Structural Task

Mini Research

THE ANALYSIS OF CODE-MIXING USED BY FACEBOOK USERS

Compiled as One of Structural Tasks Required in

Attending the College of English Education
By,
AYU LARASATI/ 1502050162

STUDY PROGRAM OF ENGLISH EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH SUMATERA UTARA
YEAR 2019
PREFACE

First of all, I would like to thank the Merciful and Graceful Allah SWT that
already gave me health so I can finish this mini research. Then, shalawat and
salam go to the great Prophet Muhammad SAW. May his syafa’at belong to us.
This individual critical material report was made in order to fulfill my
responsibility as college student in UMSU, especially to fulfill the task from
course ‘Sociolinguistic’.
Then, I would like to say thanks to all of my friends that had helped and
supported me so I could finish this task well. And also for my lecturer, Sir
Mandra, that had given me and my friends the instruction in order to help us to
finish this task easily through the contract of the course.
I hope that what I’d done in this task could help me do the similar task easier
compared to the first time. I know there are still many things that I lack in this
mini research, that’s why I will be really happy if there are readers that give me
comments and suggestions. Those will help me a lot to do better for the next task.
And last, I hope this mini research is useful, either for the writer or the readers.

Medan, March 2019

Ayu Larasati

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ABSTRACT

Code-mixing is a symptom of language usage in which “a mixing or combination

of different variations within the same clause.” (Jendra, 1988, p. 94). Mixed into
the code could be called (inner code mixing) if this phenomenon suggests that
elements of the relatives in language and if the elements do not interfere it is out
(outer code mixing). This code-mixing has three types, they are insertion (word
or phrase), alternation (clause) and congruent lexicalization (dialect) – and the
most common occurrence of code-mixing variants in society is insertional code-
mixing. This research was conducted with qualitative method that the researcher
describes things that have been found out. The aim of this research is to know
what statuses and comments that apply code-mixing and what types of code-
mixing that are obtained from Facebook in Brar’s account.

Keywords: code-mixing, types of code-mixing, facebook

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CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study

Code-switching and code-mixing have become an interesting phenomenon to

study in particular of language usage in society because it is part of development
process and use multiple languages (bilingual) or a mixture of (multi-lingual). In
general, code switching and code-mixing occur in the community for two
reasons: first, the speakers can merely communicate with the target language,
and second, the diverse communication objectives (Gysels, 1992; cited in Duran,
1994). The reasons cannot be separated from the influence of linguistic diversity
in a community of people who eventually intermingled to form a mixture that
can be understood by the community in other words that the people who have
the language A and entered by other people who have the language B so that
both communities are mixed in a single community. So, naturally the language
will have to pass the language development including a double and a mixture to
form code-switching and code-mixing.
Then, the two concepts according to Bokamba (1989) in Ayeomoni (2006, p. 91)
stated that code-switching is the mixing of words, phrases and sentence from two
distinct grammatical (sub) systems across sentence boundaries within the same
speech event. Code-mixing is the embedding of various linguistic units such as
affixes (bound morphemes), words (unbound morphemes), phrases and clauses
from a co-operative activity where the Participants, in order to infer what is
intended, must reconcile what they hear with what they understand.
Based on previous statement, it is obvious that code-switching and code-mixing
are part of sociolinguistics that discuss bilingual and multilingual then clearly
also submitted that code-switching is a combination of 2 (two) languages and
more in accordance with the rules of the incorporation of the language such as
merging the word with words, phrases with phrases and sentences with phrases.
Code-switching was done to make the conversation more acceptable to the
listener or the speaker, while code-mixing is incorporation language in

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accordance with the rules by which to be heard and understood by the users of
these languages and this occurs.
So, from the previous statements, it is clear that those people who are mixing or
switching their languages talk to those people who can understand languages
used. Those who cannot understand will find it difficult to comprehend what is
being talked about and left confused by them. Moreover, those who apply these
codes do not aware of the types of codes being used. So, to overcome it, this mini
research are created so those people can recognize some common words that are
usually used in code switching and code mixing and know some types of those
codes. In this research, the researcher observes the status and comments from an
account named ‘Brar’. It is because the user and his friends like to code-switching
and code-mixing .

B. Identification of Problems

1. Not all of people who play Facebook can understand comments and status
that apply code mixing / code switching.
2. People do not aware of types of code switching / code mixing when they use
them.

