BANGALORE UNIVERSTY

UNIVERSITY VISVESVARAYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

V SEMESTER
Sl Code No. Subject No. of Duration of Sessional Exam
No Hr/week Exam Marks Marks
Theory Pract Theory Pract
1. 2K6EC501 Probability & Stochastic Process 4 - 3 - 25 100
2. 2K6EC502 Control Engineering 4 - 3 - 25 100
3. 2K6EC503 Digital System Design using HDL 4 - 3 - 25 100
4. 2K6EC504 Microprocessors 4 - 3 - 25 100
5. 2K6EC505 Digital Signal Processing 4 - 3 - 25 100
6. 2K6EC506 Analog Communication 4 - 3 - 25 100
7. 2K6EC507 Microprocessors Lab - 3 - 3 25 100
8. 2K6EC508 Circuit Simulation Lab - 3 - 3 25 100
200 800
TOTAL 1000

Pattern (Theory Subjects):

FOUR questions from Part A & FOUR questions from Part B to be set.
Students should answer FIVE questions selecting at least TWO from each part.

Audit Subject: Technical English

MR
 EC501: Probability and Stochastic Process.

Part – A

Chapter1: Review of probability theory. Review of axiomatic approach to probability: Random

experiment, sample space, events, set theory, axioms of probability, properties of probability,
conditional probability: Definition and properties, product rule. Independent event: Definition and
properties. Total probability theorem and Baye’s theorem. 4 hrs.

Chapter2: Random variable theory. Random variable: Definition and meaning of events generated by
random variable. The probability (cumulative) distribution function (CDF): Definition and properties.
Classification of random variables: Discrete and continuous random variable, probability density (pdf)
and mass function (pmf): Definition and properties. Conditional distributions. 4 hrs.

Chapter3: Functions of one random variable. Meaning of Y=g(X), Distribution function of Y=g(X),
Density function of Y=g(X) and fundamental theorem. Definition and properties of Mean, Variance,
Moment generating function and characteristic function of a random variable, moments of a random
variable, Chebyshev inequality. Definition of mean of Y=g(X). 4hrs.

Chapter4: Some examples of Discrete and continuous distributions. Discrete distributions: Binomial,
poisson, and geometric distributions. Continuous distributions: Uniform, exponential, Gaussian,
Rayleigh, and weibull distributions. Properties, mean, variance and moment generating functions of
the above distributions. 5 hrs.

Chapter5: Multivariate random variable, Two random variables. Definition and properties of Joint
distribution and Joint density functions, Independence of two random variables, Sum of two
independent random variables. Joint moments and central moments, mean of random variable
Z=g(X,Y), Definition and properties of covariance and correlation coefficient of two random variables
and joint characteristic function, Sequence of random variables. (Only for reading purpose)
Multivariate distribution and density functions, Independence of ‘n’ random variables, iid random
variables, mean of ‘n’ random variables, covariance and correlation matrix of ‘n’ random variables,
central limit theorem. 7 hrs.

Part – B

Chapter6: Reliability theory, Definition and properties of reliability, failure, failure rate, mean time to
failure (MTTF), mean time between failures. Failure models: normal failure law, exponential failure
law, and the weibull failure law. System configurations in reliability: series, parallel and standby
redundancy. 6 hrs.

Chapter7: Introduction to Stochastic process. Concept of stochastic process, classification of

stochastic process, deterministic and non-deterministic process. Methods of description: joint
distribution, analytical description, average values (mean, autocorrelation, auto covariance and
correlation coefficients). Two or more processes: Joint distribution, cross correlation, cross covariance
and cross correlation coefficient. Uncorrelated, orthogonal and independent stochastic processes.
Special classes of stochastic process: Poisson, wiener, random telegraph and random binary processes.
6 hrs.

Chapter8: Stationary processes.

Concept of stochastic process, first order stochastic processes, second order stationary and wide
stationary and N-order stationary and strict sense stationary processes. Autocorrelation and power
spectral density function of WSS processes. Definition and properties of power spectral density and
cross power spectral density of a WSS processes. Time averages and ergodicity. 6 hrs.

Chapter9: Special classes of random processes. Introduction to Gaussian process and its properties,
band pass Gaussian process, introduction to markov sequences and processes and their properties,
gauss-markov process. 3 hrs.

Chapter10: Response of linear system to random inputs, Linear system fundamentals, discrete time
and continuous systems, mean and autocorrelation of the output, distribution functions, stationary of
the output, and correlation and power spectral density of the output---for both discrete and continuous
time systems. 4 hrs.

