1

MECHANICS
&
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

This chapter “Mechanics & Structural Analysis” is taken from our:

ISBN : 9789385576522
 2

Bending Moment (m) : Algebraic sum of moments of all

transverse forces on either side of section of a beam.
Bending stress in beams • Types of Strain
When a beam is subjected to pure bending (no shear force), then 1. Longitudinal Strain or lateral strain
bending equation is given by : The ratio of deformed length to original length due
M E f to normal forces acting on it. T1he normal forces can
I R y be tensile or compressional.
where, Change in length
Longitudinal Strain =
M – bending moment I – MI of section about neutral Actual length
axis 2. Shear strain
E – young's modules R – Radius of neutral surface It is the change in angle in a member due to tangential
after bending force or shear force.
f – stress at any point y – distance of fibre from neutral AA ' DD '
axis Shear strain =
AB AB
I 3. Volumetric Strain
Ratio, is called section modulus (Z) Ratio of change in volume to original volume
y
I M V
Z = Volume strain =
y f V
A A' D D'
SIMPLE STRESS STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS
Stress : It is the force of internal resistance offered by a body
against the deformation due to external loads.
Force
Stress = (N / m2 ) B C
Area
Elastic constants
Types of Stress
From the Hook’s law,
1. Normal stress or direct stress ( ) : Stress acting normal
Stress strain
to a section due to axial forces. (tensile or compressive
i.e.,
forces)
P = constant
A 1. Young's modulus (E)
2. Shear Stress ( ) : Stress due to tangential forces. Ratio of linear stress to linear strain is called young's
F modulus
A P/A PL
3. Bending Stress (fb) : Stress due to bending. E= L
L/L AE
M It is the slope of elastic region in stress strain curve.
fb =
Z Esteel = 200 GPa.
I 2. Rigidity modulus (C or N or G)
Z = sectional modulus =
Y It is the ratio of shear stress by shear strain
4. Torsional Stress : Stress due to torsion.
C C T T C=
3. Bulk modulus (k)
It is ratio of direct stress to volumetric strain.
C
P
NA K=
v

T
 3
Relationship between elastic constants
E = 2C (1 + ) … (i)
E = 3K (1 – 2 ) … (ii) P P
9KC
E= …(iii)
3K C
1 L1 L2 L3
where, = poissons ratio =
m
A1E1 A2E2 A3E3
lateralstrain
= linearstrain 3. Compound bar
= 0.27 to 0.30 PL
steel
= 0.2 to 0.27 L= A E A E
concrete 1 1 2 2
3K 2C 4. Due to self weight
=
6K 2C WL
Points to be noted L= W = weight
AE
1 5. Tapered body
If < ; E>K
3 4PL
1 L= D, d-diameter
EDd
> ; E<K
3
For isotropic material ( = 0.25); E > K > C P P
Isotropic material has 2 elastic constants (E, µ)
Orthographic materials has 9 and anisotropic material has 21
elastic constants.
L
STRAIN ENERGY
It is the energy strored by a member on which work was done to PRINCIPAL STRESSES
deform it. A plane in which there is only normal stress (no shsear stress) is
P 2 called principle plane and only normal stress acting in that plane
Strain energy = (Al) is called principle stresses.
2E
At any point there are three principle planes and their
P2 corresponding principle stresses will be there. Of these 3 stresses
Strian energy/unit volume = only two one considered i.e. major and minor principle stresses.
2E
Elongation of members Let 1 = maximum principle stress
1. Due to external load 2 = minor principle stresses.

PL 2
x y 6y 2
L= x
( xy )
AE 1, 2 =
2 2
P – applied load
L, A - length and c/s area of rod. 2
2. Rod of varying cross section x 6y 2
Maximum shear stress = ( xy )
2
L1 L2 L3
L=P
A1E1 A2E 2 A3 E 3 = 1 2
2
Planes defining maximum or minimum principal stresses.
2 xy
tan 2 =
x y
 4
Inclination of other stress; 1 = + 90° I M
Plane of maximum shearing stress Section modulus, Z=
y f
x y M – BM
tan 2 s = 2 I – Moment of inertial (MI) section about neutral axis
xy
R – radius of NA after bending
MOHR CIRCLE y – distance of fibre from NA
From the basic equation of normal and shearing stresses. SHEAR STRESS IN BEAMS
x y x y The value of shear stress at any longitutional section of a beam at
cos 2 xy sin 2 a distance y from NA is given by
2 2
x y
Ay
= sin 2 xy cos 2 q=F.
2 Ib
From these equation we get, F – Shear force at the given section
Ay – MI of area above the section
2 2
x y 2 x y 2
I – MI of beam about.NA
2
=
2
( xy ) STRESSES IN THIN WALLED VESSELS
1. Hoop stress or circumferencial stress (f h)
This is in form of a unit ((x – a)2 + y2 = R2)
Pd
2 fh =
2t
x y 2
R= ( xy ) where, p – internal fluid pressure.
2 d – diameter of vessel.
( – c)2 + 2 = R2 t – thickness of cylinder.
It is a tensile stress acting along circumference.
c=
x y If efficiency ( ) of long riveted joint is considered.
2 Pd
This is the distance from origin along x axis. f =
2t
2. Longitudinal stress (f )
Pd
f =
4t
If efficiency of circumferencial riveted joint is combined,
xy Pd
O f =
O 4t
yx f =2×f
(if both efficiences are equal)
y
STRAINS IN THIN WALLED VESSELS
1. Hoop strain (e )
C x– y
x+ y 2 Pd 1
e = 1
2 2tE 2m
x
2. Longitudinal strain (el)
Pd 1 1
SIMPLE BENDING THEORY el =
2tE 2 m
Pure bending occur when there is only BM, and no SF. 3. Volumetric Strain (ev)
Neutral axis (NA) pass through layer which does not undergo
change in length while bending. It pass through centre of gravity ev = 2e + el
(C.G) of cross section. Pd 5 2
Equation of pure bending =
2tE 2 m
M E f 3P
I R y If radial stress is considered ev increases by
mE
EI is called flexural rigidity UNIFORM TORSION
1 M Torsion formulae
Curvature =
R EI T C fs
J L R
 5
Where,
I
T – torque applied Radius of gyration, r =
A
q – modulus of rigidity of material
L – length of shaft Effective length
Slenderness ratio=
fs – max. shear stress Least radius of gyration
R – external radius of shaft Critical load : The minimum load at which column starts
J – polar moment intertia buckling.

D14 D24 2
J= for hollow circular shaft Critical load, PE = EI
32 l2
D4 l – effective length of column
= for solid circular shaft. I – MI about axis of least resistance.
32
Variation of shear stress E – Young's modulus.
If q is the shear stress induced at vadial distance r from the axis of
the shaft, then, STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
q fs T C Structure is any elastic body which resist the system of loads and
r R J L deformations acting on it. Structures may be either skeletal (roof
truss, framed building), surface structures (slabs, shells etc) or
J solid structure (like foundation).
The ratio is called torsional section modulus (Zp).
R
STATICALLY DETERMINANT STRUCTURES
As value of Zp increases, torsional strength increases.
CJ is called torsional rigidity (kg.cm2) Static equillibrium
A plane frame structure is said to be in static equillibrium if
Tl
Angle of twist, = H= V= M=0
CJ Where, H and V are algebraic sum of horizontal and vertical
2 NT external forces.
Power transmitted by shaft, P = M is algebraic sum of all moments at any point.
60
Strain energy due to torsion : Statically determinant structures
Structures which can be analysed with equations of static
T2 l fs 2 equillibrium alone are called statically determinant structures.
For solid shaft, u= × volume of shaft.
2CJ 4C i.e., V = 0, M = 0 and H = 0
T 2l fs 2 (D 2 d 2 )
For hollow shaft, u = × volume shaft. Statically indeterminate structures
2CJ 4C D2 Those structures whose reaction componants and internal stresses
STRAIN ENERGY cannot be found out by equations of static equillibrium alone.
E.g.,
Strain energy is the work done in straining the material, and is
stored in form of energy in it. 1 2

1
u = .P..
2
PL
= Static indeterminancy
AE
It is the number of redundant forces that has to be removed to
P 2L transform the structure to a statically determinant structure.
u =
2AE Degree of static indeterminancy (DS) : Equation additional to
1 static equillibrium equations needed to analyse a statically
u = × stress × strain × volume. indeterminant structure.
2 Ds = No. of unknowns – static equillibrium equations
BUCKLING OF COLUMN Ds = external indeterminancy + Internal indeterminancy.
= Dse Dsi
Crushing load, Pc = Fc A
fc – ultimate crushing stress. Dse = r – 6 for space frame
A – c/s area of column = r – 3 for plane frame
Dsi = m – (2j – 3) for pin joined plane frame
 6
= m – (3j – 6) for pin joined space frame
C
= 3c for rigid jointed plane frame
= 6c for rigid jointed space frame
where, Rise
r – reaction componants HA A B HB
m – member forces
VA Span VB
j – no. of joints of pin jointed frame
c – no. of cuts required to open the configuration or its no.
of boxes in the frame. Points to be noted
– If a UDL of W/unit run is carried over whole span then :
Analysis of statically determinate trusses (frames)
Wl 2
Check for static determinancy Horizontal thrust =
8h
n = 2j – 3 for plane frame
At any section, BM = 0, SF = 0
n = 3j – 6 for space frame
There will be axial compression in the arch.
where, n = no. of bars
C
j = no. of joints

METHOD OF ANALYSIS
1. Method of Joints
Forces are resolved in two perpendicular directions and
A
equillibrium condition is applied. This can be applied only
for joints with two unknown forces.
2. Method of section
B
In this method, the structure is divided by an ideal surface
– If arch is subjected to temperature, displacement of point
into two parts. Then the forces on the bars on either side
C is given by :
of the surface forms a system of forces in equillibrium
and the equations of static equillibrium is applied on any l2 4h 2
one portion of the frame. h= t
4h
This method can be applied to structures with limited
number of members. Change in horizontal thrust due to temperature, change is
given by:
3. Tension coefficient method
4. Graphical method dH h
=
H h
ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY DETERMINATE ARCHES
An arch is a curved beam in which horizontal movement is
partially or wholly restrained. Hence there is always a horizontal h
thrust at the supports.
Consider a 3-hinged arch
Number of unknowns = 4
h
No. of equations = 3 + 1 = 4 (3 static equillibrium and one
moment equation at C)
It is a statically determinate structure. A
l
Steps to analyse 3-hinged arch
Find the vertically reactions VA and VB, similar to that of Analysis of statically determinate cables
a beam. Cable is assumed to have zero self weight and BM at every, section
The BM at C is zero. is zero.
If there is only vertical loads, then HA = HB Steps to analyse cable with 2 supports at same level.
To find HA and HB, equate BM at C to zero and solve it.
Find the vertical reaction VA and VB by taking moment
If A and B are at different levels. about one support, similar to that of a simply supported
Take moment about C on forces on its either sides and get beam.
equation of VA, H and VB, H respectively.
Total downward forces = VA + VB If there is only vertical loads, then HA = HB.
Thus find value of H and then find VA and VB. If position of any point of chord is known, take M = 0
about this point to calculate horizontal reaction at supports.
 7
Usually we take the lowest point. Effect of temperature

RA VA VB 3 l2
RB . . t
dh =
16 h
HA HB Change in stress due to change in temperature, df

df dH 3 l2
= . . t
f H 16 h 2
“Analysis of statically indeterminate structures”
Tension at the segments near to supports equal to resultant Strain energy (U) in linear elastic system due to :
forces at support.
Note : We can analyse cable with support at two levels similar to P 2L
(a) axial loading=
that of 3 hinged arch with support at different levels. 2AE
Analysis of cable with UDL all over its length. l mx 2
(b) Flexure loading= dx.
w 2EIx
VA = VB = 0
z
l
2 V2
w (c) Shear stress= K dx,
HA = HB = 2AG
8h 0

k = form factor; k = 1.2 for rectangle

VA VB
l
T2
(d) Torsion =
HA HB 0
2JG

In an elastic system, the deflection or rotation at any point caused

by an external force or moment is equal to partial derivative of
strain energy with reference to the force or couple at that point.

