North America Qualifier 2016

Problem A
A New Alphabet

A New Alphabet has been developed for Internet communications.

While the glyphs of the new alphabet don’t necessarily improve com-
munications in any meaningful way, they certainly make us feel cooler.
You are tasked with creating a translation program to speed up the
switch to our more elite New Alphabet by automatically translating
ASCII plaintext symbols to our new symbol set.
Photo by r. nial bradshaw

The new alphabet is a one-to-many translation (one character of the

English alphabet translates to anywhere between 1 and 6 other charac-
ters), with each character translation as follows:

Original New English Description Original New English Description

a @ at symbol n []\[] brackets, backslash, brackets
b 8 digit eight o 0 digit zero
c ( open parenthesis p |D bar, capital D
d |) bar, close parenthesis q (,) parenthesis, comma, parenthesis
e 3 digit three r |Z bar, capital Z
f # number sign (hash) s $ dollar sign
g 6 digit six t ’][’ quote, brackets, quote
h [-] bracket, hyphen, bracket u |_| bar, underscore, bar
i | bar v \/ backslash, forward slash
j _| underscore, bar w \/\/ four slashes
k |< bar, less than x }{ curly braces
l 1 digit one y ‘/ backtick, forward slash
m []\/[] brackets, slashes, brackets z 2 digit two

For instance, translating the string “Hello World!” would result in:

[-]3110 \/\/0|Z1|)!

Note that uppercase and lowercase letters are both converted, and any other characters remain the same
(the exclamation point and space in this example).

Input

Input contains one line of text, terminated by a newline. The text may contain any characters in the
ASCII range 32–126 (space through tilde), as well as 9 (tab). Only characters listed in the above table
(A–Z, a–z) should be translated; any non-alphabet characters should be printed (and not modified). Input
has at most 10 000 characters.

Output

Output the input text with each letter (lowercase and uppercase) translated into its New Alphabet coun-
terpart.

ACM-ICPC North America Qualifier 2016 Problem A: A New Alphabet 1

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Sample Input 1
All your base are belong to us.

Sample Output 1
@11 ‘/0|_||Z 8@$3 @|Z3 8310[]\[]6 ’][’0 |_|$.

Sample Input 2
What’s the Frequency, Kenneth?

Sample Output 2
\/\/[-]@’][’’$ ’][’[-]3 #|Z3(,)|_|3[]\[](‘/, |<3[]\[][]\[]3’][’[-]?

Sample Input 3 Sample Output 3

A new alphabet! @ []\[]3\/\/ @1|D[-]@83’][’!

ACM-ICPC North America Qualifier 2016 Problem A: A New Alphabet 2

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Problem B
Arcade!
Have you recently visited an arcade? Arcade
games seem to have become more boring over the
years, requiring less and less skill. In fact, most
arcade games these days seem to depend entirely
on luck. Consider the arcade game shown in the
picture, which consists of different holes arranged
in a triangular shape. A ball is dropped near the
hole at the top. The ball either falls into the hole,
in which case the game ends, or it bounces to one
of its (up to) 4 neighbors, denoted by the red ar-
rows. Different holes have different payouts —
some may even be negative! If the ball reaches
another hole, the process repeats: the ball either falls into the hole, ending the game — or it bounces to
one of its neighbors, possibly ad infinitum!
Write a program that computes the expected payout when dropping a ball into the machine!