C. Formulation of Problems

1. What are the types of code mixing found in account named Brar?
2. What are statuses and comments that applied with code mixing?
CHAPTER II. THE REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Sociolinguistic
Sociolinguistics is the study of the language function in a social context and the
development of language in society. This is consistent with Noam Chomsky in
Romaine (2000, p. 1) stated that sociolinguistics focus on differences in the use of
language in society so that an object can be the object language learning another
language. Then, Chomsky said that the question of language is the fundamental
question of power. From the statement it is clear that sociolinguistics is the study
of language use in a society that does not focus on the composition of sentence
structure but focuses on differences in language use and language development
in society. Beside that, Fishman (1972, p. 1) states that the interaction between
these two aspects sociolinguistics is habits of the people of the usefulness of the
language and the social composition of habitual action. With language clearly
focused on the topic of social arrangement inherent in language habits society.
So, the lessons of sociolinguistics not only on the organizational structure of the
language but also on the level development use of language in society and
familiarize the user language to use the language that is used in accordance with
the appropriate developmental and language level of civility in society.
Related to the explanation, sociolinguistics is the study of the development and
the level of use of language in a society in which there is a discussion about
bilingual and multilingual discussion of incorporation language in accordance
with the rules and are not in accordance with the rules but is used by the
community and accepted by society well studied in the code-switching and code-
mixing.

B. Bilingualism and Multilingualism

A speech community that has a relationship with another speech community, it

will pass language contact. Therefore, bilingualism in Indonesian language called
kedwibahasaan (Chaer, 2004, p. 84). Of the terms proposed by Chaer, it is

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understood that bilingualism or relating to the use kedwibahasaan by people

bilingual speakers in their daily activities. There are several definitions of
bilingualism even though essentially same. Such as by Mackey (1962, p. 12)
stated that the practice of bilingualism is alternately from one language to the
another language by a speaker. Then, Bloomfield (1933) also found that
bilingualism is the ability of a speaker to use two languages equally well. In line
with the previous opinion Lado (1964, p. 214) argues that bilingualism is the
ability to use 2 languages by someone with as good or almost as good, which is
related to the knowledge of two languages regardless of level.
From the previous statements, it can be concluded that bilingualism is the use of
two languages by a speaker in the interaction with the speaker of other language.
Beside bilingualism, there is multilingualism. Actually, the concept of
bilingualism and multilingualism is same. However, multilingualism is
regarding the use of state of more than two languages by a speaker when
communicating with others in turn (Chaer & Agustina, 1995, p. 112).

C. Code-Switching

Code-switching is the use of multiple languages in the words, phrases and

sentences even in a paragraph. This is according to Duran (1994) said that code
switching is probably strongly related to bilingual life and may appear more or
less concurrently in the life of the developing language bilinguals especially
when they are conscious of such behavior and then choose more or less
purposefully to use or not to use it. Based on these statements, code-switching is
clearly a combination of two or more languages and combines words, phrases
and sentences.
Then, the structure of language in code-switching does not violate the rules of
drafting sentences for second or more languages. It was confirmed also by
Heredia and Brown (http://www.tamiu.edu/-rheredia/switch.htm) said that
code-switching is a natural product of the interaction of 2 pieces of language. In
addition, according to Hymes (1976), code switching is a change of use of two or
more languages, some variations of one language or even some kinds of the style.
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Based on expert opinion above, it is clear that the code-switching is language

products that is produced naturally by the people who use multiple languages
either a doubling in the level of words, phrases and sentence and the sentence
does not violate the rules of this product in the preparation of the structure of
words, phrases and sentences which in both languages.

D. Code-Mixing

Code-mixing is a symptom of language usage in which “a mixing or combination

of different variations within the same clause.” (Jendra, 1988, p. 94). Mixed into
the code could be called (inner code mixing) if this phenomenon suggests that
elements of the relatives in language and if the elements do not interfere it is out
(outer code mixing). In addition, the mixed code (code mixing) described in
(http://callhavid.wordpress.com) that the sentence: “This morning I sudah bawa
my baby tu near babysitter lah”. Based on this example occurs code mixing due to
mixing speakers of both languages (code) in a mixed sentence. On code means
there is a dominant language used, e.g., in the predominantly English-speaking.
Speech as the dominant Indonesian officials, but interspersed with the occasional
foreign language to make it look cool or acceptable. Mix the code is divided into
two, namely: 1. Mix the code into the (inner code-mixing): Mixed code derived
from the original language with all its variations (formal, standard, informal,
non-standard) 2. Mix the code to the outside (outer code-mixing): Mixed code
derived from foreign languages. Background the occurrence of code-mixing can
be divided into two, namely 1) attitudinal type, background speakers attitude,
and 2) linguistic type, the limitations of language background, so there is reason
for role identification, identification of diversity, and the desire to explain or
interpret. Being able to mix this code: 1) insertion of the word, 2) insertion of
phrase, 3) the insertion of a clause, 4) insertion of the phrase or idiom, and 5)
insertion form baster (combined forming native and foreign).
From illustration, it is clear that the code-mixing, we can conclude is a mixture
between two or more languages in which there is a dominant language and
inserted with different language to make it sound cool and give appropriate
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context to the audience or listener. So the basic difference between code

