Phase Change in Multicomponent

Multiphase Flows
14. 5 Release

Multiphase Flow Modeling

in ANSYS CFX
© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 12-1 Release 14.5
 Overview
• Phase change for multi-component systems
• Species transfer for multiphase flows
• Finite mass transfer effects
• User defined species transfer
• Sink option for multicomponent fluids
• Enthalpy effects and latent heat
• Source linearization

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 12-2 Release 14.5

 Introduction
• There are many cases where multiphase flows involve fluids with multiple
components which may or may not react.
• In addition to bulk exchange of liquid and gas, interphase
mass transfer can also proceed by transfer of species. Examples include
drying of wet solids in a hot air stream or dissolution of a soluble gas phase
component into a liquid phase such as the oxygenation of liquids in
fermentation reactors.
• There are some built-in models for interphase transfer of species for
Eulerian models in ANSYS CFX and user-defined models can always be
implemented using carefully defined sources and sinks.
• The thermal phase change model discussed in Lecture 11 is valid only for
pure liquids and vapors (i.e. no incondensable components, i.e. air)

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 12-3 Release 14.5

 Species Transfer in Eulerian Multiphase
• Transfer of a single species between
multicomponent phases
• Example: spray drier
– Three components
– Two phases
– Coupled heat/mass transfer

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 12-4 Release 14.5

 Modeling Species Transfer
• Need Two Resistance model for mass transfer
YAb
– Interface conditions on two sides related through YAa
equilibrium ratio mAas
• Model for mass transfer rate similar to Thermal YAas
Y1s
Phase Change YAbs mAbs
– but see restrictions on next slide
• Models for equilibrium ratio:
– User-defined
– Henry‘s law for gas dissolution
Pi = xi Hi

– Raoult‘s law for multicomponent evaporation

Pi = xi Pi*

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 12-5 Release 14.5

 Species Transfer
• Modeling issues:
– Model currently assumes small mass transfer rates (but see next slide)
– Hence best suited for gas dissolution
– Model currently neglects thermal effects
– For these reasons, the model is unsatisfactory for non-isothermal
evaporation/condensation
• Usability issues:
– Both phases must be multicomponent fluids containing the component being
transferred
– Transfer with a ballast component not permitted

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 12-6 Release 14.5

 Finite Mass Transfer Effects
• Species Transfer
– Finite mass transfer effects can be considered (beta feature)
– Modify the CCL for the fluid pair to include:

FLUID PAIR: a | b
MASS TRANSFER:
Option = Sum Species Mass Transfers
END
END

– Needs further development/testing/validation

• Restricted to continuous phase temperature below saturation temperature of
evaporating component
• Care is required to avoid nonphysical answers

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 12-7 Release 14.5

 User-Defined Species Transfer
• Customized models for interphase transfer of species can always be
defined using the general framework of sources and sinks which may
be defined for any subdomain.

• In this case, it is up to the user to define a consistent set of source and

sinks which correctly reflect the continuity sources for species and
phases and the corresponding effect on energy.

• If energy effects are to be included, the user must decide how to

partition the latent heat for the species phase change between the
individual phases

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 12-8 Release 14.5

 Sink Option for Multicomponent Fluids
• When a mass sink is specified for a multicomponent fluid, the user may wish
to retain control over which mass fractions are applied to it.
• By default, the local mass fraction is applied for sinks, but in many cases, this
default should be overridden for species transfer
• Sink Option
– Controls how specified mass fraction distribution is applied when mass source is
negative (always used when it is positive):
1. Local mass fractions and temperature
2. Specified mass fractions and temperature
3. Specified mass fractions and local temperature
– Specified values for mass fraction
– Local values of temperature used for calculating enthalpy
– In many cases, for multicomponent flows, the mass source is known for
individual components. For a source term due to transfer of species A,
a mass fraction of 1 would be specified, rather than the local mass fraction of A

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 12-9 Release 14.5

 Enthalpy Effects
• Suppose that 0.01 kg of component A is transferred from the liquid
phase to the gas phase by evaporation. The two phases are both at
25 °C so that there is no interphase heat transfer. Component A has
the following properties at 25 °C:

HAL = 100 kJ/kg

HAV = 1100 kJ/kg
• If no action is taken by the user, then there will be a net increase of
(0.01 kg)(1100 kJ/kg- 100 kJ/kg) = 10 kJ in the enthalpy of the two-
phase mixture due to the evaporation. In the absence of external
heat transfer, the evaporation should be isenthalpic.
• The user could define an enthalpy sink in either the gas or liquid
phase to keep the overall enthalpy of the two-phase mixture constant
as evaporation occurs - the choice of phase depends upon how the
user chooses to partition the latent heat
© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 12-10 Release 14.5
 Linearization of Sources
• Convergence of problems with sources and sinks can often be
improved by defining a source coefficient, which is essentially
a linearization of the source term
• Conceptually, the source coefficient of source C for variable f is
just S/f(note; energy sources are linearized
by temperature)
• In practice, the linearization does not have to be exact and
even simply dividing the source by the relevant variable (i.e.
S/f) can provide a useful approximation for the source
coefficient

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 12-11 Release 14.5

 Source Coefficients
• Consider a general source which appears on the RHS of the discretized
equations:
S = Af + B
• If A is positive, subtracting Af from the LHS reduces the magnitude of the
diagonal component and makes the linear equations harder to solve
• If A is negative, it makes the system of equations more diagonally dominant
and easier to solve
• Thus the source coefficient should be negative for stability. If a positive
coefficient is specified the solver reverses the sign. Not setting a value sets
the source coefficient to zero.
• A source coefficient defined for a zero source will still affect convergence rate
and can be used to enforce boundedness (an example of this can be seen in
the optional Workshop #10: Steam jet Tutorial)

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 12-12 Release 14.5

 False Timestepping via Source Coefficients
•For non-linearisable sources, a source coefficient can be used to
add a false transient coefficient based on a locally computed
timescale for the modeled process.
• For mass sources (species, volume fraction), the source has units
of mass per volume per time [kg/m3 s] and the linearization
coefficient will have the same units.
– A false timestepping source coefficient could be defined as: -r/Dt
(or -rra/Dt)
• For energy sources, the source term has units of energy per
volume per time [W/m3], but linearization is done with respect to
temperature, so the source coefficient will have units of [W/m3 K].
– A false timestepping source coefficient could be defined as: -rCp/Dt
(or -rraCp/Dt)

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 12-13 Release 14.5

 Enthalpy Effects
• Suppose that 0.01 kg of component A is transferred from the liquid
phase to the gas phase by evaporation. The two phases are both at
25 °C so that there is no interphase heat transfer. Component A has
the following properties at 25 °C:

HAL = 100 kJ/kg

HAV = 1100 kJ/kg
• If no action is taken by the user, then there will be a net increase of
(0.01 kg)(1100 kJ/kg- 100 kJ/kg) = 10 kJ in the enthalpy of the two-
phase mixture due to the evaporation. In the absence of external
heat transfer, the evaporation should be isenthalpic.
• The user could define an enthalpy sink in either the gas or liquid
phase to keep the overall enthalpy of the two-phase mixture constant
as evaporation occurs - the choice of phase depends upon how the
user chooses to partition the latent heat
© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 12-14 Release 14.5