Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology

ELECTRICAL MACHINES - I LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL &
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

LAB MANUAL (Ver. 1.03)

FOR II YEAR B.TECH EEE

Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL &
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
2015-2016
EVALUATION PATTERN

FOR ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LABORATORY

The Electrical Machines – I lab evaluation can be broadly classified as per the contents

Internal Assessment: 25 Marks

1. Two internals will be conducted for laboratory assessment.

2. Day-to-day work in the laboratory shall be evaluated for 15 marks.

3. Internal examination for practical shall be evaluated for 10 marks conducted by

the concerned laboratory teacher.

End Examination Assessment: 50 Marks

1. The end examination conducted for 50 marks with duration of 3 hours.

2. The end examination shall be conducted with external examiner and laboratory
teacher.

3. The external examiner shall be appointed from the cluster of colleges as decided
by the University examination branch.

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

S.No Name of the Experiment

Magnetization characteristics DC shunt generator. Determination of critical field
1. Resistance critical speed.
Load test on DC shunt generator. Determination of characteristics.
2.

Brake test on DC shunt motor. Determination of performance curves.

3.
Load test on DC compound generator. Determination of characteristics.
4.
Hopkinson’s test on DC shunt machines. Predetermination of efficiency.
5.
Fields test on DC series machines. Determination of efficiency.
6.
Swinburne’s test and speed control of DC shunt motor. Predetermination of
7. efficiencies.
Brake test on DC compound motor. Determination of performance curves.
8.
Load test on DC series generator. Determination of characteristics.
9.
Separation of losses in DC shunt motor.
10.
Retardation test on DC shunt motor. Determination of losses at rated speed.
11.

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Learning objectives:
The Significance of Electrical Machines-I is renowned in the various fields of
Engineering. For an Electrical Engineer, it is obligatory to have the practical idea about
the Electrical Machines-I.

A Course in Laboratory Experiments on Electrical Machines-I is offered to 2nd year

B.Tech EEE Students keeping in view the following objectives.

(1) To provide experience in experimental methods.

(ii) To provide experience in selecting and using variety of electrical instruments &
accessories.
(iii) To reinforce theoretical instructions with Related Practical’s.
(iv) To give practice in Machine circuit Connections.
(v) To Provide Training the Technical report writing.

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Learning Outcomes
The student will:

A. Explain principles of operation of DC motors.

B. Summarize National Electric Code (NEC) regulations governing the
installation of
transformers and AC/DC motors.
C. Identify the various terms associated with /DC motors.
D. Describe basic motor and generator parts as to their specific use and
application.
E. Discuss troubleshooting techniques for motors, generators, and
transformers.
F. Calculate motor horsepower, speed, slip, efficiency, power factor, and
torque for
electrical machines.
G Discuss motor losses at unloaded and loaded conditions
H. Understand the principles and construction of D.C. machines
I. Demonstrate an awareness of the sources of electrical energy and their
sustainability;
J. Describe the construction and operation of simple electrical machines and
use
nameplate data and equivalent circuits to determine electrical and
mechanical
performance;

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Safety Precautions:
1. Ensure appropriate attires: no slippers, sandals or open-toe footwear
allowed.
2. Long hair should be properly tied.
3. Make sure hands are dry when conducting experiment. KEEP
WATER BOTTLES AWAY FROM EXPERIMENT AREA.
4. Make sure all power supplies are switched off before commencing
with connections.
5. Make circuit connections with test leads. Use only ONE hand when
making connections to avoid closing circuit with your body.
6. Signal tutor or technician to check and verify your wire connections
are correct.
7. Switch on power supply and proceed with data collection for
experiment.
8. After each set of readings, switch off power supply before making any
changes to wire connections.
When disconnecting test leads, remove the main power supply connections
first, i.e. DC positive voltage output or AC voltage live output

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Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology

MAGNETISATION CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT

GENERATOR

Aim: To draw the Open Circuit Characteristics Curve of DC Shunt

generator and to determine critical field resistance.

Apparatus Required:

Sl No Equipment Rating Type Quantity

1. Volt meter 0 – 300V MC 1 No
2. Ammeter 0 – 2A MC 1 No
3. Tachometer 0 – 10k RPM Digital 1 No

Name plate Details:

Motor
Generator
a) Rated Armature Voltage →
b) Rated full load Current →
c) Rated Speed →
d) Rated Power →
e) Type of excitation →

Fuse rating: For Open Circuit test 10% of rated full load current

Theory:

The open circuit characteristics for a DC generator are determined

as follows. The field winding of the DC generator (series or shunt) is
disconnected from the machine and is separately excited from an
external DC source. The generator is run at fixed speed (i.e. rated
speed). The field current (If) is increased from zero in steps and the
corresponding values of generated e.m.f (E0) read of an voltmeter
connected across the armature terminals are tabulated. On plotting
the relation between E0 and If , we get the open circuit characteristics.

The following points may be noted from the OCC

(i) When the field current is zero, there is some generated e.m.f
which is due to residual magnetism in the field poles
(ii) Over a fairly wide range of field current (in the initial portion)
the curve is linear. It is because in this range reluctance of iron
is negligible as compared with that of air gap. The air gap
reluctance is constant and hence linear relation ship.