/unit m V
i.e., =

2 2
w w 2 V
Max tension, Tmax= V2 H2 =
2 8h M

CASTIGLIANO'S SECOND THEOREM

w l2
= 1 It is based on principle of minimum strain energy and states that
2 10h 2 in every case of static indeterminancy, where in an indefinite
number of efficient values of redundant forces satisfy the
Tmin = H (at lowest point)
conditions of static equillibrium, their actual values are those that
H render the strain energy stored to a minimum. i.e.,
Tension at any point, T =
cot U U
=0 =0
R M
8h 2
Length of cable = l +
3l
 8

5. The stress-strain diagram for two materials A and B i s shown

Conceptual MCQs below : [2000, 1 mark]
1. The dimensions for the flexural rigidity of a beam element
in mass (M), length (L) and time (T) is given by Material A
[2000, 1 mark]
(a) MT2 (b) ML3T–2
(c) ML–1 T–2 (d) ML–1 T2 Material B
2. A two span beam with an internal hinge is shown below.
[2000, 1 mark]
O Strain
Hinge
c d The following statements are made based on this diagram:
a b (I) Material A is more brittle than material B.
Conjugate beam corresponding to this beam is (II) The ultimate strength of material B is m ore than that
b c d
of A.
a
(a) With reference to the above statements, which of the
following applies?
a b c d (a) Both the statements are false
(b)
(b) Both the statements are true
(c) I is true but II is false
a b c d
(c) (d) I is false but II is true.
6. Four column of the same material and having identical
a b c d geometric properties are supported in different ways as
(d) shown below: [2000, 1 mark]

3. Pick the incorrect statement from the following four

statements : [2000, 1 mark]
(a) On the plane which carries maximum normal stress,
the shear stress is zero.
(b) Principal planes are mutually orthogonal
(c) On the plane which carries maximum shear stress, the
normal stress is zero.
(d) The principal stress axes and principal strain axes I II
coincide for an isotropic material.
4. A frame ABCD is supported by a roller at A and is on a
hinge at C as shown below: [2000, 1 mark]

L/2 L/2 L/2

P P
B C
D
III IV
L It is required to order these four beams in the increasing
order of their respective first buckling loads. The correct
order is given by
A (a) I, II, III, IV (b) III, IV, I, II
The reaction at the roller end A is given by (c) II, I, IV, III (d) I, II, IV, III
(a) P (b) 2P 7. The four cross sections shown below are required to be
ordered in the increasing order of their respective shape
P
(c) (d) Zero. factors.
2
 9
10. Identify the FALSE statement from the following, pertaining
to the effects due to a temperature rise T in the bar BD
alone in the plane truss shown below : [2001, 1 mark]

B C
I II
Temperature rise in
this bar only

III IV A D
Which of the following order is correct? [2000, 2 marks]
(a) III, I, IV, II (b) I, II, III, IV
(c) III, IV, I, II (d) III, IV, II, I (a) No reactions develop at supports A and D.
8. A simply supported beam with an overhang is traversed by (b) The bar BD will be subject to a tensile force.
a unit concentrated moment from the left to the right as (c) The bar AC will be subject to a compressive force
shown below : [2000, 2 marks] (d) The bar BC will be subject to a tensile force.
11. Identify the correct deflection diagram corresponding to the
Direction of Motion
M=1 loading in the plane frame shown below : [2001, 1 mark]
A B

L/2 L
The influence line for reaction at B is given by

1
1 L
(a)
2L

1
1 L
(b)
(a) (b)
L

1
(c)
L
(d) zero everywhere
9. The following two statements are made with reference to
(c) (d)
the planar truss shown below : [2000, 2 marks]

C
I
12. Identify the FALSE statement from the following pertaining
to the methods of structural analysis. [2001, 1 mark]
H
(a) Influence lines for stress resultants in beams can be
G drawn using Muller Breslau's Principle
F E (b) The Moment Distribution Method is a force method
D
of analysis, not a displacement method.
1
A B (c) The Principle of virtual displacements can be used to
establish a condition of equilibrium.
(d) The Substitute Frame Method is not applicable to
I. The truss is statically determinate frames subjects to significant sidesway.
II. The truss is kinematically determinate 13. The frame below shows three beam elements OA, OB and
With reference to the above statements, which of the OC, with identical length L and flexural rigidity EI, subject
following applies? to an external moment M applied at the rigid joint O. The
(a) Both statements are true. correct set of bending moments [MOX MOB, MOC] that
(b) Both statements are false. develop at O in the three beam elements OA, OB and OC
(c) II is true but I is false. respectively, is [2001, 2 marks]
(d) I is true but II is false.
 10
M B (a) bending moment, shear force and axial force
A (b) bending moment and axial force only
O (c) bending moment and shear force only
(d) axial force only
18. Muller Breslau principle in structural analysis is used for
C
[2003, 1 mark]
EI/L is constant for all three members (a) drawing influence line diagram for any force function
(a) [3M/8, M/ 8, 4M/8]
(b) writing virtual work equation
(b) [3M/11, 4M/11, 4M/11]
(c) super-position of load effects
(c) [M/3, M/3, M/3]
(d) none of these
(d) [3M/7, 0, 4M/7]
14. Consider the following two statements related to reinforced 19. Group I shows different loads acting on a beam and Group
concrete design, and identify whether they are TRUE or 2 shows different bending moment distributions. Match the
FALSE : [2001, 2 marks] load with corresponding bending moment diagram.
I. Curtailment of bars in the flexural tension zone in [2003, 2 marks]
beams reduces the shear strength at the cut-off Group 1 Group 2
locations.
II. When a rectangular column section is subject to P 1
biaxially eccentric compression, the neutral axis will
be parallel to the resultant axis of bending.
(a) Both statements I and II are TRUE Q 2
(b) Statement I is TRUE, and Statement II is FALSE
(c) Statement I is FALSE, and statement II is TRUE
(d) Both Statements I and II are FALSE.
15. For the loading given in the figure below, two statements (I R 3
and II) are made). [2002, 1 mark]
W

B A
S 4

D C E 5
Codes :
I. Member AB carries shear force and bending moment
P Q R S
II. Member BC carries axial load and shear force.
(a) 4 2 1 3
Which of the following is true?
(b) 5 4 1 3
(a) Statement I is true but II is false
(c) 2 5 3 1
(b) Statement I is false but II is true
(d) 2 4 1 3
(c) Both statements I and II are true
20. The unit load method used in structural analysis is
(d) Both statements I and II are false
[2004, 1 mark]
16. The shear modulus (G), modulus of elasticity (E) and the
(a) applicable only to statistically indeterminate structures
Poisson's ratio (v) of a material are related as,
(b) another name for stiffness method
[2002, 1 mark]
(c) an extension of Maxwell's reciprocal theorem
(a) G = E / [2 (1 + v)] (b) E = G / [2 (1 + v)]
(d) derived from Castigliano's theorem
(c) G = E / [2 (1 – v)] (d) G = E / [2 (v – 1)]
21. For linear elastic systems, the type of displacement function
17. A curved member with a straight vertical leg is carrying a
for the strain energy is [2004, 1 mark]
vertical load at Z, as shown in the figure. The stress resultants
(a) linear (b) quadratic
in the XY segment are [2003, 1 mark]
(c) cubic (d) quartic
22. For a linear elastic structural system, minimization of
Z potential energy yields [2004, 1 mark]
(a) compatibility conditions
(b) constitutive relations
(c) equilibrium equations
(d) strain-displacement relations
Y 23. The plane frame below is analyzed by neglecting axial
deformations. Following statements are made with respect
X to the analysis [2004, 2 marks]
 11
I. Column AB carries axial force only 28. For a linear elastic frame, if stiffness matrix is doubled, the
II. Vertical deflection at the center of beam BC is 1 mm existing stiffness matrix, the deflection of the resulting frame
will be [2005, 1 mark]
5m
(a) twice the existing value
10 kN/m (b) half the existing value
(c) the same as existing value
B C
(d) indeterminate value
29. Match the following : [2005, 2 marks]
5m Group I Group 2
7m P. Slope deflection 1. Force method
method
A
Q. Moment distribution 2. Displacement method
method
D R. Method of three
moments
S. Castigliano's second
With reference to the above statements, which of the
theorem
following applies ?
(a) P-1, Q-2, R-1, S-2 (b) P-1, Q-1, R-2, S-2
EI = 81380 kN-m2
(c) P-2, Q-2, R-1, S-1 (d) P-2, Q-1, R-2, S-1
(a) Both the statements are true 30. All members of the frame shown below have the same
(b) Statement I is true but II is false flexural rigidity EI and length L. If a moment M is applied
(c) Statement II is true but I is false at joint B, the rotation of the point is [2005, 2 marks]
(d) Both the statements are false
24. A propped cantilever of span L is carrying a vertical A B M C
concentrated load acting at midspan. The plastic moment EI, L EI, L
of the section is Mp. The magnitude of the collapse load is EI, L
[2004, 2 marks]
D
8Mp 6M p
(a) (b) ML ML
L L (a) (b)
12EI 11EI
4M p 2M p ML ML
(c) (d) (c) (d)
L L 8EI 7EI
25. The symmetry of stress tensor at a point in the body under 30 0
equilibrium is obtained from [2005, 1 mark] 31. Mohr’s circle for the state of stress defined by
0 30
(a) conservation of mass
(b) force equilibrium equations MPa is a circle with [2006, 1 mark]
(a) centre at (0, 0) and radius 30 MPa
(c) moment equilibrium equations
(b) centre at (0, 0) and radius 60 MPa
(d) conservation of energy
(c) centre at (30, 0) and radius 30 MPa
26. The components of strain tensor at a point in the plane
(d) centre at (30, 0) and zero radius
strain case can be obtained by measuring longitudinal strain
32. A simply supported beam AB has the bending moment
in following directions [2005, 1 mark]
diagram as shown in the following figure. The beam is
(a) along any two arbitrary directions
possibly under the action of following loads:
(b) along any arbitrary directions
(c) along any mutually orthogonal directions M
(d) along any arbitrary direction
27. Considering beam as axially rigid, the degree of freedom
of a plane frame shown below is [2005, 1 mark]
C D
F A B

M M

L L L
[2006, 2 marks]
(a) Couples of M at C and 2M at D
(b) Couples of 2M at C and M at D
(a) 9 (b) 8 (c) Concentrated loads of M/L at C and 2M/L at D
(c) 7 (d) 6 (d) Concentrated loads of M/L at C and couple of 2M at D
 12
33. The stiffness coefficient kij indicates [2007, 1 mark] 40. The point within the cross-sectional plane of a beam through
(a) force at i due to a unit deformation at j which the resultant of the external loading on the beam has
(b) deformation at j due to a unit force at i to pass through to ensure pure bending without twisting of
(c) deformation at i due to a unit force j the cross-section of the beam is called [2009, 1 mark]
(d) force at j due to a unit deformation i (a) moment centre (b) centroid
34. For an isotropic material, the relationship between the (c) shear centre (d) elastic centre
Young’s modulus (E), shear modulus (G) and Poisson’s ratio 41. The square root of the ratio of moment of inertia of the
( ) is given by [2007, 1 mark] cross-section to its cross-sectional area is called
(a) second moment of area [2009, 1 mark]
E G
(a) G (b) E (b) slenderness ratio
21 21 (c) section modulus
(d) radius of gyration
E E
(c) G (d) G 42. Consider the following statements: [2009, 2 marks]
1 2 2 1– I. On a principal plane, only normal stress acts.
35. U1 and U2 are the strain energies stored in a prismatic bar II. On a principal plane, both normal and shear stresses act.
due to axial tensile forces P1 and P2, respectively. The strain III. On a principal plane, only shear stress acts.
energy U stored in the same bar due to combined action of IV. Isotropic state of stress is independent of frame of
P1 and P2 will be [2007, 2 marks] reference.
(a) U = U1 + U2 (b) U = U1U2 The TRUE statement(s) is/are
(c) U < U1 + U2 (d) U > U1 + U2 (a) I and IV (b) II
36. The influence line diagram (ILD) shown is for the member (c) II and IV (d) II and III
[2008, 1 mark] 43. Consider the following statements for a compression
P Q member: [2009, 2 marks]
I. The elastic critical stress in compression increases with
decrease in slenderness ratio.
II. The effective length depends on the boundary
conditions at its ends.
R S III. The elastic critical stress in compression is independent
Tension of the slenderness ratio.
IV. The ratio of the effective length to its radius of gyration
ILD is called as slenderness ratio.
Compression The TRUE statements are
(a) PS (b) RS (a) II and III (b) III and IV
(c) PQ (d) QS (c) II, III and IV (d) I, II and IV
37. The shape of the cross-section, which has the largest shape 44. Group I gives the shear force diagrams and Group II gives
factor, is [2008, 1 mark] the diagrams of beams with supports and loading. Match
(a) rectangular (b) I-section the Group I with Group II. [2009, 2 marks]
(c) diamond (d) solid circular Group I
38. The span(s) to be loaded uniformly for maximum positive
(upward) reaction at support P, as shown in the figure below, ql/2 ql/4
+ +
is (are) [2008, 2 marks] P.
P Q R S – – ql/2
ql/4

