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trS C.q.MBRTDGE CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH
Language Assessment
Qp uNrvERSrrY PRESS Part of the University of Cambridge

ryryry
ffirk

Gommon mistakes
at IELTS Advanced
... and how to auoid them
Julie Moore

with

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Authentic examination papers online
Cambridge University Press
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Cambridge English Language Assessment

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L Articles: the before general concepts

2 Articles: alanbefore noun phrases 6

"3 When do I use capital letters? 7

Test 1

4 \Mhen do luse when, if and.whether? I0

5 Punctuation: commas with discourse markers 11

6 Punctuation: using apostrophes 12

Test 2 13

7 Common spelling mistakes 15

8 Spelling: one word or two? 16

9 Adjective forms 17

Test 3 18

10 Using prepositions: with nouns 20

11, Using prepositions: after verbs 2l
12 Using prepositions: describing trends and changes

Test 4 23

13 Describing statistics: using prepositions

1,4 Describing statistics: nouns 26
15 Describing statistics: verbs 27

Test 5 zB

16 Number ar,id amount 30

L7 Makingcomparisons 31
18 Expressingcontrast 32
Test 6 33

19 Countable anduncountable nouns 35

20 Singular and plural verb forms 36

2t h, they and them 37

Test 7 38

22 Verbs:beingandhauing 40
23 Commonly confused verbs: ioinlattend, giuelprouide 4l
24 Verb collocations 42

Test 8 43

25 Commonly confused nouns: habits, customs and'practices 45

26 Commonly confused nouns: ffict, influence and impact 46

27 Commonly confused nouns: time words 47

Test 9 48

28 Using nouns I appearance and communication 50

29 Using nouns and adjectives: male ot men? 51

30 Using nouns and adjectives: Britain, British ot Briton? 52

Test 10 53

Answer key 55
ilrticles: tfie before general concepts
1 Tick the correct sentence in each pair.
1a Mcng people cre worried sbo{,t the bsd effects *:f mobiles on broin.
b Mong peopie ore wonnied oboot the bod eflects of nrobiles on the broin.
2 a We need to look of loctors stlch os the ovoilobilitg of heolth core.
b We need to look ot foctors such os ovoilabilitg of heolih care.
We use thebefore nouns which describe a general type of thing rather than a specific
example of that thing:
These are problems for students liuing away from the fam.ily.
We don't know the effects of such chemicals on the bod'y.
The role of the student at uniuersity leuel uaries greatly from country to countty.
Most of our busiruess is carried out ouer thc tel,ephone.

The is also used before abstract nouns which describe a situation, a quality, a process
or a change. These words are often followed by of something:
There is a problem with the auailability of clean water in some uillages.
The dktribution of income is uneuen in most countries.
On the whole, the standard. of liuing is better iru urban areas.
Many residents complained about theftequency of bus seruices.
This aduance was brought about by the deueloprnent ofantibiotics.
He made a number of recommendations for the irnprouement of staff training.
*We use the deuelopmentlimprouement, etc. of something to describe a general
process of change, but deuelopmentslimprouements, etc. in somethlng to describe
specific changes:
We try to keep up-to-date with new developments in iruformation technology.

:I,-1.1r:':'rljt!;,' !-li.i i:ti.:i:'.,:: i":r:;:iii'.

Doctors always stress

importance of a balanced diet.

Doctors alwavs stress .............

Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct those containing mistakes.

1 A diet high in cholesterol is bad for heart.
2 The introduction of computerised systems led to an increase in unemplol.rnent.
3 We all benefit from development of new technologies.
4 We were unhappy about quality of the food available.
5 Last year the airline saw a20%o improvement in delays.
6 There have been changes in the relationship between the teacher and the student.
7 Rates vary depending on standard of accommodation you choose.
8 She focused on the role of a family in a child's education.
Articles: a/an before noun phrases
1 Tick the correct sentence in each pair.
1a The co&p{:ng hcs coptured a slgnificonl shcr* cf the rnorket
b The ce;nrpong has ccpletned significo*t shor'e ef lhe morket
2a l think theg one clso right f* cerlcin extent
b I think theg cre olso right tr:r c cer"ioin extent
Dont forget to include alanbefore an adjective + singular noun combination:
He clearly has a good und.erstand'ing of the issues.
Many students haue apart-timeiob while studying.

Notice the position of adverbs (uery, really, quite, el"c.') in these phrases:
We haue a uery high percentage of women working in senior gouernmerut posts.
There was areally good atntosphere.
In my uiew, this is quite a strong argument.
Some common noun phrases to be carefulwith:
. to a certain extentldegree: I agree with you to a certain d.egree.
. a wide range/uariety: We haue a wide range of books to choose ftom.
. a(n) largelsmall/equal numberlamount: an equal number of men and women
. a highllarge/smalllgreater proportionlpercentage: a stnall proportion. of patients
. a long time: I hauen't seen her for a long time.

2 Correct the mistake below.

AII comPetitors should have
equal chance of winning'

All competitors should

Use the words below in the same order to form correct sentences, adding any
necessary articles or prepositions.
1 Only / small / number / troublemakers / were / responsible for / problems.
2 Computers / play lvery limportant I rcle leducation / nowadays.
3 She I carit I afford to / study / full-time / basis.
4 Teenagers / should be / allowed / greater / degree / freedom'
5 They I have I slightly / different / approach to / studying.
6 We / had / one-week / intensive / training / course.
7 There / has been / gradual / increase / number / thefts.
8 They I offer I quite / wide / variety / corrrses.
]'
When do I use capital letters?

Tick the corect sentence in each pair.

1a $he erplcined ihst Thci for:d often r*qpires a lr:t of ingredients.
b She expk:ined theri thai fooC often neqrines o loi of ingreCients.
2 a Sixtg perceni cf students enleilled at the rniversiig one ar:le.
b $i.xtg percent q:f sfudents ennclled qi the {Jrivensiiy re nrok:
Capital letters are always used for nouns in the following groups:
. countries: Germany, the United States, Britain, the Czech Republic, etc.
. to\ TIS, cities, states and regions: Tokyo, Paris, Texas, New SouthWales, etc'
. nationalities, ethnic groups and religions - referring to people, languages or things
from a country, region or culture:
Canyou speak Chinese? You can hear he's Southffican from his accent.
a Budd.hist temple I'd like to learn more about Asian culture.
. months and days of the week: October 9th April, Tuesday, Sunday, elc'
* Capital letters are not used for the seasons: spring, summer, autumn, winter
. names of organisations and institutions: the United Nations, the National Museum
\Alhere a word like museum, uniuersity, station or hospital is part of the name of an
institution, it has a capital letter: Haruard lJniuersiry, Karachi Station, Rome Airport
However, when these words are not palt of a name, they do not have a capital letter:
They built a new 100-bed hospital in the prouincial capital.
He first joined the comPanY in 2003.
*Also remember: the Earth (bulnotthe@, the Thirdworld/aThirdworld
country, l./DS, CD/D\,D (plural CDslDWs).

2 Correct the mistake below

I'm arriving at

Add the correct punctuation, including capital letters, in the sentences below.
1 visitors to china should remember not to give a clock as a present
2 these customs are common in muslim countries such as saudi arabia
3 she started work for microsoft in iuly 2005
4 i went to university in geneva in switzerland
5 we took a taxi from york station to the royal york hotel in the city centre
6 this is a photo of me on wall street when we visited new york last summer
7 the red cross works throughout the world not just in third world countries
8 she hopes to compete for france in the european championships in august
a
TEST 1

1 This test measure s a/the/- concentration of acid in a/the/- stomach.

2 It took an/the/- incredibly long time for the results to be announced.
3 There have been an/the/- improvements in a/ the/- quality as well as an/ thel-
efficiency.
4 NTheL high percentage of businesses faii in the first year.
5 The study found that a/the/- significant number of homes had two cars.
6 This shows a/the/- sharp decline in a/the/- proportion of aid allocated to health
7 He studied the role of an/thel- extended family in caring for older people.
B These reforms have succeededto a/the/- certain extent.
9 All children should receive althe/- basic education.
10 The HR department deals with a/the/- recruitment of new staff.
1 1 \A/hat is a/the/- significance of these figures?
12 She has an/the/- excellent communication skills.

t''*1*i]

The UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was established on

14 december, '1950. lt was set up to protect refugees throughout World
and to help in resolution of refugee problems. lt has its headquarters in
geneva, switzerland, but the Organisation has a staff of around 6,540 in
1 16 countries. lts main aim is to safeguard rights and well-being ol

refugees. Large proportion of the 20.8 million people which UNHCR

helps are in third world, especially in countries in africa and asia. More
than a quarter of the world's refugees, however, are in europe and united
states, many of them seeking asylum.
 Put the words below together to make three complete texts, adding any
punctuation and extra words (such as articles or prepositions) necessary.
1 odile is french she was born lyon 21 september 1968 she
moved britain 20 years ago and now has british
citizenship she speaks english fluently but she still has
quite strong french accent

2 corinne lives with her husband steve near melbourne

australia steve is australian but corinne has german
mother and american father she was born united states
and met steve while theywere both working europe

3 andr6 is travel photographer he lives switzerland but he

spends large part of the year travelling around world last
summer he went on long trip south america to photograph
ancient inca temples

4 Rewrite the sentences below using the word given and making any changes
necessary to keep the meaning the same.
1 The council wants to encourage new businesses to develop.
deuelopment
2 His main role is to assess how good the service is for customers.
quality
3 There has been an increase in the amount of goods transported by road.

\A/hether mothers return to work often depends on whether childcare is available.

auailability
Many of the changes are due to the fact that tourism has grolrn in the region.
l[hen do I use when, if and whether?
1 Tick the correct sentence in each pair.
1a Mcng p*r:ple woald otop traing their,csns when poblic trcnsport wss better.
b Mony people woelc! stop er*ing thein cors i{ prrblic tron*ptlrt wos betten'
2 a Wediscossed il onivarsities shor:id chci'ge tortion fees'
b We discuased wheiher oniversities shouid chorge tultion fees'
we use when to talk about an event or situation that we believe will happen:
I plan to go trauelling when I finish my studies. (I expect to finish.)
Giue me a call wheru you arriue at the airport. (We expect the person to arrive.)

We use z/to talk about a hypothetical possibility, especially in conditional sentences:

I would only go home if it was a real emergency.
Giue me a call if there are any problems. (Problems are only a possibility.)

We also use fin certain polite requests:

I would. appreciate it if / would be grate[ul if you could call me back'
Would, you mind if I asked you a few questions about the accident?

We use whetherwhere we are considering two possibilities:

I don't know whether to haue the beef or the lamb.
Many students haue to get part-time iobs whether or not they want to'

We use whether atter certain verbs (and nouns) which involve considering two options:
They had a meeting to dkcuss whether they should take further action'
The current d.ebate is whether immigrants should adopt local customs.

\,
'The
big question is that I
o
should call him or wait for
him to call me.

The big question is

Cornplete the seritences using wken, if at wlsether"

I I'd suggest checking .. the person has a permit or not.
2 We'll probably move to a smaller house ............ the children leave home.
3 \Ahy don't you come in the summer .. the weather's better?

4 Some people have questioned ........................... it's useful or just a waste of money.
5 It would be helpful .. they could give us a breakdonT r of the marks.

6 They carried out tests to determine .. or not he had the disease.

7 I'm sure theyd be really pleased .. you were able to come'

B You will need to show your driving licence ........................... you collect the hire car.
Punctuation: commas with discourse markers

1 Tick the correct sentence in each pair.

1a ln eonclcsion, the worid pcpe;i*tion i* expan<ling r:t an ctnscsioincble rcte.
b In concl*sisn the world populotion is expcnding ci on tnsostoinoble rafe.
2a 7t we loek for ex*nple. at spor.t in scheols.
b $ we look, for exonple, at opori in achooie.
Discourse markers are words or phrases which show how ideas in a text link together.
They are often separated from the rest of the text by commas.

We usually use a comma after a phrase or an adverb which introduces a sentence:

In addition, many disabled people suffer discrimination at work.
On the other hand., the unemployment rate has fallen.
Finally, local councils need to consider the cost of recycling schemes.
Unforturuately, there were no more tickets auailable.
Similarly, animals kept outdoors are also uulnerable to infection.
We also use commas around certain words and phrases in the middle of a sentence:
This problem can't, howeuen be solued quite so simply.
There are more jobs in the city, but, of course, the cost of liuing is higher.
IrVhich option you choose depends, to a certain eJctent, on your budget.
Water is particularly scarce in arid regions,for examplelfur instance, in Africa.
People who liue in cold countries, such asllilce Norway, haue to spend more on heating.

*\l/here an adverb describes an adjective, commas are not needed:

This was matched by a similarly dramatic increase in May.
However carefulyou are, accidents can always happen.

2 Coruect the mistake below.

lnevitably there's always

something you forget.

something you forget.

Add cornmas in the sentences Xrelowwhere needed.