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(iii)After that the reluctance of iron also comes into picture.
Consequently, the curve deviates from linear relation ship.
(iv) Finally the magnetic saturation of poles begins and E0 tends
to level off

Circuit Diagram:

3 - Point Starter

L A F

0 - 1A MC

20 A + -
+ A +

0 - 290 ohms
1.6A
R S

0 - 300V MC
220V, DC Supply

Z
+
A A
V

M G
-

AA AA
20 A ZZ ZZ
DC Shunt Motor
- -
DC Shunt Generator
5A
Dh
+

1500 ohms/1.2A
Supply
220V, DC

5A

-
DPST

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

Switch

2. Set the potential divider to zero output keeping motor field

rheostat in minimum resistance position.
3. Switch on the supply and start the motor with the help of the
starter. Adjust the
Speed of the motor generator set to the rated speed of the
generator by controlling the Motor field resistance the set speed
is to be maintained constant through out the experiment. Note
down the voltmeter reading at zero field current. Increase the
field Current uniformly in steps, by moving the potential divider
jockey, simultaneously noting down the field current and the
terminal Voltage across the generator armature Terminals.
4. Continue the experiment till saturation of the field is reached.

Tabular Column:
Rated Speed of the Generator = ………….

i) For Ascending Order of If:

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Expected Graphs:

The graph is drawn in between Field Current (I f) on X-Axis Vs

Generated EMF EG on y-Axis for both increasing and decreasing values
of field current and the average curve is drawn.

Eg
X

Field Generated
Sl
Current EMF
No:
If (A) Eg (V)
1.

Conclusion:

The open circuit characteristics of DC Shunt generator are drawn

and the Critical field resistance is determined.

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Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology
Viva Questions:

1. What is critical field resistance?

2. What are the conditions to build up e.m.f?
3. What is critical speed?
4. Does voltage will be developed at zero field current
5. What are the reasons for failure of building up e.m.f in a DC
generator?
6. What are different types of DC generators?
7. What is meant by prime mover?

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SWINBURNE’S TEST ON DC SHUNT MACHINE

Aim: To Predetermine the efficiency of the given DC Shunt

machine by Swinburne’s test as a Motor operation and
Generator operation.

Apparatus Required:

Sl No Equipment Rating Type Quantity

1. Volt meter 0-300V MC 1 No
2. Ammeter 0-1A MC 1 No
0-5A MC 1 No
3. Tubular Rheostat 0 - 270 / Wire 1 No
2.8A Wound
0 -100 / 5A Wire 1 No
Wound
4. Tachometer 0 – 10K rpm Digital 1 No

Motor Name Plate Details:

DC Shunt motor
1. Rated Voltage 
2. Arm Full Load Current 
3. Rated Speed 
4. Excitation 

Fuse Rating: For No load 10% of rated full load current

Theory:

There are several tests that are conducted upon a DC machine

(Motor or Generator) to judge its performance. One important test is
performed measure the efficiency of the DC machine. Efficiency depends
on its losses. The smaller the losses the greater its efficiency and vice
versa. The consideration of losses in a DC machine is important because
they determine the efficiency of the machine and appreciably influences
its operating cost. And also they determine heating of the machine and
hence the power output that may be obtained without undue
deterioration of the insulation.

In Swinburne’s method the DC machine is run as a motor at no

load, and the losses of the machine are determined. Once the losses of
the machine are known its efficiency at any desired load can be
determined in advance. It may be noted that this method is applicable to

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those machines in which flux is practically constant (e.g. Shunt &
Compound Machines).

Circuit diagram:

3 - Point Starter

L A F
0 - 5A MC
5A
+ -
+
+ A 0 - 1A
A MC
-

290 ohms / 1.6A

220V, DC Supply

+ Z

0 - 300V
MC
V A

-
M
5A
AA
ZZ
-
DPST Switch

Part I:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Insert the correct rating of fuse wires in the circuit.
3. Close the SPST switch and keep field rheostat in minimum
resistance position.
4. Start the motor with the help of starter and by adjusting the field
regulator of
the Motor Such That it runs at its rated speed given on the
nameplate.
5. Now open SPST switch and note down the values of supply
voltage V,
Line Current I Lo, Field current I f .
6. Calculate the efficiency of the machine as a Motor and as a
Generator
for Different Assured Values of load current I L.

Observations:

(a) For Motor operation:

Rated voltage V =…………..Volts

Line Current I LO = ………… Amps
Field Current I f =………….. Amps

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Sl No IL (A) Input Ia = IL - I Copper Output %Efficiency
= f losses Power = =
V IL (A) = V IL - WT (O.P / I.P) x
watts Ia2 Ra 100.

0
.
.
15A

(b) For Generator operation:

Rated voltage V =…………. Volts

Line Current I LO = ………… Amps
Field Current I f = …………. Amps

Sl IL Output Ia = IL+I f Copper In put %Efficiency

No (A) = (A) loss = Ia2 Power = =
V IL Ra in V IL + (O.P / I.P) x
Watts Watts WT 100.

