Guide for task 1:

Line Graph:DeSCrIBInG TrenDS

UP ↗
rise (v) Production costs rose to their highest level of the year in July.
rise (n) There was a rise in production costs to the highest level of the year in July.

go up (v) Between 1900 and 2000, the population went up by over a million people.
grow (grew, grown) (v) The number of first-time users grew rapidly in 2015.
growth (n) There was a rapid growth in the number of first-time users in 2015.

increase (v) The numbers of cyclists increased between 2005 and 2010.
increase (n) There was an increase in the number of cyclists between 2005 and 2010.
DoWN ↘
decline (v) The construction of new homes declined for ten years in succession.
decline (n) There was a decline in the number of new homes for ten years in succession.

go down (v) After a brief rise, imports went down again.

decrease (v) Average test scores decreased at three of the schools.

decrease (n) There was a decrease in test scores at three of the schools.

drop (v) In 2008, foreign investment dropped by over 20%. drop (n) In 2008, there was a drop in foreign
investment of over 20%.
fall (fell, fallen) (v) The number of overseas students fell in 2013.
fall (n) There was a fall in the number of international students in 2013.

SAME →
stay the same The company’s market share stayed the same.
remain constant For three months, the percentage remained constant.

UP AND DoWN ↘ ↗ ↘
fluctuate (v) The number of seasonal workers employed by the company fluctuates each year.
fluctuation (n) There have been fluctuations in the number of seasonal workers employed by the
company.

go up and down (v) Fares have gone up and down over the last few months.

PrePoSITIonS oF TIMe
 at (+ time of day) at noon; at 8 a.m.
 on (+ date/day of the week) on 1st October; on Mondays
 in (+ month/season/year/decade/century) in June; in the summer; in 2014; in the
1990s; in the 21st century
 for (a period of time) for ten years; for the next several months
 by (before or at a specific point in time) by 10th April; by the end of 2016
 until (up to a certain point) until December 31; until 2020; until the beginning of 2014
 from … to/between … and (starting points and ending points) from 2001 to 2015;
between 1st January and 31st June
 before/after (+ point in time) before 5:00 p.m.; after the 19th century
 around (+ period of time or point in time) around 1997; for around six months
 during (for the duration of a period of time) during the 1980s; during the winter; during
April

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 ADverBS AnD ADjeCTIveS
UP oR DoWN qUICKLY ↑↓
 rapidly (adv) The number of smartphones in use has risen rapidly over the last ten
years.
rapid (adj) In this decade, there was a rapid increase in smartphone use.
 suddenly (adv) Employment figures dropped suddenly during the following ten years.
sudden (adj) The next decade saw a sudden decrease in employment figures.
 sharply (adv) The price of textbooks rose sharply.
sharp (adj) There was a sharp rise in the price of textbooks.
 dramatically (adv) Exports fell dramatically last year.
dramatic (adj) There was a dramatic fall in exports last year.
 significantly (adv) Property taxes rose significantly in 2014.
significant (adj) There was a significant rise in property taxes in 2014.
 steeply (adv) The number of people attending the event increased steeply in 2013.
steep (adj) The year 2013 saw a steep increase in the number of people attending the
event.
 major (adj) A major expansion of the company’s marketing department is expected in
the next few years.

UP oR DoWN MoRE SLoWLY ↗↘

 steadily (adv) The number of tourists visiting the park rose steadily.
steady (adj) The park experienced a steady increase in the number of tourists.
 gradually (adv) The population of the province gradually declined.
gradual (adj) There was a gradual decline in the population of the province.
 slightly (adv) Bus fares may go up slightly.
slight (adj) A slight increase in bus fares is expected.
 minor (adj) There were minor fluctuations in the value of raw materials.

DeSCrIBInG ProjeCTIonS
Some line graphs make predictions about the future. When you are describing a projection,
you should use language that indicates that these activities take place in the future and that the
data is uncertain.
 might + infinitive The costs of doing business in Country B might rise next year.
 may + infinitive Government revenues may go down again during the next quarter.
 will + probably + infinitive According to the graph, the number of websites will
probably double over the next few years.
 is + probably + going to + infinitive There is probably going to be an increase in the
number of television dramas this autumn.
 noun + is predicted A sudden increase in tourism is predicted.
 is predicted + to + infinitive The number of tourists is predicted to rise.
 noun + is expected A decline in the average age is expected.
 noun + is expected + to + infinitive The average age is expected to go down.
It is expected that + clause It is expected that the average age will decrease.

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 LINE GRAPH
INTRODUCTION
Paraphrase the task
Units of measurement – (only in line graph)

STRUCTURE of INTRODUCTION
The given line graph + verb (present tense) + the (figure, number, amount) of + topic +
place + time + in, at (place), + in a (span, gap) from, between (year). Units are measured in.