ql/4
+
(a) PQ only (b) PQ and QR Q.
(c) QR and RS (d) PQ and RS +
39. A vertical PQ of length L is fixed at its top end P and has a ql/4
flange to the bottom end. A weight W is dropped vertically
from a height h (<L) on to the flange. The axial stress in the
rod can be reduced by [2008, 2 marks] q/2 q/2 + q/2
+
(a) increasing the length of the rod
(b) decreasing the length of the rod R.
(c) decreasing the area of cross-section of the rod – q/2 q/2 – q/2
(d) increasing the modulus of elasticity of the material
 13
46. The Poisson’s ratio is defined as [2012, 1 mark]
q/2 + axial stress lateral strain
(a) (b)
S. lateral stress axial strain
– q/2 lateral stress axial strain
(c) (d)
axial stress lateral strain
Group II
47. The following statements are related to bending of beams:
q/unit length q/unit length I. The slope of the bending moment diagram is equal to
1. the shear force.
II. The slope of the shear force diagram is equal to the
l/4 l l/4
load intensity.
q/2 q q/2 III. The slope of the curvature is equal to the flexural
2. rotation.
l/4 l l/4 IV. The second derivative of the deflection is equal to the
curvature.
q/unit length
The only FALSE statement is [2012, 1 mark]
3. (a) I (b) II
l/4 l l/4
(c) III (d) IV
q/2 q/2 48. If a small concrete cube is submerged deep in still water in
4. such a way that the pressure exerted on all faces of the cube
l/4 l l/4 is p, then the maximum shear stress developed inside the
(a) P-3, Q-1, R-2, S-4 (b) P-3, Q-4, R-2, S-1 cube is [2012, 1 mark]
(c) P-2, Q-1, R-4, S-3 (d) P-2, Q-4, R-3, S-1 p
45. Consider a simply supported beam with a uniformly (a) 0 (b)
2
distributed load having a neutral axis (NA) as shown. (c) p (d) 2p
For points P (on the neutral axis) and Q (at the bottom of 49. As per IS 800:2007, the cross-section in which the extreme
the beam) the state of stress is best represented by which of fiber can reach the yield stress, but cannot develop the
the following pairs? [2011, 1 mark] plastic moment of resistance due to failure by local buckling
is classified as [2013, 1 mark]
(a) plastic section (b) compact section
(c) semi-compact section (d) slender section
50. The creep strains are [2013, 1 mark]
NA
(a) caused due to dead loads only
(b) caused due to live loads only
(c) caused due to cyclic loads only
Q P (d) independent of loads
L L 51. The ‘plane section remains plane’ assumption in bending
theory implies: [2013, 1 mark]
(a) strain profile is linear
(b) stress profile is linear
(a) P Q (c) both strain and stress profiles are linear
(d) shear deformations are neglected
52. Match the information given in Group-I with those in Group-II.
[2014-I, 1 mark]
Group-I Group-II
(b) P Q P. Factor to decrease 1. Upper bound on
ultimate strength to ultimate load
design strength
Q. Factor to increase 2. Lower bound on
working load to ultimate ultimate load
load for design
(c) P Q R. Statical method of 3. Material partial safety
ultimate load factor
analysis
S. Kinematical mechanism 4. Load factor
method of ultimate
(d) P Q load analysis
(a) P - 1; Q - 2; R - 3; S - 4 (b) P - 2; Q - 1; R - 4; S - 3
(c) P - 3; Q - 4; R - 2; S - 1 (d) P - 4; Q - 3; R - 2; S - 1
 14
53. The possible location of shear centre of the channel section, 57. For the structure shown below, the vertical deflection at
shown below, is [2014-I, 1 mark] point A is given by [2000, 2 marks]

3L
EI
P Q R S
EI 3L
P
EI
L
(a) P (b) Q 3L
(c) R (d) S
54. Group I contains representative stress-strain curves as shown
in the figure, while Group II gives the list of materials. Match PL3 2 PL3
(a) (b)
the stress-strain curves with the corresponding materials. 81EI 81EI
[2014-II, 1 mark]
Stress PL3
(c) Zero (d)
J
72 EI
L 58. The degree of static indeterminacy, Ns, and the degree of
K
kinematic indeterminacy, Nk, for the plane frame shown
below, assuming axial deformations to be negligible, are
given by [2001, 1 mark]

Strain
Group I Group II
P. Curve J 1. Cement paste
Q. Curve K 2. Coarse aggregate
R. Curve L 3. Concrete (a) NS = 6 and Nk = 11 (b) NS = 6 and Nk = 6
(a) P - 1; Q - 3; R - 2 (b) P - 2; Q - 3; R - 1 (c) NS = 4 and Nk = 6 (d) NS = 4 and Nk = 4
(c) P - 3; Q - 1; R - 2 (d) P - 3; Q - 2; R - 1
59. The bending moment (in kNm units) at the mid -span
55. The first moment of area about the axis bending for a beam
location X in the beam with overhangs shown below is equal
cross-section is [2014-II, 1 mark]
(a) moment of inertia (b) section modulus [2001, 1 mark]
(c) shape factor (d) polar moment of inertia 10 kN
A B
Problem Based MCQs x spring
support
56. A cantilever beam of length L and a cross section with shape 1m 1m 1m 1m
factor f supports a concentrated load P as shown below : (a) 0 (b) –10
[2000, 2 marks] (c) –15 (d) –20
P 60. Identify, from the following, the correct value of the bending
moment MA (in kNm) units) at the fixed end A in the statically
determinate beam shown below (with internal hinges at B
and D), when a uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/m is
LP placed on all spans.
(Hint: Sketching the influence line for MA or applying the
L Principle of Virtual Displacements makes the solution easy).
The length Lp of the plastic zone, when the maximum [2001, 1 mark]
bending moment, equals the plastic moment Mp, given by A B C D E
LP 1 LP
(a) (b) L(1 f )
L f L 2m 2m 2m 2m
LP 1 LP 1 (a) –80 (b) – 40
(c) 1 (d) 1
L f L f (c) 0 (d) + 40
 15
61. The end moment (in kNm) units) developed in the roof level 65. A long structural column (length = L) with both ends hinged
beams in the laterally loaded frame shown below (with all is acted upon by an axial compressive load, P. The
columns having identical cross-sections), according to the differential equation governing the bending of column is
Cantilever Method of simplified analysis, is given by
[2001, 2 marks] d2y
30kN EI py
dx 2
4m Where y is the structural lateral deflection and EI is the
60kN flexural rigidity. The first critical load on column responsible
4m for its buckling is given by [2003, 2 marks]
2 2
EI 2 EI
4m 4m (a) 2 (b) 2
(a) 7.5 (b) 15 L L
(c) 20 (d) 30 2 2
2 EI 4 EI
62. In the propped cantilever beam carrying a uniformly (c) (d)
2 2
distributed loaf of w N/m, shown in the following figure, L L
the reaction at the support B is [2002, 2 marks] 66. In a redundant joint model, three bar members are pin
wkNlm connected at Q as shown in the figure. Under some load
placed at Q, the elongation of the members MQ and OQ
are found to be 48 mm and 35 mm respectively. Then the
B horizontal displacement u and the vertical displacement v
of the node Q, in mm, will be respectively.
[2003, 2 marks]
5 3
(a) wL (b) wL M N O
8 8
1 3
(c) wL (d) wL
2 4
63. A bar of varying square cross-section is loaded
symmetrically as shown in the figure, loads shown are placed MN = 400 mm
on one of the axes of symmetry of cross-section. Ignoring NO = 500 mm
self weight, the maximum tensile stress in N/nm2 anywhere NQ = 500 mm
is [2003, 1 mark] Q X, u
Y,v
(a) –6. 64 and 56.14 (b) 6.64 and 56.14
(c) 0.0 and 59.41 (d) 59.41 and 0.0
100 mm 67. A "H" shaped frame of uniform flexural rigidity EI is loaded
as shown in the figure. The relative outward displacement
50 mm between points K and O is [2003, 2 marks]
100 kN 100 kN R R
50 kN I M
(a) 16.0 (b) 20.0
(c) 25.0 (d) 30.0 h
64. The stiffness K of a beam deflecting in a symmetric mode,
as shown in the figure, is [2003, 1 mark]
J N
K K
h
=1 =1 K O
L
EI Uniform L

EI 2EI RLh2 RL2h

(a) (b)
(a) (b) EI EI
L L
4EI 6EI RLh2 RL2h
(c) (d) (c) (d)
L L 3EI 3EI
 16
68. A simply supported beam of uniform rectangular cross- vertical reaction RA at A is 50 kN. The value of RA for w =
section of width b and depth h is subjected to linear 100 kN/m is [2004, 2 marks]
temperature gradient, 0° at the top and T° at the bottom, as w (kN/m)
shown in the figure. The coefficient of linear expansion of
the beam material is a. The resulting vertical deflection at B 6 mm gap
the mid-span of the beam is [2003, 2 marks] A
0° Rigid platform
5m
(a) 500 kN (b) 425 kN
T° (c) 250 kN (d) 75 kN
L 73. In a two dimensional stress analysis, the state of stress at a
Temp gradient
point is shown below. [2004, 2 marks]
Th2 TL2 If = 120 Mpa and = 70 MPa,
(a) upward (b) upward then x and y are respectively
8L 8h
AB = 4
Th2 TL2 BC = 3
(c) downward (d) downward AC = 5
8L 8h
y
69. For the plane truss shown in the figure, the number of zero
force members for the given loading is [2004, 1 mark]
A
P

B x
C

y
Q (a) 26.7 MPa and 172.5 MPa
(a) 4 (b) 8 (b) 54 MPa and 128 MPa
(c) 11 (d) 13 (c) 67.5 MPa and 213.3 MPa
70. For the plane frame with an overhang as shown below, (d) 16 MPa and 138 MPa
assuming negligible axial deformation, the degree of static 74. A three hinged parabolic arch ABC has a span of 20 m and
indeterminacy, d, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy, a central rise of 4 m. The arch has hinges at the ends at the
k, are [2004, 2 marks] centre. A train of two point loads of 20 kN and
10 kN, 5 m apart, crosses this arch from left to right, with
20 kN load leading. The maximum thrust induced at the
supports is [2004, 2 marks]
(a) 25.00 kN (b) 28.13 kN
(c) 31.25 kN (d) 32.81 kN
75. A cantilever beam of length width b and depth d is loaded
with a concentrated vertical load at the tip. If yielding starts
at a load P, the collapse load shall be [2005, 2 marks]
(a) 2.0 P (b) 1.5 P
(a) d = 3 and k = 10 (b) d = 3 and k = 13 (c) 1.2 P (d) P
(c) d = 9 and k = 10 (d) d = 9 and k = 13 76. The bending moment diagram for a beam is given below :
71. A homogeneous simply supported prismatic beam of width The shear force at sections aa' and bb' respectively are of
B, depth D and span L is subjected to a concentrated load the magnitude. [2005, 2 marks]
of magnitude P. The load can be placed anywhere along the 200 kNm
span of the beam. The maximum flexural stress developed 1b
in beam is [2004, 2 marks]
2 PL 3 PL
(a) (b) a
3 BD 2 4 BD2 100 kNm

4 PL 3 PL
(c) (d) a 0.5 m b
3 BD 2 2 BD2 0.5m 1m 1m
72. For the linear elastic beam shown in the figure, the flexural (a) 100 kN, 150 kN (b) zero, 100 kN
rigidity. EI, is 781250 kN-m2. When w = 10 kN/m, the (c) zero, 50 kN (d) 100 kN, 100 kN
 17
77. The buckling load P = Pcr for the column AB in the figure, PL3 PL3
2
(a) , 2PL (b) , PL
EI 3EI 3EI
as KT approaches infinity, become , where is
L 2 8PL3 8PL3
(c) , 2PL (d) , PL
equal to [2006, 1 mark] 3EI 3EI
81. A beam with the cross-section given below is subjected to a
P
positive bending moment (causing compression at the top)
of 16 kN–m acting around the horizontal axis. Thetensile
A force acting on the hatched area of the cross-section is
[2006, 2 marks]