0
.
.

15 Amp

Part II:

Measurement of Armature circuit resistance of the machine:

Circuit diagram:

0 - 5A MC
10 A
+ -
+ A
0 - 45 ohms / 5A

+
0 - 30V MC
15V DC Supply

A V
-
A
10 A
AA
-
DPST Switch

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Procedure:

1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

2. Keep the Rheostat in maximum resistance positions
3. Switch on the LV DC supply
4. Adjust the resistance in steps, Note down the readings of
Voltmeter and ammeter
5. Calculate the value of Armature resistance Ra = (V/I)

6. Take the average value Ra to nullify the errors on the
scale of Voltmeter and Ammeter

Tabular Column:

Sl Va ( V ) IL ( A ) Ra = (Va / IL)
No 

1.
2.
3.
4.

Avg Ra =……..…….. 
Sample Calculation’s:

Armature current Iao = I Lo –I f

No load input = V I LO

Constant Power Losses Pc = V I Lo – Iao2 Ra watts.

Armature Resistance Ra =

Predetermination of efficiency for motor:

Assume a line current IL

Armature current Ia = IL - If

Input Power = V IL

Copper losses = Ia2 Ra

Output = input – (Copper losses + Constant losses).

Efficiency = (Output / Input) x100.

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Predetermination of Efficiency for Generator:

Output = V IL

Armature current Ia = IL +If

Copper losses = Ia2 Ra

Total losses ( WT ) = Cu loss + Constant loss

Input = Out put + (Cu loss + Const loss)

% Efficiency = (Output / Input) x 100.

Expected graphs:

The graph drawn between Load current Vs Efficiency

Y

as a Generator
% Efficiency

as a Motor

o X

Load Current L
I in Amps

Conclusion:

The efficiency of the given DC shunt machine by Swinburne’s

test is determined for both Motor operation & Generator operation.

Viva Questions:

1. Give another name for Swinburne’s test and give reason why it is
called so?
2. What are different methods of calculating efficiency of dc shunt
machine?
3. When a dc machine is run as motor and generator which I s having
higher efficiency?
4. Which method is accurate for calculating efficiency?
5. Give the direct and indirect methods for calculation efficiency?
6. Swinburne’s test can be done only on shunt machines why?
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Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology
BRAKE TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

Aim: To perform the Brake test on the given DC Shunt motor and
to obtain the performance characteristics of the motor.
Apparatus Required:

Si. Equipm Rating Type Quantity

No ent
1 Ammeter (0-25A) MC 1No

2 Voltmete (0-300V) MC 1No

r
3 Tachome Digita 1No
ter l
Nameplate details:

1. Rated Voltage 
2. Rated Current 
3. Speed 
4. Type of Excitation 
5. Power 

Theory:
There are several tests that are conducted upon a DC
machine (Motor or Generator) to judge its performance. One
important test is performed to measure the efficiency of the DC
machine. Efficiency depends on its losses. The smaller the losses
the greater its efficiency and vice versa. The consideration of losses
in a DC machine is important because they determine the
efficiency of the machine and appreciably influences its operating
cost. And also they determine heating of the machine and
hence the power output that may be obtained without undue
deterioration of the insulation.

In this method a brake drum is connected in the shaft of

the motor with spring balances to measure the load. The
mechanical output of the motor is calculated with the help of
spring balances readings and speed of the machine.

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Circuit Diagram:
3 - Point Starter

L A F
25A 0 - 20 A MC
+ -
+ A
S1 S2

0-360 ohms / 1.2A

220V, DC Supply

+ Z

0 - 300V MC
A
V
-
M
25A
AA ZZ

- r = .......................... m

DPST Switch

Fuse Rating: 125% fuse rating of Rated full load Current.

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
2. Keep the field regulator of the Motor at minimum Resistance
position.
3. At the time of starting check that the belt on the pulley is
free, so that there is no load on the pulley.
4. Start the motor slowly by using stator
5. Adjust the field regulator so that motor runs at its rated
speed.
6. Apply load on the pulley gradually in steps by adjusting of
tension of spring Balance.
7. Take the readings of the Ammeter and Voltmeter and two
spring balance readings and the speed for each step.
8. Cool the pulley through out the loading period by pouring
water.
9. Continue the experiment till full load of the motor is reached.

Tabular Column:

SL VL IL F1 F2 Speed Inpu Torque Output %Effici

No (V) (A) (kg) (kg) ‘N’ in t ( T ) in Power in ency
RPM Pow ‘Newto
Watts BHP
er n
(w) meter’s

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Calculations:

Radius of the Brake drum r = …….. Mtrs

Torque (T) = (F1- F2) r.g N.mtr

Power Output = (2 π NT / 60) watts

%Efficiency = (Output / Input) X 100.