Input

The input consists of a single test case. The first line contains an integer N (1 ≤ N ≤ 32) describing
the number of rows of the arcade machine. The second line contains H = N (N + 1)/2 integers vi
(−100 ≤ vi ≤ 100) describing the payout (positive or negative) if the ball drops into hole i. Holes are
numbered such that hole 1 is in the first row, holes 2 and 3 are in the second row, etc. The k th row starts
with hole number k(k − 1)/2 + 1 and contains exactly k holes.
These two lines are followed by H lines, each of which contains 5 real numbers p0 p1 p2 p3 p4 , denoting
the probability that the ball bounces to its top-left (p0 ), top-right (p1 ), bottom-left (p2 ), or bottom-right
(p3 ) neighbors or that the ball enters the hole (p4 ). Each probability
P is given with at most 3 decimal digits
after the period. It is guaranteed that 0.0 ≤ pi ≤ 1.0 and pi = 1.0. If a hole does not have certain
neighbors because it is located near the boundary of the arcade machine, the probability of bouncing to
these non-existent neighbors is always zero. For instance, for hole number 1, the probabilities to jump
to the top-left and top-right neighbors are both given as 0.0.
You can assume that after the ball has bounced b times, the probability that it has not fallen into a hole
is at most (1 − 10−3 )bb/Hc .

Output

Output a single number, the expected value from playing one game. Your answer is considered correct
if its absolute or relative error is less than 10−4 .
Hint: Using Monte Carlo-style simulation (throwing many balls in the machine and simulating which
hole they fall into using randomly generated choices) does not yield the required accuracy!

ACM-ICPC North America Qualifier 2016 Problem B: Arcade! 3

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Sample Input 1 Sample Output 1

4 32.6405451448
40 30 30 40 20 40 50 30 30 50
0.0 0.0 0.45 0.45 0.1
0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1
0.3 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.1
0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
0.3 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.1
0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.2
0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2
0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2
0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2

Sample Input 2 Sample Output 2

2 76.31578947368
100 50 50
0.0 0.0 0.45 0.45 0.1
0.0 0.90 0.0 0.0 0.10
0.90 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.10

ACM-ICPC North America Qualifier 2016 Problem B: Arcade! 4

 North America Qualifier 2016

Problem C
Big Truck

Your boss has hired you to drive a big truck, transporting items be-
tween two locations in a city. You’re given a description of the city,
with locations of interest and the lengths of roads between them. Your
boss requires that you take a shortest path between the starting and
ending location, and she’ll check your odometer when you’re done to
make sure you didn’t take any unnecessary side trips. However, your
friends know you have plenty of unused space in the truck, and they
have asked you to stop by several locations in town, to pick up items Photo by Phil Whitehouse

for them. You’re happy to do this for them. You may not be able to
visit every location to pick up everything your friends want, but you’d like to pick up as many items as
possible on your trip, as long as it doesn’t make the path any longer than necessary.

Figure C.1: Illustrations of the first two sample inputs

The two graphs above show examples of what the city may look like, with nodes representing locations,
edges representing roads and dots inside the nodes representing items your friends have asked you to
pick up. Driving through a location allows you to pick up all the items there; it’s a big truck, with no
limit on the items it can carry. In the graph on the left, for example, you have to drive the big truck from
location 1 to location 6. If you follow the path 1 → 2 → 3 → 6, the length is 9, and you’ll get to pick
up 4 items. Of course, it would be better to drive 1 → 4 → 5 → 6; that’s still a length of 9, but going
this way instead lets you pick up an additional item. Driving 1 → 4 → 3 → 6 would let you pick up
even more items, but it would make your trip longer, so you can’t go this way.

Input

The first line of input contains an integer, n (2 ≤ n ≤ 100), giving the number of locations in the
city. Locations are numbered from 1 to n, with location 1 being the starting location and n being the
destination. The next input line gives a sequence of n integers, t1 . . . tn , where each ti indicates the
number of items your friends have asked you to pick up from location i. All the ti values are between 0
and 100, inclusive. The next input line contains a non-negative integer, m, giving the number of roads
in the city. Each of the following m lines is a description of a road, given as three integers, a b d. This
indicates that there is a road of length d between location a and location b. The values of a and b are in
the range 1 . . . n, and the value of d is between 1 and 100, inclusive. All roads can be traversed in either
direction, there is at most one road between any two locations, and no road starts and ends at the same
location.

ACM-ICPC North America Qualifier 2016 Problem C: Big Truck 5

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Output

If it’s not possible to travel from location 1 to location n, just output out the word “impossible”. Oth-
erwise, output the length of a shortest path from location 1 to location n, followed by the maximum
number of items you can pick up along the way.