I \ArLrat happens if for example you forget your password?
2 To sum up I d like to recap the main advantages and disadvantages.
3 Statistics can however be misleading.
4 Low-lying countries such as Bangladesh are particularly at risk.
5 Furthermore not everyone will be able to afford to install new telephones.
6 Contact sports like rugby will inevitably involve more injuries.
7 A similarly priced house in the city centre would only have one bedroom.
B We wiil of course reimburse any travel expenses.
,:, .4,
Eunctuation: using apostroPhes
Tick the correct sentence in each pair.
1a Mong people eof;unk food becodse ifs eosier thon pneponing fnesh dishes.
b Mong people eotjunk food becor.rse it's eosier thon preponing fnesh dishes.
2 a Please don't take o toxi - l'll corne cnd pick gort up.
b Pleose dont toke a toxi - I'll corae ond pick gou ap.
We use an apostrophe in contractions - where a letter or letters have been missed out.
Contractions are mostly used in informal writing or to represent spoken language.

Pronoun or noun + be, haue, will or would:

That's 1= that is) a uery good point.
Anna's (= Anna has) got two sisters, hasn't she?
We'll 1= we will) send the goods by first class post.
I'd (=Ihad) already gone through passport control, so I couldn't go back'
I'd 1=lwould) like to change the booking.
It's (= f1 is) quite difficult to find.
& The system has its aduantages. (its = belonging to it)
Who\ (= who has) been inuited to the pa,rty?
& Whose bag is this? (whose = belonging to who)
Auxiliary or modal verb + non
The results hauedt (= haue not) been announced yet.
I dadt know the answer or I da not know the answer (notM
They carlt be copied. or They canrwt be copied. (not @

Also: .Lefb (= Iet us) take another example.

eovrect the rnista&*e below.

The ....? I'11 take it for a walk.

Add apostrophes where necessary in the sentences below.

1 Its only a matter of time before someones badly injured.
2 You cant always blame parents when their children behave badly'
3 The hotel has its or,vn glT n thats free for guests to use at any time'
4 The governments planning to introduce a complete smoking ban'
5 The majority of teenagers dont see healthy eating as a high priority'
6 Lets meet outside the station in the city centre.
7 There isnt much demand for ice cream in the winter.
I Do you know whos got the key for thestore room?
Tf;ST g

1 The extracts below from a student essay have a number of commas and
apostrophes missing. Add punctuation where necessary.

Underline the best word or phrase to complete each sentence.

1 I would be grateful when/if/whetheryou could confirm the booking in writing.
2 !\'/hat's the best way to deal with a patient who's/whose/who behaving aggressively?
3 It's important to start saving towards a pension now so that you're financially
secure if/ as / when you retire.
4 Please dont hesitate to contact me if/that/uthetheryou, have any questions.
5 I dont know yet iflthatlwhether or not I'll be able to come.
6 Cheap airlines have brought benefits. Such as/For example/Like, foreign travel is no
longer only for the rich.
7 The bank has announced that it will close 50 of it's/their/its 800 branches.
B MPs will debate if/aboutlwhether to change the age limit for buyng cigarettes.

,i*
Rewrite the sentences below adding the phrase in brackets in al appropriate place.
Dorr-t forget any necessary punctlration.
1 Going by train is slower than flying. (of course)
Going by train ..................... than flying'
2 For many people these rises will cause real difficulties. (especialb single parents)
For many real difficulties'
3 There are alternatives to surgery for some patients. (l'totet'er')
There are . . . for some Patients.
4 For some people compost bins are not feasible. (sitclt a-s those in flats)
For some not feasible.
5 There are a number of precautions we would recommend. tliereJore.
There are recommend.
6 All of us are responsible for cutting emissions. (to a cerrairt e:tient
All of us cutring emissions.
7 Old people are more l'ulnerable to such infections. (for in-'iatce
OId people . . such infections'
B Such delays are unavoidable. (unfortunatev
Such.............. .... unavoidable.

Use the words from the box to complete the adrice belo*.. Use i,ne u ord in each gap
and use each word only once.

when like if whether

however obviously its it's

Conddering il $apyear abroadi

First, you need to decide (1)...........................-vou \vant to spend the 1-ear uavelling
or working in another country. This will, (2)..'... ..'..... ... ...... . depend pardv on
your budget.

(3)........................... tempting to just relax and enjol'some time off after all the
uill enabie rou Io learn
stress of exams. (4)..........................., working in a countn-
more about (5)........................... people and culture and, ultirnateh. gain more from
theexperience. ItwillalsolookgoodonyourC\'(6).'....... 1'ougetback!

(7)........................... you do plan to work while You're a\ta\-' r-ou 1l need to check
visa and work permit rules for the country )'ou're visiting. For manr-countries,
(B)........................... the US, it's vital to sort out the papenrork before r-ou go. Check
our website for more details.

t4
Common spelling mistakes

Tick the correct sentence in each pair.

1a We hcve becorne verg dependont on cor:rpr:ters.
b W* hcve becone verg Cependent *n conrpetens.
2 a Ycu need to hsve a clesr ldec cf whct goir wcnf to ochieye.
b Yerc ne*d i* hove o claor ideo of whol got wcni tc r:cheive.
Nouns which are commonly misspelt include:
accommodation, benefit, country, enuironment, gouernment, percentage, proportion

In British English, the noun progrannmehas two main meanings:

a training progrannme = a series of sessions; a W programrne = aTV broadcast
But:. a computer program = computer software

Words containing the ie or eivowel combination often cause problems. British

children learn a rh).ryne to help them remember: "I before E except after C."
achieue/achieuement, belieue/belief, hygiene/hygienic, retrieue/retrieual
But: receiue/receipt, deceiueldeceit, ceiling

In British English, practice is the spelling of the noun and practise is the verb form:
Now they can put into practice what they haue learnt.
It'll be e good opportunity to practke speaking English.
The adjectives dependent and independenf are spelt wilh -ent at the end:
The degree of influence is d.ependent on a number of factors.
Dependant is a noun referring to a person who depends on someone else financially:
The company prouides priuate healthcare for workers and their dependants.

I think you need

I I beleive that successful companies need an experienced workforce.

2 We need to look at goverment expenditure on enviromental projects.
3 Food hygine is a major concern for restaurant o\^'ners.
4 Many farmers are dependent on foreign investors.
5 This money should be spent to benifit the poorest countaries.
6 Strong health and educational programes are vital for developing nations.
7 The propotion of women r.tho acheive first class degrees is comparatively low.
B Everyone has the right to practise their religion.
$pelling: one word or two?
Tick the correct sentence in each pair.
1a More thcn 20% of the work fsrce is unemploged.
b Mone thsn 20Y" of the workfor,ce is unenp{cged.
2a Thene one olot of ortists living in ihis district
b There ore c lot of ortists living in this distnict

Compounds which are written as one word include:

. countryside, hairstyle, lifespan, ltfustyle, website, wildlife, worlcforce, workplace
. misuse, outbreak, otttconxe, outside, ouerall, ouercome
. anybody, eueryone, euerything, someone, sometimes
. furthermore, moreouer, nowadays, throughout, whereas
Compounds which are written with a hyphen include:
. make-up, well-being
. twenty-fouf thirty-frue, etc.
Phrases which are written as separate words include:
. Young people often spend alot of money on clothes.
. Infact, leuels of pollution haue decreased in the past fiue years.
. She still smokes, euen though she knows it's bad for her health.
* Wtaybe his plane has been delayed. (= an adverb mearing perhaps)
I suspect the main reason for the change may be financial. (= a verb phrase)

Nobody seems to talk

face-toJace now-a-days.

Nobody seems to

correct {rny errors in the compounds and phrases in the sentences below.
I B0% of women said they were satisfied, where as only 60% of men were happy.
2 The room was clean and every thing was neatly arranged.
3 Many of the problems are due to changes in lifestyle.
4 Our main concern is for the health and well being of all our residents.
5 They fled the country just before the outbreak of the civil war.
6 He carried out research into the life-span of people living in the country side.
7 May be learning a foreign ianguage in school should be compulsory.
B The charity runs twenty six hostels spread through out the country.
Adjective forms

Tick the correct sentence in each pair.

1a Mong r:nivensitg sto<jenfs hcve o pcrt*iimejob.
b Mong rrniversitg stcdenis hcva c peri tire job.
2a fhese jobs ccnnot kre deine bg i;nexpei"ienced geii;ng peopie.
b fhesejoba conneit be dcne bg inexpenieneed goang ceooie.

There are many compound adjectives in English which are usually hyphenated:
. good,-looking, good-natured, well-known, well-educated, well-paid, well-equipped
. badly-behaued, bad- tempered, ill- equipped, hard- working, easy -going
. short-liued, short-tempered, short-term, long-term, long-lasting
. fully-qualified, full-scale, full-size, full-time, part-time, time-consuming, time-sauing
Many phrases describing the age, size or length of something are formed in the same
way. lVhen they are used before a noun, they are hyphenated:
a six-year-old. boy He is skyears old.,
a three-ntonth training course The course lasts three rnonths.
a two-bed.roorn flat aflat with two bed.rooms
Adjectives are also formed using prefixes, especially to describe opposites:
dis- dissatis.fied, disorganised ouer- ouercrowded, ouerpriced
in- inexpensiue, inexperienced, inappropriate post- post-school, postgraduate
im- immoral, immature, impolite pre- pre-school, prearranged
non- nonexistent, non- smoking ut - unawarq unsuitable, unemployed
* Some of these adjectives are spelt wittr a hyphen and some as one word; check a
dictionary for the correct spelling.

Dont you think

1 The figure rose steadily over a30yearl30-yearperiod.

2 The stalls sell a variety of non-expensiue/inexpenslue snacks.
3 He was a polite, well-educated/good-educated man.
4 The family live in a simple, single-storey/single storeys house.
5 She is punctual, conscientious and hard work/hard-working.
6 Everyone needs a healthy, well-balanced/well balanced diet.
7 All supervisors must attend a week-long/one week long safety course.
B Many tourists go into the mountains wearing insuitable/unsuitable clothing.
TFs
",: Sr
.'
,
:

1 The letter below contains 15 mistakes. Find them and correct them.

1 am tuiting to exprass my unsatisfacatton u.,ith both fl*

standard oF qcorrad.ation and tl-e. sarvtce, J- rctiavad, d.uring a
ra.canl v's,,i to your hotal.
1 l^d.d. baokad. a r,ot-snrok;ng doublaroom for tu.rc nghts lrom 15th
A2ril. *u.vver, whan ]' awtved, 1 u.as told by a ratter un2olita
ra,captionist tl,r.it tl,rzra, urs only a sir^gla. room availobla,. T tl*n
found tlrat it uas a fifth Floor room and, llv.lift as
aut-oFardar. €ventlxugh I Ld.d. a numbar oF hcav1 bags, rn body
oFlarad to lvlp rrt.

Yora. ovay, u.rhan 1' arrtvadat my yaayn) !- rot|sad. fl.d.+ 1. l,rad.

ba.an tls, uywrra,ct kay and. lryrd to raturn to ll* recaption
given
dask. whan 1 firally found sorrv. arv, lo excVange tVv. k,zy and,
narwga.d, ta gat into my room, !_ found tlrat it u.u.s crampad,
and, ,llc4tipped, urtth rn pVana. or talevision as advattisad. on your
uyb-sita.

2 Rewrite the sentences using an adjective + noun to replace the underlined phrase.
Example:
His parents both have igbs t-hat pav rrvell.
His parents b oth have .... wr.f :p* i.ti j*k*,....
t-.

1 The exhibition featured a number of devices that can save

]zou time.
The exhibition featured a number of ..
2 All the chalets have kitchens with all the equipmentyou need.
All the chalets have ..............
3 My grandfather was a man with a rather short temper.
My grandfather was ...........
4 We stayed in a castle which was built 200
]rears ago.
We stayed in
5 Fighting has resumed after a ceasefire which lasted for a short while.
Fighting has resumed after ...............
6 The man was sentenced to 5 ]rears in prison.
The man received
3 Underline the correct words in the text below.

$tayfit&@,8S&
The Stayfit Health Club offers a wide range of fitness (l) programs/programmeslo
suit your (2) life-style/ifestyle. Choose from a package of individual sessions with
one of our (3) fully-trained/full-trained instructors or join in with any of the
(4) twentylive/twenty flve different exercise classes we run each week. Alternatively,
you can brush up on your serves or (5) practice/practise your backhands on our
(6) full-size/ful/ slze indoor tennis courts.

Apply now for a 2Oo/o discount* on a

(7) 72 months/72-month membership package.
*Avai la bil ity (8) d e pen dent/ d ep e nd a nt on dema nd.

4 The printer has forgotten to add spaces and punctuation to the personal ads belolv.
Relvrite therrr with appropriate spaces betlteen words and any necessary
punctuation.
1
goodlookingeasygoing
30yearold manseekswel I

educatedyoungwoman

2
a Itractivewel leq u ippedtwobed roo
mholidaycottagesetinbreathtakingc
oun trysidenonsmokerson{yplease

3
treatyourselftoaonetooneconsultationwithoneofo
urfu ltyqualifiedbeautytherapistsforprofe ssionalad
viceonyourmakeupandhairstyle

fed upwithovercrowdedoverpriced resoftswhynottryaweekend

brea ki nsofiacheckout,websitefordetailsofi nexpensivetlvoday

brea ksinbul ga riashistoriccapital

ry'.i:@

to
Uslilg,prepositions: with nouns

1 Tick the correct sentence in each pair.

1 a Mong newspqpen crticles cne olso svoiloble on fhe internet now.
b Mong newspope. orticres sre orso ovoiiobre thr"orrgh ihe intennet now
2 a There ore fhree n:oin reqscns of this chcnge.
b There cre three nsin reosone for ihis ehonge.
We use the prepositiol onto talk about information or pictwes we
access or see using
a computer or other screen, such as a television:
You can easily check the train times on the internet.
More information is auailable on the uniuersity website.
You can download music and store it onyour computer.
We see such scenes euery night on the TV news.