Expected Graphs:

i. % Efficiency Vs Output Power in BHP

ii. Speed Vs Output Power in BHP
iii. Torque Vs Output Power in BHP
iv. Load Current Vs BHP.
Y

% Efficiency
Load Current
% Efficiency

Load Current
Torque
Speed

Speed

Torque

O X

Out Put Power in BHP

Conclusion:

Brake test on the given DC Shunt motor is performed to

obtain performance characteristics

Viva Questions:

1. Give the disadvantages of brake test?

2. What are the precautions taken while preparing brake load test?
3. Which method is the most economical method for calculating
efficiency of a D.C shunt machine?
4. Give any two advantages of brake load test?
5. Give direct and indirect method of testing a D.C shunt machine
6. What are the different methods of calculating efficiency of D. C
shunt machine?

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Load characteristics of DC shunt generator

Aim : To determine the load characteristics of DC shunt generator

Apparatus:
S.NO Apparatus required Type Range Quantity
1 Ammeter MC 0-20A 1
2 Ammeter MC 0-2A 1
3 Voltmeter MC 0-300V 1
4 Tachometer digital 0-9999rpm 1

Theory

Load characteristics are study of voltage when the load on a generator is

increased from no load or decreased from full load.

There are two types of characteristics

(i) External characteristics
(ii) Internal characteristics

External characteristics
A plot of the terminal voltage VT and load current IL with
preset values of field current and speed gives External characteristics
curve. The drop in terminal voltage VT is due to armature reaction and
further reduction is due reduction in field current If, since the terminal
voltage fallen because of the above two reasons.

Internal characteristics
A plot of generated armature voltage Eg and armature
current Ia with preset value of field current and speed gives internal
characteristics. The drop in Eg is due to armature reaction and
further reduction in field current is due to drop in terminal voltage
and so on.

Procedure
1. Switch on the prime mover ( i.e. DC motor)
2. Adjust the field of motor to run the generator with rated speed
3. by adjusting the field of generator keep the terminal voltage VL
around 220V
4. Load the generator by keeping the speed of generator constant and
note the values of VL, IL and If.
5. Repeat step 4 till the rated load current is attained.
6. Reduce the load and w\switch off the supply
7. Plot the load characteristics as external and internal
characteristics

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT GENERATOR

3-Point
starter (0 – 2) A ,(MC) (0 – 20) A (MC)
20 A 20 A
L A F + +
+● |●
●

A ●| ● A
| |
| |
| 360Ω,1.2A 360Ω,1.2A |
| |
| (0-300)V
|
(MC) D
+
220 V | D P | L
V
D.C. | P S | O
S
A Z A - T A
Supply Z D
| T |
| M G |

| AA AA |
| AA zzM
ZZG
AA |
● ●
__ ● ●|● A 20 A
20 A |
| |

| : |
| |

| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |

| |
| |
| |
| |
|Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering |
| |
| |
 Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology
Modelgraph:

Vt

Internal

External

Il

Tabular Form:

Sl.NO VL IL IF Ia= IL +If E=V-Ia Ra

Result:
The load characteristics of the shunt generator are obtained.

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Separation of losses in DC machine

Aim: To separate the losses in DC machine

Apparatus:

S.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter MC 0-5A 1
2 Ammeter MC 0-2A 1
3 Voltmeter MC 0-300V 1
4 Rheostat WW 100Ω/5A 1
5 Rheostat WW 400Ω/1.2A 1
6 Tachometer Digital 0-9999rpm 1

Theory

The various machine losses may be classified as

a) Electrical losses and (b) Mechanical losses
a) Electrical losses
Electrical losses consist of resistance losses and no load core
losses and stay load losses. These no load core losses consists of
hysteresis losses and eddy current losses.

(b) Mechanical losses

This loss consist of baring friction, brush friction and windage
losses. The windage loss includes the power required to circulate
air through the machine and ventilating ducts.

Procedure
1.Make the connections as shown in the figure
2.Ensure maximum resistance in armature circuit and minimum
resistance in field circuit, switch on the main supply.
3. Apply rated voltage across armature of the motor and adjust
the rated speed of motor
4. Apply rated excitation and note the readings of all meters
5. Keeping the excitation constant note down the speed and
reading of ll meter by decreasing the voltage across armature
step by step.
6. Repeat the steps from 3 to 5 with reduces excitations
7. Plot the curves W/N Vs N

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0-5A
MC
5A +
+ || A
||
||
R2 10 Ω / 5A
||
||
|| 400 Ω /
|| 1.2A
||
||
|| A
||
||
|| F +
220V ||
D M V
P
D.C ||
S
Supply || 0-300V
T
|| MC
|| AA
||
||
|| FF
|| +
|| 0-2 A
A
|| MC
||
||

-
5 A

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Model graph

Q
Full excitation
W/N

θ1 S
P
Reduced excitation

θ2
R

N (rpm)
Model calculations

Friction and windage losses = AN + BN2

Where A and B are friction and windage loss corresponding
constants
Hysterisys and eddy current losses = CN + DN2
Where C and D are Hysteresis and eddy current loss
corresponding constants

Total iron and mechanical losses (W) = AN + BN2 + CN + DN2

W/N = (A + C) + (B + D)N
From graph
OP = A+C -----------------(1)
Slope PQ =tan θ1=B+D------(2)
At reduced excitation constants C and D varies to C’ and D’
OR = A+C’ -----------------(3)
Slope RS=Tan θ2=B+D’ ----(4)

Subtracting 3 from 1 and 4 from 2

OP-OR= C-C’
Tanθ1-tanθ2 =D-D’
C and C’ are Hysteresis loss constant proportional to Ø1.6
D and D’ are eddy current loss constant proportional to Ø2
Ø and Ø’ are fluxes of full and reduced excitation proportional to
Eb and Eb’
C ' Ø'1.6 E '1b.6
 
C Ø1.6 Eb1.6

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b' Ø'2 E 'b2
 2  2
b Ø Eb
Tabular form:

S.No Va If Ia N(speed) Ia2Ra Irom losses=VaIa-

Ia2Ra

Result:
Iron and mechanical losses are separated for the given D.C.Shunt
machine.