Sample Input 1 Sample Output 1

6 9 5
1 1 2 3 1 0
7
1 2 2
2 3 3
3 6 4
1 4 4
4 3 2
4 5 3
5 6 2

Sample Input 2 Sample Output 2

9 12 7
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10
1 2 3
2 5 3
1 6 2
6 7 2
7 5 2
5 3 1
3 4 2
4 9 3
5 8 2
8 9 4

Sample Input 3 Sample Output 3

2 impossible
5 5
0

ACM-ICPC North America Qualifier 2016 Problem C: Big Truck 6

 North America Qualifier 2016

Problem D
Brackets
A bracket sequence consisting of ‘(’ and ‘)’ is defined to be valid as
follows:

1. An empty sequence is valid.

2. If X is a valid bracket sequence, then (X) is a valid bracket

sequence.

3. If X and Y are valid bracket sequences, then the concatenation

of X and Y , Z = XY , is a valid bracket sequence.

For example, “(())”, “()()”, and “(()())()” are all valid bracket sequences, while “(” and “())” are invalid
bracket sequences.
You get a bracket sequence from the professor of length n. However, it might not be valid at the moment.
The professor asks you to check if it is possible to make the sequence valid by performing at most one
segment inversion operation. That is, you may choose two 1-based indices l and r (1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ n)
and invert each bracket with an index in the closed interval [l, r]. After the inversion, a left bracket ‘(’
becomes a right bracket ‘)’, and a right bracket ‘)’ becomes a left bracket ‘(’.
You can make “())(” valid by inverting the segment [3, 4]. You can make “()))” valid by inverting the
segment [3, 3], or alternatively by inverting the segment [2, 2]. However, there does not exist a segment
you can invert to make “)))(” valid.

Input

The input consists of one line containing between 1 and 5 000 brackets.

Output

Output “possible” if you can make the bracket sequence valid by performing at most one segment inver-
sion, or “impossible” otherwise.

Sample Input 1 Sample Output 1

())) possible

Sample Input 2 Sample Output 2

)))( impossible

Sample Input 3 Sample Output 3

() possible

ACM-ICPC North America Qualifier 2016 Problem D: Brackets 7

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Problem E
Dots and Boxes

Alice and Bob are playing Dots and Boxes. The game is
played on an N × N square lattice of dots, and they alter-
nate drawing a line segment between horizontally or verti-
cally adjacent dots that haven’t been connected before. Ev-
ery time a unit square is formed by four line segments, the
player who put down the last segment scores one point for
that square. The game ends when the square lattice has been
completely filled with line segments, and whoever scored A game of Dots and Boxes.

the most points wins.

Alice and Bob aren’t really in a competitive mood today, so they’ve just been playing for fun. Hence
they aren’t following any specific game strategy, and, in particular, even if it’s possible to make a move
that scores a point or is clearly superior in some way, they won’t necessarily make that move. But now
they’ve been playing for a while and neither of them has scored a single point. If neither of them scores
a point pretty soon, they may get bored. Given the current state of the game, how many moves could be
made, in the worst case, before either Alice or Bob is guaranteed to have scored a point?

Input

Input starts with a line containing an integer N (2 ≤ N ≤ 80), the size of the square lattice. Then
follows an ASCII representation of the current state of the game, 2N − 1 rows high and 2N − 1 columns
wide, listed in row-major order. There are cells of four types (1 ≤ i, j ≤ N ):

• Cell (2i − 1, 2j − 1) is ‘*’, representing dot (i, j).

• Cell (2i, 2j) is ‘.’, representing empty space.

• Cell (2i, 2j − 1) is ‘|’ if dots (i, j) and (i + 1, j) have been connected by a line segment, and ‘.’
otherwise.

• Cell (2i − 1, 2j) is ‘-’ if dots (i, j) and (i, j + 1) have been connected by a line segment, and ‘.’
otherwise.

It is guaranteed that no player has scored a point, meaning that no unit squares have been formed.