We often use the prepositionprwith the \ounrecxoni

a reason for something: No one explained the reasonfor the delay.
a reason for doing something: There are many reasons
for choosing a small car
for a reason: He was forced to leaue early for family reasorc.
Due to is also used to introduce a reason for somethin g. Due to aheady
contains the
idea of a reason, so we do not use due to + q, reasonl
The flight was delayed due to technical problems.
or The flight was delayedfor technical reasons.
notTl^efl;gltt w ts dela)'e4 dae te teehnieal reasons,

B%D
According to a statement in
his website, he left the club
1t-Eil
I l-
tt-l
|
I I-- I
for personal reasons. JH

According to a statement

use the words below (in the same order) to create sentences. Add any necessary
prepositions or articles, and put the verbs in an appropriate form.
I Young people / copy / role models I they I see / television
2 Band / cancel / performance / personal / reasons
3 Building / closed / public / safety concerns
4 Prime Minister / appear / last night / BBC current affairs programme
5 She i not / give / reason I be I late
6 Many people / now / book / holidays / internet
7 They / spend / eight hours / day / work / computer
B Then / error message / suddenly, uPr*f. / screen
Using prepositions: after verhs

Tick the correct sentence in each pair.

1a Conpcnies in fhe US spend more rrelnes on nesecnch and develc,pnrent
b Conponies in the US spend rnore nroneg for reseorch ond developnrent
2 a 'f''lehqve to provide dnctons with the reso0rce6 theg neeC fo do thein job,
b \Ye hcve to provide docfors the resoonces theg need to do theinjob'
There are a number of common verb + object + preposition combinations in English.
You can check the patterns used with a particular verb in a good learnerb dictionary:
. spend + timelmoney + oru something
The auerage person spends 8100 a month on transport.
Nso: Expend.iture onlSpend'ing on education has risen.
. inuest + money + in something
It's up to local gouernment to inuest money in improued leisure facilities-
Nso: The protesters want more state inuesttnent in agriculture.
o prouide + something + for someone
The project will provid.e eru.ployment for young artists and performers.
Nso: There has been progress in the proukion of facilities for the disabled.
o prouide + someone + with something
We aim to proui.de the children with an opportunity to experience a dffirent culture.
. help + sorneone + (out) + with something
She uisits twice a week to help her grandmother out with the housework.
Also: Some students need extrahelp with reading and writing.

On average, how much

do you spend a month
for hair products?

On average, how much

3 There is one incorrect or missing preposition in each sentence below. Make any
changes or additions necessary to correct the sentences.
1 Some companies spend huge sums in advertising.
2 The new labels provide customers better information about ingredients.
3 I have a problem I thinkyou can help me.
4 The party promised to increase investment for education.
5 We are pressing for the provision more special lanes for cyclists.
6 There are no facilities provided to passengers with young children.
7 Spending for photographic film has dropped dramatically.
B There's a porter in reception to help guests their bags.
Using prepositions: describing trends and changes

1 Tick the correct sentence in each pair.

I a There hcs been en increcse in the n$rilber of peopie aged oven eightg.
b There has been cn inereose of fhe nonber of per:pie og*,j ruun
2 a Setween 1190 *nd !000. fher"e wcs o dnop 1.5%.
"ignig.
b Setween 1??0 <:nC 2000. thene wos c drop of .15y".
we use a noun describing a specific trend or change + in +
aword,or phrase
describing the thing which has changed:
' a(n) cut/declineldecrease/drop/full/increaselreduction/rise, etc, in something
The chart shows a d.ecline in the bird population.
There haue been dramatic cuts in the leuel of spending
on the elderly.
' a(n) change/growth/improuement/trend/uarintion, etc. in something
There haue been significant improuements in health care.
We haue seen.massiue changes in people,s lifestytes.
we use a noun describing a change or the resurt of a change
+ of + anumber showing
the size of the change:
. a(n) decrease/drop/fall/increase/red.uction/rise, etc. of + number
The statistics show a reduction of 20% in energy costs
as a result of the measures.
The radio station experienced a fall of
36,000 listeners to a total auiience of 2.1 million.
. a highllow/maximum/peak/total, etc. of + number
Demand reached apeakof 45,000 in early March.

2 Correct the mistake below.

The hot weather led to a

sudden surge of ice cream sales.

The hot weather led to .

{-inderiine the correct preposition in each sentence.

1 There has been a slight rise in/of/to the number of men emploved.
2 Experts expect there to be a fall by/oflin approximatelv 30% over the next decade.
3 The introduction of D\Ds has red to a decrine of/in/to sares.
4 We have seen an increase by/of/in only 0.5% during the'ideopast year.
5 Researchers observed chaages of/to/in educationa_l ler.els.
6 The survey hopes to track trends for/in/ro consurner spending.
7 The health service spenr a total in/of/at 12.5 billion on staffin! last year.
B The new figures shorr a drop ol 5-,,o in/of/ro studenr numbers.
lH-#ae [r
7.;:+!ifi"1iiir,j!'';;i:

1 Complete the news stories below with one preposition in each space.

The number of births in Scotland has Schools spend much more

risen to its highest level since 1999, (9) ...... ....... computer-based
resources than (10) books,
according to the Registrar General.
new figures suggest. ExPenditure
Figures suggest that more than 54,000 (11) .............. ICT (information and
babies were born in 2005, a rise communication technology) has seen
(l).............. 420 births on the previous a rise (1 2) more than 50%
year - that's an increase (2) .............. less over the past year, according to
than l%0. The increase (3) .............. births figures from the Deparlment of
is lower than the increase (4) .............. Education. A spokesperson pointed
out that one of the reasons
almost 3% between 2003 and 2004. The
(13) .............. this shift is that pupils
Registrar General for Scotland said: "The
now have more reading material
recent upturn (5) .............. the birth rate is available to them (14) .............. the
encouraging but it may be easing off." internet. Government figures also
There was a slight decline (6) .............. show that schools spent e197 million
(1 5) .............. exam fees during the
the number of deaths in 2005, with a
same period, a rise (1 6) .............. a
drop (7) the incidence of strokes
quader in two years.
and heart disease, two of Scotland's top
three causes ofdeath. There was also a
fall (8) .............. the number of both
marriages and divorces.

There are l0 mistakes with prepositions in the paragraph below - either incorrect
or missing prepositions. Find the mistakes and correct them.

In the past few years, there has been a dramatic increase of the number of budget
airlines which offer cheap flights throughout Europe. If you look in the internet, you
will find some amazing deals at their websites. These'no frills' airlines provide very
few facilities their passengers, but when they're only spending a few euros for a flight,
most people are happy with a basic service. This reduction of the cost of European air
travel has, inevitably, led to an explosion of the number of people who can afford to
take foreign holidays. The growth to air travel and changes to patterns oftourism
within Europe have had both positive and negative impacts. It has encouraged
investment for many regional airports and boosted local economies, but what of the
environmental impact of those extra air miles?

,{:.}
3 Rewrite the sentences below using the noun form of the underlined verb.
Example:
The graph shows that sales have fallen by B%.
t?e qrayh shcws * {alL e{ *$ Lw sal"*s"

1 We hope to Leduce the number of injuries by 2ETo.

We hope to achieve a
2 The availability of this treatment varie_s a great deal from one region to another.
There is
House prices have risen by 40Vo in the past five years.
In the past five years, there has been
Daytime temperatures can peak at around 30'C in summer.
Daytime temperatures can
5 The newprincipal is promising to improyg computer access for students.
The new principal is promising
6 We need to invest more money in staff training.
There needs to be

Below are comments from five people who have chosen to give up their cars, but
theirwords are in the incorrect order. Rewrite them to form correct sentences.

giving environmental for My car main reason up mywas.

mean local I transport need Improvements dont public that just in a car.

different for to I rid reasons decided get my car a of number of.

economic It fuel to a car any more run due the high wasn't cost to of.

money much I spending found on I was too repairs.

e+
DesciihinB statistics: using prepositions

1 Tick the correct sentence in each pair.

1a The chenl shows thot onlg 18'L nren work lesa thon 15 hoors o week.
b lhe chont shows thot onlg 1 8% of nen work less thon 1 5 hoors o week.
2a It we look ol *he ligirnes for people be*ween 20 ond 30 gecrs old, ...
b $ we lor:k al the figunes fon people between 20 to 30 geors oi<J" ...

There are several key prepositions which are used when describing statistics:
. X% of something
Only 28Vo of cwtomers sai.d that they were satisfied with the seruice.
. betweenXandY
The rate rose dramatically between luly 2005 and. February 2006.
. thefigurelpercentageltotal, etc. for a group or category
Looking at the figures for winter and sumrner .. .
If we compare the percentages for skilled and unskilled workers ...
The auerage income for gouernment employees is ...
. a.t a leuel/rate
Inllation has remained at roughly the same Leuel ouer a nurnber of years.
They can obtain loans at cheaper rates.
. be highest / come top / rank second, etc. with X
Football scored highest with 6BVo of the uote.
Paris is second in the table with 76 million passengers per year

80% ilous
said t[ey IrelsrreI
Uloolios

Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct those with mistakes.

1 France has the greatest number at 12 million, followed by Italy.
2 The percentage fluctuated between 3.5 to 4'/o.
3 The total value is approximately 18,000 yen from the current exchange rate
4 Data is only available of the UK.
5 The drop-out rate reached a peak of 18% in 2001.
6 The table shows the annual usage for families in three income bands.
7 Africa was the least popular destination by only 6% of flights.
B lZVo interwiewees had consulted a doctor in the previous week.
DescrihinB statistics: nouns

Tick the correct sentence in each pair.

I a 3'rl3 iolr ;;e,.cenfcgg si prrsone;'r o.e wo.rer.
b Or':ly four peroert of priscners ore \^ror',)en'
2 a The pie chort illrr:trafes how electricitg is csed.
b The pie grcph illustrcteo how olectricitg is *ser-'.
We use percent or the s)..rnbol %o after a number:
Sales fell by two percent / 2Vo last year.
Percerutage is the general noun to describe part of a total, expressed as parts of 100:
The chart shows the percentage of households with more tharu one c&t:
Proportion is also used to describe part of a total:
lVhich country has the highest proportian of people liuing in pouerty?
Rate describes how often or how fast something happens, and some other measures:
The rate o.f growth is slower in deueloping countries.
Nso: the unemploymentlcrime rate, the birthldeath rete, the exchangelinterest rate

A graph has two lines (the uertical axis andthe horizontal axis)
marked with numbers, and a line or curve showing a trend.
A chart shows statistics in a visual form, often as coloured lines
or columns (a bar chart) or as sections of a circle {a pie chart).
A tabte shows something, usually numbers, organised within a
box in rou,s (going across <'+ ) and columns (going doum | ) .
A diagram is a general word for something represented in a
visual form - for example, showing how something works,
a chart
the stages of a process, etc.

* eorreet ttle rm(stake b+low"

I 30oo rexting friends A\
3ooo sleeping The pie chaft shows proportion of an average
. 2ooouarchingTv \A--.
ti{ \ day a student spends on different activities.
a 15ao lisreninB 10 music b.- -
' 5% studying and other boring stuff
The pie chart shows a student spends on different activities.

lJrtd,eliir:e il-r:.: i:l*si'i,v.$;:d r+ c*mpletc eaclt sa:itr**e,

1 The figures show the rate/percentage of flights delayed by more than 60 minutes.
2 The chart shows the unemployment/unemployedrates in six European countries.
3 The d,iagram/charf illustrates the planned layout of the buildings.
4 The operation has a seventy percentage/percer?rsuccess rate.
5 The USA has the highest proportionlrare of people aged 65 and over.
6 Some people argue that violent films increas e lhe criminal/crime tate.
7 The percentage/percent of ovr''t 50s who or.tm a mobile phoned has increased.
B The vertical a-.ris of the graohlpie chart shows the number of hours per day.
Describing statistics: verbs

Tick the correct sentence in each pair.

1a fhe blrth rote hqs reric,iced over lhe pcst ten Eeors.
b The birth r{:te hss dropped ever the past ten geons.
2 a The grtrph shews c riEo in the nonrber r:rf cccidents invnlving cgelists'
b The groph represents o rise in the nunber cf cocidents involving cAclists.
Common verbs used to describe graphs, charts and diagrams include:
The chart/graph shows leuels of post-school education in four countries.
The diagram illustrateslrepresents the structure of the political system.
The chartlgraph compares auerage working hours in the UK and the US.
We can see from the chart/graph that the number of uisitors peaks in August.

Common verbs used to describe figures and statistics include:

The statistics/figures suggest that people in rural areas are healthier.
The figure will increase further, reaching 6 million in 2020. (not+ea*ingS-milk*-l
Demand rose by 48% in just 2 years. (nolrM*y48%'t
Time spent with the family droppedfrom 21% to just 6%. (not+eCadftetn2l%)
*Verbs such as rise, drop, decline andfall describe a change which happens.
A person or organisation can raise or reduce something:
The Bank ofEngland has raised interest rates.
The Gouernment has introduced mecsures to red.uce trffic in the capital.