Viva questions
1. What is meant by hysteresis losses
2. What is meant by eddy current losses
3. What are the different types of constant losses.
4. What is meant by stray load losses
5. Which losses are proportional to frequency of voltage

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Brake test on compound motor
Aim: To perform the Brake test on the given DC compound motor
and to obtain the performance characteristics of the motor.
Apparatus Required:

S.No Equipment Rating Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-25A) MC 1No

2 Voltmeter (0-300V) MC 1No

3 Tachometer 0-9999rpm Digit 1No

al

Theory:
There are several tests that are conducted upon a DC machine
(Motor or Generator) to judge its performance. One important test is
performed to measure the efficiency of the DC machine. Efficiency
depends on its losses. The smaller the losses the greater its efficiency
and vice versa. The consideration of losses in a DC machine is
important because they determine the efficiency of the machine and
appreciably influences its operating cost. And also they determine
heating of the machine and hence the power output that may be
obtained without undue deterioration of the insulation.

In this method a brake drum is connected in the shaft of the motor

with spring balances to measure the load. The mechanical output of the
motor is calculated with the help of spring balances readings and speed
of the machine.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: BRAKE TEST ON DC COMPOUND MOTOR
3 pt starter
0-20 A MC
starter
20 A A F
|| + - L
+ A
||
||
|| 360 Ω , 1.2 A
|| Y S1 S2
||
||
|| A MC
+
0-20 A • •
|| D + _
P YY
220V DC ||
Supply || S 0-300 VMC V
|| T
A
|| Z +
-

||
|| M
||
|| AA ZZ
BRAKE
_ ||
DRUM
||
|| 20 A

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
2. Keep the field regulator of the Motor at minimum Resistance
position.
3. At the time of starting check that the belt on the pulley is
free, so that there is no load on the pulley.
4. Start the motor slowly by using stator
5. Adjust the field regulator so that motor runs at its rated
speed.
6. Apply load on the pulley gradually in steps by adjusting of
tension of spring Balance.
7. Take the readings of the Ammeter and Voltmeter and two
spring balance readings and the speed for each step.
8. Cool the pulley through out the loading period by pouring
water.
9. Continue the experiment till full load of the motor is reached.

Tabular Column:

SL VL IL S1 S2 Spee Input Torque Output %Effici

No (V) (A) (kg) (kg) d Powe ( T ) in Power in ency
‘N’ in r (w) ‘Newto
Watts BHP
RPM n
meter’s
1

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Calculations:

Radius of the Brake drum r = …….. Mtrs

Torque (T) = (F1- F2) r.g N.mtr

Power Output = (2 π NT / 60) watts

%Efficiency = (Output / Input) X 100.

Expected Graphs:

v. % Efficiency Vs Output Power in BHP

vi. Speed Vs Output Power in BHP
vii. Torque Vs Output Power in BHP
viii. Load Current Vs BHP.
Y

% Efficiency
Load Current
% Efficiency

Load Current
Torque
Speed

Speed

Torque

O X

Out Put Power in BHP

Conclusion:

Brake test on the given DC Shunt motor has been performed to

obtain the its performance characteristics

Viva Questions:

1. Give the disadvantages of brake test?

2. What are the precautions taken while preparing brake load test?
3. Which method is the most economical method for calculating
efficiency of a D.C shunt machine?
4. Give any two advantages of brake load test?
5. Give direct and indirect method of testing a D.C shunt machine

Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology
Hopkinson’s Test
Aim : To determine the efficiency of two identical shunt machines by back
to back test

Apparatus

Sl.No Equipment Rating Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-20) MC 3No

2 Ammeter (0-1) MC 2No

3 Voltmeter (0-300V) MC 3No

4 Rheostat 1500Ω,1.2 W W 1No

A
5 SPST Knife 1No

6 Tachomet Digital 1No

er
Theory:

In this method two identical dc machines ate coupled both

mechanically and electrically and are tested simultaneously. One of the
machine is made to run as a motor and it drives the other machine as a
generator.
The advantages of this method are
(a). This method can be used for large size machines because the power
drawn from the dc source has to furnish only the losses in the two
machines
(b). The machines can be tested under rated load conditions and this the
temperature rise and commutation process can be checked.
(c). The efficiency is being determined under rated load conditions,
therefore the stray load losses are included

Disadvantages
The main disadvantage lies in the requirement of two identical machines

Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering

 Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology

(0-2) A (MC)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: HOPKINSON’S
TTEST _
+ A

