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Drive Mechanisms

This document discusses reservoir mechanisms for gradational fluids like retrograde gas condensate and volatile oil reservoirs. These reservoirs can have a single fluid phase at high pressures that separates into gas and liquid phases as pressure depletes. Compositional grading within the reservoir can result in gas condensate at the top and volatile oil at the base. Representative phase behavior, reservoir fluid flow, sampling challenges, and recovery methods are described for these reservoir types.

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Ryan Emanuel
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96 views20 pages

Drive Mechanisms

This document discusses reservoir mechanisms for gradational fluids like retrograde gas condensate and volatile oil reservoirs. These reservoirs can have a single fluid phase at high pressures that separates into gas and liquid phases as pressure depletes. Compositional grading within the reservoir can result in gas condensate at the top and volatile oil at the base. Representative phase behavior, reservoir fluid flow, sampling challenges, and recovery methods are described for these reservoir types.

Uploaded by

Ryan Emanuel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reservoir Mechanisms

Retrograde Gas and Volatile Oil


Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
Phase Envelopes

Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Mechanisms 12.3.2
Phase Envelopes for Gradational Fluids

Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Mechanisms 12.3.3
Gradational Fluid Types

ƒ Large Closure, Near Critical Point


Reservoirs Often Grade From
Retrograde Condensate to Volatile Oil

Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Mechanisms 12.3.4
Compositional Grading
ƒ Gravity Segregation of Components Can Give
Gas Condensate at top and Volatile Oil at
Base
ƒ Example Anschutz Ranch East Field
C1 + N2 C2

Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Mechanisms 12.3.5 7.1 - 6
Phase Behavior

ƒ Single Phase Fluid for Pressures >


Dewpoint/Bubble Point Pressure

ƒ Two Phase Gas and Liquid for Pressures <


Dewpoint/Bubble Point Pressure

ƒ Reservoir Fluid Viscosities Gradational

– Gas Viscosity Higher Than for Dry Gas

– Oil Viscosity Lower Than for Black Oil

Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Mechanisms 12.3.6
Reservoir Fluid Flow

ƒ Reservoir Flow

– Single Phase Gas or Liquid Flow Until Dewpoint or


Bubble Point

– Rapid Decline in Oil Flow Below Bubble Point.


Primarily Gas Flow.

– Gas Flow Below Dewpoint. Liquid Flow Minor.

Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Mechanisms 12.3.7
Rapid Increase in Gas Saturation

ƒ Retrograde
Condensate and
Volatile Oils Show
Similar Saturation
Behavior

Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Mechanisms 12.3.8
Surface Flow Characteristics

ƒ Surface Separator Recovery of Oil and Gas


from Both Vapor and Liquid Phase Production

ƒ Initial GOR’s

– Retrograde Gas: 6,000 – 15,000 scf/STB

– Volatile Oil: 2000 – 3000 scf/STB

Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Mechanisms 12.3.9
Fluid Flow Schematic

Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Mechanisms 12.3.10
Fluid Sampling
ƒ Difficult to Obtain Representative Fluid Sample
– Near Wellbore Condensate or Gas Saturation if Rate
High
– Liquid Fallback in Wellbore if Rate Low
– Preferentially Recover Lighter Components

– MDT Sampling Yields Accurate Sample

Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Mechanisms 12.3.11
Lab Testing
ƒ Laboratory Constant Volume Depletion and
Constant Composition Expansion Tests
– Composition of Produced Gas Versus Pressure
– Liquid and Gas Saturation Versus Pressure

ƒ Methods Exist to Calculate Fluid Properties of Bg,


Bo, Rs and Rv from CVD Results

ƒ Calculate 2 Phase Z Factors for Retrograde Gas


Reservoirs

Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Mechanisms 12.3.12
Single and Two Phase Z Factors

Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Mechanisms 12.3.13
Pressure Depletion Performance

Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Mechanisms 12.3.14
Surface Yield (Oil-Gas-Ratio)
ƒ High Permeability
Reservoir
– Condensate Yield
Begins to Decrease
When Reservoir
Pressure Drops
Below Dewpoint
Pressure
– At Low Pressures
Some Re-
vaporization Occurs

Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Mechanisms 12.3.15
Performance Characteristics (5)

ƒ Liquid Dropout
Creates Zone of
Damage
– High Perm
Reservoirs, Zone has
Limited Volume,
Quickly Stabilizes,
Positive Skin
– Low Perm
Reservoirs, Zone has
Large Volume,
Adsorbs Significant
Liquid Dropout

Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Mechanisms 12.3.16
Anschutz Ranch East Field

Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Mechanisms 12.3.17 7.1 - 34
Productivity Reduction for Volatile Oil
ƒ Relate PI Reduction Compared to PI Above
Bubble Point Pressure. Example Australian Field.

Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Mechanisms 12.3.18
Recovery Factor Retrograde Gas
typical Values RFgas RFcond
(fraction) fraction)

No Aquifer:

Low (5%) Condensate Drop Out 0.8 0.75


High (20%) Condensate Drop Out 0.7 0.6

Active Aquifer: ≈ 0.7X RFgas values!

Low (5 %) Condensate Drop Out 0.55 0.52


High (20 %) Condensate Drop Out 0.50 .42

Note : For high drop-out percentages, gas recycling may be an attractive


option. This will allow ≈ 20% of the dropped out condensate to be produced.
Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Mechanisms 12.3.19
Methods of Operation

ƒ Retrograde Gas Condensate


– Pressure Depletion / Water Drive
– Gas Cycling (Dry or Inert Gas)
– Vaporization
ƒ Volatile Oil
– Pressure Depletion / Water Drive
– Waterflood
– Miscible or Immiscible Gas Injection

Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Mechanisms 12.3.20

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