EXAMPLE: The given line graph gives information about the figure of social and economic status
in Britain, in a span of 20 years from 1990 and 2010. Units are measured in number of people.

OVERVIEW Note:To be ableto write the main features in the

Main feature overview,always check the given time of the
Not too specific graph.
Don’t write numbers
Don’t write details 2 Ways how to write the features:

1.Static Graph-shows no time period or just a

MAIN FEATURES OF LINE GRAPH
single period .Look for highest/lowest value,
TREND – Upward trend / Increase
Downward trend / Decrease most noticeable differences,any similaritie and
GENERAL HIGHEST any significant exceptions

2.Dynamic-shows random years or series of

KINDS OF LINE GRAPH:
time.Look for the data from start to finish,
a. ONE LINE: Overall trend
generally go up ,down or fluctuate,any
Highest point or peak
significant differences from the general
b. TWO LINES: Overall trend
General highest trend,and significant datas.

c. THREE LINES and MORE: Overall trend (Find any similarities)

General highest
Significant changes
STRUCTURE of OVERVIEW:
(Overall, In general, Generally, It is clear that), (1st main feature). It is also worth noticing that
(2nd main feature)
EXAMPLE:
Overall, the consumption of fish and chips declined over the period, whereas the amount of
pizza and hamburgers that were eaten increased. It is also worth noticing that the consumption
of hamburgers was the highest among the four.

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BODY PARAGRAPHS
Two paragraphs (Body 1 and Body 2)
Give details (number, year, information) be specific
Group data together where there are patterns

STARTING SENTENCE FOR BODY 1

To begin with
Beginning with (topic / time)
Regarding (topic) – Can also use for starting BODY 2
With regards to (topic) – Can also use for starting BODY 2
In terms of (topic) – Can also use for starting Body 2

STARTING SENTENCE FOR BODY 2

Meanwhile
In the case of (topic)
On the other hand

DIVIDING BODY PARAGRAPHS:

 ONE LINE –
Sa.Body 1: Highest Body 2: Lowest
Sb.Body 1: Highest and Lowest Body 2: Similar figures and other details

 TWO LINES –
Sa.Body 1: Similarities Body 2: Differences
Sb.Body 1: Highest for both lines Body 2: Lowest for both lines
Sc. Body 1: Highest and Lowest Body 2: Similar figures and other details
Sd.Body 1: 1st, 2nd highest and 1st, lowest
Body 2: Similar figures and other details

 THREE LINES and MORE –

Sa.Body 1: Similarities Body 2: Differences
Sb.Body 1: Highest for both lines Body 2: Lowest for both lines
Sc.Body 1: Highest and Lowest Body 2: Similar figures and other details
st nd st
Sd.Body 1: 1 , 2 highest and 1 , lowest Body 2: Similar figures and other details

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 Bar Graph
Introduction:
-paraphrase the statement

3 Types of Bar Graph

1.Time Graph
-line graph style

2.Comparison Graph
-no trend
-highest/lowest
-similar figures

3.Combination Graph
-trend (general)=increased
decreased
majority
-general highest (category)
(first and last year)
-lowest (category)increase/decrease

Body Paragraphs
Body1-choose according to category/years
a. highest category/ies
b. lowest category/ies
Body2
or -lowest/categories
c.other details

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 Pie Chart
Introduction
-paraphrase the task

Types of Pie Chart

1. only one Pie Chart
-highest proportion/part
-lowest proportion/part
-similar figures

2.Two Pie Charts

2A.Different Years
Same Topics
-changes-
-highest proportion in both years
-lowest proportion
-biggest change-increase/decrease
(replacements if any)
-similar figures

Body Paragraph
Body1-biggest proportion
lowest proportion(B1or2)
Body2-lowest proportion
others

2B.Same Year
Same main topic
Different sub-topics
-Compare and Contrast
biggest proportion in both charts
similarities in both charts
lowest proportion

Body Paragraph
Body1-Biggest proportion both graphs
Body2-Smallest proportion
others

Vocabulary and Expressions

-most + adjective -constitute + figure/number
-least + adjective -make up for + figure/number
-most dominant -account for + figure/number
-majority of ___ occupy/cover -comprises
-minority of ____occupy/cover -represents
-cut/slice /part
-percentage/proportion/rate

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 Table
Introduction
-paraphrase the task

2 Approaches
1.Horizontal Approach
-highest category (general in al years)
-lowest category(general in all years)
-trend –increase/decrease
-new details (if any)

Body Paragraph
Body1-Highest category
-and/or the lowest category(B1/2)
note: Group data according to row.

