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Experiment # 01

The document describes an experiment to familiarize students with metrology and calibrating measurement tools. It discusses the working principles of a vernier caliper and micrometer screw gauge. The experiment aims to evaluate these tools and calibrate them using slip gauges as standards. Procedures are provided for measuring slip gauges with the tools and calculating measurement errors.

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M.USMAN BIN AHMED
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
124 views

Experiment # 01

The document describes an experiment to familiarize students with metrology and calibrating measurement tools. It discusses the working principles of a vernier caliper and micrometer screw gauge. The experiment aims to evaluate these tools and calibrate them using slip gauges as standards. Procedures are provided for measuring slip gauges with the tools and calculating measurement errors.

Uploaded by

M.USMAN BIN AHMED
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

Experiment # 01

1-A To familiarize with Metrology & Metrology LAB apparatus


To evaluate the working principle of
1-B  Vernier Caliper
 Micrometer Screw Gauge
And to calibrate using slip gauge.

1-A To familiarize with Metrology & Metrology LAB apparatus

Metrology
Metrology comes from the Greek word “metron" and “logos" which literally means the study of
measurement. This study covers both the experimental and theoretical aspects of measurement
and the determination of the levels of uncertainty of these aspects. The study of measurement
is a basic requirement in any field of science and technology, most importantly in engineering
and manufacturing. Since metrology is the study of measurement, it is expected to enforce,
validate and verify predefined standards for traceability, accuracy, reliability, and precision.

Metrology LAB Apparatus


Title Temperature Measurement Bench
Model Number HE-151
Made by SOLTEQ ,Malaysia

Description:-

Title Strain Gauge Training System


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Model Number FL-100
Made by GUNT , Germany

Description :-

Title Motorized Gyroscope Apparatus


Model Number EM-302
Made by Electrical Engineering Services

Description :-

Title Impedance Analyzer


Model Number 6500B
Made by Wayne Kerr Electronics , London

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Description :-

Title Transducer & Instrumentation Trainer


Model Number IT-5927
Made by Infinite Technologies

Description :-

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To evaluate the working principle of
1-B  Vernier Caliper
 Micrometer Screw Gauge
And to calibrate using slip gauge.

Vernier Caliper
Objective:-
a. To study the working principle of Vernier caliper.
b. To calibrate the given Vernier caliper using slip gauges as the standard.

Apparatus:-
________________________________________________________________________
Introduction/Theory:-
The vernier calipers consist of two scales, one fixed and the other moving. The fixed scale (main
scale) is calibrated on the L shaped frame and carries a fixed jaw. The movable scale called the
vernier the vernier scale slides over the main scale and carries a movable jaw. The movable as
well as the fixed jaws carry the measuring tips.

When the two jaws are close, the zero of the vernier scale coincides with the zero of the main
scale. If they do not coincide, there is zero – error. For precise setting of the movable jaw an
adjustment screw is provided. Also an arrangement is provided to lock the sliding scale on to the
fixed main scale.
Least Count of the Vernier Caliper:

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The smallest value that can be measured by the measuring instrument is called its least count.
It is measures by dividing the smallest division of the main scale by the total number of divisions
on the vernier scale. The Least Count (LC) of vernier calliper is given as,
Least Count = Smallest division of main scale / Total number of divisions on vernier scale
Zero Error in Vernier Caliper:

Errors are produced in an instrument due to its constant use. If the zero of the vernier exactly
coincides with the zero of the main scale then there is no zero error (when the two jaws are in
contact). There are two types of zero errors – negative zero error and positive zero error.

(i) Positive Zero Error:

When the two jaws are in contact and the zero of the vernier lies right to the zero of the main
scale, the error is positive and the zero correction is negative.
For example, under this circumstances if the third division on the vernier coincides with any
division on the main scale, then the zero can be calculated as follows:
Zero error= + 3 divisions
Zero correction = − 3 × (LC) = − 3 × 0.01 cm =
− 0.03 cm
(ii) Negative Zero Error:

When the two jaws are in contact and the


zero of the vernier lies left to the zero of the
main scale, then the error is negative and the
zero correction is positive.
For example, under this circumstance if the
eighth division on the vernier coincides with
any division on the main scale, then
Zero error = − (10 − 8) = − 2 divisions
Zero correction = +2 × 0.01 cm = +0.02 cm
Procedure:-

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Precautions:-

Observations & Calculations:-

Zero Error = _________mm

Slip Gauge Length of slip gauges measured


Sr. No. Readings using Vernier Caliper Error
(X) MSR VSR TR ( Y )

Total Reading = MSR + (VSR x LC) + Error

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Micrometer Screw Gauge

Objective:-
To study the working principle of outside micrometer and to calibrate the given outside
micrometer using slip gauge as standard.

Apparatus:-
________________________________________________________________________
Introduction/Theory:-
A micrometer sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge is a device used widely in
mechanical engineering and machining for precisely measuring, along with other metrological
instrument such as calipers and vernier calipers. The accuracy of micrometer derives from the
accuracy of the thread form of the screw that is at its heart.
The basic operating principles of a micrometer as follows.
1. The amount of rotation of an accurately made screw can be directly and precisely correlated
to a certain amount
of axial movement
through the
constant known as
the screw’s lead. A
screw’s lead is the
distance it moves
forward axially with
one complete turn
(360°).
2. Within appropriate lead and major diameter of the screw, a given amount of axial movement
will be amplified in the resulting circumferential movement.

For example if the lead of a screw is 1 min. but the major diameter (here, outer diameter) is 10
mm, then the circumference of the screw is 10𝜋, cr about 31.4 mm. Therefore movement of axial
movement of 1mm is amplified to a circumferential movement of 31.4 mm. This amplification
allows a small difference in the sizes of two similar measured objects to correlate to a larger
difference in the position of a micrometer’s thimble.

Least Count of the Micrometer Screw Gauge:-

The smallest value that can be measured by the measuring instrument is called its least count.

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It is measures by dividing the smallest division of the main scale (Sleeve Scale) by the total
number of divisions on the Thimble scale (Circular Scale). The Least Count (LC) of micrometer is
given as,
Least Count = Smallest division of main scale / Total number of divisions on Circular scale

Zero Error in Micrometer Screw Gauge:-


(i) Positive Zero Error:
If the zero mark on the circular scale is below the base line of the main scale, the error is said to be positive.
The number of circular scale division which coincides with the base line is multiplied with the least count
of the screw gauge to get the positive zero
error.

(ii) Negative Zero Error:


If the zero mark on the circular scale is
above the base line of the main scale, the
error is said to be negative. Note the
number of circular scale division
coinciding with the base line. This number
is subtracted from the total number of
divisions on the circular scale and multiplied with the least count of the screw gauge. This gives the negative
zero error.

Procedure:-

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Precautions:-

Observations & Calculations:-

Zero Error = _________mm

Length of slip gauges measured


Slip Gauge using micrometer
Sr. No. Readings Main Error
Thimble
(X) Scale TR ( Y )
reading
reading
01

02

03

04

Total Reading = MSR + (Thimble Reading x LC) + Error

Conclusion:-

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