The number of visitors

Complete the sentences using an appropriate verb.

1 The population of the city .. to a high of 2.3 million in 1997.
2 From the chart, we can .. that expenditure on IT has increased rapidly.
3 The inflation rate has .. its lowest point in 10 years.
4 The chart .............. the amount of water consumed per person in each area.
5 Diagram 2.4 ........................... the life cycle of a butterfly.
6 The results of the survey .. that most people are dissatisfied with
public transport.
7 The percentage of households without a phone .. from 23To to just 4To.
B To combat global warming, we all need to ........................... the amount of energywe
consume.
TEST 5

complete the texts about the charts and graphs usingwords from the borc Each
word is used once.

see fell compares graph drops bar chart rate

in percent with for comes pie chart percentage

The (I) .. above (2) ........................... the Average life expectancy

average life expectancy (3) ............. men and :rr' \Vomen Men
women living in different areas. We can
(4) ........................... that women in suburban areas
have the highest life expectancy, (5) .............
an average of84 years. Life expectancyfor both
men and women (6) ........................... significantly for City centre Suburbs
those living in city centres.
Exchangerate
The (7) .. shows a slight rise 1.80
1.75
(B) ........................... the exchange (9) ...........................
1.70
in the second quarter. It then (10) ........................... 1.65
back to previous levels towards the end of the year. 1.60
r.55
I.50
IFMAN,IIIASOND
According to the (11) .., around a third Average dailywater
of the water we use is flushed dolvn the toilet. colsumption per person
A fairly large (12) ........................... of our water usage I Toilet flushing 30y/o

Washing and
goes on washing and cleaning. Then showering cleaning 2B%
(13) ........................... next, accounting for around i:t sho.u"rirg 23%

28 (I4) .. of our daily consumption. X Cooking md

drinking l2%
Other 7%

Replace any incorrect prepositions or add prepositions where necessary in the

sentences below.
1 Numbers dropped dramatically between 2000 to 2005.
2 There are shortages oflanguage teachers in alllevels.
3 The graph shows the average rates of pay in workers in four key industries.
4 Women occupy only 5% senior posts in the banking sector.
5 London University came top in the survey at aTb%o approval rating.
6 \Mhat proportion the overall budget is spent on training?
7 Sea levels are estimated to be rising in a rate of 1.8mm per year.
B The research compared the data of London, paris and Newyork.
9 Three-quarters customers spent $10 or less.
10 The chart shows rates in pay in urUl_ana rural areas.
 Use the notes below towrite complete sentences, keeping the information in the
same order. Write out anysymbols or abbreviations in full aswords.

Example:
water slide = least popular ride - only 27o visitors
-rtt* water sLLde was the lcast af vlsr*ors"
1o1*lar d'de, wLth owLg t:wo ?eycewt

1 chart shows % employees work late approx. 3 days/week

2 flgures show average no. days holiday skilled & unskilled workers
3 rate tooth decaydropped 107o 1980-1990
4 we can see ? children watch more than 4hrs TV/day
5 Zurich= 2'd in table most expensive European cities
6 lst graph compares % single-parent families different income groups
Vocabulary extension. There are many different words used to describe statistics in
English. Use a dictionary if necessary to put the words in the box in the correct
columnbelow.

dramatically jump halve rapid plummet

downturn trough steep peak slump

gradually sharp soar surge steady

boost gain shrink rocket diminish

\\brds to describe a Words to describe a Words to describe a Words to describe a

movement or trend movement or trend slow change fast change
uprvards ,/ downwards \ (adjectiues and (adjectiues and
rtouns and uerbs) (nouns and uerbs) aduerbs) aduerbs)
-
Number and amount

Tick the correct sentence in each pair.

1a fhe internel is becorning scc*nsible to c grcwirg onocni cf people,
b The internei is bec*ring e,cceesibie to c growing ntober. of people.
2a The toble shows the nr:ni:er cf people who vlsited the gcllerg ecch dog.
b fhe tgble shows ndnber cf pecple who viaiie<j the galleng eaeh dag.

We use number o/before a plural countable noun:

The chart shows the nuruber of hours/passengers/people/schools/times, etc.

We use amount ofbefore an uncountable noun:

If
we look at the annourut of energylfood/informationlmoneyltime/waste, etc ... .

We use the + number of/amount ofto talk generally about a quantity:

The number of passengers carried each year has risen gradually.
We need to reduce the amount of water we waste.
We often l:se alan before an adjective + number oflamount of,
They spend a significant amount of money on tra.uel. (notffi-irye+tffiteffiewief)
This is the best way to reach a large number of people. (not*lg+Mmf)
But: the aueragel greate st/ largest/ maximum/ same/ to tal number/ amount of something

::n::: "-
W,xx,;xxre;W:* 6u".
l've definitely
noticed an increase
in the amount of
butterflies this year.

I've definitely noticed an increase

Add, number of or amounf o/to the words in italics. AIso add articles (the/a/an).
1 \Afirich country has lowest people living in poverty?
2 People were asked about time they spend doing different activities.
3 We looked al customers who were attracted into the shop by special offers.
4 The research compared leisure time spentwith friends and with family members.
5 Such projects can generate large money for the tourism industry.
6 Statistics also show total ouerseas students at UK universities has risen.
7 They measured auerage times an employee checks their email per hour.
B They're being asked to do same rzork in.shorter hours.
.t, !,
Making comparisons

Tick the correct sentence in each pair.

1 a trhe rcte q:f rnion rnerabership rose tc 2$.21", conporing tc 25.8"1" lcst gecr.
b The rcte ol *ninn n:enbership rose io ?6.?7". comprrrod ta 25.&'L lcrst geon
2 a the figone is now thnee tlrres higher o$ e$nlpone io 1?65.
b The figr.rr.e is now three tim*s higher thcrn in 1?05.
There are a number of common words and phrases that we use to make comparisons:
. compare something (to/with something)
The graph compa.res the crime rates in Japan and the US.
It's impossible to compere modern films with those made maybe 20 years ago.
Many haue compared. her uoice to Aretha Franklin's. (= they have said it is similar)
. compared to/with something
Women's income rose by 31% cornpared to only 13% for men. (not€effipe+i4+e)
. in comparison (to/with something)
US workers get uery little holiday in comparison with their European counterparts.
After two weeks in a tent, the simple little hotel seemed luxurious in comltarison.
. (drawlmake) a comparison between two things
There is no comparisoru between my life here and the way of life in my home uillage.
It is impossible to d.raw a direct coruperison between the two conflicts.
. something is biggerlhigher/lowerlmore important, etc. than something else
Prague has rnore churches than any other European city.
. something is doublelhalf, eic. that of something else
Britain's population density is d.ouble that of China. (noteeryd+e)

2 Correct the mistake below.

Fifi's really quite
big as compare
with my last dog.

Fifi's really quite big

Are the sentences right or wrong? Correct those which are wrong"
1 66.6 million people travelled abroad in2007, comparing to 64.6 million in 2006.
2 Non-smokers' risk of heart attacks is roughly half that of people who smoke.
3 In comparative with other writers, she uses very simple, everyday language.
4 There is no comparison to watching a band on D\D and seeing them play live.
5 The pass rate was over 70% in 2005, compare to 62Vo in 1990.
6 Many more crimes were committed by males compared to females.
7 The article draws a comparison between his r,t, iting and that of earlier authors.
B Population growth is quite high in Madagascar at 3.31% when compaired to
Mauritius at 0.89%.
Expressing contrast

Tick the correct sentence in each pair.

1a Germeng spent 1.5Y" of GDP on defence. The f& in contr"qst spent 3.27..

b Ger.nong spent 1.57" of confrorg. the US spent 3.27".

ODP ein Cefence.0n the
2a Japan, on the olher hond, expenienced cr slighf drop over the sorne period.
b Jopan, nn the other side, experienced c s{ight drop over the sone period.

We use in contrastto introduce a fact or idea which is very different from what has
already been mentioned. Notice the position of the phrase in the sentence:
Questionnaires produce only limited responses. Interuiews, in contrast, are time-
consuming, but allow for fuller replies.
In Britain only 9Vo of ouer sixties liue with their families, in. contrast to 29% in Japan.
We can also say that there is a contrast betweentwo things which are very different:
There is a stark contrast between the affluent suburbs and. the nearby slum areas.

We use on the contrary, especially in speech, to introduce the opposite of what has
just been said or to express an opposite opinion:
'Haue uisitor numbers dropped since the attack?"On the contrary, they'ue risen slightly.'

We use the phrase on the other handto introduce an opposite viewpoint:

Parents need to warn their child about things to auoid, but, on the other hand, they
must not make the child ouer-anxious.

l'm a bt of a fitness fanatic.

My sister, on the contrary,
prefers less energetic hobbies.

I'm a bit of a fitness fanatic. My sister ......

'l-,::r:rl';io,t;l:1h* :.,.r.1iilri.'.{jrj:r r.:'i:i: ,:;::r: t*i iie* !:lj1t,.,.:*,; i,"',:','tr, ;:lr:i i.

I Abacus made profits of $343 million. Zenon, made only $17.9
million.
2 Water doesn't shrink when it turns into ice, but, ................ it expands.
3 The tor.tm remains relatively undeveloped others along the coast.
4 The the two politicians could not be greater.
5 A dog's nose is vastly more sensitive than our own. Birds,
have a comparatively poor sense of smell.
6 The centre of the island is wild and rocky the soft sandy beaches.
7 Overweight people usually clear their plate. Slim people,
stop eating when they feel satisfied.
B Some iobs might be lost, but ..................,... , others would be created.
.l:l

,,
fBt 6q:i "i'
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1 Underline the best words or phrases to complete the text below.
Does the (l) amountlnumber of trme you spend in Average hours ofsleep a night
bed affect your performance in the office? According
5.6
to a recent survey, insomniacs miss an average of 5.8
mpany directors 5.8
days a year from work. Good sleepers, (2) on the
Emergency services 6.2
contrary/in contrast, miss only2.4 days on average.
Nurses 6.3
This chart (3) contrastslcomparesthe average
Housewives 6.5
(4) numberlproportion of hours sleep a night for
Retail staff 6.9
people in different professions. Mechanics get the ment workers 7.0
most sleep, with 7.6 hours per night, (5) in contrast Mechanics
to/in contrast doctors and company directors, who
sleep for less than 6 hours. Shift workers such as nurses and members of the emergencv
services, unsurprisingly, get relatively little sleep (6) in comparison withlcomparing to
those in nine-to-five jobs. How stressful your job is could also affect the
(7) amountlnumber of sleep you get, with one in five insomniacs blaming work pressures
for their sleeplessness. The figures suggest that government employees are good sleepers
(B) compared, to/compares ro private sector workers, so perhaps 1'ob security plays a role
as well

1 The sample contained an equal number of damage to the environment

2 They are expected to make a certain number of space available.
3 The job involves a fair amount of players in each team.
4 There is only a limited amount of boys and girls.
5 We try to cause the minimum amount of travelling.
6 There are the same number of calls per hour.

3 Rewrite the sentences using the word in brackets without changing it.
1 Spain has a relatively low crime rate compared with other European countries.
(comparison) Spain has
2 The average life expectancy of someone living in Mozambique is only 31 years
compared with 78 years in the UK, 79 in France and nearly 81 in lapan.
(contrast) The average life expectancy of someone living in Mozambique is only 31

3 Mountain biking and track cycling are completely different.

(no comparison) There
4 Many people have compared them to the Beatles.
{comparison) Many people have ...............
5 Most European students receive some funding. In the USA, however, students
work their way through college.
(hand) Most European students receive some funding. ....................
;i E,il ii th c ext n.: r;r.is {: eli::',r. c t; r:"er'-:. i r ll ;l li l::.' r"l'1 i :l i :. .'".

Taxpayers in Belgium pay a large proportion of their income in tax in comparison

between other EU countries. The average worker pays 55.6% of their income in
tax comparing with only 29.7% inthe UK. The proportion paid by Irish workers is
only 25.BYo, that's almost half compared to workers in Germany.

London stands out from other parts of the UK ln several respects. It has by far the
greatest population density with an average of 4,726 people per square kilometre
in 2004. on the contrary scotland has the lowest population density, with only 65
people per square kilometre. Compared between those living in other regions,
people in London are more likety to live alone. London is also home to the highest
amount of people from non-white ethnic groups - 29 percent of its population,
compaired with B percent for the UK as a whole.

'{,.,1,S1'.;,'.:*ij:.,:r#i"i{-,":.:: ih'-I:i.r'.^, ,,.]:.i'..a'r'- . ::- '- "' l; ' ""rrt} 'i

ti;liv *r;le, i,lct *.ltr r;f il.te ariiel*tj'"'es'::l:-' rigtril.

,I
marked big same stark large limited increasing I

1 There isn't sufficient detait available for all sectors to make a....'......................
comparison.
2 An............. number of public phones now also accept credit cards'
3 Wanaka's laid-back atmosphere stands in ........................... contrast to the bustle of
nearby Queenstown.
4 There are only a ........................... number of places still available.
5 A standard measure of wine, spirit or beer contains the ....'...'............'..... amount of
alcohol - 100m1.
6 A ........................... comparison is only possible where all the external factors are
the same.
7 Theywere not equipped to cope with such a...'..................'.... number of people.
8 The film has generated an ........................... amount of media interest.
9 The top fifth of families received 47 percent of the total income. The lowest fifth,
in ........................... contrast, received 3.4 percent.
10 The building work is bound to cause a ........................... amount of disruption.
Countable and uncountable nouns

Tick the correct sentence in each pair.