Output

Output the number of moves that can be made, in the worst case, before either Alice or Bob is guaranteed
to have scored a point.

ACM-ICPC North America Qualifier 2016 Problem E: Dots and Boxes 9

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Sample Input 1 Sample Output 1

3 3
*-*.*
|.|.|
*.*-*
|...|
*.*.*

Sample Input 2 Sample Output 2

2 4
*.*
...
*.*

Sample Input 3 Sample Output 3

4 5
*-*-*.*
|...|..
*-*-*-*
|.....|
*.*.*-*
|.....|
*-*-*-*

ACM-ICPC North America Qualifier 2016 Problem E: Dots and Boxes 10

 North America Qualifier 2016

Problem F
Free Desserts

Quido has lunch in Hugo’s restaurant every day. He likes the restaurant
because all of its prices are expressed as integers, and for each possible
price (i.e. $1, $2, $3, etc.) there is at least one beverage and at least
one main dish on the menu. Every day there are three entries printed
on Quido’s lunch bill: the beverage price, the main dish price, and the
total price. Hugo knows of Quido’s interest in computational problems
and he offered Quido a free dessert each time his lunch bill meets the
following three constraints:

• the bill is not identical to any of Quido’s previous bills,

• the price of the beverage is less than the price of the main dish,
and
Photo by Lotus Head
• the prices listed on the bill cannot mutually use the same digit. In
essence, any digit which occurs in any of the entries (beverage,
main dish, total) must be different from any of the digits of the
other two entries.

Quido is on a budget and he pays the same price for his lunch every day. How many times can he have
a free dessert?

Input

The input consists of a single line with one integer representing the price P which Quido pays for each
lunch. The value of P is positive and less than 1018 .

Output

Output the maximum number of times Quido can have a free dessert at Hugo’s restaurant, provided
that the price of his lunch is always P . Next, the possible bills which result in a free dessert are listed
in ascending order with respect to the beverage price. Each bill consists of the price of the beverage
followed by the price of the main dish. For simplicity, the value P , which is always the same, is not
included in the bill.
If there are more than 5 000 possible bills, then output only the first 5 000 bills (but still report the total
number of possible bills before the list of bills).

Sample Input 1 Sample Output 1

37 4
8 29
9 28
11 26
15 22

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Sample Input 2 Sample Output 2

30014 7
85 29929
88 29926
785 29229
788 29226
7785 22229
7788 22226
7789 22225

Sample Input 3 Sample Output 3

202020202020202058 3
7676767676767667 194343434343434391
37373737373737397 164646464646464661
67676767676767667 134343434343434391

ACM-ICPC North America Qualifier 2016 Problem F: Free Desserts 12

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Problem G
Inverse Factorial

A factorial n! of a positive integer n is defined as the product of all

positive integers smaller than or equal to n. For example,

21! = 1 × 2 × 3 × · · · × 21 = 51 090 942 171 709 440 000.

It is straightforward to calculate the factorial of a small integer, and you

have probably done it many times before. In this problem, however,
your task is reversed. You are given the value of n! and you have to Photo by Ginette
find the value of n.

Input

The input contains the factorial n! of a positive integer n. The number of digits of n! is at most 106 .

Output

Output the value of n.

Sample Input 1 Sample Output 1

120 5

Sample Input 2 Sample Output 2

51090942171709440000 21

Sample Input 3 Sample Output 3

10888869450418352160768000000 27

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Problem H
Nine Packs

“It’s like how hot dogs come in packs of ten, and

buns come in packs of eight or twelve — you have to
buy nine packs to make it come out even.”

This is a quote from the 1986 movie, “True Stories”, and it’s true;
well, almost true. You could buy four packs of 10 hotdogs and
five packs of 8 buns. That would give you exactly 40 of each.
However, you can make things even with fewer packs if you buy
two packs of 10 hotdogs, along with a pack of 8 buns and another
pack of 12 buns. That would give you 20 of each, using only 4 total packs.
For this problem, you’ll determine the fewest packs you need to buy to make hotdogs and buns come
out even, given a selection of different bun and hotdog packs available for purchase.

