ADVANCED STRUCTURAL

ANALYSIS
Stiffness Method and Dynamic Analysis

NOVEMBER 12, 2019

DANIEL CURUT
N0820876
Question 1
The rigidity joined frame shown in fig Q1 has members of varying bending stiffness’s.
Values of L= 5 m, α= 1.7, W= 40kN and w= 18kN/m, are to be used.

i. Use the stiffness method to obtain the bending moment diagram.

ii. Use PROKON software to obtain the bending moment diagram.
iii. Compare the results and comment on the discrepancies between the manual and
electronic analyses.

2 5
4

3
Answer Q1.
We start with calculating:
1. The degree of structural indeterminacy (q), q=3*(m-j) +r-h, where:
m = number of members, m =5;
j = number of joints, j=6
r = number of support reactions, r = 10
h = number of hinges, h=0
For the above values: q=3*(5-6) +10-0 => q= 7
The structure has 7 degree of statically indeterminacy, we need 7 more equations to completely
analyse the structure.
2. The degree of kinematic indeterminacy (k), k=3*j-d=3*j-r
j = number of joints, j=6
d = r = number of support reactions, d = r = 10
For the above values k= 3*6-10 = 8
The structure has 8 degree of freedom (DOF):
Unknowns: θ2, u3, v3, θ3, θ4, u5, v5, θ5.
However by assuming inextensible members, no-sway frame, than u3, u5, v3, and v5, can be ignored.
By concluding modified stiffness for two end pines member,then we can do the structure without
θ2 and θ4. Hence we can deal with θ3, θ5 , 2 unknown to solve the whole structure.
3. Define the vector force {F} and displacement vector {∆}
𝑀3 θ3
Force vector {𝐹} = { } And displacement vector {∆} = { }
𝑀5 θ5
4. Determine force vector
Moment at joint 3:
𝐸𝐼 𝛼𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝛼𝐸𝐼
Mj3 = Mj1 + Mj2 +Mj3 + Mi4= [ (4𝜃1 + 2𝜃3) + 3𝜃3 + 3𝜃3 + (4𝜃3 + 2𝜃5)]
2.5𝐿 2𝐿 2𝐿 2𝐿
𝐸𝐼 1 3𝛼 3 𝛼
Mj3 = [2.5 (4𝜃1 + 2𝜃3) + 𝜃3 + 2 𝜃3 + 2 (4𝜃3 + 2𝜃5)]
𝐿 2

For θ1 = 0
𝐸𝐼 2 3𝛼 3 4𝛼 2𝛼
Mj3 = (2.5 𝜃3 + 𝜃3 + 2 𝜃3 + 𝜃3 + 𝜃5)
𝐿 2 2 2
𝐸𝐼 2 3𝛼 3 4𝛼 2𝛼
Mj3 = [(2.5 + +2+ ) 𝜃3 + 𝜃5]
𝐿 2 2 2
𝐸𝐼 8 15𝛼 15 20𝛼 2𝛼
Mj3 = [(10 + + 10 + ) 𝜃3 + 𝜃5]
𝐿 10 10 2
 𝐸𝐼 23+35𝛼 2𝛼
Mj3 = [( ) 𝜃3 + 𝜃5]
𝐿 10 2
𝐸𝐼 23+35∗1.7 2𝛼
Mj3 = [( ) 𝜃3 + 𝜃5]
𝐿 10 2
𝐸𝐼
Mj3 = (8.25𝜃3 + 1.7𝜃5)
𝐿

Moment at joint 5:
𝛼𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
Mj5 = Mj4 + Mj5 = [ 2𝐿 (2𝜃3 + 4𝜃5) + (4𝜃5 + 2𝜃6)]
𝐿

For θ6 = 0
𝐸𝐼 𝛼
Mj5 = [ 2 (2𝜃3 + 4𝜃5) + 4𝜃5]
𝐿
𝐸𝐼
Mj5 = 𝐿 (𝛼𝜃3 + 2𝛼𝜃5 + 4𝜃5)
𝐸𝐼
Mj5 = (1.7𝜃3 + 7.4𝜃5)
𝐿

Mj3 𝐸𝐼 8.25 1.7 𝜃3

Force vector: ( )= 𝐿 ( )( )
Mj5 1.7 7.4 𝜃5
𝐸𝐼 8.25 1.7 1.65 0.34
Stiffness matrix K= 𝐿 ( )=( ) EI=1 and L=5
1.7 7.6 0.34 1.52
5. Determine fixed end moments using standard formula:
For member 1:
𝑊𝑝2.5𝐿 40∗2.5∗𝐿 100∗𝐿 100∗5
FEM1 = = = = = 62.5kNm
8 8 8 8