La flexural rigidity EI
75

torsional spring of stiffness KT 25

B
50
(a) 0.25 (b) 1.00
(c) 2.05 (d) 4.00 50
78. A long shaft of diameter d is subjected to twisting moment 100
T at its ends. The maximum normal stress acting at its (a) zero (b) 5.9 kN
cross-section is equal to [2006, 1 mark] (c) 8.9 kN (d) 17.8 kN
82. T-section of a beam is formed by gluing wooden planks as
16T shown in the figure below. If this beam transmits a constant
(a) zero (b)
d3 vertical shear force of 3000 K, the glue at any of the four
joints will be subjected to a shear force (in kN per metre
32T 64T length) of [2006, 2 marks]
(c) (d)
d 3
d3
50
79. For the section shown below, second moment of the area
about an axis d/4 distance above the bottom of the area is
[2006, 2 marks]

b 200

d 50
50 75
200
(a) 3.0 (b) 4.0
(c) 8.0 (d) 10.7
bd 3 bd3 83. If a beam of rectangular cross-section is subjected to a
(a) (b)
48 12 vertical shear force V, the shear force carried by the upper
one-third of the cross-section is [2006, 2 marks]
7bd3 bd3
(c) (d) 7V
48 3 (a) zero (b)
27
80. Consider the beam AB shown in the figure below. Part AC
of the beam is rigid while part CB has the flexural rigidity EI. 8V V
Identify the correct combination of deflection at end B and (c) (d)
27 3
bending moment. [2006, 2 marks] 84. A thin-walled long cylindrical tank of inside radius r is
P subjected simultaneously to internal gas pressure p and axial
compressive force F at its ends. In order to produce ‘pure
shear’ state of stress in the wall of the cylinder,F should be
A C B equal to [2006, 2 marks]
L L (a) pr2 (b) 2 pr2
(c) 3 pr2 (d) 4 pr2
 18
85. Vertical reaction developed at B in the frame below due to 90. A rigid bar is suspended by three rods made of the same
the applied load of 100 kN (with 150,000 mm 2 material as shown in the figure. The area and length of the
cross-sectional area and 3.125 × 109 mm4 moment of inertia central rod are 3A and L, respectively while that of the two
for both members) is [2006, 2 marks] outer rods are 2A and 2L, respectively. If a downward force
of 50 kN is applied to the rigid bar, the forces in the central
100 kN and each of the outer rods will be [2007, 2 marks]
A B

Internal hinge

1m 50 kN
(a) 16.67 kN each (b) 30 kN and 15 kN
(c) 30 kN and 10 kN (d) 21.4 kN and 14.3 kN
91. The maximum and minimum shear stresses in a hollow
circular shaft of outer diameter 20 mm and thickness 2 mm,
C
subjected to a torque of 92.7 Nm will be
1m [2007, 2 marks]
(a) 5.9 kN (b) 302 kN (a) 59 MPa and 47.2 MPa
(c) 66.3 kN (d) 94.1 kN (b) 100 MPa and 80 MPa
86. Consider the beam ABCD and the influence line as shown (c) 118 MPa and 160 MPa
below. The influence it pertains to [2006, 2 marks] (d) 200 MPa and 160 MPa
92. The shear stress at the neutral axis in a beam of triangular
A B C D section with a base of 40 mm and height 20 mm, subjected
to a shear force of 3 kN is [2007, 2 marks]
Internal hinge (a) 3 MPa (b) 6 MPa
L L 2L (c) 10 MPa (d) 20 MPa
1 93. The right triangular truss is made of members having equal
cross sectional area of 1550 mm2 and Young’s modulus of
A B C D
2 × 105 MPa. The horizontal deflection of the joint Q is
(a) reaction at A, RA [2007, 2 marks]
(b) shear force at B, VB Q
(c) shear force on the left of C, VC– 135 kN
(d) shear force on the right of C, VC+
87. Carry-over factor CAB for the beam shown in the figure
below is [2006, 2 marks]
6m
A
B

Internal hinge P R
L L 4.5 m

1 1 (a) 2.47 mm (b) 10.25 mm

(a) (b) (c) 14.31 mm (d) 15.68 mm
4 2
94. A rigid bar GH of length L is supported by a hinge and a
3 spring of stiffness K as shown in the figure below. The
(c) (d) 1 buckling load, PCT for the bar will be [2008, 2 marks]
4
88. An axially loaded bar is subjected to a normal stress of P
173 MPa. The shear stress in the bar is [2007, 1 mark] k
(a) 75 MPa (b) 86.5 MPa H
(c) 100 MPa (d) 122.3 MPa
89. A metal bar of length 100 mm is inserted between two rigid L
supports and its temperature is increased by 10°C. If the
coefficient of thermal expansion is 12 × 10–6 per °C and the G
young’s modulus is 2 × 105 MPa, the stress in the bar is
[2007, 2 marks]
(a) zero (b) 12 MPa (a) 0.5 KL (b) 0.8 KL
(c) 24 MPa (d) 2400 MPa (c) 1.0 KL (d) 1.2 KL
 19
95. The degree of static indeterminacy of the rigid frame having 100. A hollow circular shaft has an outer diameter of 100 mm
two internal hinges as shown in the figure below, is and a wall thickness of 25 mm. The allowable shear stress
[2008, 2 marks] in the shaft is 125 MPa. The maximum torque the shaft can
I transmit is [2009, 2 marks]
H J (a) 46 kN m (b) 24.5 kN m
(c) 23 kN m (d) 11.5 kN m
101. Two people weighing W each are sitting on a plank of length
L
L floating on water at from either end. Neglecting the
4
G F E weight of the plank, the bending moment at the centre of
the plank is [2010, 1 mark]
(a) 8 (b) 7 WL WL
(c) 6 (d) 5 (a) (b)
8 16
96. The maximum shear stress in a solid shaft of circular
cross-section having diameter subjected to a torque T is . WL
If the torque is increased by four times and the diameter of (c) (d) zero
32
the shaft is increased by two times, the maximum shear stress 102. For the truss shown in the figure, the force in the member
in the shaft will be [2008, 2 marks] QR is [2010, 1 mark]
(a) 2t (b) t
Q
t t R
(c) (d)
2 4
97. The maximum tensile stress at the section X-X shown in
the figure below is [2008, 2 marks] L

L/3 L/3 L/3 T

X S
d/2 b
d L
P
d/2
P
L/2 L/2 P
X (a) zero (b)
2
8P 6P (c) P (d) 2P2
(a) (b)
bd bd 103. The major and minor principal stresses at a point are
3 MPa and –3 MPa respectively. The maximum shear stress
4P 2P at the point is [2010, 1 mark]
(c) (d)
bd bd (a) zero (b) 3 MPa
98. The stepped cantilever is subjected to movements, M as (c) 6 MPa (d) 9 MPa
shown in the figure below. The vertical deflection at the 104. The number of independent elastic constants for a linear
free end (neglecting the self-weight) is [2008, 2 marks] elastic isotropic and homogeneous material is
[2010, 1 mark]
M (a) 4 (b) 3
EI
2EI (c) 2 (d) 1
105. The effective length of a column of length L fixed against
M rotation and translation at one end and free at the other end is
L2 L2
[2010, 1 mark]
ML2 ML2 (a) 0.5 L (b) 0.7 L
(a) (b) (c) 1.414 L (d) 2 L
8EI 4EI
106. A solid circular shaft of diameter d and length L is fixed at
ML 2 one end and free at the other end. A torque t is applied at the
(c) (d) Zero free end. The shear modulus of the material is G. The angle
2EI of twist at three free ends is [2010, 1 mark]
99. A thin walled cylindrical pressure vessel having a radius of
0.5 m and wall thickness of 25 mm is subjected to an internal 16TL 32TL
(a) 4 (b)
pressure of 700 kPa. The hoop stress developed is d G d4 G
[2009, 1 mark]
64TL 128TL
(a) 14 MPa (b) 1.4 MPa (c) (d)
4
(c) 0.14 MPa (d) 0.014 MPa d G d 4G
 20
107. For the simply supported beam of length L, subjected to a
4 3
uniformly distributed moment M kN–m per unit length as (a) Mp (b) Mp
shown in the figure, the bending moment (in kN–m) at the 21 10
mid-span of the beam is [2010, 2 marks] 13
7
M kN – m per unit length (c) Mp (d) Mp
21 21
111. For the cantilever bracket, PQRS, loaded as shown in the
adjoining figure (PQ = RS = L and QR = 2L), which of the
following statements is FALSE? [2011, 2 marks]

L
(a) zero (b) M
S R
M Fixed
(c) ML (d)
L
r
108. A disc of radius r has a hole of radius cut-out as shown. 2L
2
The centroid of the remaining disc (shaded portion) at a P
radial distance from the centre ‘O’ is [2010, 2 marks] Q
W
L
r/2

‘O’ (a) The portion RS has a constant twisting moment with a

O
value of 2WL.
r (b) The portion QR has a varying twisting moment with a
maximum value of WL.
(c) The portion PQ has a varying bending moment with a
maximum value of WL.
r r (d) The portion PQ has no twisting moment.
(a) (b)
2 3 112. Consider a bar of diameter ‘D’ embedded in a large concrete
r r block as shown in the following figure, with a pull out force
(c) (d) P being applied. Let b and st be the bond strength (between
6 8
109. A three hinged parabolic arch having a span of 20 m and a the bar and concrete) and the tensile strength of the bar,
rise of 5 m carried a point load of 10 kN at quarter span respectively. If the block is held in position and it is assumed
from the left end as shown in the figure. The resultant that the material of the block does not fail, which of the
reaction at the left support and its inclination with the following options represents the maximum value of P?
horizontal are respectively [2010, 2 marks] [2011, 2 marks]
10 kN

Concrete
Block
5m

5m 5m 10 m
(a) 9.01 kN and 56.31° (b) 9.01 kN and 33.69° Embedded
Steel Bar L
(c) 7.50 kN and 56.31° (d) 2.50 kN and 33.69°
110. The value of W that results in the collapse of the beam shown
in the following figure and having a plastic moment capacity
of Mp is [2011, 2 marks]
Fixed W
Hinge

7m 3m
 21
116. A symmetric frame PQR consists of two inclined members
(a) Maximum of D2 and ( DL PQ and QR, connected at ‘Q’ with a rigid joint, and hinged
4
b
st)
at ‘P’ and ‘R’. The horizontal length PR is . If a weight W
is suspended at ‘Q’, the bending moment at ‘Q’ is
(b) Maximum of D2 and ( DL [2012, 2 marks]
4
st
b)
W W
(a) (b)
D 2 2 4
(c) Minimum of st and ( DL b)
4
W
(c) (d) zero
8
(d) Minimum of D 2 b and ( DL )
4 st 117. A continuous beam is loaded as shown in the figure below.
113. The ratio of the theoretical critical buckling load for a Assuming a plastic moment capacity equal to MP , the
column with fixed ends to that of another column with the minimum load at which the beam would collapse is
same dimensions and material, but with pinned ends, is equal [2012, 2 marks]
to [2012, 1 mark] P P
(a) 0.5 (b) 1.0 G H I J
(c) 2.0 (d) 4.0
114. A simply supported beam is subjected to a uniformly
distributed load of intensity w per unit length, on half of the L1 L2 L2 L2 L2
span from the end. The length of the span and the flexural 4MP` 6MP
stiffness are denoted as l and EI, respectively. The deflection (a) (b)
at mid-span of the beam is [2012, 2 marks] L L
8MP 10MP
5 wl 4 5 wl 4 (c) (d)
(a) (b) L L
6144 EI 786 EI
118. The state of 2D-stress at a point is given by the following
5 wl4 5 wl4 matrix of stresses: [2013, 2 marks]
(c) (d)
384 EI 192 EI xx xy 100 30
115. The sketch shows a column with a pin at the base and rollers MPa
xy yy 30 20
at the top. It is subjected to an axial force P and a moment
M at mid-height. The reaction(s) at R is/are What is the magnitude of maximum shear stress in MPa?
[2012, 2 marks] (a) 50 (b) 75
Q (c) 100 (d) 110
119. Beam PQRS has internal hinges in spans PQ and RS as
shown. The beam may be subjected to a moving distributed
vertical load of maximum intensity 4 kN/m of any length
h/2
P anywhere on the beam. The maximum absolute value of
the shear force (in kN) that can occur due to this loading
M just to the right of support Q shall be [2013, 2 marks]
P Q R S
h/2
5m 5m 20 m 5m 5m