Input

The first input line starts with an integer, H, the number of hotdog packs available. This is followed by
H integers, h1 . . . hH , the number of hotdogs in each pack. The second input line starts with an integer,
B, giving the number of bun packs available. This is followed by B integers, b1 . . . bB , indicating the
number of buns in each pack. The values H and B are between 0 and 100, inclusive, and the sizes of
the packs are between 1 and 1 000, inclusive. Every available pack is listed individually. For example,
if there were five eight-bun packs available for purchase, the list of bun packs would contain five copies
of the number eight.

Output

If it’s not possible to purchase an equal number of one or more hotdogs and buns, just output “impossible”.
Otherwise, output the smallest number of total packs you can buy (counting both hotdog and bun packs)
to get exactly the same number of hotdogs and buns.

Sample Input 1 Sample Output 1

4 10 10 10 10 4
10 8 8 8 12 12 12 8 8 12 12

Sample Input 2 Sample Output 2

4 7 7 14 7 impossible
3 11 22 11

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Problem I
Primonimo

Primonimo is a game played on an n × m board filled

with numbers taken from the range 1 . . . p for some
prime number p. At each move, a player selects a
square and adds 1 to the numbers in all squares in
the same row and column as the selected square. If
a square already shows the number p, it wraps around
to 1.
The game is won if all squares show p. Given an initial
board, find a sequence of moves that wins the game!
Primonimo board (the web version shows an animated version of the game).

Input

The input consists of a single test case. The first line

contains three numbers n m p denoting the number of
rows n (1 ≤ n ≤ 20), the number of columns m (1 ≤ m ≤ 20), and a prime number p (2 ≤ p ≤ 97).
Each of the next n lines consists of m numbers in the range 1 . . . p.

Output

If a winning sequence of at most p · m · n moves exists, output an integer k ≤ p · m · n denoting the

number of moves in the sequence. Then output k moves as a sequence of integers that numbers the
board in row-major order, starting with 1. If there are multiple such sequences, you may output any one
of them. If no winning sequence exists, output -1.

Sample Input 1 Sample Output 1

4 5 5 6
2 1 1 1 2 19 12 2 18 5 5
5 3 4 4 3
4 3 3 3 2
3 1 3 3 1

Sample Input 2 Sample Output 2

3 3 3 13
3 1 1 4 2 6 1 9 7 5 5 7 1 2 3 3
1 3 2
3 2 3

ACM-ICPC North America Qualifier 2016 Problem I: Primonimo 17

 North America Qualifier 2016

Sample Input 3 Sample Output 3

3 2 2 -1
1 2
2 1
1 2

Sample Input 4 Sample Output 4

3 2 2 1
2 1 6
2 1
1 1

ACM-ICPC North America Qualifier 2016 Problem I: Primonimo 18

 North America Qualifier 2016

Problem J
Quick Estimates

Let’s face it... you are not that handy. When you need to make a major
home repair, you often need to hire someone to help. When they come
for the first visit, they make an estimate of the cost. Here they must be
careful: if they overestimate the cost, it might scare you off, but if they
underestimate, the work might not be worth their time.
Because the worker is so careful, it can take a long time for them to
Photo by Simon A. Eugster
produce the estimate. But that’s frustrating — when you ask for an
estimate, you really are asking for the magnitude of the cost. Will this
be $10 or $100 or $1 000? That’s all you really want to know on a first visit.
Please help the worker make the type of estimate you desire. Write a program that, given the worker’s
estimate, reports just the magnitude of the cost — the number of digits needed to represent the estimate.

Input

Input begins with a line containing an integer N (1 ≤ N ≤ 100). The next N lines each contain one
estimated cost, which is an integer between 0 and 10100 . (Some of the workmen overcharge quite a bit.)

Output

For each estimated cost, output the number of digits required to represent it.