(0-10) A (MC)
3 – point
10 A
V
● ● || ● A Lstarter
A F + -
+ || + (0-600) V
|| (MC)
||
+
A (0-2) A
|| + (0-5) A (MC)
A +
|| _ (MC) (0-10) A
|| 18 Ω , 12 A A (MC)
360 Ω , 1.2 A
|| 360 Ω , 1.2 A
||
220 V ||
D.C. ||
||
Supply ||
||
|| A Z A Z
||
||
|| MA G ZZ
|| ZZ A
A A
_ ● ● |||| ●
10
|| A
||
||
||

Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology
Procedure
1. Make the connections as shown in figure
2. Ensure minimum resistance in motor field circuit and maximum
resistance in generator field circuit, also ensure the switch is open
condition, witch on the mains supply.
3. Pull the starter to ON-position and adjust the speed of the motor to its
rated value.
4. Adjust the field of generator till rated or till voltage across switch is
zero.
5. At this condition supply voltage opposes the generated voltage hence
voltage across switch is zero.
6. Close the switch.
7. For generator voltage to supply motor, generator excitation to be
increased in steps.
8. Note the readings of all meters at each step, till rated current of
generator is reached.
9. Adjust the excitation for no load condition and switch off the main
supply.
10. Measure the armature resistances and calculate the efficiencies and
plot the same

Tabular form
Iam Iag IL Ifm Ifg V1m V2g

Model calculations:

R1m: motor armature resistance

R2g: generator armature resistance
Motor armature circuit copper loss = I12R1m
generator armature circuit copper loss = I22R2g
Total iron + friction losses for two machines = VI – (I12R1m + I22R2g)
Total iron + friction losses for single machine (P0)= (VI – (I12R1m +
I22R2g))/2

Motor input(Pmi) = VI1+IVf1

Losses in motor(PmL)=P0+ I12R1m+VIf1
Motor output (Pm0) = Pmi - PmL
Efficiency of the motor = Pm0 / Pmi

Generator output Pg0= V2I2

Losses in generator PgL=P0+I22R2+VIf2
Generator input Pgi = Pg0 + PgL
Generator efficiency = Pg0 / Pgi
Result:
The efficiency of the given D.C Shunt machines are determined
using back to back test.
Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology
VIVA
1. What is meant by regenerative test?
2. What are the merits and demerits of Hopkinsons test
3. What is the condition to perform Hopkinsons test
4. Can we perform Regenerative test on DC series machines.

Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology
LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES GENERATOR

AIM: To conduct the load test on DC series Generator and obtain the
characteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. NAME RANGE/RATING TYPE QUANTITY

No
1 Generator-
1
motor set
2 Ammeter 0-20 V MC 1
3 Voltmeter 0-300 V MC 1
4 Variable load 1
5 Tachometer 0-2000 RPM
6 Rheostat 6 Ω, 120 A 1
7 Connecting
wires

THEORY:

In the series generator, field windings are in series with the

armature, they carry full armature current Ia. As Ia is increased flux and
hence generated emf is also increased.
A series generator has rising voltage characteristics i.e. with
increase in load, its voltage is also increased. At high loads the voltage
the voltage starts decreasing due to excessive demagnetizing effects of
armature reaction. But the terminal voltage starts decreasing as load
current increased.
The load characteristics gives the relation of Vt (terminal voltage)
such that Vt = F (If) with both Ia and N are constant. This characteristic is
also called as load magnetization curve.
The voltage drop observed in the internal characteristics is due to
emf lost due to armature reaction.
The drop of voltage due to armature and series field resistances is
observed in external characteristics.
i.e. E-V = Ia ( Ra + Rse )
where Rse is resistance of series field.

Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology
2-Point starter

L+ L-
_
20 A || ● +
+ ● ● || ●
||
A ●
||
A

Y ||
|| Y ||
|| LOAD
||
||
||
||
|| D
| P + (0-300)
YY D
220V S YY V
V P
DC T (MC)
A S
Supply - T
A

M AA
G
_ AA

● ● ● ● ●
20
A

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as shown in fig-1.
2. Ensuring the field resistance of motor in minimum position and
generator field resistance in maximum position. Motor is switched
ON by dragging the starters handle slowly still it attains ON
position.
3. The speed of the Generator is adjusted, seen that it induces rated
voltage, by adjusting the motor to rated speed by varying the motor
field resistance.
4. At rated speed of the Generator, the voltage across the terminals is
noted.
5. At different loads on the Generator, the induced emf is noted and
also armature current is noted.
6. After noting all the values the motor is switched OFF by bringing
the field resistance of both motor and Generator to its initial
position.
7. Armature resistance and series field resistance is calculated by
armature-voltmeter method as shown in fig-2 and fig-3
respectively.
8. Ia (Ra + Rse) values are calculated and tabulated.
9. Graph for Vt versus If is plotted.

Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology
MODEL GRAPH:
Vt

Il

RESULT: Load test von Dc series Generator is performed and load

characteristics curves are plotted.