R
(a) 30 (b) 40
(a) a vertical force equal to P (c) 45 (d) 55
120. The ultimate collapse load (P) in terms of plastic moment
P
(b) a vertical force equal to Mp by kinematic approach for a propped cantilever of length
2 L with P acting as its mid-span as shown in the figure, would
(c) a vertical force equal to P and a horizontal force equal
be [2014-I, 1 mark]
M
to P
h
P
(d) a vertical force equal to and a horizontal force equal Y
2
L L
M
to 2 2
h
 22
(a) P (b) Q
2M p 4M p
(a) P (b) P (c) R (d) S
L L 123. If the following equation establishes equilibrium in slightly
bent position, the mid-span deflection of a member shown
6M p 8M p
(c) P (d) P in the figure is [2014-I, 2 marks]
L L
d2 y P
121. The degree of static indeterminacy of a rigid jointed frame y 0
2 EI
PQR supported as shown in the figure is [2014-I, 1 mark] dx
y

y
S

P EI x
Cable P
y
M L N
45°
R
If a is amplitude constant for y, then
1 2 x 1 2 x
(a) y 1 a cos (b) y 1 a sin
EI P L P L
n x n x
90° (c) y a sin (d) y a cos
x L L
Q EI
P 124. A box of weight 100 kN shown in the figure is to be lifted
without swinging. If all forces are coplanar, the magnitude
(a) zero (b) one
and direction ( ) of the force (F) with respect to x-axis should
(c) two (d) unstable
be [2014-I, 2 marks]
122. In a beam of length L, four possible influence line diagrams
y
L 40 kN
for shear force at a section located at a distance of from
4 90 kN
the left end support (marked as P, Q, R and S) are shown F
below. The correct influence line diagram is 45°
[2014-I, 1 mark] 30°
x
100 kN
0.75 0.6
(a) F = 56.389 kN and = 28.28°
(b) F = – 56.389 kN and = – 28.28°
(c) F = 9.055 kN and = 1.414°
(d) F = – 9.055 kN and = – 1.414°
0.25 0.6 125. Mathematical idealization of a crane has three bars with their
vertices arranged as shown in the figure with a load of 80
L 3L L 3L kN hanging vertically. The coordinates of the vertices are
4 4 4 4 given in the parentheses. The force in the member QR, FQR
P Q will be [2014-I, 2 marks]
P(0, 4)
22.84°
0.5 1.0
80 kN

y
0.5

L 3L L 3L
4 4 4 4 x 104.03° 53.13°
R S
Q(1, 0) R(3, 0)
 23
(a) 30 kN Compressive (b) 30 kN Tensile
2M p 4M p
(c) 50 kN Compressive (d) 50 kN Tensile (a) (b)
126. The values of axial stress ( ) in kN/m2, bending moment L L
(M) in kNm, and shear force (V) in kN acting at point P for
6M p 8Mp
the arrangement shown in the figure are respectively (c) (d)
[2014-II, 2 marks] L L
129. The tension (in kN) in a 10 m long cable, shown in the figure,
Cable neglecting its self-weight is] [2014-II, 2 marks]
Frictionless
Pulley
3m 3m
Beam Q
P (0.2 m × 0.2 m) S
P Q
3m
y
Cable Cable

R
50 kN
120 kN
(a) 1000, 75 and 25 (b) 1250, 150 and 50
(a) 120 (b) 75
(c) 1500, 225 and 75 (d) 1750, 300 and 100
(c) 60 (d) 45
127. Considering the symmetry of a rigid frame as shown below,
130. For the beam shown below, the stiffness coefficient K22 can
the magnitude of the bending moment (in kNm) at P
be written as [2015-I, 1 mark]
(preferably using the moment distribution method) is
[2014-II, 2 marks]
2
Note: 1, 2 and 3
24 kN/m are the d.o.f
L
3
4Ic P 4Ic
A.E.I 1
6m
Ic Ic Ic

8m 8m
6EI 12EI
(a) 2 (b)
(a) 170 (b) 172 L L3
(c) 176 (d) 178
3EI EI
128. A prismatic beam (as shown below) has plastic moment (c) (d)
capacity of Mp, then the collapse load P of the beam is L 6L2
[2014-II, 2 marks] 131. A guided support as shown in the figure below is represented
by three springs (horizontal, vertical and rotational) with
P stiffness kx, ky and k respectively. The limiting values of kx,
P 2 ky and k are: [2015-II, 1 mark]

L L L
2 (a) , 0, (b) , ,
2 3
(c) 0, , (d) , ,0
 24
132. For the plane stress situation shown in the figure, the AB = BC = 2 m
maximum shear stress and the plane on which it acts are: CD = DE = EF = FG = 1 m
[2015-II, 1 mark] GH = 4M
y = 50 Mpa 20 kN 10 kN 10 kN
5 kN/m
A C e
y H
B D F G
C
= 50 Mpa x = 50 Mpa A G H
x x
4m 4m 4m
135. The magnitude of the shear force immediate to the left and
immediate to the right of section B are, respectively
y = 50 Mpa
(a) 0 and 20 kN (b) 10 kN and 10 kN
(a) – 50 MPa, on a plane 45° clockwise w.r.t. x-axis (c) 20 kN and 0 (d) 9.84 kN and 10.16 kN
(b) – 50 MPa, on a plane 45° anti-clockwise w.r.t. x-axis 136. The vertical reaction at support H is
(c) 50 MPa, at all orientations (a) 15 kN upward (b) 9.84 kN upward
(d) Zero, at all orientations (c) 15 kN downward (d) 9.84 kN downward
133. A fixed end beam is subjected to a load, W at 1/ 3rd span
from the left support as shown in the figure. The collapse Linked Answer Type MCQs
load of the beam is [2015-II, 2 marks]
W Statement for Linked Answer Questions 137 and 138 :
A truss is shown in the figure. Members are to equal cross section
A and same modulus of elasticity E. A vertical force P is applied
L/3 at point C. [2005, 2 marks each]
X Z
Y P

2Mp C
2Mp

L/2 L/2 L
(a) 16.5 Mp/L (b) 15.5 Mp/L
(c) 15.0 Mp/L (d) 16.0 Mp/L
134. In a system, two connected rigid bars AC and BC are of B
identical length L with pin supports at A and B. The bars
are interconnected at C by a frictionless hinge. The rotation 2L
of the hinge is restrained by a rotational spring of stiffness, 137. Force in the member AB of the truss is
k. The system initially assumes a straight line configuration, P P
ACB. Assuming both the bars as weightless, the rotation at (a) (b)
2 3
supports, A and B, due to a transverse load, P applied at C
is: [2015-II, 2 marks] P
(c) (d) P
PL PL 2
(a) (b)
4k 2k 138. Deflection of the point C is
P Pk
(c) (d) (2 2 1) PL PL
4k 4L (a) (b) 2
2 EA EA
Common Data MCQs PL PL
(c) (2 2 1) (d) ( 2 1)
Data for Q. 135-136 are given below. Solve the problems and EA EA
choose the correct answer : Statement for Linked Answer Questions 139 and 140 :
A three span continuaous beam has a internal hinge at B section Consider a propped cantilever beam ABC under two loads of
B is at the mind-span of AC. Section R is at the mid-span of CG. magnitude P each as shown in the figure below. Flexural rigidity
The 20 kN load is applied at section B whereas 10 kN loads are of the beam is EI. [2007, 2 marks each]
applied at sections D and F as shown in the figure span GH is P
subjected to uniformly distributed load of magnitude 5 kN/m. A B a C
For the loading shown shear force immediate to the right of section a
P
E is 9.84 kN upwards and the sagging moment at section E is L L
10.3 [2004, 2 marks each]
 25
139. The reaction at C is
W
9Pa 9Pa
(a) upwards (b) downwards Q Rigid
16L 16L El
P R
9Pa 9Pa
(c) upwards (d) downwards
8L 8L L L
140. The rotation at B is
145. The deflection and slope of the beam at ‘Q’ are respectively
5PLa 5PLa
(a) clockwise (b) anticlockwise
16EI 16EI 5WL3 3WL3 WL3 WL2
(a) and (b) and
59PLa 59PLa 6EI 2EI 3EI 2EI
(c) clockwise (d) anticlockwise
16EI 16EI
WL3 WL2 WL3 3WL2
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 141 and 142 : (c) and (d) and
2EI EI 3EI 2EI
A two span continuous beam having equal spans each of length L
is subjected to a uniformly distributed load w per unit length. The 146. The deflection of the beam at ‘R’ is
beam has constant flexural rigidity. [2007, 2 marks each]
141. The reaction at the middle support is 8WL3 5WL3
(a) (b)
EI 6EI
5wL
(a) wL (b)
2 7WL3 8WL3
(c) (d)
3EI 6EI
5wL wL2
(c) (d) Statement for Linked Answer Questions 147 and 148 :
4 16
142. The bending moment at the middle support is A rigid beam is hinged at one end and supported on linear elastic
(a) 4wL2 (b) 8wL2 springs (both having a stiffness of ‘k’) at points ‘1’ and ‘2’ and an
inclined load acts at ‘2’, as shown. [2011, 2 marks each]
(c) 12wL2 (d) 16wL2
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 143 and 144 :
Beam GHI is supported by three pontoons as shown in the figure 2P
below. The horizontal cross-sectional area of each pontoon is 8 Hinge 45°
1 2
m2, the flexural rigidity of the beam is 10000 kN–m2 and the unit
weight of water is 10 kN/m3. [2008, 2 marks each]

P 48 kN
45°
G H I Fixed

l l
Pontoons Fixed
5m 5m 147. Which of the following options represents the deflections
143. When the middle pontoon is removed, the deflection at H 1 and 2 at points ‘1’ and ‘2’?
will be 2 2P 4 2P
(a) 0.2 m (b) 0.4 m (a) 1 and 2
5 k 5 k
(c) 0.6 m (d) 0.8 m
144. When the middle pontoon is brought back to its position as 2 P 4 P
(b) 1 and 2
shown in the figure above, the reaction at H will be 5 k 5 k
(a) 8.6 kN (b) 15.7 kN
2 P 4 P
(c) 19.2 kN (d) 24.2 kN (c) 1 and 2
5 2k 5 2k
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 145 and 146 :
In the cantilever beam PQR shown in figure below, the segment
PQ has flexural rigidity EI and segment QR has infinite flexural 2 2P 4 2P
(d) 1 and 2
rigidity. [2009, 2 marks each] 5 k 5 k
 26
148. If the load P equals 100 kN, which of the following options
represents forces R1 and R2 in the springs at points W
‘1’ and ‘2’?
Q
(a) R1 = 20 kN and R2 = 40 kN
(b) R1 = 50 kN and R2 = 50 kN
(c) R1 = 30 kN and R2 = 60 kN R
(d) R1 = 40 kN and R2 = 80 kN
P
Numerical Answer Questions
149. The pin-jointed 2-D truss is loaded with a horizontal force 152. A uniform beam weighing 1800 N is supported at E and F
of 15 kN at joint S and another 15kN vertical force at joint by cable ABCD. Determine the tension (in N) in segment
U, as shown. Find the force in member RS (in kN) and AB of this cable (correct to 1-decimal place). Assume the
report your answer taking tension as positive and cables ABCD, BE and CF to be weightless.
compression as negative. [2013, 1 mark] [2013, 2 marks]

4m 4m 4m A D
R S
15kN
1m

4m C

V U T B
Q

4m 15 kN E F
W

1m 2m

150. All members in the rigid-jointed frame shown are prismatic 0.5 m 0.5 m 0.5 m
and have the same flexural stiffness EI. Find the magnitude
of the bending moment at Q (in kNm) due to the given 153. If load P = 80 kN, find the reaction R(in kN) (correct to
loading. [2013, 2 marks] 1-decimal place) using elastic analysis. [2013, 2 marks]
3m 4m 154. If the magnitude of load P is increased till collapse and the
S plastic moment carrying capacity of steel beam section is
90 kNm, determine reaction R(in kN) (correct to 1-decimal
place) using plastic analysis. [2013, 2 marks]
2m 155. For the cantilever beam of span 3 m (shown below), a
concentrated load of 20 kN applied at the free end causes a
P T R vertical displacement of 2 mm at a section located at a
distance of 1m from the fixed end. If a concentrated
100 kNm vertically downward load of 10 kN is applied at the section
located at a distance of 1 m from the fixed end (with no
2m
other load on the beam), the maximum vertical displacement
in the same beam (in mm) is __________.
Q
[2014-I, 2 marks]
151. A uniform beam (EI = constant) PQ in the form of a quarter-
circle of radius R is fixed at end P and free at the end Q, 2 mm 20 kN
where a load W is applied as shown. The vertical downward
displacement, q, at the loaded point Q is given by: q =