References:

1. Payton Peebles Jr.:Probability, random variables, and random signal principles,

McGraw-Hill.
2. K. Sam Shanmugam & Breipohl: Random signals-detection, estimation and data
analysis: John wiley & sons
3. Das, Mullick & Chatarjee: Principles of digital communication, Wiley Eastern
4. A. Papoulis: Probability random variables and stochastic process, McGraw-Hill
5. P.S. Sathyanarayana: Probability information and coding theory, Dynaram
Publications
6. Charles E Ebeling: Reliability and maintainability,TMH, 1997
 EC-502: Control Engineering

PART-A

1. Introduction: Open loop and closed loop systems-comparison, Concepts of linear-non linear, time
invariant-time variant, continuous data and discrete data control systems. 3 hrs.

2. Mathematical Models of Linear Systems: Mechanical and Electrical systems- Analogous

systems. 4 hrs.

3. Methods of Analysis: Block diagrams and block reduction techniques, signal Flow graph
methods-Manson's gain formula.
6 hrs.

4. Time Response Analysis: Transfer function and impulse response- Dependence on pole locations,
dominant pole concept, equation and order of the systems. Step response of first order and second
order systems, time domain specifications and evaluation for second order systems. Steady state
analysis - Static error constants-Error series and Dynamic error coefficients. 6 hrs.

5. Frequency Response Analysis: General nature, Frequency domain specifications, Evaluation for
second order systems and M and N circles, Nichol's charts and its application. 5 hrs.

PART- B

6. Stability studies: R-H criterion and its limitations. Root locus method-sketching procedure and
interpretations. Nyquist criterion and Relative stability. Time Domain for Domain specifications and
correlation. 10 hrs.

7. Introduction to Design: Lead and Lag compensation design of simple compensation using Bode
Plots only. 4 hrs.

8. Modern Control Theory: Concepts of stats, state variables and state model. Obtaining state model
from differential equations and Transfer functions Phase variables canonical form and Lure's
(Diagonal) canonical forms Jordan form for LTI, SISO Systems. State Transition matrix and its
properties - Solution of state equations. Concepts of controllability and observability. 10 hrs.

Reference Books:

1. Nagarath & Gopal: "Control systems Engineering" New age 2005

2. Ogatta: "Modern Control Engineering" McGraw-Hill

3. Sushil Das Gupta: "Control systems Theory" Dhanapat Rai

4. P.S.Sathyanarayana: "Concepts of control systems" Dynaram.

 EC-503 Digital System Design using HDLs

PART-A

1.0 Introduction: ​Digital design. Analog versus Digital, Digital devices. Electronic aspects of
digital design. Software aspects of digital design. Software aspects of digital design. ICs, PLDs,
ASICs, PCBs. Digital design levels. The real world of design.
2.0 Hardware Description Language: ​Introduction to HDL. Different HDLs. VHDL basics.
Historical overview. VHDL description of combinational networks. Modelling of flip-flops.
Variables, Signals, Constants and ARRAYS, Data Types and operators. Function and Procedures.
Packages and Libraries. Compilation and Simulation VHDL codes. Brief Introduction to Verilog.
3.0 Design of Arithmetic Operating Units: ​Design of a serial adder, State graphs for control
networks. Design of a binary multiplier, Multiplication of signed binary numbers, Design of a
binary divider.
4.0 Floating Point Arithmetic: ​Floating point numbers, floating point multiplication. Other
floating point operations
PART-B
5.0 Digital design with SM charts: ​State machines, Moore and Mealy type machines. SM Charts.
Derivation and realization of SM charts. Example of DICE game. Microprogramming, Linked
state machines.
6.0 Digital Design of Sequential Circuits: ​Modelling of sequential circuits and writing the VHDL
code. Examples of counters, Shift Registers and Sequence generators.
7.0 VHDL models for memories and buses: Static RAM, Simplified 486 bus model. Interfacing
memory to microprocessor. Some design Examples(UART,CODE Generator, Filter etc)
8.0 Programmable logic devices: ​ROMs, PLAs, PALs and PLDs. FPGAs. Brief explanation of these
devices with an example each. Designing of digital systems using these devices with the help of
VHDL.