I a lntennr:tioncrl sid is verg imponiant cfter noienal dist:lslers.
b lnternslionsl qids are ver.g inpr:rtont crfle. notcrsl clisastens.
2 a Everg coontrg hcs its cwn custor,r; ernd behaviours.
b Iveng counlrg has its own costoras cnd behovicor..
Many common nouns in English are uncountable - they do not have a plural form and
they are followed by a singular verb form. These include: aid, behauiour; clothing,
employment, equipment, furniture, help, information, pollution, software, transport:
A lot of information is auailable an the internet.

Nouns ending -ingto describe an activity are also uncountable: aduertising, farming,
shopping, swimming, training, etc.:
This type of fanning causes damage to the enuironment.

Some words have countable [C] and uncountable [U] forms used in different contexts:
He has no work experience. (U: knowledge and skills you gain by doing something)
Going into hospital is often a stressful experience. (C: a particular event or situation)
How ntuch time do you spend commuting? (U: hours, minutes, etc.)
How many times do you go each week? (C: occasions)
The waiters all wear local dress. (U: clothes for a particular context)
She had two bridesmaids in pink dresses. (C: a piece of women's clothing)
Nso: We often go walking in the country. (singular: the countryside)
He's uisited a number of countries. (C: a nation)

I didn't know we were

meant to come in
evening dresses.

I didnt knowwe

1 The shop sells children's clothings/clothing and footwear.

2 In developing countries/coltntry, malaria still kills millions each year.
3 She has 20 years of experiences/experience as a nurse.
4 The company sells specialist softwares/software for computer-aided design.
5 These patients need injections several times/time a day.
6 It has excellent facilities, with all the latest equipments/equipment.
7 Cigarette aduertisings/aduertisinghas been banned in many countries.
B How often do you use public transports/tra,nsport?
 and plural verb forms

Tick the correct sentence in each pair.

1 a Heolth ond edocotion ore fop pnionifies fon the new governnent
b Heolth cnd edocoiion is top prioritg for the new governnrent
2 a The nornber of studenfs going on fo higher e<lacstlon hos increosed.
b The number cf siudenls going on fo higher educotion hove incneosed.
We use a singular verb form (ls, has, makes, needs, etc.):
. after a singular noun
Each team has eleuen players.
Euerybody needs a miniru,um amount of sleep per night.
. afteranuncountablenoun
Research shows tha.t people with pets a,re less likely to suffer lrom stress.
. after the number/percentage/proportion, elc. of
The proportion ofpeople liuing alone has increased.

We use a plural verb form (are, haue, make, need, etc.):

. after a plural noun
Most people recyclc less than 30% of their waste.
Computers have become a normal part of eueryday life.
. after two or more singular or uncountable nouns considered together
fapan andthe UShave similar rates of literacy.
* Remember that where you use more than one verb in a sentence with the same
subject, they must all be in the same form:
The project prouides a place for children to play safely and.keeps them out of trouble.

Small children

3 Complete each sentence with the correct present form of the verb in brackets.
1 New technology ............. (allow) us to analyse the data in seconds.
2 Older people often .............. {eat) less and ................ .'......... (need) less sleep.
3 Advances in medicine .. (mean) that people are living longer.
4 Access to clean drinking water ........................... (be) a basic human right.
5 Everyone .. (receiue) a welcome pack on the first day.
6 Fish and meat .. (be) both sources of protein.
7 The number of places available .. 1uary) each year.
8 Mobile phones .. (haue) changed the way we communicate.
3&
It, thiey and them
Tick the corect sentence in each pair.
1a Thene have been big chonges In the fcod we eot snd the w6, we cook fhern.
b There hove been big chonges in the food we e<;t ond the wog we cook it
2a Sach fi{ms one not serilcble fon children becouse theg confoin violence.
b $uch lilns or"e not suifoble lor childnen becease it contoins violence.

lrrefers back to a singular or uncountable noun we have mentioned before:

I'ue lost my urubrella, haue you seen it anywhere?
Emergency aid can help in the short term, but it isn't the answer in the long term
Each schoolhas its own computer support fficer

They refers back to a plural noun when the pronoun is the subject of a verb:
Such events cost a lot ofmoney, but they can also create iobs for local people.
Don't take these painkill.ers when driuing as they may cause drowsiness.

Them rcfers back to a plural noun when the pronoun is the object of a verb:
Medicalfacilities haue to be located where people can make best use of thern.
We use theirbefore something which belongs to a plural noun:
We help deueloping countries to manage their natural resources carefully.
*We usually only use helhim and shelher to refer to people and not to things:
My car's quite old, but it's stillfairly reliable. 6l.ot M+)

Tom, don't take all the toys,

share it with your sister.

Tom, dont take all the toys,

3 Complete the sentences with one pronoun in each space.

1 With a digital camera you can take photos and send to your friends.
2 I did all my homework and handed .............. in on time.
3 The plane was forced to land when developed engine trouble.
4 You should take offyour shoes and leave .............. outside the temple.
5 If you drink too much coffee, can stop you sleeping.
6 Fifty years ago, most women didrlt work, .............. stayed at home with the children.
7 We need to crack dornrn on illegal drugs and the people who sell .............. .

B Such huge companies have a numberof advantages over .............. competitors'

*f
TGST.T=, :.
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1 complete each sentence with one of the nouns from the box Each word is used
only once. Change the form of the noun if necessary.

training shopping equipment behaviour damage

help idea information country time

I Parents should be responsible for the .. of their children.

2 There's more .............. available on our website.
3 The fire caused a lot of ........... to the school buildings.
4 Helen came up with some interesting .. for fundraising events.
5 Sports such as golfrequire expensive
6 Many people do all their .. at the supermarket.
7 She thanked the volunteers for all their ...............
B All staff receive .............. in first aid.
9 I phoned several .. but kept getting the answering machine.
10 Mali is one of the most sparsely populated .. in the world.

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ei"a'ar$ €ixl cr:rreci titr:m.

Researches have shown that young children finds it easier to learn languages than
teenagers and adults. There is no doubt that learning new languages are more
difficult once you are an adult, but they are cedainly not impossible. Many people
take up a new language later in life and becomes fluent speakers. But what are the
best teachings methods for such adult learners?

ln many western country, obesity among children are increasing. ln the uK, for example, the
propoltion of overweight children have doubled in the past 10 years. Some people believes
that children ls getting fatter as a result of eating too much fast foods. others, however,
argue that it is not getting enough exercise.

New technology allow us to access news and other informations online from all over the
world. This raises the question whether newspapers is necessary in the modern world or
whether it will soon disappear. Despite the availability of news websites which is updated
24hours a day, newspapers still continues to be printed and people continues to buy it.
3 In the letter below, there are t0 verbs in bold. In each case, underline the noun
which is the subject of the verb. Is the verb in the correct form? Correct any which
are wTong.

Dear Mohammed,

How are you? I'm getting in touch because I'm planning to come to
Egypt on holiday soon and I d like to ask you for some advice.

I know that a lot of tourists visits visit Eglpt everyyear, so I'd like to
choose a time when the main tourist attractions lis least crowded.
When is the best time? I also know that your country 2has a hot climate.
3Are ttre weather hot all year round?

I'd be keen to know more about Egyptian customs too. \.Mhat sort of
dress aare appropriate when you are out in the street? I realise that in
many Muslim countries, women scover their heads and \nears clothing
which Tcover their arms and legs. Are tourists expected to dress in the
same way?

And what about the food? I've heard that Egyptian cooking suse a lot of
spices and many dishes econtains meat. As I'm a vegetarian, do you
think I will have a problem?
Sorry for all my questions. Could you recommend any websites which
10has information about Egyptian culture and customs? Thanks for

your help.

Best wishes,

Anna.

Vocabulary extension. Are these words countable or uncountable?

Label them C or U. Use a good learnet's dictionary to check if necessary.

computer advice hour aspect accommodation

nation potential job heating paperwork
Uerbs:"be ing and having
1 Tick the correct sentence in each pair.
1a of cocrse, thene <:re oor*e stcdents being r*ore wiiling t* sft.ldg thon others.
b 0f eounse, there ore some stodenfs who ore rnore willing to strrrig lhqn othens.
2a rn the west we ane used to hoving clean water which conres or:i of fhe top.
b In the V{est we clre gsed to hove clecn woler which cones oot of fhe top.

The verbs be and haue are not usually used in continuous forms (being and. hauing)
when they are a main verb with their basic meaning - be = to exist, haue to possess:
=
These people are among the most disaduantaged in society. (notardei*g)
They haue a louingfamily to look after them. (noterc@

They are sometimes used as a main verb with a different meaning in a continuous
form to emphasise a temporary state or action:
She\ having a shower at the moruent - can she call you back? 1= showering)
We're hauing a great tirue here in NewYork. (= enjoyng our visit)
My boss is being awkward about giuing me time off. (= behaving in an awkward way)
* Being + adjective is only used with adjectives which describe an attitude or
behaviour (honest, patient, etc.), not those describing feelings (happy, sad,, etc.).

continuous forms can also be used after certain words and phrases, including:
be used to, enjoy, like, look forward to, be aduantages to, be worth, a reason
for,
rather than, without
I'm not wed. to being away from my family. (= not accustomed to it)
There are a.duantages to hauing a flat in the city centre.

l'm really looking fonruard to

have a place of my own.

I'm really looking forward

Complete the sentences with the correct form of be or haue.

1 |apan has a large number of people who ........................... 65 or over.
2 He enjoys .. the centre of attention.
3 People of my grandmother's generation .. traditional values.
4 There are sometimes disadvantages to ........................... a vegetarian.
5 \Mhen I left the house, he ........................... his breakfast.
6 Each cottage .. its or,tm kitchen facilities.
7 I dont know how to tell her without ........................... rude.
8 I think he's looking forward to ........................... some time offwork.
Commonly co nf used v erbs: joi n / atte nd, liv e/ p rovi d e
1 Tick the correct sentence in each pair.
1a Some people con i offond tojoin pnivofe longooge courses.
b Sone people con l olford to oiiend pnivoie lqngooge coorses.
2a The oniversitg libnorg provides fnee iniennef occess for students.
b The onivensitg libnong gives free intennei occess for stodenfs.
We useJbin to talk about becoming a member of something, such as a club:
I try to stay healthy, so I'ue joined a gym.
We vse attend to tdkabout going regutarly to a class, course, school or university:
We had the chance to attend a presentatiott skills workshop. (not jei*)
We also qttend aL organised event, such as a conference, meeting or church service:
The Prime Minister altend,ed q. rrcmorial seruice for tlu uictims.
We usually use go to ilrstead of attend iD more informal writing and speech:
Are you going to this afternoon's lecture? (notat+e*di+19)

We use prouid,e to talk about making something available for people to use. We use it
especially about services supplied by the government, a company or other organisation:
One of the roles of tlrc state is to providp a bosic education.
We need to provide better facilities for uisitors.
The tourist office prouides uisitors with helpful infonnation.
Glze is usually used in more informal contets or when one person physically gives
something to someone else:
The Red Cross gave the most malnolLrished childten high-energy drinlcs.

All team members are

expected to join daily
training sessions.

All team members are expected

Underline the best verb to complete the sentences.

1 All employees have the opportunity to join/attend I'l training courses.
2 The council should giuelprouidebetter public sewices for local residents,
3 He is due to golattend ameeti\ginMlJnich tomorrow.
4 YolJwillbe giuen/prouifud a coloured wristband when you arrive.
5 She encouraged wotke$ to joinlattend the trade union.
6 The university website giues/prouides information for overseas students.
7 1 went to/attended a great party on Saturday night.
B Canyo! giue/prouide me any information about tou st attmctions in the area?
Verb collocations

Tick the correct sentence in each pair'

1a Theg h,rve node o lot of progness in imPnoving working conditions'
b Theg hove ochieve<l o ot of prog.ess in ioProving wonking condiiions'
2a Poon diet in childhood con hove o long-iern effecl on heollh'
b Poon diei in childhood cdn leove o long-tenm effecf on heoilh'

There are many common verb + noun combinations (collocanozs) in English:

make progress: I think the team haue made progress this season'
make an impression: It is important to make a Sood frrst impression'
make a difference: We belieue we cqn make a differcnce to children's liues'
make someonelsomethinghappylcomfortable/effectiue, etc.: The system cnn be improued
to make it tnore eJfectiue.
haue an effect: This incident Luill hque a negatiue eifect on touristn'
haue time: Retired people haue more time to spend on their hobbies
haue a(n) aduantagelbenertt: Tba is belieued to haue health benertts'
giue q(ru) reasonlexplanation: He didn't giue any explanatioll
giue someone a(n) chancelopportuniq/: Giue her a chance to explain first'
deal with a problemlsituation: There arc seueral problems we need to deol uith'
commit a crime: She proued that he dirln't commit the crime'

Can you make me

one reason why I
shou d give it back?