WR 3
. Find the value of b(correct to 4-decimal places). 1m 2m
EI
[2013, 2 marks]
 27
156. For the truss shown below, the member PQ is sort by 3 mm.
The magnitude of vertical displacement of joint R (in mm) 4
is ___________. [2014-I, 2 marks]
4
R
2 2

3m
P Q
4m 4m 4
162. For the beam shown below, the value of the support moment
157. Polar moment of inertia (Ip), in cm4, of a rectangular section M is _____ kN-m. [2015-I, 1 mark]
having width, b = 2 cm and depth, d = 6 cm is _________
20 kN
[2014-II, 1 mark] M
158. The static indeterminacy of the two-span continuous beam 3m 1m 1m 3m
with an internal hinge, shown below, is ___________
[2014-II, 1 mark] EI EI EI

Internal hinge
163. Two Triangular wedges are glued together as shown in the
159. The beam of an overall depth 250 mm (shown below) is following figure. The stress acting normal to the interface,
used in a building subjected to two different thermal n
is __ MPa. [2015-I, 1 mark]
environments. The temperatures at the top and bottom
surfaces of the beam are 36°C and 72°C respectively. 100 Mpa
Considering coefficient of thermal expansion ( ) as 1.50 ×
10–5 per °C, the vertical deflection of the beam (in mm) an
its mid-span due to temperature gradient is ________
n
[2014-II, 2 marks]
36° C 100 Mpa 100 Mpa

250 m 45°
72° C
1.5 m 1.5 m
100 Mpa
160. The axial load (in kN) in the member PQ for the 164. A tapered circular rod of diameter varying from 20 mm to
arrangement/assembly shown in the figure given below is 10 mm is connected to another uniform circular rod of
_________ [2014-II, 2 marks] diameter 10 mm as shown in the following figure. Both
P bars are made of same material with the modulus of
elasticity, E = 2 × 105 MPa. When subjected to a load P=
30 kN, the deflection at point A is ________ mm.
[2015-I, 2 marks]
d1 = 20 mm
2m
160 kN

2m
R
Q Beam

S d2 = 10 mm
2m 2m 1.5 m

161. For the state stresses (in MPa) shown in the figure below,
A
the maximum shear stress (in MPa) is _______
[2014-II, 2 marks] P = 30 kN
 28
165. For the 2D truss with the applied loads shown below, the
strain energy in the member XY is _______ kN-m. For 1m Pu 1m
member XY, assume AE=30kN, where A is cross section
area and E is the modulus of elasticity. [2015-I, 2 marks] mp
3mp
2m
5 kN
10 kN 168. A horizontal beam ABC is loaded as shown in the figure
3m below. The distance of the point of contraflexure from end
A (in m) is ____ [2015-II, 1 mark]

10 kN
3m
0.75 m
X
Y A C
3m B

3m
1m
169. A simply supported beam AB of span, L = 24 m is subjected
166. Two beams are connected by a linear spring as shown in to two wheel loads acting at a distance, d = 5 m apart as
the following figure. For a load P as shown in the figure, shown in the figure below. Each wheel transmits is a load,
the percentage of the applied load P carried by the spring P = 3 kN and may occupy any position along the beam . If
is ________. [2015-I, 1 mark] the beam is an I-section having section modulus, S = 16.2
L P cm3, the maximum bending stress (in GPa) due to the wheel
loads is_______________ [2015-II, 2 marks]

EI P P

3
KS = 3EI/(2L )
EI
A B

d
167. For formation of collapse mechanism in the following
figure, the minimum value of Pu is cmp/L. mp and 3mp
L
denote the plastic moment capacities of beam sections as
shown in this figure. The value of c is________.
[2015-I, 2 marks]
 29

CONCEPTUAL MCQs m=1

1. (b) In a beam, the flexural rigidity (EI) varies along the

A
length as a function of x as shown in equation: L/2 B
L
x
EI f (x) M(x) dx c
0.

Where E is the young's modulus (in Pasual, Pa), I is 1

(+ ve)
the second moment of area (in m4). Y is the traverse L
displacement of the beam x and M(x) is the bending 9. (d) For central part DE I
moment at x. m (no. of members) = 9
The SI unit of flexural rigidity is thus Pa. m4 or Nm4 j (no of joints) = 6
Dimension is ML3T–2 2j – 3 = 2 × 6 – 3 = 9 = m
2. (a) Given beam it is statically determinate.
v o v o v o There are degrees of freedom for joints (A, B, C)
M o M = o M = o M =o it is kinematically indeterminate
a c 10. (b) Joints B & D will resist the force due to rise in
b temperature
Corresponding conjugate beam Bar BD will be subject to compression.
=o o 11. (a) There will not be any sway.
v o v = o v=o v=o 12. (b) Moment Distribution method is a displacement
method.
a b c d
3EI
13. (d) KOA =
3. (c) Actually, on a plane which carries maximum shear l
stress the normal stress exist.
4. (d) The loads are symmetrical w.r.t to C. 4EI
KOC =
The will not be any horizontal force on A. l
Theoretically, if we take moment about C. KOB = 0
PL PL K OA
HA × L × DFOA = K
2 2 OA K OC
HA = 0
5. (c) For material A failure occurs suddenly them material B, 3 3 EI
= cancels
A is more brittle than B. 3 4 7 l
From the graph, it is clear material A is having more
ultimate strength. K OC
6. (b) DFOC =
K OC K OA
Columns Effective length
I 2L 4 4
II L =
4 3 7
L DFOB = 0
III 14. (b)
2
15. (a) Member AB carries shear force and bending moment.
L Member BC carries only axial load and no shear force
IV
2 16. (a) E =2G (1 + v)
7. (c) E
8. (c) Reaction at support is independent of position of G=
couple 2(1 v)
MA 0 17. (d) The load passes axially along x y, so resultant stress is
axial
RB × L = M = 1
18. (a) Muller Breslau principle can be used to draw ILD for
1 any force function for both statically determinate and
RB = indeterminate structure.
L
 30
19. (d) Rotational stiffness = Sum of stiffness of all member
20. (d)
11EI
1 PL2 1 k=
21. (b) Strain energy, E = E 2
(Linear elastic L
2 AE 2 m M.L
system) Rotation at B, B
=
k 11EL
E 2 (quadratic) 31. (d) Principle stress, 11 = 22 (both 30)
22. (a) Radius of Mohr circle = 11 – 22 = 0
23. (a) Since there are no horizontal loads, the columns are In centre will be at (30, 0)
subjected to axial loads only. 32. (a) Variation of moment at D = (+m) – (–m) = 2m
5WL4 5 10 54 Variation of moment at C = (+m) = m
Deflection at centre = = 1 mm 33. (a)
384 EI 384.813
34. (a)
24. (b) W 1
35. (d) u1 = .P1
L/2 L/2 2
1 P
= P1 1
Bending moment diagram. 2 AE
1 P12 L
=
Mp 2 AE
1 P2 2 L
Mp u2 =
2 AE
Let P be the load on the prop at collapse, then equating 1 ( P12 P22 ) L
the numerical value of BM at fixed end and centre. =
2 AE
L
Mp = Wc Pl 1 ( P12 P22 2 P1P2 ) L
2 u =
2 AE
Wc 1 2 P1 P2 L
P = u1 u2
3 2 AE
L Wc . u u1 u2
Mp Wc 36. (a) 37. (c) 38. (d)
z 3
1 2
Wc . L 39. (a) .h = . AL
2 E
6 40. (c) 41. (d) 42. (a) 43. (c)
44. (a) 45. (a) 46. (b) 47. (c)
6M p
Wc 48. (a) 49. (c) 50. (a) 51. (a)
L 52. (c) 53. (a) 54. (b) 55. (b)
25. (c) PROBLEM BASED MCQs
26. (b) Minimum three strain parameter are required.
27. (c) Dk = (3 + 3 + 2 + 1) – 1 = 8 (beam is axially rigid)
56. (d) LP
1 A
28. (b) Deflection
stiffness MP
29. (c) MP
30. (b) Stiffness of members, B

4EI
kBA =
L C
L
3EI
kBC =
L From similar triangles,
4EI LP L
kBD =
L MP Me MP
 31
63. (c) Consider top portion
MP Me
LP = L
MP 250 kN
Me
=L 1 M
P

1
= L 1
f
250 kN
LP 1
1 250 103
L f 1 = 25 MPa
100 100
57. (b) Consider bottom portion
58. (c) NS = DSE + DSI
DSE = 7 – 3 = 4 50 103
DSI = 0 2 = 20 MPa
50 50
NS = 4 = 2 = 25 MPa
max
Nk = 3 + 3 + 3 + 0 + 1 + 1
= 11 64. (b)
M / EI
When we assume negligible axial deformation,
Nk = 11 – 5 = 6
59. (c) Taking moment about B. E I, L
MB = RA × 2 – 20 × 3 + 10 ×1 = 0
RA = 25 kN ML
=
Moment about X, 2EI
Mx = RA × 1 – 20 × 2 2EI
= 25 × 1 – 20 × 2 M= .
L
= – 15 kNm
A B C D E 2EI
60. (c) =1 M=
2m 2m 2m 2m L
Which is the stiffness of the beam.
65. (a) Effective length, L =
2
Critical load, Pc = EI
L2
+ 1×2
400
A B C 66. (b) tan = 0.8
1 500
=1 D E
1
= 38.66°
1×2
M
400 N 500 O

(Influence line Diagram, ILD for MA) 500

y
Ordinate at B, =1 1 2
2
y=2 X, u
Ordinate at D = 2
BM at A = loading intensity X area under load 2 1
Y, v
1 1
= 10. 4 2 10 4 2 =0 500
2 2 tan = 1
2
500
61. (b) = 45°
2
Along MQ,
wL4 RBL3
62. (b) u sin 38.66° + v cos 38.66° = 48
8EI 3EI Along OQ
–u sin 45° + v cos 45° = 35
3 Solving, for u and v, we get
RB = wL
8 u = 6.64 mm, v = 56.14 mm
 32
67. (a) Deflection diagram : 69. (b) If at any joint or junction, there are three forces acting
and out of those two are in same line, then the third
R R force is zero.
I M
P
h

J N

K O Q
L
70. (d) Degree of static indeterminary (d)
Moment in member JN = R.h. Total unknown reactions = 3 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 9.
Rh.L Degree of kinematic indeterminary =(3j – r) – m
Slope at N or J = = [3 × 10 – (3 + 2 + 1)] – 11
2EI
= 13
Rh.L
Deflection at O or k = h m
2EI 71. (d) f=
z
Rh 2 L
= PL
2EI
4 3PL
Relative outward displacement of K and O is =
BD 2 2BD2
Rh 2 L
=2× 6
2EI
72. (b) 10 kN / m load
Rh 2 L
=
EI wl 4
Deflection, =
8EI
T
68. (d) Average change in temp =
2 10 54
= = 1mm < 6mm
T 8 781250
Max strain at extreme fibre = There is no reaction at B.
2
100 kN/m load
M f E
wl 4
I y R Deflection, = = 10 mm > 6 mm
8EI
Ey Reaction at B = deflection prevented at B
R= = 10 – 6 = 4mm.
f

F RB 3
= = 4 mm
y 3EI

h R B 53
4
y 2 3 781250
R=
T RB = 425 kN
2 This is the value of RA.
AC AC
h 73. (c) x cos 1 sin 1
= AB AB
T
4 5 3 5
L2 L2 T TL2 = 120
5 4
70
5 4
Deflection, =
8R 8 h 8h
= 67.5 MPa
 33

AC AC ( 1 2) ( 1 2)
= sin 1 1 n = cos 2 sin 2
y BC BC 2 2
1 0, 2 0, 45
3 5 4 5
= 120 70
5 3 5 3 16T
n (max) 0 0 max 1
= 213.3 MPa d3
74. (c) B 1 3
79. (c) MI about neutral axis = bd
12
10 kN 20 kN 4m
A C Seund MI = I ca Ax 2
(parallel axis theorem)
20m 2
1 3 d
= bd bd
12 4
L 20
1.25
4h 4 4 7bd 3
ILD =
48