Reference Books:

1.0 Charles H. Roth jr: Digital System Design Using VHDL, Thomson Learning Inc.2002.
2.0 J.Bhaskar: VHDL Primer, Pearson/PHI-2003
3.0 John F. Wakerly: Digital Design Principles & Practices, Eastern Economy Edition,3​rd ​Edition
 EC 504: MICROPROCESSORS

PART - A

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to 8bit Intel 8085 microprocessor:

Architecture and addressing modes – instruction set, memory and I/O interface. Sample programs
(6 hours)

CHAPTER 2: Architecture and addressing modes of advance microprocessors:

Introduction, Architecture and addressing modes of 8086 and 80386 microprocessors (9 hours)

​CHAPTER 3: Assembly language of 8086 microprocessor:

Data movement instructions, arithmetic and logical instructions, program control instructions, pseudo
instructions/ assembler directives and programming methodologies and examples. (7 hours)

PART - B

CHAPTER 4: Hardware specifications:

Pin outs and pin functions of 8086, clock generator, bus buffering and latching, bus timing, ready and
wait state, minimum and maximum modes, virtual 8086 mode of 80386 (6 hours)

CHAPTER 5: Interfacing of input and output devices:

8255 ( PPI ) and its applications, BSR mode and I/O mode operations, interrupts of 8086, 8259A
(PIC) Programmable Interrupt Controller, 8253/8254 programmable timer/counter, various modes of
operation and their applications (10 hours)

8237 DMA controller, 8272A floppy disk controller, serial data transmission methods and standards,
RS – 232C serial data standard, 8251A programmable serial communication interface, memory
interfacing, microprocessor development system, ICE (10 hours)

References:

1. Brey B.B: The intel microprocessor: Architecture, programming and interfacing 4​th edition:
​
PHI.
2. Gaonker: Microprocessor Architecture and programming, New Delhi, New age.
3. YU – Cheng Liu & Glenn A GIBBSON: Microcomputer systems.
4. Douglas V Hall: Microprocessors and Interfacing, Singapore, McGraw Hill.
5. A.K.Ray: Advanced Microprocessors and Perpherals. TMH, 2000
6. Badri Ram: Advanced Microprocessors and Interfacng.
 EC-505: DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSNG

PART-A

CHAPTER 1: Introduction:

Fourier Transform, Z- Transforms, Frequency Doman Sampling, DFT as Linear Transformation,

relationship of DFT to other Transformation, frequency analysis of signals using DFT (06 hours)

CHAPTER 2: Computation of DFT

Direct Computation of DFT, Introduction to FFT, FFT algorithms. Decimation in Time FFT
algorithms, Decimation in Frequency FFT algorithms, FFT algorithm for a Composite number –
Chirp Z Transformation (06 hours)

CHAPTER 3: Digital Filter Structures

IIR-Filter Structures: Direct form I & II, Cascade, parallel & ladder type realization. FIR filter
structures: Direct form I & II Linear Phase FIR structure (04 hours)

CHAPTER 4: IIR Filter Design

IIR Filter design by approximation of derivatives, IIR Filter design by Impulse Invariance, IIR Filter
design by Bilinear Transformation, Transformation of basic low pass filter (10 hours)

PART-B

CHAPTER 5: FIR Filter Design

Characteristics of FIR digital filters

Different types of windows:- Rectangular. Barlett, Hamming, Blackman and Kaiser Window,
Condition for FIR filter to have Linear Phase, symmetric and anti-symmetric.

Design of FIR filters using Windows: Design of FIR filters by frequency sampling method, Design of
Equi-ripple FIR Filters, Comparison of IIR & FIR filters. (10 hours)

CHAPTER 6: Multirate Digital Signal Processing

The basic sample rate alterations – decimators and interpolators, filter in sampling rate alteration.
Multistage design of decimators and interpolators (05 hours)

CHAPTER 7: Digital Signal Processors (DSP’s)

Architecture and features of TMS 320CXX, DSP Processor. Addressing modes, Instruction set and
application (07 hours)
REFERENCES:

1. Terrel and LK Kwan: Digital Signal Processng, A student guide

2. Oppenheim and R.W.Schafer: Discrete time signal processing, PHI
3. Sanjeev K Mitra: Digital Signal Processing, McGraw Hill
4. Prokis & Monolakis: Digital Signal Processing, PHI
5. Oppenheim & Schafer et.al. : Application of DSP, PHI
6. TMS Manual: Texas Instruments
7. Padmanabhan et.al: Digital Signal Processing, new age publishers, 2001
8. Ingle and Proakis: Digital Signal Processing using Matlab, 2001.
9. S.Salivahan et.al: Digital Signal Processing, TMH, 2001.
 EC-506 Analog communication

PART-A

Chapter 1: ​Introduction, definition of terms, Block Diagram of communication system,

Communication, Sources of information, Channel, Noise. Noise: Internal Noise-thermal noise, shot
noise. External noise sources, White noise, Narrow band noise, Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Noise
equivalent Bandwidth, Noise Figure, Noise Figure of cascaded systems, Mathematical representation
of noise, Noise Temperature. (6 hours)