switching and code mixing is code mixing occurs when speakers mix/insert
foreign words (other code) in the dominant language used, yes including the use
of foreign terms that appear intellect. While code switching, speakers change the
language used to code the others (including diversity) for consideration (1) the
other person, (2) speakers themselves, (3) the presence of three speakers (e.g.,
between Javanese keep coming third of Sumatran, they transfer the code to
Indonesian language), (4) create a sense of humor, or (5) increase the prestige.
The same of code switching and code mixing is that they commonly occur in a
multilingual society in using two languages or more. The difference over the
code (code switching) occurs between the language used is an autonomous
individual, a conscious and deliberate, specific causes, while the mixed code
(code mixing) occurs in a primary code or code base used has function and
autonomy, while other code involved in the use of such language is in pieces,
without function and autonomy as a code.
Moreover, (Muysken, 2000) also described that code-mixing is typically divided
into three main types – insertion (word or phrase), alternation (clause) and
congruent lexicalization (dialect) – and the most common occurrence of code-
mixing variants in society is insertional code-mixing.
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The design of method used in this research is qualitative research methods. Kirk
and Miller (1986, p. 9) defines that qualitative research is a particular tradition in
social science that fundamentally depends on the observations in humans in its
own region and in touch with these people in a language and in its idiom. The
techniques that are used in qualitative research are interactive cover depth
interviews (elite interviews), observation and non-interactive role includes
questioners, archive (content analysis). This is according to Goetz and LeCompte
in Sutopo (2006, p. 66) argued that the data collection strategies in qualitative
research in general could be divided into two kinds of ways, which is a technique
of data that is interactive and non-interactive.

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CHAPTER. IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. The Comments that Applied Code-Mixing

TYPES OF CODE-MIXING
No. COMMENTS
Insertion Alternation Congruent L.
Ga kenal fandom tapi
1. √ ― ―
warnanya cakep banget
2. Terbutakan priviledge √ ― ―
Ini stand up comedy
3. √ ― ―
kayanya sih or sarkas
Masa malah nge-joke
dengan sarkas jadi org
4. goblok di saat2 ginian kan √ ― ―
keliatan jadi goblok
beneran
Memilih Ma’ruf jd wakil
5. ― √ ―
is a mistake
Ma’ruf is really not a great
choice tp jujur aja they need
6. ― √ ―
him for the votes and that
sucks.
Tfw nama gw d resume ato
buat apply debit card pasti
7. cumin 3 nama awal, gue √ ― ―
males bawa nama bokap
lmao
Iyaa, di post teman juga
8. √ ― ―
gitu.
So I look at some friends
9. posts which are not public √ √ ―
tapi bisa di share
Kyknya walo di share tapi
10. ga temenan ga bisa liat √ ― ―
postnya?
Tapi pas di share itu
11. settingnya bisa diubah √ ― ―
public btw
Mungkin kena setting
12. friends of friends? Bukan √ ― ―
friends only

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Yg bs liat cm mutual mu
13. √ ― ―
aja di timeline dia
Lagi in heat makanya
14. √ ― ―
nyari tempat dingin
Ohhh character orang
15. √ ― ―
kah?
Is this an equivalent to
16. ― √ ―
“terserah”?
The fact dia harus nanya
untuk memastikan udah
17. √ ― ―
menunjukan kalo jk
concerning.
Welp, body-nya ceking
18. √ ― ―
amet
Once I had a cat named
19. cimeng karena komuknya ― √ ―
macem giting 24/7
Kok bisa segede itu. I’m
20. ― ― ―
scared.
Ah ku belum pernah
21. √ ― ―
encounter kasusmu di sini
Tho sebelomnya makan
makan dan enak2 aja sih.
Cuma kejadian sekali
22. √ ― ―
langsung tida mood hhh.
Paling nunggu pulih lagi
(???)
Penipuan. I expected
23. ― ― ―
rounds.
Sebetulnya basic itu
24. √ ― ―
maksudnya gimana sih?
Hmm kyknya bukan basic
juga, yg kumaksud diri
25. √ ― ―
kita ini ga jauh beda dari
orang2 umum.
Ku malah pingin basic or
26. normies daripada chuuni √ ― ―
autistic weeabo
Ah iya itho mediocre, itu
27. √ ― ―
kata yg gw maksud.
Bukan BL sih, tapi
28. √ ― ―
stylenya mirip BL.
Salah share awalnya mau
29. share cursed images but god √ √ ―
forbid.
30. Yes. Gatau jg si brar, √ ― ―
 10