Complete the sentences t'ith an appropriate form of one of the verbs above'
1 His manager agreed to ............. ............. him one final chance.
2 The police are hained to ..............,............ such emergency situations'
3 Itriedrestartingthecomputer,butitdidnt......................anydifference'
4 There was a rise in the number of violent crimes .... ............... ...... in the city last year'
5 Working mothers often don't ... .... ......... ....... time to cook fresh meals'
6 Both plans ........................... their advantages and disadvantages'
7 This new treatment will ...............,........... life easier for asthma sufferers'
B His mother's death ........................... a profound effect on him
 "When I first (1) attende joined the club, obvioush', I wanted to
(2) make.harc a good impression on the coach. I hope that if I train
hard, he'll (3) givc/let me a chance to play in the first team. But I'm
(4) be,Aemg rcalistic about things - I know it takes time to rcach the top."

"l\,ly wife's 6 months pregnant and l'm really looking forward lo (5) be/being
a father. When she first told me she (6) was havin{has a baby, it was a bit
of a shock; I knew it would (7) have/make a huge effect on our lives. But
now l've got used to the idea, I (8) 'm/'n bein{ really excited about itl'

"l was quite surprised when we were (9\ given/provided our

timetables at the start of term. We only have to (1o) attend/go to
six [ectures a week, so we $t\ have/spend ptenty of time to do
other stuff, The course so far has been really interesting and
quite chatlenging without (12) been/beingtoo tough."

Lrample:
the children be usecl to have structrrre their dav

1 I usuall)' grab sandn ich lunchtime rather than have cooked meal
2 not take room without have look first
3 building have smoke alarms ever\,room
4 he not give reason for be late
5 she be quite slr-v and she not really like be in tlle spotligbt
6 the _young rnums enjov have chat \'vhile chiJdren pla_v
7 \,illagers not have access clean u,ater or health cate
I there be advallt.rges be palt ol organised tour group

4it
Edit the text below. There are l0 mistakes fuNolving the form ofverbs or choice of
verbs. Find them and correct them.

MAKC

FOREIGN NURSES EOA BAD IIV|PRESSION ON PATIENTS

Nuces joining their annual conference Also many foreign nurses are not
yesterday called 0n the Health Service to provided proper training in language and
give better support for nurses recruited cultural differences and they are often
from overseas who come to work in the not equipped to manage the problems
UK, they face with patients. They sometimes
don't know how to talk about sensitive
Although nurses from abroad are being issues without to be rude or too difect.
highty trained, they often find that UK Many newly-arrived nurses said that the
hospitals are having different working hints and advice they received from
practices and, in some cases, they are colleagues give a big difierence and
not used to
have same the become it easier to fit in.
responsibilities.

Check for yourself. Complete the sentences below using the correct form
of
"r4ke'
dictionary
have or give, If necessary, check the underlined noun in a good Iearnels
to lind the correct collocation.
1 I think the department has .. .............. ........ a good sla{ to the year'
2 He didnt ........................... much success in percuading her to stay'
3 Lots of people ........................... lunch at their desk, usually just a quick sandwich'
4 It! a good way for children to ............. .......... new ftiends'
5 This sort of behaviour ............ ............. the school a bad 4a!oq'
6 We have some important decisions to ....... .. " about the future of the
business,
7 My parents ........................... me a UIt to the airport'
B I'll ........................... a lgod with the receptionist about it'
9 George ........................... a nasty comment about her hair'
10 I'll ........................... you a riEg next week and we can arrange a time to meet'

44
Commonly confused nounsl haDits, custorns and practices

1 Tick the correct sentence in each pair,

1a As o tounist goo shoold show respect lor locoi behovioon
b As o too|ist goo shoold show respeci fol. ocol costons.
2a Theg encouroge the procfice of leochens neoding dlodd fo goong childnen
b Theg encounoge the hobit of teochers reoding olood io goung childnen

A habi, is something a person does regularly in a particular way as part of their

everyday life, often without thinking about it:
Afier a while, separuting rubbish for recycling just becomes q habit.
People's eating habits haue changed. Families no longer eat meaLs together.

A cusrom is something people in a particular country or ofa particular religious or

ethnic group do because it has been part of their culture or way of life for many years:
He studied Maori culture and custofirs,
The custom of decorating eggs goes back hundreds of years.

A practice is a method of doing something which is usually used, especially in a

particular country industry etc. In this sense, practice is a countable noun.:
The report condemned the practice of keeping prisoners in chains.
Modern egricultural practices are to blame for the decline in wild flowers.

Someone's behauiour is the way they behave generally or on a particular occasion.

Behauiour is lJst\ally an uncountable noun and has no plural form:
Tlxe appallirug behauiour of a minority of fans ruined the euent for eueryone.

2 Correct the mistake below,

It is a British habit for a man to carry

his new wife into thek new home.

It is

3 Underline the best noun to complete each of the sentences below.

1 The people of the island are proud of their history and customslbehauiours.
2 It is now a commo]f, practicelcustom to allow calculators in maths lessons.
3 Parents need more control over their children's viewing habitslpractice.
4 In accordance with Muslim cusromlhabir, he was buried within hours ofhis death.
5 He's picked up s ome bad. behauiourslhaDits from his new friends.
6 We hope to end the habit/practice ol employing children to work in the mines.
7 It is sometimes difficult to keep local hqbitslcustoms alive in a global age.
B Shonld you reward children for good behauiourlhqbit?
Commonly confused nouns: effect, influence and impact

1 Tick the correct sentence in each pair.

1a Chonges io the exom forrnot could hove o senioos infloence on condidotes
b Chonges io the exom formot coold hove o serioos effect on condidotes
2a 1t i6 difficuli to ossess the inpoct ol fhe disosfer on toonisrn'
b It is di{ficu{i to ossess ihe exient of the disosten on toorism
An inlluence is something which causes people to think or behave in a different way:
people'
we need to leam more about the influence of uiolent computer games on young
Our experiences have a huge influence on our personality

An efec, is what happens to someone or something as a result olsomething else:

qnd unborn baby'
Research has shown the harmful effecx of stress on the mother
The new resort has had a benqlicial effect on locql businesses (nolqeeHe)
* Remember, ei&c, is a noun. The verb fotrr, is qffect'
Homes on the west coast were most seriously affected W the hurricane'

An impact is a powerful effect of something, especially something new on a person or

situation:
we need to look at the enuironmerutal impact of the new dam'
Recent aduances haue had a massiue impact on the personal compltter industry'

'Ihe to talk about the results, often bad, of an action:

word, consequel?ces is also used
Cltildrcn need to be taught about the consequences of doing wrong'
He belieues that the 24 7 society has negatiue consequences for family life'

We're very worried about the efiects

of transport policy for wildlife.

3 Are these sentences right or wronS? Correct those which are wrong'
1 The working environment can have an effect in the health of the workforce'
2 Water pouution has a paticularly harmful influence on fish'
3 We see the impact of religion on &ess and customs.
4 The new regulations will have a huge impact on the computer industry
5 Many peopte are concerned about the efforts of violent films'
6 Cetebrities have to be aware of the influence they make on young people'
7 Alcoholism can have a devastating affect on family life'
B What is the social impact of such a proiect?
Commonly confused nouns: time words

1 Tick the correct sentence in each pair.

1a The effecfs will onlg be seen oven o long dofqtion.
b The eflects will onlg be seen oven o long period of tirre.
2a Monogens ore expected to wonk fon long time.
b Monogers ore expecied io wonk long hours.

We use hours to talk about the time during a day or week when something usually
happens, especially the time when someone works or when something is open;
working hours ofr.ce hours opening hours
Most nannies work long hours for low pay. (= they work many houls a day)

We use peiod or period of time to talk about a particular length of time:

Sales rose by 20a,4 ouer a six-month period,louer a peiod of sLt monthl
Sportsmen can earn a lot of money, but only for a. relatiuely short period of time,

We ruse duration in formal writing to talk about how long something lasts:
Mqke sure that your uisa is uqlid for the duration ofyour stay.

The timing of something is when it happens within the context of other events;
He said, thc timing of the announcement is not related to next week's boarul meeting.

Iime is also used in a number o[ common expressions:

How do people spend their spare time/free time/lpisure time?
We spent most of the tirte on the beach. (not ffiert4lkeiiffier)
We hauen't seen each other for a long titne. (not fa+-lo*g#)

2 Cofiect the mistake below

IssIm 0[GI
10alll - 5[m iailY
Excuse me, Can
r!itui lrtlillll0r
you tell me the
museum timings?

Excuse me. Can vou tell me

3 Complete the sentences using one of the words above in each gap.
1 It will take a long ........................... to repai all the damage.
2 The rate fell $adually over the ........................... from 1990 to 2000.
3 Passengers are not pemitted to smoke for the ........................... of the flight.
4 Ofnce ........................... are from 9.00am to 5.30pm.
5 Many have criticised the ........................... of the referendum.
6 He spends a lot of his spare ........................... in the garden.
7 He built up his reputation over a ........................... of time,
B We are sometimes asked to work extra ........................... at weekends.
TEST 9

These are all things which British people do. Which arc c ustoms' habits or practices?
Label them C, H or P.
1 Peopte usuatly wear black at a funeral.
2 People often drink coffee with their brealfast.
3 Families have a decorated fir tree in thet house at Christmas.
4 Banks charge customen to cancel a cheque.
5 People dip biscuits in their tea before eating them.
6 Most police ofiicers dont carry guns.
7 People say "Bless you!" when someone sneezes.
I Young children are vaccinated against a number of diseases.
2 Complete the texts below with one preposition in each gap.

The practice (1) ............. planting trees to offset

the impact (2) .............. the environment
(3) .............. carbon emissions from flights has
been criticized by environmental groups. They say
that trees planted now will take many years t0 grow
and their benetits will only be noticed (4) ..........
a very long period oftime. The effects (5)..............
pollution from aircraft are, ftowever, immediate.

Floods are a regular occurrence on the Danube at this time (6) ... . .,.... the year,
but this spdng, the river has reached record levels. Thousands of people in
Bulgada and Romania have had to be evacuated from areas affected (7) '" '
the floods. The impact (8) .............. agdculture in the region has also been severe'
Although floods have always been a natural part of life, many believe that the
curreni levels of flooding are a consequence (9) . human intervention'
The practice (10) .............. building on flood plains especially means that excess
water has nowhere to go.

4a
3 Match the two halves ofthe sentences.
I There will be an inquiry into the behaviour of the time'
2 People dont rcatise the health consequences of the police at the march
3 Tourists arent familiar with the American custom of healy drinking'
4 The shop was shut do&'n for the duration of trade unions'
5 You should try to get out of the habit of his resiSnation'
6 The report assesses the potential impact of five to ten years'
7 We have seen the increasing political influence of tipping 157n in restalrlants'
B He works away from home most of adding salt to your food'
9 You pay the loan off gradually over a period ofthewar
10 Many were surp sed by the timing of climate change'

4 The paragraph below contains 10 errors. Edit the text by finding and correcting
the
errors.
o\.er
The effects to employees ofworking for long hours can be very serious' especially
a scale ol time. Businesses need to look at whether their working practises encoulage
and for
overwork. we should consider the impact oflong working times on health
family tife. Children whose parents are at work most of the times really miss out'
\A/herl parents have very Iittle ftee-time to spend with their family, children often
develop problems with their behaviours and get into bad habits' It is easy
for children
to get out of control because their busy parents leave very little influence on them'

5 Choose the best adiective from the box to complete the sentences' Use a
good
learner's dictionary to check any collocations you are not sure about'

common annoying unsocial knock-on

sedous big harmful bad

Cuts to the service could have .... ...................... consequences for disabled
people
I
2 Nurses are often expected to work ............. ............. hours'
People claim the cartoon series is a ... ............... .. influence on young
3 people'
4 Always wear sun cream to avoid the .............. ........... effects of the sun'
5 The congestion charge has had a .. ........................ impact on traffic flow in the ciry
6Itis...........................pmcticetoincludea10%servicechargeonthebill.
7 She has the ........................... habit of tapping her pen on the desk'
B The rise in oil prices will have a .......................... effect on other industries'

4*
Using nouns: appearance and communication

1 Tick the correct sentence in each pair'

1 a Poblic ori con hove o consideroble effecf on the ootlook r:f poblic spoces'
b Pob,lic ort con hove o considenoble eflect on the oppeononce of Pub'lic sPoces'
2 a We need befter comn(,micotions between porenfs ond ieochers'
b We need betler communicotlon between porents ond ieochens'
perso rls appearance is t}fe way
Tbe appearance of something is the way it looks and a
they look (their face, body, hair, etc.) and the way they dress:
of
Artificial ingredients are sometimes added to eruhance the taste or appearance food'
Many yourug women spend a lot of time on their appea'rance' (not +Wpearefiee')
etc' but not their clothes:
A person's looks refers to how atffactive they are - their face'
Sie had gone grey and lost her looks, (= she was not as attractive as belbre)
A person! o&rloolc is the way they think about their life and the
futue:
day qt a time'
The acciclent completely changed her outlook on life' She enioys each

Communicationisanuncountablenounandreferstotheactoftalkingtopeople:
job requircs excellent communication skilk'
The
Email is now our main means of communication (t'totfreet+-of€eYtq'aaaice+ie*\
Communications (ptural) refers to all the methods of sending information' for
example bytelephone, email, post, etc.;
They produce mobile phones and other communications equipment'

' I don't think You

should iudge PeoPle
on their appearances.

Underline the correct words.