Chapter 2: ​Amplitude modulation, Frequency translation, Full AM, Time domain and Frequency
domain represented of AM signals. Generation of AM Wave: square law modulator, switching
modulator, Power in AM wave, Spectrum of AM wave. Detection of AM waves: Rectifier detector,
Square law detector, Envelope detector, Distortion in envelope detectors. (8 hours)

Chapter 3: ​Double side band suppress carrier systems, Time domain and frequency domain
representation, Spectrum of DSB, Generation of DSB-SC waves: Ring modulator, Balanced
modulators. Coherent Detection, Costas receiver, Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
(5 hours)

Chapter 4: ​Single Side Band (SSB) system. Hilbert and its properties, time domain and frequency
domain description of SSB, spectrum of SSB waves, phase shift method of generator of SSB, filter
method of generation of SSB, coherent method of demodulation of SSB signals, Vestigial side band
transmission (VSB), envelope detection of VSB signal, frequency division multiplexing (FDM),
comparison of various AM systems. (5 hours)

PART – B

Chapter 5: ​Angle modulation systems, basic definition, FM & PM, inter relation between FM & PM,
Narrow band FM (NBFM), spectrum of NBFM, bandwidth of NBFM. Wide band FM (WBFM),
analysis – spectrum of NBFM for tone modulation. Bandwidth determination by using Bessel’s
co-efficient, bandwidth by carson’s rule. Generation of FM waves: Indirect method (Phase
discrimination method for WBFM generation with an example). Direct method of WBFM generation.
Demodulation of FM waves. Basic principle, Slope detector, Foster Seely discriminator, PLL for
demodulation of FM
(12 hours)

Chapter 6: Noise in CW modulation systems: Introduction, receiver models, figure of merit, noise in
AM receivers, Threshold effect, Noise in DSB-SC receivers (coherent), Noise in SSB receivers
(coherent), Noise in FM receivers, Pre-emphasis, De-emphasis in FM, comparison of noise
performance of various CW modulated systems (6 hours)

Chapter 7: AM and FM systems: AM transmitter – high level and low level modulators, AM
receivers – Super heterodyne receivers. Receiver characteristics, FM transmitter and receivers. FM
stereo AFC in FM. (6 hours)

REFERENCES:

1. Simon Hykin: Communication systems, 3​rd​ edition, Jhon Wiley International.

2. B.P.Lathi: Modern Digital and analog communication, Prism books.
3. Bruce Carlson: Communication systems, McGraw Hill.
4. Martin S. Roden: Analog and Digital Communication system, PHI.
5. Frenzel: Communication electronics, McGraw Hill.

EC-507: MICROPROCESSORS LABS

(Using 8085 systems)

1. Block Movement of Data (8085 up only)

2. Arithmetic operations and Logical operations on Binary and BCD Nos. Addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, LCM, HCF, marking specific bit/bits of a given byte and 2-out of 5
code (Using 8085 and 8086 ups) (for packed and unpacked Nos)
3. Finding the Largest Number in a given set of data. (8085)
4. Ascending Order arrangement of a set of Data Bytes- Bubble sort & selection sort, Linear
Search (8085 & 8086)
5. Code Conversion (8085)
6. Concatenation of the Input string with a defined string (8086)
7. Reversal of a data string (8086)
8. Palindrome of a binary data (8085 & 8086)
9. Data Acquisition. A/D conversion and string of data (8085)
10. D/A conversion generating waveform (8085)
11. Stepper Motor Control (8085)
12. CRT Interface (8085)
13. Keyboard & Display interface-Software approach & Hardware approach (8279 chip)
14. Interfacing experiments using 8085 up only
 EC-508: CIRCUIT SIMULATION LAB

I. Using pspice or equivalent simulation software

1. Power supply design: series voltage regulator (with preamplifier).

2. Switching regulator.
3. Feedback Amplifier: voltage series, current series.
4. Filters: Active filters (second order).
5. Combinational circuits: Mux & its applications, adders and its application,
Demux/Decoder, Encoder.
6. Design of counters/shift registers and their applications.
7. Experiments with 555 timer (Astable, monostable).
8. D/A Converters & A/D converters.
9. FSK generation.

II. Using Model Sim (upto synthesis and functional simulation)

a) Modeling of gates, HA, FA, MUX using
i) Structural
ii) Behavioral
iii) Data flow model
b) Modeling of Latches and Flip flops
i) D Flip-Flop
ii) SR Flip-Flop
iii) JK Flip-Flop
iv) T Flip-Flop