Viva Questions:

1. How the internal characteristics are derived from external

characteristics?
2. How do you control the speed pf the series motor?
3. What is the critical load resistance?
4. What material is used for brushes
5.What are the reasons for failure of a D.C Series generator to build up
voltage?

Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology
SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. SHUNT MOTOR

Aim: To determine the speed charrcteristics of D.C . shunt motor by

(i) field control and (ii) armature control

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl No Equipment Rating Type Quantity

1 Volt meter 0-300V MC 1 No
2 Ammeter 0-1A MC 1 No
0-5A MC 1 No
3 Tubular Rheostat 0 - 270 / Wire 1 No
2.8A Wound
0 -100 / 5A Wire 1 No
Wound
4 Tachometer 0 – 10K rpm Digital 1 No

Theory:

The speed of the D.C. motor is given by N = V- Ia Ra /Ф Z * 60/P

K x V-Ia Ra /Ф = K x Eb /Ф
Where V is the applied voltage and Eb is the back emf

Field Control :
In a D.C. shunt motor applied voltage is constant and hence the
exciting current is constant . The flux will have maximum value at no
load and because of armature reactance it will decrease slightly as load
increases. Neglecting this Ф can be regarded more or less as constant.

The speed – current characteristic N α I l is thus slightly drooping.

If now rheostat is placed in the shunt field so as to control Ish the shunt
field current as the back emf is proportional to the product of speed and
flux.

Eb1 α Ф1 N1

Eb2 α Ф2 N2

Ф2 = Ф1 Eb2/Eb1 * N1/N2
Thye speed is inversely proportional to the flux or field current. This
method of speed control is generally adopted to obtain speeds greater
than normal speed.

Armature control :

Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering

 Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology
If an adjustable resistance R is placed in series with the armature
resistance of Ra then the back emf Eb =V- Ia (Ra +R). Then at no load
and any other load condition we have
N/No = V-Ia (R+Ra)/V

The speed is a linear function of armature voltage V-Ia (R+Ra) since V

and No are constants.
Note that at V- Ia (R + Ra) the speed is zero. This method is used to
obtain the speeds less than the rated speed.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR

0-5 A 3 pt starter
MC
5A A
|| L F
+ ||
+ A -
||
|| 360 Ω, 1.2 A
||
||
|| 290 Ω, 2.8 A +
0-2 A
|| MC
|| A
|| D -
220 V || P
D.C. || S _
Supply || T -
|| A Z +
-

|| +
|| 0-300 V V
|| MC
|| -M M
V
|| C
|| AA
ZZ

5A

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology

Procedure:

Armature Voltage Control:

1.The connection made as shown in figure.

2.Ensuring maximum resistance in armature circuit and minimum
resistance in field circuit switch o n the main supply and start the motor
using starter.
3.Keep the field current constant and vary the resistance in armature
circuit in steps.
4.Note the armature voltage and speed at each step.

Field Control:

1. Keep the armature voltage constant and vary the field current in steps.
2. Note the field current and speed at each step.
3. Plot Va vs N and If vs N.

Armature control Method Field flux control method

If1= If2= Va1= Va2=
Va Speed Va Speed If Speed If Speed

Result:

The speed control of the given D.C.Shunt motor is obtained by armature

voltage control and field control.

Viva Questions:

1. What will happens if the shunt field is open during running?

2. What is the purpose of no volt coil in a D.C. Motor?
3. How do you change the direction f rotation of a D.C. Shunt motor?
4. In which method of speed control above the base speed can be
achieved, why?
5. What are the methods of speed control in a D.C Shunt motor?

Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology
LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPOUND GENERATOR

Aim: To determine the load characteristics of a cumulative and

differential compound generator for long and short shunt
connections.

Apparatus Required :

S.No Name of the apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter MC 0–5A 1
0 – 20 A 1
2 Rheostats WW 270 ohm / 1.2 A 1
1500 ohm / 1.2 A 1
3 Voltmeter MC 0 – 300 V 1

Theory :

Compound Generators are classified into two types. One is

cumulative compounded generator and other is Differential
compound generator. In a cumulative compound generator, with
the increase of load current the series field flux aids the shunt field
flux. Depending upon the number of series field turns the
cumulative compound generator may be under compounded
( terminal voltage falls with increase of load ), Flat compounded
( Terminal voltage remains practically constant with the increase of
load ) , Over compounded ( Terminal voltage rises with increase in
load ). The following characteristics and observations may be made
from external characteristics of a cumulative compounded
generator.
In differential compound generator with increase of load
series field flux subtracts the shunt field flux. So the terminal
voltage drastically falls with increase of load.