1 In a digital age, fa ce-to'face communicationlcommunica'ions is still important'
z n"', ,uthu, and doesnt pay much attention to his appmrancellooks'
"ctrfB, thar, il the past'
3 People spend more money on their heaTth and beauty/appearance
business'
4 Good communicationlcommunications are essential for a successful
5 He denied that he got the film contract just because of his looklappearances'
6 She's verydifferent from her sister in outlookllook a,nd attiildes'
7 Dont be put offby the external appeqrancellook of the building'
in remote areas'
8 Mobiles are now a vital means of corzmunicationlcommunic4'ions
Using nouns and adjectives: male ot men?

1 Tick the correct sentence in each pair.

1a There one now more opportonities for femoies within lhe police senvice.
b Thene one now mone opportctnifies lon women within the police service.
2a The chorl shows the nclmber of hoons worked bg men ond women emplogees.
b The chort shows the nrlmber of hoi-rns wonked bg rnole ond fenole enrplogees.

Male and female carr be used as nouns, but tley are only used in very formal or
technical u,Titing, or when talking about animals rather than people;
The ntale tree fTog sings to attract a female.

In most spoken and written contexts, we use the nouns m azlm en or woman/women'.
Nursing and teaching degrees still attract more women thqn men.
The life expectancy for an auerage ,nan in SLuitzerland is 77 years.

Male and female are used as adjectives in wdtten and spoken English:
We haue a roughly equal number of ruale and female students.
All the candid&tes oru the shortlist were male.
In informal conve$ation, people sometimes use woman or lzdy before another noun
instead of female. Some people do not like lady used in this way:
a woman/latly doctor a woman/lady golfer q woruan driuer
She u)as the rtrsL Luoman presi.d,ent oJ lrelq.nd.

2 Correct the mistake below I think females can

do all kinds of jobs.

I think

3 Complete the sentences using ,nar€ fetnale, man, men, woman ot woruen.
,

1 On average, women earn 30 percent less than their ........................... colleagues.

2 ........................... and ........................... managers bring different skills to their position.
3 The competition is open to both ........................... and .......
4 Women sometimes prefer to see a ,............,,............ doctor.
5 She marded a ........................... who was twenty years her senior.
6 The ........................... lays her eggs in a hole in the sand.
7 Mrs Thatcher was the first ........................... Pdme Minister in the UK.
8 Children who do not live with their father do not have a strong ........................... role
model.
Using nouns and adiectivesz Britain, Britr'sfi or Bfiton?

1 Tick the correct sentence in each pair.

1 a The nrosi popcrlon coontrg for Britons io visit in 1999 wos Fronce'
b The nost popolon cocrntrg lon Bnitish fo visii in 1999 wds Fnonce'
2 a The compong is bosed in the Thoi copitol. Bongkok'
b The coopong is bosed in the Thoilond copitol Bongkok'
To talk about things which belong to or come ftom a place, we use an adiective;
a French word Thai food. Most of the students are Asian.
UKand US (not Us,4) are sometimes used as adjectives before a noun, especially
referring to a company, a syslem or an organisation:
the llK goverrunent UK comparuies British food (rotnsually +lKJee$
the tlS legal system the LIS gouernment (not rke484€e+e+H*et+i)

The noun to refer to a person from a place is usually the same word as the adjective:
an Americqn, an Australian, a German, a Thai, an Asian' a European
Some nationalities have a different word to refer to a person from that country:
an EnglishmanlEnglishwoman, a FrenchmanlFrenchwoman' a Dutchmafi
lDutchwoman
a Dqne (Denmatk), a Fitipino (lhe P:hilippines), a Fin n
(Finland) & New Tcolander
'
a Pole (Poland), a S paniard (Spurl, a Swe.le lswed.e[), a Turk (Turkey)
Briron is often used to refer to a person ftom Britain in writing and news reports' but
in conversation we usually talk about a British personlmanlwoman'
*Therearesomecommoninformalwordsfornationalities,suchasBri',Alljsieand
Kiui. These are not appropriate in more formal I Titing'

Italy food is popular

all over the world.

popular all over the world.

Complete the gaps using the best noun or adiective for the country given'
t (Germany) This could have a sedous effect on the ....... ... " economy'
2 (Britain) Several toudsts were injured in the accident, including four '
3 (France) According to statistics, ..................... .... contributed $5 4 million in aid'
4 (sweden) Tlne average ............. .'........... drinks 7.8 kilograms of coffee a year'
5 (China)T:ne population of ............ .............. is more than 1 3 billion'
6 l\ustralia) T]ne scheme was set up by the .........,...... ..... - government'
7 (UsA) Machines selling fizzy drinks aretobe banned in all " "-- schools'
B (Afica) AIDS is the most common cause of death in many " ' countdes'
,),,
TEST 10

Complete the paragraph below wlth an appropriate noun or adiective in each

space. Add any arti cles (alanlthe) where necessary.

What do we drink?
Bottled water Carbonated soft drinks
Country Amount* Country Amount*
'1 ltaly 155 litres 1 United States 216 lltres

2 France 146.6 litres 2lreland 126 litres

3 Belgium 1 17.1 litres 3 Canada 119.8 litres

4 Switzerland 111.2 litres 4 Norway 119.8 litres

5 Germany 109.2 litres 5 Belgium 102.9 litres

6 Austria 86.5 litres 6 Austra ia 100.1 liires

7 United States 46.8litres 7 United Kingdom 96.5 litres

8 Canada 29.7 litres I Netherlands 96.1 litres
9lreland 27.1 litres I New Zealand 84.2 litres

10 United Kingdom 25.4 ltres 10 Sweden 82.4 litres

tlitres
Per Person Per Year

The tables show the amount ofbottled water and carbonated soft drinks consumed
per person per year in countries around the world. Bottled water is most popular in
iexample) ....1!4fU.................... ..... , with the average (I) .. .. " " drinking
ranks second with 146.6litres per person
I55 litres per year. (2)
In fact, the top six countries in terms of consumption ofbottled water are all
(3) . (4) and (5)
next in seventh and eighth positions, with [6) and
(7) consuming the least bottled water ofthe countries
mentioned. (B) peopte only drink an average of25 4litres of
bottled water a Year.

The country which consumes by far the greatest quantity of soft drinks per capita
is
(e) . (10) drink an average of 216 litres each
a year, that's almost double the consumption of any other country Another
(11) country (12) , comes third in the table,

while (13) ... ddnkers are ranked at number two, consuming an

average of 126litres annually. (14) ddnk approximately the same
quantity of soft ddnks as (15) that is 119.8 litres Per Year,
whereas another [16) ..................................... country (I7) only
just leatures in the top ten, with the average (18) drinking
82.4 litrcs a year The (19) and the (20)
drink similar amounts, 96.5 and 96.1 litres per year rcspectively'

53
 Complete the sentences using one of the words from the box in each gap. Use each
word only once.

appearance communication communications female

females looks oudook women

1 There has been a breakdown in ........................... between the two sides in the dispute.
2 ln 2005,127 ........................... were elected to the B tish Parliament, just i9.7% of MPs
3 A ftesh coat ofpaint can make a huge difference to the........................... ofa building
4 There needs to be better regulation of the ........................... industry in the UK.
5 There has been an increase in the proportion of ........................... politicians at a local
level.
6 He obviously gets his good ........................... from his father.
7 The ........................... are smaller and have dark brom feathers.
B I thinl travelling abroad has really broadened my .....................

3 vocabr ary extension. Countries and nationalities crossword

1 The continent including

Australia and New
Zeala\d
4 From Poland
8 A person liom the
Philippines
9 The home ofthe Dutch
II The continent
including China and
India
I3 From Switzerland
t7
Denmark
l9 The home of the
Chinese
20 A person ftom scodand
2t From the United States
22 A man from lreland
The cold area at the fal
north of the world (3,6)
Dor.rn I
I People ftom Austria
2 Another name for g
across (3,11)
3 People from Iceland
4 From Pakistan
5 From Hungary
6 The home ofthe
Nepalese
7 A person ftom Poland
10 The home ofLaotians
t2 A person ftom Spain
t4
I5 From Scotland
16 From lsrael
18

54

Z
Answer key 3 She started work for Microsoft in
luly 2005.
unit I 4 I went to universiry in Geneva in
l1b Switzerland.
2a 5 we took a taxi fromYork Station to
2 the importance ofabalanced diet the Royal York Hotel in the city
3 1 bad for l}le heart centre.
2 correct 6 This is a photo of me on Wall Street
3 benefit ftom the development of when we visited NewYork last
4 unhappy about the quality of summer,
5 correct 7 The Red Cross works throughout
6 correct the world and not rust in Third
7 depending on the standard of World countdes.
accommodation B She hopes to compete for Fmnce
8 the role of the family in the European Championships
in August.
Unit 2
I1a Test I
2b I I the concentration; the stomach
2 have an equal chance ofwinning 2 an incredibly long time
3 1 Only a small number of 3 - improvements; - quality; -
troublemakers were responsible for efficiency
the problems. 4 A high percentage
2 Computers play a very important 5 a significant number
role in education nowadays. 6 a sharp decline; the proportion of
3 She can't afford to study on a full- 7 the extended family
time basis. B to a certain extent
4 Teenagerc should be allowed a 9 a basic education
greater degree of fteedom. I0 the recruitment of
5 They have a slightly differenr 11 the significance of
approach to studfng. 12 - excellent communication skills
6 We had a one-week intensive 2 14December 1950; throughout the
training course. world; in the resolution of; in Geneva,
7 There has been a gradual increase Switzerland; the organisation; safeguard
in the number of thefts. the dghts; A larye proportion; in the
8 They offer quite a wide variety of Third World; in Africa and Asia; in
coulses. Europe and the United States
unit 3
3 1 Odile is French. She was born ln
Lyon on 21 September, 1968. She
l1a
moved to Bdtain 20 years ago and
2a
2 HeathrowAirport on 12th ]anuary at nowhas B tish citizenship. She
speaks English fluently but she stilt
5.30 in the morning
has quite a strong French accent.
3 1 Visitors to China should remember
not to give a clock as a present.
2 These customs are common in
Muslim countries such as Saudi
Arabia.
 2 Corinne lives with her husband, Unit 6
Steve, near Melbourne, Australia. r lb
Steve is Australian but Corinne has 2a
a German mother and an American 2 dog's looking really bored. \Vhere's its
father. She was born in the United lead?
States and met Steve while they 3 I It's;
someonel 5 dont
were both working in Europe. 2 carlt 6 Let's
3 Andrd is a travel photo$apher. He 3 thats 7 isn't
lives in Switzerland but he spends a 4 government's 8 who's
large part of the year travelling
Test 2
around the world. Last surnmer, he
went on a long trip to South America
I an energy crisis and, undoubtedly, one
of the keys; It isnt, however, as
to photograph ancient Inca temples.
straightforward; Firstly, we need .,.; We
4 1 The council wants to encourage the
could look, for exarnple, at ways; Many
development of new businesses.
measures, such as roof insr ation and
2 His main role is to assess the quality
double-glazing, are often; Moreover,
of seryice for/to customers.
many poor people; houses which
3 There has been an increase in the
aren't as easy; Secondly, it's much
transportation ofgoods by road.
easier; However, for a developing
4 \\4lether mothers return to work
country; In conclusion, we can say;
often depends on the availability of
some will, lnevllably, need help.
childcare.
5 Many of the changes are due to the
2tif 5 whether
growth oftourism in the region.
2 who's 6 For example
3 when 7 its
Unit 4 4if B whether
l rb 3 I is, ofcourse, slower
2b 2 people, especially single parents,
2 whether I should call him or wait for these dses will cause
him to call me 3 are, however, alternatives to surgery
3 1 whether 5if 4 people, such as those in flats,
2 when 6 whether compost bins are
3 when 7 it 5 are, therefore, a number of
4 whether B when precautions we would
or are a number ofprecautions,
Unit 5
therefore, we would
I la or are a number ofprecautions we
2b would, therefore,
2 Inevitably, there's always 6 are, to a certain extent, responsible
3 1 if, for example, you forget . ..
for
2 To sum up, Idlike... or are responsible, to a certain
3 Statistics can, howeve! be extent, for
misleading.
4 countries, such as Bangladesh, are ...
7 people, for instance. are more
!'ulnerable to
5 furrhermore, not everyone ...
I delays are, unfortunately,
6 Contact sports, like rugby, will
or delays, unfortunately, are
inevitably ...
? no changes needed
B We will, olcourse, reimburse...
4 1 whether 5 its Test 3
2 obviously 6 when I express my dissatisfactlon; standard of
3 It'S 7rf accommodation; I received; booked a
4 However B like non-smoking double room; a rather
inpollte receptionisu it was a fffth-
Unit 7
floor room; the Iift was out of order.
1lb Even though I had a number of heary
2a bags, nobody offered; Moreover, when;
2 more practice before you take your test the incorr€ct key; found someone to
31believe exchange; cramped and ill-equipped,
2 government;environmental
with no phone; on your website.
3 hygiene
2 1 time-saving devices
4 no errors
2 well-equipped/tully-equipped
5 benefit; countries
kitchens
6 progmmmes
3 a mther sho -tempered man
7 proportion; achieve
4 a z0o-year-old casde
I no errors
5 a short-lived ceasefire
Unit B 6 a 5-year pdson sentence
1lb 1 programmes
2b 2 lifestyle
2 talk face-to-face nowadays 3 fully-trained
3 1 ... said theywerc satisfied, whereas 4 twenty-five
only 60% of men ... 5 practise
2 clean and everything was neatly... 6 full-size
3 no erfors 712-month
4 ... the health and well-being of all 8 dependent
our residents. t Good-looking, easy-going, 3o-year-
5 rlo errors old man seeks well-educated young
6 ... rcsearch into the lifespan of woman.
people living in the countr,.side. 2 Attractive, well-equipped, tvvo-
7 Maybe leaming a foreign Iarguage .. . bedroom holiday cottage set in
I ... runs twenty-six hostels spread breath-taking countryside. Non-
throughout the country smokers only please.