Sample Input 1 Sample Output 1

5 3
314 1
1 4
5926 1
5 5
35897

Sample Input 2 Sample Output 2

3 1
0 2
10 3
100

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Problem K
Robotopia

In the wonderful land of Robotopia, life is better than ever. This is

thanks to all the robots, who work hard together. Different types of
robots come in different forms, that is, different numbers of arms
and different numbers of legs. By day, when they are working,
robots are grouped so they can be assigned to different tasks. But
by night, it is your job to count how many robots there are of each
type within each group. Robots are naughty and energetic; they
don’t like to stand still and it is difficult to count them. After many
Photo by DJ Shin
exhausting attempts, you are finally able to count how many arms
and how many legs there are in total.
We know each group consists of exactly two different types of robots, with at least one of each type in
each group. We also know the number of arms and legs that each type of robot has. Can you find out
how many robots of each type there are within each group?

Input

The first line contains an integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 100). The following n lines each contain one test case.
Each has six integers: l1 a1 l2 a2 lt at , where l1 and a1 are the number of legs and arms (respectively)
for the first type of robot, l2 and a2 are those for the second type, and lt and at are the total number of
observed legs and arms. All values are in the range [1, 10 000].

Output

For each test case output two positive integers denoting the number of each of the two types of robots.
Give first the count for the first type listed. If the test case has no solution or multiple solutions, output
“?” (a question mark).

Sample Input 1 Sample Output 1

3 2 3
2 1 4 1 16 5 ?
3 2 5 1 9 4 ?
1 2 3 6 8 16

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Problem L
Unusual Darts

In the game of Unusual Darts, Alice throws seven darts onto a 2-foot
by 2-foot board, and then Bob may or may not throw three darts.
Alice’s seven darts define a polygon by the order in which they are
thrown, with the perimeter of the polygon connecting Dart 1 to Dart 2
to Dart 3 to Dart 4 to Dart 5 to Dart 6 to Dart 7, and back to Dart 1.
If the polygon so defined is not simple (meaning it intersects itself)
then Alice loses. If the polygon is simple, then Bob throws three darts.
He is not a very good player, so although his darts always land on the
board, they land randomly on the dart board following a uniform distribution. If all three of these darts
land within the interior of the polygon, Bob wins, otherwise Alice wins.
For this problem you are given the locations of Alice’s darts (which form a simple polygon) and the
probability that Bob wins. Your job is to determine the order in which Alice threw her darts.

Input

The first line of input contains an integer N (1 ≤ N ≤ 1 000), indicating the number of Darts games
that follow. Each game description has 8 lines. Lines 1 through 7 each have a pair of real numbers with
3 digits after the decimal point. These indicate the x and y coordinates of Alice’s seven darts (x1 y1 to
x7 y7 ), which are all at distinct locations. All coordinates are given in feet, in the range (0 ≤ xi , yi ≤ 2).
The 8th line contains a real number p with 5 digits after the decimal point, giving the probability that Bob
wins. In all test cases, Alice’s darts do form a simple polygon, but not necessarily in the order given.

Output

For each Darts game, output the order in which the darts could have been thrown, relative to the order
they were given in the input, so that Bob wins with probability p. If several answers are possible, give
the one that is lexicographically least. Any ordering that would give Bob a probability of winning within
10−5 of the given value of p is considered a valid ordering.

ACM-ICPC North America Qualifier 2016 Problem L: Unusual Darts 23

 North America Qualifier 2016

Sample Input 1 Sample Output 1

3 1 2 3 7 5 6 4
0.000 0.000 1 4 3 2 7 5 6
0.000 2.000 1 2 3 5 7 6 4
1.000 1.800
1.000 0.200
1.800 1.000
2.000 0.000
2.000 2.000
0.61413
0.000 0.000
0.000 2.000
1.000 1.800
1.000 0.200
1.800 1.000
2.000 0.000
2.000 2.000
0.12500
0.000 0.000
0.000 1.900
0.400 2.000
1.700 0.000
1.800 2.000
2.000 0.200
2.000 0.600
0.86416

ACM-ICPC North America Qualifier 2016 Problem L: Unusual Darts 24