−𝐹𝐸𝑀1 −62.5
P1 = ( )=( )
𝐹𝐸𝑀1 62.5
For member 2:
𝐿 𝐿 2 5 5 2
2𝑊𝑝 [(2𝐿)2 −( ) ] 2∗40 [(2∗5)2 −( ) ]
2 2 2 2
FEM2 = = = 93.75kNm
2(2𝐿)2 2(2∗5)2

0 0
P2 = ( )=( )
𝐹𝐸𝑀2 93.75
For member 3:
𝑊2𝐿2 18∗(2∗5)2
FEM4 = = = 150kNm
12 12

−𝐹𝐸𝑀4 −150
P4 = ( )=( )
𝐹𝐸𝑀4 150
6. The net force on the joints:
Joint 3: M3 = -FEM1 –FEM2+FEM4 = -62.5 -93.75+150 = -6.25 kNm
Joint 5: M5 = -FEM4 = -150kNm
 𝑀3 −6.25
Force Vector: F=( )=( )
𝑀5 −150
7. Structural displacement components:
{F} = [K]{Δ}
𝜃3 0.64 −0.14 −6.25
( ) = 𝐾 −1 𝐹 = ( )( )
𝜃5 −0.14 0.69 −150
𝜃3 0.64 −0.14 −6.25
( )= ( )( )
𝜃5 −0.14 0.69 −150
𝜃3 17.35
( )= ( )
𝜃5 −102.56
8. Structural displacement components:
{F}e = [K]e{δ}+{P}e
For member 1:
𝑀1𝑖 𝐸𝐼 4 2 0 𝐸𝐼 4 2 0 −62.5 −59.72
( ) = 2.5𝐿 ( ) ( ) +P1 =2.5𝐿 ( )( )+( )=( )kNm
𝑀1𝑗 2 4 𝜃3 2 4 17.35 62.5 68.05
For member 2:
𝑀2𝑖 𝛼𝐸𝐼 0 0 0 𝛼𝐸𝐼 0 0 0 0 0
( ) = 2𝐿 ( ) ( ) +P2 = 2𝐿 ( )( )+( )= ( )kNm
𝑀2𝑗 0 3 𝜃3 0 3 17.35 93.75 102.59
For member 3:
𝑀3𝑖 𝐸𝐼 0 0 0 0
( ) = 2𝐿 ( )( ) = ( )kNm
𝑀3𝑗 0 3 𝜃3 −5.205
For member 4:
𝑀4𝑖 𝛼𝐸𝐼 4 2 𝜃3 −173.072
( ) = 2𝐿 ( ) ( ) +P4 = ( )kNm
𝑀4𝑗 2 4 𝜃5 86.1582
For member 5:
𝑀5𝑖 𝐸𝐼 4 2 0 −205.12
( )= 𝐿 ( ) ( )= ( )kNm
𝑀5𝑗 2 4 𝜃5 −410.24
9. Free moments (midspan moments):
𝑊𝑝∗2.5∗𝐿
For member 1: M1m = = 125 kNm
4
𝐿 3
2𝑊𝑝 ∗ 𝐿
2 2
For member 2: M2m = = 80 kNm
2𝐿

𝑊(2𝐿)2 18(2∗5)2
For member 4: M4m = = = 180 kNm
2𝐿 2∗5

10. Sum of bending moments:

−𝑀1𝑖+𝑀1𝑗 −(−59.702)+68.05
Member 1: M1r = − M1m = – 125 = -61.124 kNm
2 2
 −𝑀2𝑖+𝑀2𝑗 −(0)+102.59
Member 2: M2r = − M2m = – 80 = -28.705 kNm
2 2
−𝑀4𝑖+𝑀4𝑗 −(−174.072)+86.1582
Member 4: M4r = − M4m = – 180 = -49.88 kNm
2 2

Diagram, Prokon, analysis

Question 2
The two-storey frame shown in fig Q2 is such that the self-mass may be considered to be located at
the beam levels and the beams may be presumed to be rigid. Values of L= 3m, α= 2.4, m= 2500kg
and EI= 3.00E+08 N*m^2are to be used.

i. Determine the natural frequencies of vibration for the frame.

ii. Find and sketch the normal mode shapes of vibration for the frame.
Answer Q2.
A two-storey frame with rigid beams and flexible columns has 2 degree of freedom.
12𝐸𝐼
For a fixed base member, the shear stiffness is 𝐿3
3𝐸𝐼
For a pined base member, the shear stiffness is 𝐿3