Procedure :
1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram
2. Ensuring the motor starter handle in off position, and
minimum resistance in motor field circuit the d.c main
supply is switched on and the motor is started using starter.
3. The speed is adjusted to its rated voltage by varying the
motor shunt field resistance.
4. Generator terminal voltage is adjusted to rated value using
generator field rheostat.
5. Vary the load in steps and note down the terminal voltage
and load current maintaining speed at rated value.
6. Draw the graph terminal; voltage Vs Load current.
7. Repeat the steps from (2) to (6) for circuits as shown in fig
(2),fig(3) and fig(4)

Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering

 Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology

Tabular Form:
Si.No Load Terminal Voltage(V)
current(A)

Model Graphs:

Vt Cumulative

Differential

Il

Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering

 Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: LOAD TEST ON DC DIFFERENTIAL LONG SHUNT
COMPOUND GENERATOR
(0 – 20) A
3-Point starter (MC)
20 A
L A F _
20 A
+ _
+ ● ● || ●
|| A
+
● || ● A

|| ||
|| 20 A ||
|| ||
|| ||
|| || LOAD
|| Y ||
360Ω/1.2A ||
||
|| ||
360Ω/1.2A
D
220 V ||
|| P
D.C. ||
|| YY S
|| ||
Supply T
|| (0-300)V + ||
|| (MC) ||
V
|| ||
|| A Z A - ||
|| Z ||
||
|| M G ||
||
|| ||
AA AA ||
|| ZZ
|| ZZ ||
● || ●
●
CIRCUIT ●
● ||DIAGRAM: LOAD TEST ON DC DIFFERENTIAL SHORT SHUNT COMPOUND GENERATOR20 A
|| ||
||

Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering

 Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology
3-Point starter (0 – 30) A
20 A (MC)
L A F
20 A _ +
+ ● ● || ● || ● A
|| ●
Y ||
||
||
|| 0-2 A ||
||
_ + ||
|| LOAD
A YY ||
||
|| 360Ω/1.2A ||
||
|| D
220 V
|| 360Ω/1.2A ||
D.C. Y P ||
|| S
Supply ||
|| T
|| YY (0-300)V + ||
(MC) V ||
||
||
|| A Z A - ||
|| Z
||
||
M G ||
||
||
|| AA AA
||
|| ZZG
ZZM
_ ● ●
● ● ●
20 A 20 A

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: LOAD TEST ON DC CUMULATIVE SHORT SHUNT COMPOUND GENERATOR

Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering

 Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology

Result:
Load characteristics of the given D.C.Compound generator are obtained for cumulative and differential modes.

Viva Questions:

1. What are the advantages of compound generator over Shunt generator?

2. What are the applications of the D.C.Differential compound generator?
3. What are the differences between cumulative and differential compound generator?
4. What are the different types in cumulative compound generator?
5. What arte the applications of cumulative compound generator?

Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering

 Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology
FIELD’S TEST

Aim: To determine the efficiencies of two DC Series machines.

Apparatus:

.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter M.C. 0-300V 3nos
2 Ammeter M.C. 0-20A 2nos
3 Rheostst 6Ω,20A 1No.
4 1-Φ load Resistive 20amps,220V 1No.
5 Tachometer Contact
type

Theory:
In this method, two identical DC series machine, mechanically and
electrically coupled are required. This test gives efficiencies of both the
machines. Field’s test is not a regeneration one because of the generator
out put is wasted in resistances and not fed to motor.

Brake test on series is possible in case of small machines. Swin

burne’s method of testing is not possible, because series motor have the
tendency of attaining dangerous speed at no- load. In view of this, the
Field’s test is quite suitable for DC series machine.

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as shown in the fig.
2. Ensure maximum resistance in load circuit, switch –on the main
supply.
Department
3. The Electrical
speedandof Electronics
motor – Engineering
generator set speed is beyond its normal
value.
4. Note the meter readings under this condition.
 Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology

Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering

 Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology

+ 2- Point starter (0-2)A (MC)

5A (0-20)A (MC)
L A -L
- +
||
● +
A
A -
||
|| YYM
Y
||
220V DC 6Ω /
Supply || F1 12A
||
||
||
||
|| A A
|| +
D +
|| +
|| P
- S (0-300)V (MC)
G (0-300)V (MC)
||“
V V M V
|| T
|| - - -
|| (0-300)V (MC) AA
|| AA
|| L
|| O
|| A
|| Y D
||
|| F2
||
|| YYG
||
||
●

Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering

 Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology
Model calculations:

In put to M-G set = V1 I1

Out put of Generator =V2I2
Total losses in M- G set, Wt = V1 I1- V2I2
Total copper losses, Wc = (2Rse+ Ram) I12+ RagI22
( Rse=series fields, Ram = motor armature resistance)

No-load losses of M- G set,Wo = Wt - Wc

No-load losses of each M/G = Wo/2

Motor efficiency
Motor input = V3 I1
Total motor losses (Wtm )= ( Ram + Rse) I12 +Wo
%Motor = ( V3 I1- Wtm / V3 I1) X100

Generator efficiency
Total generator losses (Wtg) = I22( Rag)+ ( Rse) I12+Wo
% Generator = ( V2I2 / V2I2 + Wtg ) X100

Tabular Form:

S.No. VG (volts) Vm (volts) VL(volts) IL(amps) Ig(amps)

Result:

Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering

 Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology
Efficiency of the given D.C.Series machines are found using Field’s test.

VIVA Questions:
1. Is it possible to conduct Swinburne’s test on DC series motor?
2. Can we conduct regenerative test on DC series motors?
3. What are the applications of series motors?
4.What is the purpose of connecting the two fields of machines in series?

Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering