(DM21)

ASSIGNMENT-1
M.Sc. (Second) DEGREE EXAMINATION, DECEMBER – 2019
Second Year
MATHEMATICS
Topology and Functional Analysis
Maximum : 30 MARKS
Answer ALL Questions

Q1) a) Let X be a second countable space. Then prove that any open base for X has a
countable subclass which is also an open base.
b) Let X be a topological space, and let {fn} be a sequence of real or complex
functions defined on X which converges uniformly to a function f defined on X. If
all the fn’s are continuous then prove that f is also continuous.

Q2) a) Prove that any continuous image of a compact space is compact.

b) State and prove Lebesgue’s covering lemma.

Q3) a) Prove that a closed subspace of a complete metric space is compact if and only if it
is totally bounded.
b) Prove that any continuous mapping of a compact metric space into a metric space
is uniformly continuous.

Q4) a) Prove that the product of any nonempty class of Hausdorff spaces is a Hausdorff
space.
b) Show that a closed subspace of a normal space is normal.

Q5) a) State and prove the Urysohn imbedding theorem.

b) Prove that the product of any nonempty class of connected space is connected.
 (DM21)
ASSIGNMENT-2
M.Sc. (Second) DEGREE EXAMINATION, DECEMBER – 2019
Second Year
MATHEMATICS
Topology and Functional Analysis
Maximum : 30 MARKS
Answer ALL Questions

Q1) a) Define (i) normed linear space and (ii) Banach space. Prove that addition and
scalar multiplication are jointly continuous.

b) Let M be a closed linear subspace of a normed linear space N. If the norm of a

coset x + M in the quotient space N/M is defined by
|| x + M ||= inf {|| x + m ||: m ∈ M},
then prove that N/M is a normed linear space. Further prove that if N is a Banach
space then so is N/M.

Q2) State and prove the open mapping theorem.

Q3) a) State and prove Schwarz inequality.

b) Prove that if M is a proper closed linear subspace of a Hilbert space H, then prove that
there exists a nonzero vector Z0 in H such that Z0 ⊥ M.

Q4) a) If {ei} is an orthonormal set in a Hilbert space H, and if x is an arbitrary vector in

H, then prove that x − ∑ ( x, ei )ei ⊥ e j for each j.

b) Let H be a Hilbert space, and let f be an arbitrary functional in H*. Then prove that
there exists a unique vector y in H such that f (x) = (x, y) for every x in H.

Q5) a) Prove that if T is an operator on H for which (Tx, x) = 0 for all x then T = 0.
b) If N1 and N2 are normal operators on H with the property that either commutes with the
adjoint of the other, then prove that N1 + N2 and N1 N2 are normal.
 (DM22)
ASSIGNMENT-1
M.Sc. (Second) DEGREE EXAMINATION, DECEMBER – 2019
Second Year
MATHEMATICS
Measure and Integration
Maximum : 30 MARKS
Answer ALL Questions

Q1) a) Let A be an algebra of subsets of a set X and {Ai} a sequence of sets in A. Prove
that there is a sequence {Bi} of sets in A such that Bn ∩ Bm = φ for n ≠ m and
∞ ∞

U Bi = U A i .
i =1 i =1

b) Prove that the union of a countable collection of countable sets is countable.

Q2) a) Prove that the outer measure of an interval is its length.

b) Prove that m* is translation invariant.

Q3) a) Prove that there exists a nonmeasurable set.

b) State and prove Egoroff ’s theorem.

Q4) a) Let f be defined and bounded on a measurable set E with m(E) finite. Prove that f is
measurable if and only if
inf ∫ ψ(x)dx = sup ∫ ϕ ( x)dx
f ≤ψ f ≥ϕ E
E
For all simple functions ϕ and ψ .

b) State and prove Fatou’s lemma.

Q5) a) State and prove Lebesgue convergence theorem .

b) Let {fn} be a sequence of measurable functions that converges in measure to f.
Then prove that there is a subsequence { f nk } that converges to f almost everywhere.
 (DM22)
ASSIGNMENT-2
M.Sc. (Second) DEGREE EXAMINATION, DECEMBER – 2019
Second Year
MATHEMATICS
Measure and Integration
Maximum : 30 MARKS
Answer ALL Questions
Q1) a) Prove that a function f is of bounded variation on [a, b] if and only if f is the
difference of two monotone real-valued functions on [a, b].

b) Prove that if f is absolutely continuous on [a, b] and f ′( x) = 0 a.e. then f is

constant.

Q2) a) State and prove Minkowski inequality.

b) Prove that each function g in q defines a bounded linear functional F on p by

F( f ) = ∫ fg.
Also, prove that || F || = || g ||q .

Q3) a) Let B be a σ -algebra and let µ be a measure on B. Prove that if Ei ∈ B, µ(E1) < ∞
∞ 
and Ei > Ei+1 for all i then µ  I Ei  = limµ(E n ).
 i =1  n →∞

b) Let υ be a signed measure and let E be a measurable set such that 0 < υ (E) < ∞.
Then prove that there is a positive set A contained in E with υ (A) > 0.

Q4) a) State and prove Lebesgue decomposition theorem.

b) Show that if E is any measurable set, then
−υ − (E) ≤ υ (E) ≤ υ + (E) and | υ(E) | ≤| υ | (E).