Max thrust occurs PL3

80. (a) B =
when 20 kN coal reaches point B. 3EI
This is found out by drawing ILD. MI at A = 2PL
1.25 M f E
Max Thrust = 20 × 1.25 + 10 × 81. (c) =
2 I y R
= 31.25 kN
m.y
MP Plastic moment f =
75. (b) Shape factor = M ie, Elastic moment I
e
= 1.5 for rectangular. m
f (at 25 mm) = 25
Ultimate load = yield point × shape factor I
yield point = P
ultimate load = P ×1.5 16 106
= 25
= 1.5 P 1
76. (c) Consider left of a – a 100 1503
12
Shear force = 0
(Since there is uniform bending moment) = 14.22 N/mm2
Consider right bb Force in shaded area
Shear force = change in bending moment 1
= (200 – 150) kNm = 14.22 (area of shaded portion)
2
= 50 kNm
77. (d) Since stiffness KT , it act as fixed end. 1
= 14.22 25 50 8.9 kN
At the top end there will be only axial deformation . so 2
it also cuts as fixed end. V
2 82. (b) Shear flow, q
EI I
PC = 4. 2

= 4 50 (300)3 150 503

I= 2 15 50 1252
12 12
78. (b) J= d4
32 = 3.5 × 108 mm4
V = 3000 N
T T d
max = . = 50 ×75 × 125
J 2
d4 = 468750 mm2
32
3000 468750
16T q=
= 3.5 108
d3
= 4 kN/m
 34
83. (b) Variation of shear stress,
RL (100 R ) L3
V . Ay =
= AE 3EI
b
Taking a height y from N. A. R 1000 (100 R ) 10003
=
150000 E 3 3.125 109
d d/2 y
V. y b y
= 2 2 100 R 1000 3 3.125 109
=
b R 10003 150000
R 94.1 kN
V (d 2 / 4 y 2 )
= Reaction at B = 100 – R = 5.9 kN
2
86. (b) By muller Breslaw principle.
d2 87. (d) There is no role for internal hinge in carry over factor
V y2 88. (b) For maximum, = 45°
4
dF = .b.dy = .b dy
2 =
x y
.sin 2
max
Integrating 2
173 0
d2 2 = 1 86.5 MPa
V y d /2 2
d /2
4 Vb d 2 y3 7V
F .b. dy . y
d /6
2 2 4 3 d /6
27 89. (c) Stress = E × strain = E
84. (c) Consider a thin long cylindrical tank =E t
2 t = p.2r. =2 × 105 × 12 × 10–6 × 10
=24 mPa
pr
0 =
(tensile) 90. (c) is same for 3 bars.
t
Due to pressure at longitudinal section PL
=
AE
r2 p = 2 rt z
PC L Ps 2 L Pc central bar
pr =
z = 3 A.E 2 A.E Ps side bar
2t
Due to compressive force, F PC = 3Ps
F 2 Ps Pc = 50
Longitudinal force =
2 rt 2Ps 3Ps = 50
pr F Ps = 10 kN
Total longitudinal stress = (compressive) Pc = 30 kN
2t 2 rt
T
1 2 91. (b) =
= r J
2
2mm 2mm
pr pr F
=
t 2t 2 rt
F 3 pr
=
2 rt 2t
F = 3 pr 2
85. (a) Due to load P, the member AC undergo compression 16 mm
Let the reaction at C = R
Thus the remaining vertical force is 100 – R. It is taken
up by AB at B
Deflection at A along AC
= deflection at A for cantilever AB.
20 mm
 35

T .rmax FPQ 225kN Fak 180 kN

max =
J
P.L
92.7 10 1000 H =
AE
= (20 4 10 4 ) 1000
32 =
1550 2 105
2
100 N/mm
FQR FPR
16 FQR 6000 FPR 4500 FPQ
is at r 8 mm 135 135
min
2 FPQ
100 4.52 62 1000
= rmin = 80 N/mm2 = 80 mPa 135
min
10 (Dividing by 125 to get force in each member for
92. (c) 1 kN force)
2
20 we get, H =15.68 mm
3 94. (c) Moment at G = 0 (hinge)
b 20 At collapse, moment at G
3 PCr = k L
40 PCr k .L
2 80 95. (d) Degree of stafic indeterminancy
b = 40 mm (by symmetry) = no. of external forces + no. of internal reaction –
3 3
3 – no. of internal hinges
1 80 40 = 4+2×3–3–2=5
Area of upper triangle =
2 3 3 T
96. (c) =
1600 r J
= mm 2
9 T .d / 2
1 = J d4
40 1 40 J 32
y = mm
3 3 9 T d /2
V . Ay =
= d4
netutral axis 32
.b
1600 40 4T 2d / 2
3000
= 9 9 2 = (2 d ) 4
1 2 80 32
(40 20 )
36 3 4Td
= 10 N/mm2 = 10 mPa.
= .16 d 4
93. (d) MR = 0 32
135 × 6 = Vp × 4.5
2 1
Vp = 180 kN ( ) =
1 2
VR = 180 kN (for balancing)
At P, 2
2
Q p 2p
135 kN 97. (a) =
d db
b
2
M p. d /4
t = .y 3
(d / 4)
P 135 kN I 1 d
b.
2 2
180 kN 180 kN
6P
FPQ sin =
= 180 kN bd

= tan 1 (6 / 4.5) 2P 6P 8P
Max tensile stress =
= 53.13° bd bd bd
 36
M L 108. (c) New area = r2 (r / 2)2
98. (c) B = L
EI 2
3 r2
ML2 =
= 4
2 EI
Distance from centre to new centroid
Pr
99. (a) Hoop stress : = (circular sphere) r2 0 (r / 2) 2 r/2
2t
x = 2
2 Pr 3 r
= (Cylindrical section) 4
2t
700 103 0.5 r
= =
25 10 3 6
= 14 106 4MPa r
x (away from centre)
100. (c) 100 2t = 100 – 2 × 25 6
1
= 50 mm 109. (a) Take moment about A,
VB 20 = 10 × 5
= VB = 2.5 kN
R J
VB VB = 10
J (100 4 50)4 9203884.727 mm 4
32 VA = 7.5 kN
Take moment about C, to right.
100
R d0 / 2 50 mm H B 5 = VB 10
2
J HB = 5 kN
max
Tmax = Resultant of HA and HB
k
125 9203884.727 = H A2 H B2 2 H A .H B cos 90
=
50
= 23 kNm = 52 (7.5) 2

2 L L L = 9.014 kN
101. (d) At centre, BM = RAcos = HA
L 2 4 4
= 0 5
cos =
102. (c) At T, M T = RQ L P.L 9.014
RQ = P RQ =QR = P = 56.31°
110. (d) Indeterminary = 1
1 2
103. (b) Max shear stress = no. of plastic hinge for mechanism = 2 (at A & C)
2
3 ( 3) D
= Mp
2
= 3 mPa
104. (c) E
105. (d)
T B
G. A 7m C 3m
106. (b) =
J L
10 m
TL
= In ABD & CBE
GJ
AD AB
TL 32T .L =
= CE CB
G. d4 d 4G
32 M .3 3M p
CE = P
107. (a) Moment about A, 10 10
RB L = M × L 3M p 7 3
RB = M Mp
10 10
L L
At mid span, BM = RB m 13M p
2 2 =
= 0 21
 37
111. (b) Horizontal reaction for any support,
112. (b) Bond strength = b outer area of bar embeded myds
H =
= b DL y 2 ds
/2
Tensile strength = st D2 W
.x
hx
dx
4 2 /2
0
Max. value of P is the minimum of bond strength & /2 2
tensile strength H = hx
dx
0
/2
2
EI
113. (d) p 2 ] W
eff H =
8h
For fixed end, eff /2 BM at Q = R1.x H . y

For pinned end, eff

W W
= .h
2 2 8h
1 W
p 2 =
eff 8
2 2
117. (b) For point load max moment occurs under the load
p1 2 Consider IJ
2
4
p2 1 ( / 2) 2
PL 3
114. (b) Apply Maxwell reciprocal theorem. Max. moment = = MP
4 2
A B
+
C C C
c1 c1 c =2 c1 6M P –MP PL/4
P MP
L
5 4 MP/2
c =
384EI
I J
5 4 Consider HI,
c PL/4
c1
2 378EI PL MP
2m p
115. (c) P will cause direct vertical reaction at R. 4
Take moment about Q. –MP MP
8m p
RH .h M = 0 P
L
M 6M p
RH = Collapse load = (Minimum of two.)
h L
116. (c) VP VR 2
2 x y x – y 2
y h 118. (a) 1/ 2 xy
By symmetry, = 2 2
x /2
hx 2
100 20 100 – 20
y =
/2 (30)2
2 2
Q = 60 ± 50
1 = 110
y W h 2 = 10

x – 2 110 –10
1
P R max 50MPa
Hp HR 2 2
119. When a cut is made just to the right of Q and
displacements are given such that A B is parallel to
B C is very close at Q, displacement of B to the left
Vp VR will be zero and that to the right will be, 1.
 38

P Q R S d2 y P 2
123. (c) .y my
5m 5m 20m 2 EI
5m 5m dx
1 Solution of above equation is:
0.25 (+) (+) y = a sin mx + b cos nx
(–)0.25 at x = 0, y = 0
ILD for SF the right of Q 0=a×0+b×1
A B
b=0
C at x = L, y = 0
B (–)
0 = a sin mL
D mL = n
1 n
Hence slope of B C m
20 L
n x
1 y = a sin
Slope of B A L
20
y
1 124. (a) 40 kN
Ordinate at A 5 0.25
20 90 kN
F
1 45°
ordinate at D 5 0.25
20 30°
If udl is loading span PR, we get maximum SF just x
100 kN
to the right of Q
1 1 For no swing, resultant, force along horizontal should
SF 0.25 10 20 1 4
2 2 be zero
FH = 90 cos 30° – (40 cos 45° + F cos ) = 0
SF = 45 kN
F cos = 49.658
120. (c) P Find F cos values from the given F and values in
options to find the nearest answer.
L/2 L/2 In option (a)
F cos = 56.389 × cos (28.28°)
P = 49.65 kN
125. (a) Take moment about R
Mp Mp
MR 0
80 × 3 = VQ × 2
Va = 120 kN
Consider
Mp Mp Joint Q
By principle of virtual work
P
L FQP
– Mp – Mp – Mp + P. =0
2
L FQR
– 3 Mp + P. =0
2
Q R
6M p
P
L
121. (a) Degree of static indeterminancy, VQ
PQR = 104.03°
Ds Dse Dsi
Q = 104.03° – 90 = 14.03°
external internal
Resolve vertically,
= (r e – 3) + 3c – r r
= (4 – 3) + (3 × 0) – 1 = 0 Fv 0
122. (a) FQP .cos VQ 0
 39

120 127. (c) Distribution Factor

FQP
cos14.03 Joint Member RS TRS D.F.
Resolve horizontally, 1
BA 1
FH 0 6 2 4
B I
3
4I 3
FQP sin FQR BP 8 4
120 4I 3
sin14.03 FQR PB
cos14.03 8 7
7
FQR 120 tan 14.03 1 6I 1
P PE 6 7
= 30 kNM
4I 3
PC
8 7
126. (b)
50
CP 4I 3
50 8 2 4
C I
3 1
(.2 × .2) CD 1
6 4
Fixed End Moment
3m 50
M AB M BA M PE M EP MCD M DC 0
2
24 8
50 M BP 128 kNm
Axial stress = = 1250 kN/m2. 12
.2 .2
M PB 128 kNm
Bending moment = 50 × 3 = 150 kNm
M PC 128 kNm
M CP 128 kNm
Distribution Table
1 3 3 3 3 1 1
4 4 7 7 4 4 7
A
B P C D P E

0 0 –128 128 –128 128 0 0 0 0

32 96 0 0 –96 –32 0
16 32 –32 48 –48 0 –16 0

Final 16 32 –32 176 –176 32 –16 0 0

88 kNm 88 kNm 128. (c) Degree of static indeterminancy, Ds = 0

176 kNm
For mechanical, no. of plastic hinges required = Ds + 1 = 1
32 kNm 32 kNm P/z
P
32 kNm
P 32 kNm

Mp Mp

16 kNm 16 kNm
 40
From principle of virtual work . (c) Plastic hinges = 3
L P L L/3 2L/3
–Mp – Mp + P. – 0 (1) 2 Mp Mp
2 2 3
PL PL
Mp 0
2 6 2Mp 2Mp
PL PL (3 1) PL
2Mp =
2 6 6
2
1 =2
2M p PL
3
6 Mp L/3
P
L L
= ×
129. (b) 3m 3m 3
P Q L
T S
T 2
3
2Mp + 2Mp + 2Mp + Mp = W
5m 5m
L
2Mp + 2Mp + Mp + Mp =W
R 2 3
120 kN
WL
Fy = 0 5.5 Mp =
3
2T cos = 120
From fig. SR = 4 m 16.5
W Mp
L
4
cos
5 W
(2) 2 M p Mp
4
2T = 120
5
T = 75 kN
2 Mp Mp

