volume is then given by ,

Here is the sketch of the region in the xy plane by itself.

V   16 xy  200dA
2 8 x 2 2 8 x 2

   16 xy  200  dydx   8 xy  200 y 

2
dx
2 x 2 2 x2
2
   128x  400 x 2  512 x  1600 dx
3

2
By setting the two bounding equations equal we can see that they will intersect at x=2 and x=-2. 2
 400 3 
So, the inequalities that will define the region D in the xy plane are,   32 x 4  x  256 x 2  1600 x 
 3  2
1280
2  x  2 
3
x2  y  8  x2

Example 11 The first plane, 4x+2y+z=10, is the top of the volume and so we are really looking for the volume under,

Find the volume of the solid enclosed by the planes 4x+2y+z=10, y=3x, z=0,x=0. z  10  4x  2y
and above the region D in the xy plane. The second plane, y=3x, gives one of the sides of the volume as shown below.
Answer

Here the region D is not explicitly given so we're going to have to find it. First, notice that
the last two planes are really telling us that we won't go past the xy-plane and yz-plane when we reach them.

The region D will be the region in the xy plane (i.e. z=0) that is bounded by y=3x, x=0 and the line where z+4x+2y=10
intersects the xy plane. We can determine where z+4x+2y=10 intersects the xy-plane by plugging z=0 into it.

0  4 x  2 y  10  2x+y=5  y=-2x+5
 12.04.2016

So, here is a sketch the region D.

The region D is really where this solid will sit on the xy plane and
here are the inequalities that define the region.

Have a nice
0  x 1
3 x  y  2 x  5

week!
V   10  4 x  2 y dA
1 2 x  5 1 2 x  5

  10  4 x  2 y  dydx   10 y  4 xy  y 

2
dx
0 3x 0 3x
1 1
 25 
  25 x 2  50 x  25dx   x3  25 x 2  25 x 
0 3 0
25

3