Q5) a) Prove that the set function µ* is an outer measure.

b) Let µ be a measure on an algebra A, µ* the outer measure induced by µ, and
E is any set. Then prove that for ∈> 0, there is a set A in Aσ with E ⊂ A and
µ*(A) ≤ µ*(E)+∈.
Prove that there is also a set B in A σδ with E ⊂ B and µ*(E) = µ*(B).
 (DM23)
ASSIGNMENT-1
M.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION, DECEMBER – 2019
Second Year
MATHEMATICS
Analytical Number Theory and Graph Theory
Maximum : 30 MARKS
Answer ALL Questions
1 1
Q1) a) If x > 1 show that ∑ n = log x + C + O  x 
n≤ x

3
b) For x > 1 show that ∑ ϕ ( x) = π
n≤ x
2
x2 + O( x log x) and find the average order of

ϕ (n).

Q2) a) Show that the set of Lattice points visible from origin has density 6 / π 2 .

x
b) For x ≥ 2 show that ∑  p  log p = x log x + O( x) .
p≤x  

Q3) Show that the following relations are logically equivalent

π( x ) log x
a) lim =1
x →∞ x

θ( x)
b) lim =1
x →∞ x

4( x )
c) lim =1
x →∞ x
 M( x) H( x) 
Q4) a) Show that lim  −  = 0.
x →∞
 x x log x 
b) State and prove Selberg’s asymptotic formula

Q5) a) Show that a simple graph with n vertices and R components can have almost
(n−R) (n−R+1)/2 edges.
b) Show that a given graph G is Euler graph if and only if all the vertices of G are of
even degree.
 (DM23)
ASSIGNMENT-2
M.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION, DECEMBER – 2019
Second Year
MATHEMATICS
Analytical Number Theory and Graph Theory
Maximum : 30 MARKS
Answer ALL Questions
Q1) a) Show that a connected graph is an Euler graph if and only if it can be decomposed
into circuits.
b) Show that in a graph there can be no path longer than Hamiltonian path if it exists.

Q2) a) Show that a graph is a tree if and only if it is minimally connected.

b) Show that every tree has either one or two centers.

Q3) a) Show that every circuit has even number of edges in common with any cut set.
b) Show that the vertex connectivity of any graph G can never exceed the edge
connectivity of G.

Q4) a) Prove that the complete graph of five vertices is non planar.
b) Show that in any simple planar graph with f regions, n vertices and e edges with
e >2 the following
3
holds (i) e ≥ f
2
(ii) e ≤ 3n − 6.

Q5) a) Write down addition and multiplication tables Modulo 4 and Modulo 6.
b) Show that the Vector space WG associated with graph G satisfies all the conditions
of Vector space.
 (DM24)
ASSIGNMENT-1
M.Sc. (Second) DEGREE EXAMINATION, DECEMBER – 2019
Second Year
MATHEMATICS
Rings and Modules
Maximum : 30 MARKS
Answer ALL Questions

Q1) a) Prove that a Boolean algebra (S, 0, 1, ) can be turned into a Boolean ring (S, 0,
1, -, +, ) by defining 1 = 0 , −a = a , a + b = ab′ ∨ a ′b where a ∨ b = (a′b′)′ .
1

b) Prove that any Boolean ring is commutative and is of characteristic 2.

Q2) a) Prove that the set of all ideals in a ring from a complete lattice modular lattice under
inclusion.

b) Prove that every proper ideal in a ring is contained in a manimal proper ideal.

Q3) a) Prove that in any right R – module, AR, or = o, (−a )r = −(ar ) , a0 = 0 ,

a(−r ) = −(ar ) , for all a ∈ A and r ∈ R .

b) If B and C are sub modules of A then prove that ( B + C ) / B ≅ C / ( B ∩ C ) .

Q4) a) Prove that an element of a commutative ring is a unit if and only if it lies in no
proper ideal.

b) Prove that the prime ideal P of a commutative ring R is prime if and only if R/P is
an integral domain.

Q5) a) Prove that every commutative regular ring is semiprimitive.

b) Prove that a Boolean algebra is isomorphic to the algebra of all subsets of a set if
and only if it is complete and atomic.
 (DM24)
ASSIGNMENT-2
M.Sc. (Second) DEGREE EXAMINATION, DECEMBER – 2019
Second Year
MATHEMATICS
Rings and Modules
Maximum : 30 MARKS
Answer ALL Questions
Q1) a) Prove that the ring R is primitive if and only if there exists a faithful irreducible
module AR.

b) Prove that the proper ideal P of R is prime if and only if for any elements a and b of
R aRb ⊂ p implies a ∈ P or b ∈ P .

Q2) a) Prove that the prime radical of R is the smallest ideal K such that R/K is semiprime.

b) Prove that R is semiprime if and only if it is a subdirect product of prime rings.

Q3) a) If R is semiprime, then prove that RR and RR have the same socles.

b) If R is right Artinian then prove that any right R – module is noetherian if and only
if it is Artinian.

Q4) a) Prove that every free module is projective.

b) Prove that M is projective if and only if every epimorphism π :B →M is direct.

Q5) a) Prove that every module is isomorphic to a submodule of the character module of a
free module.

b) Prove that M is injective if and only if M has no proper essential extension.