3 2Mp + Mp + Mp + Mp =W×
6EI 1
130. (b) L
L2 5Mp W
3
12EI
L3 Mp
W = 15
12 E I L
K 22 = 3
L Mp
Lowest collapse load is 15
Force L
131. (a) Stiffness =
Deflection P
As per given figure rotation and horizontal deflection L
134. (a) A C L B
is zero
Stiffness is . Stiffness is zero in y direction.

x y
132. (d) = sin2 + xy cos2
z
xy = 0
x and y are equal.
1
External work = P L
= 0 + 0 = 0 (in all direction orientations) 2
 41

1 PP L
Strain energy in spring = × k. (2 ) (2 ) 138. (a) Deflection at C, c
(Unit load method)
=
2 AE
=2k All internal member have zero force
External work = strain energy
PP L
1 c
=
AE
P L 2k
2
PL PL PL
PL =
2AE 2AE 2AE
4k
(2 2 1) PL
COMMON DATA MCQs =
2 AE
135. (a) SF at right of B = 20 kN 139. (c) Remove support C.
SF at left of B = 0
136. (b) Consider section E H. 2 p.a.L2 2 p.aL
deflection (at C) = L
2 EI EI
10 kN 5 kN/m
3PaL2
9.48 H =
F G EI
Deflection at C due to
RG RH
1m 1m
4m RC (2C )3
RC =
3EI
MG 0
(RH × 4) + 10.31 – (9.48 × 2) + (10 × 1) – (5 × 4 × 2) RC .8L3
=0 =
3EI
RH = 9.84 kN Equating, (by compactibility equation)
LINKED ANSWER TYPE MCQs 3paL2 RC .8L3
=
EI 3EI
137. (c) (Method of joints) C
9 P.a
RC =
8L
140. (a) Actual rotation at B = Rotation at B due to applied

B force – Rotation at B due to Rc .

A
P/2 2L L
RC
= 2PaL 2L
Fx = 0 EI EI
FBD cos + FAB = 0
2 PaL 9PaL 3L2
Fy = 0 =
EI 8L 2 EI
P 5P.a.L
FBD sin + 0 =
2 16EI
141. (c) When support C is removed
P P
FBD = 2 2 P 5 w(2L)4
sin 1 L =
2 384 EI
2
R (2 L )3
Actual L =
P 1 48EI
FAB 0
2 2 A C B
P
FAB =
2
L L
 42
By compactibility equation,
48 R R
4 3 =
5 w 16L R 8L 2 80 80
=
384 EI 48EI
3R 48
=
8wL 160
R =
4
(48 R ) 103
142. (b) RA RB RC = 2wL =
48 104
Let RA RB R = 19.2 kN
2R = 2wL RC WL3 (WL) L2
145. (a) Deflection at Q =
5wL 3EI 2EI
= 2wL
4
5WL3
=
3wL 7 EI
=
4
WL2 WL.L
3wL Slope at Q =
R = 2 EI EI
8
3WL2
3wL wL2 =
2EI
BM at C = L
8 2
5WL3 3W.L2 .L
= wL2 146. (c) Deflection at R =
6EI 2EI
8
143. (b) Consider that middle position is removed. 7WL3
=
Reaction, cluts RG = RI = 24 km (48/2) 3II
This is supported by floatation. 147. (b) Taking moment about hinge.
A.r .r h = 24 MH = 0
8 × 10 × h = 24 k 1. L k 2 .2 L = p × 2L
h = 0.3 m
k 1 2k 2 = 2p
PL3
Diflection atH =
48EI
1 2
(similar to a simply supported beam)

48 103
= = 0.1 m
48 10000
Total deflection = 0.1 + 0.3 = 0.4 m
Deflection diagram
( P R ) L3
144. (c) =
48EI From the figure,
x A rw = R' 2 = 2 1

(buoyant force, R ' RG RI ) ( since the distance is for both)

x 8 w = R' 2p 4p
1 , 2
5k 5k
R'
x =
80 148. (d) At 1, R1 2p 2 100
k 1 40 kN
2R ' R = 48 5 5

(x ). A = R 4p
At 2, R2 k 2 80 kN
(x ) 8 10 = R 5
 43

NUMERICAL ANSWER QUESTIONS

MTQ
149. 0 4m 4m 4m
R 1
15kN MTQ = 100 × = 50
S 2
4m

50
V MTQ= = 25
U T 2
Q
Joint Member RS TRS DF
4m

15kN
3I I 1
TP T
43 4 4
P RH=0
TS 0 I 0
RV I 1
TR
4 4
MT = 0
Rv × 8 – 15 × 4 + 15 × 4 = 0 I 1
TQ
Rv = 0 2 2
Take moment about V, MV = 0 MQ = 25 kNm
RH × 4 = 0 /2
M 2 dx (WR sin ) 2 Rd
RH = 0 151. 0.7854 U
2EI 2EI
0
We know that if two members meet at a joint which
are not collinear and also there is no external forces /2
P2 R 3
acting on that joint then both members will carry zero sin 2 d
2EI
forces. 0
FQV = FQR = 0
/2
Now, consider joint R P 2 R3 (1 cos 2 ) d
Fy = 0 2 EI 2
0

/2
P2 R 3 sin 2 –2 /2
–
2EI 2 0
R
45º FRS
P2 R 3 P2R3
4EI 2 8EI
FRU
W
FRU sin 45º = 0
Q
FRU = 0
Now, Fx 0 FRS + FRU cos 45º = 0
Rd

FRS + FRU cos 45º = 0 R

FRS = 0
d

So, force is member is “RS” will be zero.

150. 25 3m 3m P
S
2m U 2PR 3 PR 3
R Q
P T W 8EI EI 4
2m 100KN-m WR 3
Q
4 EI
Q 0.7854
4
 44
152. 1272.91
P
H H B
A 1.5m 2m 1m B A
VA 1
y1 VB
y2 1.5
1.5m
T1 1m R
45º
T2 2 2
R(3)3 1.125P 1.6875P

675
1 2
3EI EI EI
1
1125

9R 1.125P 1.6875P
1.5m 2m 1m EI EI EI

T3 T4 5 5
R P or R 80 25kN
16 16

Taking Moment about A. 154. 60 P

A B
1800 1.25
T3 1125N
2
1.5m 1.5m
1800 0.75 R
T4 675N B
2 A
We get, VB × 4.5 = (1125 × 1.5 + 675 × 3.5)
VB = 900 kN ...(i) MP
VA = (1125 + 675 – 900) = 900 kN R
M1, beam = (VA × 1.5) = 900 × 1.5 = 1350 Nm
M2,beam = (VA × 3.5 – 1125 × 2)
= (900 × 3.5 – 2250) = 900 Nm MP MP
Taking bending moment about point (i) [as we know
that bending moment at every point in the cable is zero]
Hy1 = M1, beam = 1350 ...(ii) l
–3M p P 0
Taking bending moment about point (ii) 2
Hy2 = 900
6M p 6 90
900 Pu 180kN
H 900N l 3
1
At collapse condition MA = 0
900y1 = 1350
R × 3 + Mp – P × 1.5 – Mp + Mp = 0
1350
y1 1.5m ...(iii)
900 R = 60 kN
155. 1
y1 1.5
1 tan –1 tan –1 45 20 kw
1.5 1.5
1m 2m
y1 – y2 1.5 –1
2 tan –1 tan –1 14.03
2 2 12
= 2 mm
From Lamis Theorem
T1 1125 10 kN
sin(90 1m 2m
2) sin{[180 – ( 1 2 )]}

1125sin(90 14.03)
T1 1272.91
sin[180 – (45 14.03)]
153. 25 Equating deflection at end R From beam is law,
Let l = 3 m P1 × 12 = P2 × 21

R(l )3 P(1.5)3 P(1.5) 2 10 × 2 = 20 ×

1.5
3EI 3EI 2EI 21 = 1 mm
 45
156. 1 to 2.5
PQ is short by 3 mm. L2 T
Vertical deflection at mid span,
Apply unit load at R upwards 8h
T = difference in temperature = (72 – 36) = 36° C
1
R 32 1.5 10 5 36
= 2.43 mm
8 250 10 3
UPR URQ
160. 50
P Q
UPQ

1
U PR sin
2 VQ
160 k N
U PQ U PR cos 0 VQ

1
U PQ U PR cos .cos
2 sin
By principle of super position
1
= cos VQ L3
2 160 23 160 22 VQ L
2
2EI 2 EI 3 EI AE
1 4
=
2 3 VQ L
= – 2/3 We neglect the annual definition
AE
R U PQ PQ

2 160 23 160 22 VQ L3
= 3 2 0
3 3 EI 2 EI 3 EI
= 2 mm upwards
157. 40 VQ L3 160 2 2 2
1
Polar MI, Ip = Ix + Iy 3 EI EI 3

bd3 db3 bd 2
VQ 43
= = d b2 5
12 12 12 160 4
3 3
2 6 2 VQ = 50 KN
= 6 2 2 = 1 × (36 + 4 = 40 cm4.
12 161. 5
158. 0 < zero >
2
Degree of static indeterminacy = Ds = 3m + re – 3j – r r 1 2 x y
m = no. of members = 4 max
2 2 xy 2
re = no. of external reactions = 4
j = no. of joints = 5 = 32 4 2 = 5 M Pa .
rr = no. of reactions released = 1 (hinge) 162. 5
Ds = (3 × 4) + 4 – (3 × 5) –1 The beam is symmetrical
= 12 + 4 – 15 – 1 = 0 Take half of beam to left. The same moment M will be
159. 2.38 to 2.45 there on other end.
10 kN
L
M
3m 1m
10 1
M = 5 kNm
2
 46
163. 0 Normal stress, n RA × 3 + 10 × 9 = 0
RA = –30 kN
x y x y
n = cos 2 RB = 35 kN
2 2 Taking joint A
100 100 100 (–100)
cos (2 45) 30 kN
2 2
200 10 kN
0 0 =0
2 10 kN
164. 15 30

20 mm 30 kN
Taking joint B

10 2

10 mm
B
30
10 kN 35 kN
PL 4 PL
1 d1d 2 .E Taking joint x
AE
Fx = 10 kN
4 30 2 106
= 6 mm F2 L
20 10 2 105 U
2 AE
PL
2
AE 102 3
= 5 kNm
30 2 3

10

30 10 2

166. 33.33
30
R R 3 EI
4 30 1.5 106 2 L3 K
= 9 mm K 3EI 2 L3
10 10 2 105
= 1 + 2 = 15mm 2 RL3
=
165. 5 3EI
5 kN
10 kN E PL3 RL3 2 RL3
3m 3EI 3EI 3EI
C D
PL3 RL3 2 1 RL3
=
3m 3 EI EI 3 3 EI
x y
P
R
3m 3
A B 1
% of applied load carried by spring = 100
3
= 33.3%
3m
 47
167. 13.33 168. 0.25
Mechanism I
10 kN
L
3mp. + mp.(2 ) + mp = Pu
4 B
A
0.75 m .25 C
pu
1m
3 mp mp Take RC at redundant
By Marshall Reciprocal Theorem
Deflection at C due to load B, BC
2
mp
10 (0.75)3 10 (0.75)2
BC = + × 0.25
3EI 2EI
L
6mp. = Pu
4 2.11
=
mp EI
Pu. = 24 Deflection at C due to redundant Rc, cc
L
3
Mechanism II Rc (0.75) 0.141Rc
cc = 3EI
=
EI
pu
c = 0

3 mp mp 2.11 0.141RC
=0
EI EI
2.11
mp Rc = = 15 KN
0.141
1. = 3 x 10 kN
=3
L
3mp. + mp ( + ) + mp = pu. ×
4
Mx = 10x – 15 × (x – 0.25) = 0
L u = 10x – 15x + 3.75 = 0
3mp. + mp ( + 3 ) + mp –3 = p .3 . x = 0.75m
4
Distanced contraflexure from C = 0.75m
L Distanced contraflexure from A = 1 – 0.75
10mp = pu. 3 .
4 = 0.25m
169. 1759.2 3 kN 3 kN
40 m p
pu
3 L

mp 9.5 m 5m 9.5 m
13.33
L 3 kN 3 kN
c = 13.33
m
y I

m m 28.5 106
y= =
I z 16.2 103
(m = 3 × 9.5 = 28.5)
= 1759.2 GPa