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10 Maths Key Notes CH 02 Polynomials

Polynomials are algebraic expressions involving variables and their powers, with coefficients that are real numbers. The degree of a polynomial refers to the highest power of the variable. Common polynomial types include constant, linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials. A polynomial's zeros are the x-values where the graph crosses the x-axis, and a polynomial can have at most as many zeros as its degree. The division algorithm states that any polynomial p(x) can be divided by another polynomial g(x) into quotient and remainder polynomials.

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133 views1 page

10 Maths Key Notes CH 02 Polynomials

Polynomials are algebraic expressions involving variables and their powers, with coefficients that are real numbers. The degree of a polynomial refers to the highest power of the variable. Common polynomial types include constant, linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials. A polynomial's zeros are the x-values where the graph crosses the x-axis, and a polynomial can have at most as many zeros as its degree. The division algorithm states that any polynomial p(x) can be divided by another polynomial g(x) into quotient and remainder polynomials.

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Sathya Narayanan
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Key Notes

Chapter-02
Polynomials

• An algebraic expression of the form a0 x n + a1 x n −1 + a2 x n − 2 + ... + an −1 x + an , where a0 , a1 , a2 ...an


are real numbers, n is a non-negative integer and a0 ≠ 0 is called a polynomial of degree n.
• Degree: The highest power of x in a polynomial p(x) is called the degree of polynomial.
• Polynomials of degrees 1, 2 and 3 are called linear, quadratic and cubic polynomials
respectively.
• Types of Polynomial:
(i) Constant Polynomial: A polynomial of degree zero is called a constant polynomial
and it is of the form p(x) = k.
(ii) Linear Polynomial: A polynomial of degree one is called linear polynomial and it is of
the form p(x) = ax + b where a, b are real numbers and a0 ≠ 0 .
(iii) Quadratic Polynomial: A quadratic polynomial in x with real coefficient is of the
form ax + bx + c , where a, b, c are real numbers with a ≠ 0 .
2

(iv) Cubical Polynomial: A polynomial of degree three is called cubical polynomial and is
of the form p(x) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d where a, b, c, d are real numbers and a ≠ 0 .
(v) Bi-quadratic Polynomial: A polynomial of degree four is called bi-quadratic
polynomial and it is of the form p ( x) = ax 2 + bx3 + cx 2 + dx + e , where a, b, c, d, e are
real numbers and a ≠ 0 .
• The zeroes of a polynomial p(x) are precisely the x–coordinates of the points where the
graph of y = p(x) intersects the x-axis i.e. x = a is a zero of polynomial p(x) if p(a) = 0.
• A polynomial can have at most the same number of zeros as the degree of polynomial.
b c
• For quadratic polynomial ax 2 + bx + c (a ≠ 0) Sum of zeros = − Produce of zeros =
a a
• The division algorithm states that given any polynomial p(x) and polynomial g(x), there are
polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that: p ( x ) = g ( x ) .q ( x ) + r ( x ) , g ( x ) ≠ 0 where r(x) = 0 or
degree of r(x) < degree of g(x)
• The division algorithm states that given any polynomial p(x) and polynomial g(x), there are
polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that: p(x) = g(x). q (x) + r(x), g(x) = 0 where r(x) = 0 or degree
of r(x) < degree of g(x).

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