selama ini buku young

adult isinya digituin ato
emg penulisnya ato
editornya yg ngebikin gt
jg bisa jd.
31. Iya, brar it also bothers me. ― √ ―
This. Tapi ya mau gimana
lagi, kebanyakan orang
indo dikasih penjelasan
gamblang aja masih ada
32. aja yang salah tangkep √ ― ―
(bahkan ditwist
segitunya), gimana vague
foreshadowing/subtle
gestures.
Sad react buat cursed2
33. √ ― ―
image yang lo berikan
34. Bersihin chace coba √ ― ―
Ga threatening dong kalo
35. √ ― ―
gaada toiletnya
Justru sangat
threatening…. Bayangin
36. aja kebelet trus ga ada √ ― ―
toilet… Itu benar2 sangat
mengancam
Makin threatening lagi
37. buat yang masuk √ ― ―
selanjutnya kalo do lantai
Ini anu translatenya kog
38. √ ― ―
gini sih
Hmmm jadi kepikiran
39. √ ― ―
buat artbook ini hmmm
Bikin artbook kompilasi
40. √ ― ―
lah part5 fashion gang.
Astaghfirullah salah baca
41. √ ― ―
jadi clits. Still cool btw!
42. Maaf tadi typo √ ― ―

B. The Statuses that Applied Code-Mixing

TYPES OF CODE-MIXING
No. STATUSES
Insertion Alternation Congruent L.
1. Whoa, James Gunn di re- √ ― ―
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hire jadi sutradara GOTG

vol 3…
Anjir, kok yg settingnya
2. √ ― ―
friends only bisa disher…
3. Holy shit mirip √ ― ―
Kayaknya udah
kebiasaan media fiksi sini
ya kalo monolog ataupun
dialog kalimatnya harus
banget ngejelasin ini itu
4. kayak eksposisi biar √ ― ―
maksud si anu bener2
masuk di pikiran audiens
ketimbang menggunakan
sublety dan hint2 ekspresi
karakter.
Ini app ig gw hang mulu
5. pas dibuka kira2 knp √ ― ―
ya???
Apa ku buat artbook
6. fashion golden wind aja ya √ ― ―
buat cf
Yatuhan, kalian kok
berani banget sih bisa
nyetir mobil terus di jalan
7. umum. Ku karena takut √ √ ―
bgt makanya udah gabisa
nyetir lagi despite having
driving license lol.
8. Selamat malam gays √ ― ―
Panasnya M(edan) masih
jauh lebi enakan dari
panasnya Jekardah. At
least disini w masih bisa
9. √ √ ―
bernafas lega while di
Jekardah I can’t fucking do
a deep inhale due to how
fuggy the atmosphere is.
Anjir beneran dong masih
10. ada yang gatau aplikasi √ ― ―
taxi online hhhhhh

From the tables above, it can be concluded that the types of code mixing used in
Facebook in Brar’s account are mostly insertion, while alternation is close second
although it is still not as much as insertion. There is no congruent L. can be found
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from the statuses or comments. The Facebook users usually use code mixing
when they mention some terms which are originally from English, when they
want to make the sentence short because the Indonesian words are too long like
hint (petunjuk) and so on, when they have no idea what the word is in Bahasa,
and etc.
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
Facebook users like to use code mixing when they comment and make statuses.
This shows that these people are capable in using both languages, Bahasa and
English. Although most of the code mixing is insertion, sometimes these people
make alternation code mixing. Not as much as the insertion ones, but they are
still there. Unfortunately, there is no congruent l. found in the result. This sums
up that this type is still rare in Facebook. Moreover, the circumstances of when
they use code mixing are pretty much when they mention things that are
originally created in English , when the Indonesian words are too long, and when
they don’t know what the thing is called in Bahasa.

B. Suggestion

Code-mixing is the right thing to do when people are capable in using more than
one language. This is because it can be a practice to use the words and
anticipation so the words that have been learnt are not forgotten. It is not wrong
to mix both languages in conversation online, it is good even. People can learn
new words and imitate how to use it properly from others. However, people
should study how to make a complete sentence in the second language well. This
is because the structures of Bahasa and English are different. Furthermore, not all
of people who apply code-mixing are really good at their second language. While
code-mixing is good at maintaining the words memorized in the memory, it may
take more effort to really master the second language.

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REFERENCES

Nana, Amelia, dan Pininto Sarwendah. Code-Mixing and Code-Switching of

Indonesian Celebrities: A Comparative Study. Jurnal LINGUA
CULTURA Vol. 9 No. 1 May 2015.
Sumarsih, dkk. Code Switching and Code Mixing in Indonesia: Study in
Sociolinguistics. English Language and Literature Studies Vol. 4, No. 1;
2014.

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