Unit I 3 Treat yourselfto a one-to-one

consultation with one of our fullv-
Ila qualified beauty therapists for
2b professional advice on your make-
2 that's a bit inappropriate/unsuitable up and hairstyle.
for ajob interview
3 1 30-year 4 Fed up with overcrowded, overpriced
resorts? 1(4ry not try a weekend break
2 inexpensive in Sofia? Check our website for
3 well-educated details of inexpensive, two-day
4 single-storey breats in Bulgaria's historic capital.
5 hard-working
6 well-balanced Unit 10
7 weekJong l1a
B unsuitable 2l)
 2 on his website, he left the club for Test 4
personal leasons llof 9on
3 1 Young people copy (the) role 2of I0 on
models they see on television. 3in 11 on
2 The band (have) cancelled the/their 4of 12 of
performance for personal reasons. 5in 13 for
3 The building is/was closed to the 6in 14 on
public due to safety concerns. 7in 15 on
4 The Prime Minister appeared last 8in 16 of
night on a BBC current affairs 2 a dramatic increase in the number;
programme. look on the internet; deals on lheir
5 She didn't give a reason for being websites; facilities for their passengers;
late. a few euros on a flight; reduction in the
6 Many people now book (their) cost; explosion in the number; growth
holidays on the internet. of/in air travel; changes in patterns;
7 They spend eight hours a/per day investment in many regional airports
working on a computer. 3 1 reduction of25yo I a 25% rcdu.ction
B Then an efior message suddenly in (the number of) in uries
appeared on the/my screen. 2 a great deal ofvariation in the
availability of this treatment from
Unit 11
one region to another,
I la 3 a dse of40% / a 40% dse in house
2a prices
2 do you spend a month on hair 4 reach a peak ofaround 30'C in
products
summer
3 1 ... spend huge sums on advetising. 5 (to make) improvements in
2 ... provide customers witlr better compuler access for students
information ...
3 ... a problem I think you can help 6 more/greater investment in stalf
training
me with.
4 ... to increase investment in 4 1 My main reason for giving up my
car was environmental.
education.
5 ... the provision of more special
2 lmprovemenrs in locai public
transport mean that I just dont
Ianes for cyclists.
need a car.
6 .. . no facilities provided for
3 I decided to get rid of my car for a
passengers with ...
number of different reasons.
7 Spending on photographic film ...
4 It wasnt economic to run a car any
B ... to help guests with their bags.
more due to the high cost of fuel.
Unit 12 5 I found I was spending too much
I Ia money on repairs.
2b Unlt l3
2 a sudden surge in ice cream sales r lb
31in sin 2a
2of 6in 2 oldogs said they preferred Woofies
3in 7of 3 1 France has the greatest number
4of Bin with 12 million ...

58
 2 ... fluctuated between 3.5 and 4%. I Three-quarterc ofcustomers ,..
3 ..- 18,000lEn at the curent 10 ... rates of pay ...
exchaEge rate. 3 1 The chan shows the percentage of
4 . . . on\' availa.ble for the UK. employees who/that work late
5 canwt approximately three days per/a week.
6 @nwt 2 The figures show the average
7 ... least popular destination with number of days holiday for skilled
oDlv 6% of flights. and unskilled workers,
8 12% of iDteriewees .-- 3 The rate of tooth decay dropped (by)
ten percent between 1980 and 1990.
Unit 14
r 1b 4 We can see that two-thirds of
children watch more than four
hours oftelevision a/per day.
2 the proportioo of an average day
3 I percentage 5 proportion 5 Zurich is/was/comes second in the
table of the most er?ensive
2 ulemploynent 6 crime European cities.
3 diagra.E 7 percentage 6 The first graph compares the
4 percent 8 graph percentages of single-parent
Unit l5 families in/for different income
r 1b Sroups.
2a 4 Mouement or trend upwqrds: boost,
2 reaches a peak in July jump, gain, soar, peak, surge, rocket
3 I rose Mouement or trend downwards:
2 see downturn, trough. halve, shrink,
3 reached plummet, slump, diminish
4 compares orshows Slow change: gradttally, steady
5 illustrates or shows Fast change: dtarrLatically, sharp, steep,
6 suggest orshow rapid
7 dropped orfell
8 reduce Unit 16
r lb
Test 5 2a
I 1 bar chart 8 in 2 in the number of buttedies this year
2 compares 9 rate 3 I ... has ahe Iowest number of
3 for 10 fetl people ...
4 see 11 pie cha 2 ... about the amount of time ...
5 with 12 percentage 3 ... at the number of customers ...
6 drops 13 comes 4 ... compared the amount ofleisure
7 $apb 14 percent time...
2 I ...between2000and2005. 5 ... generate a large arnount of
2 ... teachers at a.ll levels. money ..,
3 ... mtes of pay for wolkers ... 6 ... show the totalnumberof
4 ... only 57o of senior posts ... overseas students...
5 ... the survey wit\ a75V. ... 7 . .. measured the average number of

6 ... proportion of the overall budget... times ...

7 ... sing at a rale o[ l,Bmm ... I ... do the same amount of work ...
8 ... the dataforLondon...
59
Ilnit l7 2,.. in conffast to 78 Years inthe UK,
r lb 79 in France and nearly B1 in Japan.
2b 3 ... is no comparison between
2 compared with/to my last dog mountain biking and track cycling.
3 1 ... compared to 64.6 million in 2006. 4 ... made/dra\,\'n a comparison
2 carrect between them and the Beatles.
3 ln comparison with other writers ... 5 ... In the USA, on the other hand,
4 There is no comParison between students work their way through
watching ... co11ege.
5 ...comparedto62%... 4 in comparison with/to other EU
6 ... by males than (bY) females countries; income in tax compared with
-l correct only 29.7%; almost halfthat ofworke$
B ... when comparedto Maudtius ... in Germany; In contrast, Scodald;
Compared with/to those living in other
unit l8 regions; the highest
lla proportion/percentage of people ftom
2a non-white ethnic groups; 29 percent of
2 in contmst/on the other hand, prefers its population, compared with B percent
Iess energetic hobbies 5 ] IAII 6 direct
3 1 in contast 2 increasin8 7 large
2 on the contuary 3 marked B enormous
3 in contrast to 4 Iimited I stark
4 contuast between 5 same 10 certain
5 on the other hand / in contrast
6 in contrast to unit l9
7 in contrast / on the other hand 1la
B on the other hand 2b
2 werc meant to come in evening dress
Test 6 3l clothing 5 times
I 1 amount 2 countries 6 equipment
2 in contrast 3 experience 7 advertising
3 compares 4 software B transport
4 number
5 in contrast to Unit 20
6 in compa son with 11a
7 amount
B compared to 2 love playing with the animals
2 1 The sample ,.. boYs and girls. 3 1 allows 5 receives
2 They are expected ... calls per hour' 2 eat, need 6 are
3 The job ... travellin8. 3 mean 7 vades
4 There is only... space available. 4 is B have
5 We try .,. damage to the Unit 2l
environment. 1rb
6 There are ... players in each team. 2a
3 I ... arelativelylowcrimeratein 2 sharc them with Your sister
compadson with/to other European
countdes.
3 I :-.. 4 C: computer, hour, aspect, nation, job
2 .'. U: advice, accommodation, potential,
3 .: heating, paperwork
l,nlt 22
Test ; 1lb
I I r- 2a
2 to having a place of my oum
3 1 are 5 was having
. : :: as 2 being 6 has or had
5 equif- l0 countries 3 have orhad 7 being
2 Rese-rl b $otm; young chil&en 4 being B having
find it eai- Ieamiug new languages Unit 23
is Eore diffo E but it is certainly not
11b
impossiblg and become fluent 2a
speakEs lh best t4hing methods 2 to attend daily training sessions
Inmaryutfuclmties, obesity 3 1 attend 5 join
aEoEg dftE[ b increasin$ overweiSht 2 provide 6 provides
chil&m bG douHed; Some people 3 attend 7 went to
b€li: fil,t ctiHrcn are getting fatter; 4 given 8 give
eatiDg too mrch fist food; argue that
Unit 24
thef ae lrot gEfiing enough exercise, l1a
New technologr allows us; other
informathq ouline; newspapers are 2 give me one reason why I should give it
necessary or whether they will soon back
disappea.c news websites which are 3I give 5 have
updated; neirq)apers still continue to 2 deal with 6 have
be printed and people continue to buy 3 make 7 make
them 4 committed 8 had
3 1 ... the main toudst atEactions are
Test B
least crowded
2 I l ioined 7 have
... your cormtr,v has a hot climate - 2 mate B 'm
uerb form correct 3 grve 9 given
3 Is the weather hot ...
4 being l0 go to
4 What sort of &Gss is appropdate . . .
5 being 11 have
5 ... womencover theirheads- rerb
6 was having 12 being
form correct 2 1 I usually grab a sandwich at
6 ... women cover theirheads and
lunchtime rather than have a
wear clothing ...
cooked meal.
7 ... clothine which covers their arms
2 Dont tale a/the room without
and legs
having a look first.
8 ... Egl,?tian cookins uses a lot of
3 The buitding hasi buildings have
spices
smoke alarms in every room.
g ... many dishes contain meat
10 ... any websites which have
4 He didn t give a/ any reason for
being late.
information
 She is/She's quite shy and she 7 ... a devastating effect on ...
doesnt really like being in the I correct
spotlight.
Unit27
The young mums enjoy having a
chat while the/their children
r 1b
play/are playing.
2b
The villagers dont have access to
2 the museum opening hours
clean water or health care.
3I time 5 timing
There are advantages to being part
2 period 6 time
of an organised tour group.
3 dumtion 7 period
3 Nurses attending their annual
4 hours B hours
conference; Health Service to provide Test I
better support; nurses from abroad are I I C 5H
highly trained; UK hospitals have 2H 6P
different working practices; they are 3C 7C
not used to having the same 4P BP
responsibilities; many foreign nurses 21of 6of
are not provided with/given proper 2on 7by
taining; not equipped to deal with the 3of Bon
problems; without being rude; ftom 4 over 9 of
colleagues made a big difference and 5of l0 of
made it easier to fit in. 3 1 There will be ... of the police at the
4 1 made 6 make march.
2 have 7 gave 2 People don t . . . of hear,y drinl<ing.
3 have I have 3 Toudsts aren't... of tipping 15% in
4 make I made restaurants.
5 gives 10 give 4 The shop ... ofthewar.

unit 25
5 You should ... of adding salt to your
food-
t lb 6 The report... of climate change,
2a 7 We have -.. oftrade unions.
2 a British custom for a man to carry his
8 He works ... of the time,
new wife into their new home
3I customs 5 habits
9 You pay ... of Iive to ten years.

2 practice 6 practice
l0 Many were ... ofhis resignarion,

3 habits 7 customs
4 The effects on employees; working fer
long hours can; over a period of time;
4 .Ustom B trehaviour
working practices encourage; long
Unit 26 working hours on health and on family
r lb life; most of the time really; litde &ee
2a time to spend: problems with their
2 Ore effects of tmnsport policy on witdlife behaviour and get into bad habits;
3 1 ... have aneffectonthehealth.,. parents have very litde influence
2 ... harmful effect on fish. 5 1 serious 5 big
3 ... the inlluence of religion ... 2 unsocial 6 common
4 cotrect 3 bad 7 annoying
5 . the effects of violent films.
.. 4 harmft B knock-on
6 ... the influence theyhave on,..
62
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank her colleagues and students at Bdstol University
Language Centre for bringing many ofthese mistakes to life.

The author and publishers are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce
coplright material. While every effort has been made, it has not always been possible
to identi! the sources of all the material used, or to trace the copyright holders. If any
omissions are brought to our notice, we will be happy to include the appropriate
acknowledgements on reprinting.

For the logo UNHCR on p.B: used by kind permission ofthe UN High Commissioner for
Refugees; for the texts on p.23: 'Birth rates continue to rise' and 'Spending on books
dwarfed by ICT', used by permission ofbbc.co.uk; for the text on p.53: '\4trat do we
drink?', statistics used by permission of NationMaster.com.

Illustuated by Julian Mosedale

The Cambridge Learner Corpus

This book is based on information ftom the Cambddge Leamer Corpus, a collection of
over 90,000 exam papers from Cambidge ESOL. It shows real mistakes students make,
and highlights which parts ofEnglish cause particular problems for learners.

The Cambddge Learner Corpus has been developed jointly with the University of
Cambddge ESOL Examinations and foms part of the Cambridge International Corpus.

To find out more, visit

wr,r.lv.cambridge.org/elt/corpus

64
Common mistakes at IELTS Advanced
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