Body2-other details

2.Vertical Approach
-general highest according to category (column)
-general highest according to category (row)

Body Paragraph
Body1 –Highest categories
and/or the lowest(B1/2)
Note: Group data according to column

Body2-others

Other Body Structures

*categories
B1-highest / 2nd highest
B2-lowest/others

*categories
B1-highest/lowest
B2-others/2nd highest

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 Process
Manufacture (linear) Natural (Circular)
-commonly happens in factories -takes place naturally
Introduction Introduction
-paraphrase the task/prompt -paraphrase the task /prompt
E.g/Ex. Ex.
 The diagram/illustration + verb + how  The diagram/illustration + verb + the
to make/how to produce + topic. life of a _____.
 The diagram/illustration + verb + how  The diagram/illustration + verb + the
____ is/are produced/made. natural cycle of a _____.

Overview(present tense) Overview (Present tense)

-number of stages /steps/phases, beginning -number of stages/phases/steps,start
with first step and ending with last step. or Note: Sometimes with start to finish
start and end Ex.
Ex. Overall, the process involves 6 stages, Overall, the process involves 4
beginning/starting with harvesting the cocoa stages,beginning/starting with mating of two
and ending with delivery of the chocolate adult frogs.
bars.

Body Paragraphs(mostly passive) Body Paragraphs(mostly active)

-ideally 2 body paragraphs -ideally 2 body paragraphs
-don’t skip any stage -don’t skip any stage
-be careful of the equipments used -use transitions
-use transitions Note: Inform the reader that the process
repeats itself.
Ex. And the process begins/starts again.
The process/cycle starts anew.

Vocabulary and expressions:

Transitions: -ingredients(for food only)/materials
Initially, Then, Lastly, -factors/elements
First of all, And then, Finally,
First/ly, Before, As a result, -it takes duration
Next After, -it needs duration.
Subsequently,/Consequently -duration is/are needed/required
At the same time, Ex.It takes 2-3 days before it turns into
-put/placed/introduced/deposited a larva.
ex.The mixture is introduced into a mixer.

-pass through + process

Ex. The materials undergo mixing(process).

-go through + equipment/process

Ex. The mixture goes through a mixer.
The Materials go through mixing.

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 Double Process
Same Product Different Products
-different Equipment /process -diagrams are related
Introduction Introduction
-paraphrase the task -paraphrase the task
Overview Overview
-differentiate the two diagrams -number of stages(D1)
Ex. -number of stages (D2)
Overall, the main difference between D1 and
D2 is that difference. Ex. Overall,(D1) involves 11stages while (D2)
includes 9 steps.
Body Paragraph Body Paragraphs
Body1 Body1
-Describe D1 -Describe D1
-don’t skip any stage/step/phase -don’t skip any stage/step/phase

Body2 Body2
-describe D2 -describe D2
-don’t skip any stage/step/phase -don’t skip any stage/step/phase

Conclusion
-Establish a relationship between the two
diagrams.

Ex. It is clear that the cocoons of silkworms are

used to produce silk cloth.

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 Maps
Synchronic maps Diachronic map
-1 map with 2 or more proposed location/s -2 or more maps of the same area
or site -describe the development of the area
-describe the location
-recommend which location is better
Introduction Introduction
-paraphrase the task -paraphrase the task
Ex. Task: The map below is of the town of (with years in the past ) and (before and after)
Canterbury. A new school is planned for the Ex. The given maps reveal the
area. The map shows two possible sites for changes/development/improvements/alterations
the school. that took place/happened in/at + place.
Paraphrased: The given map provides
data on two possible sites for a school in
the town of Canterbury.
Body Paragraphs Body paragraphs
Body1-describe the first location -ideally 2 paragraphs
Ex. The first location is situated /lies in + Body 1 –describe map1 and map2 or map1 only
location. -in time(map1),(general appearance to
specific)
Body2-describe the second location Ex.In 1980, the area had a wide agricultural space
Ex. The second site is located/lies in + which was located at the north.
location. For 2 maps
-However ,in a span of ___ years ,(map2) the
Conclusion area/place or town/village experienced dramatic
Suggest which site serves the purpose changes. The most noticeable development/of
better. which is /was that (major changes)
Ex. The first/second location is more
beneficial or advantageous/better to Body2-includes further changes and no changes
build/construct a ______ because/since if any
(benefits/reasons). Further changes can be seen in (area).(Other
changes)

Conclusion –direction of change

-The evidence of development shows that (area)
has turned into (general development) due to
(major changes)
-A comparison of the two maps reveals a change
from (rural) to (urban) landscape.

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