We obtain the stiffness matrix from the unit displacement diagram, by giving the frame side sway at each
floor level.
Sway diagram
3𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 12𝛼𝐸𝐼 12𝛼𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 24𝛼𝐸𝐼 63.6𝐸𝐼
k11 = 𝐿3
+ 𝐿3
+ 𝐿3
+ 𝐿3
= 𝐿3
+ 𝐿3
= 𝐿3
12𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 24𝐸𝐼
k12 = − + (− ) =−
𝐿3 𝐿3 𝐿3
12𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 24𝐸𝐼
k22 = + =
𝐿3 𝐿3 𝐿3
12𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 24𝐸𝐼
k21 = − 𝐿3
+ (− 𝐿3
) =− 𝐿3

63.6𝐸𝐼 24𝐸𝐼
3 − 𝐿3 2.65𝑘 −𝑘 24𝐸𝐼
[K] = [ 𝐿24𝐸𝐼 24𝐸𝐼 ] , [K] = [ ] where k= 𝐿3
− 𝐿3 −𝑘 𝑘
𝐿3

We get the mass matrix by adding the masses of all the beams from each floor.

4𝑚 0
[M] = [ ]
0 𝑚
The equation of motion in matrix form is:
([K]-𝜔2 [M]) {a}= {0}

2.65𝑘 −𝑘 4𝑚 0 𝑎1 0
[[ ] − 𝜔2 [ ]] { } = { }
−𝑘 𝑘 0 𝑚 𝑎2 0

OR
2
[2.65𝑘 − 𝜔 4𝑚 −𝑘 ] {𝑎1} = {0}
−𝑘 𝑘 − 𝜔2 𝑚 𝑎2 0
{a}≠ 0, Hence the determinant of the [K-𝜔2 M] matrix equals 0.
2
|2.65𝑘 − 𝜔 4𝑚 −𝑘 | = 0
−𝑘 𝑘 − 𝜔2 𝑚
(2.65𝑘 − 𝜔2 4𝑚)( 𝑘 − 𝜔2 𝑚) – (−𝑘) (−𝑘) = 0
4𝑚2 𝜔4 – 6.65km𝜔2 +1.65𝑘 2 = 0

−(−6.65𝑘𝑚) ± √(−6.65𝑘𝑚)2 − 4[(4𝑚2 )(1.65𝑘 2 )]

𝜔2 =
2(4𝑚2 )

6.65𝑘𝑚 ± √17.82𝑘 2 𝑚2 6.65𝑘𝑚 ± 4.22𝑘𝑚

𝜔2 = 2
=
8𝑚 8𝑚2

10.87𝑘𝑚 𝑘
𝜔2 = 2
= 1.358
8𝑚 𝑚
2.43𝑘𝑚 𝑘
𝜔2 = 2
= 0.303
8𝑚 𝑚
The two natural circular frequencies (in rad/s) are:

𝑘
for the 1st fundamental ω = 0.55√𝑚

𝑘
for the 2nd mode ω = 1.165√
𝑚

The natural frequencies in Hertz are:

for the 1st fundamental

𝜔 𝑘
𝑓= = 0.087√
2𝜋 𝑚

for the 2nd mode

𝜔 𝑘
𝑓= = 0.185√
2𝜋 𝑚

Modes of vibration:
The two modes of vibration are obtained by substituting the values of ω into the matrix equations.
2
[2.65𝑘 − 𝜔 4𝑚 −𝑘 ] {𝑎1} = {0}
−𝑘 𝑘 − 𝜔2 𝑚 𝑎2 0
𝑘
The 1st mode using 𝜔2 = 0.303 , gives:
𝑚

by considering the 1st equation of the matrix we get:

(2.65𝑘 − 𝜔2 4𝑚)𝑎1 − 𝑘𝑎2 = 0
𝑘
(2.65𝑘 − (0.303 ) 4𝑚) 𝑎1 − 𝑘𝑎2 = 0
𝑚
(2.65𝑘 − 1.212𝑘)𝑎1 − 𝑘𝑎2 = 0
1.438𝑘𝑎1 − 𝑘𝑎2 = 0 /(𝑘)
1.438𝑎1 − 𝑎2 = 0 => 𝑎2 = 1.438𝑎1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎1 = 1
Considering the second equation of the matrix, the results should be the same as for the 1 st equation, this is
a good way to do a fast check on the results:
−𝑘𝑎1 + (𝑘 − 𝜔2 𝑚)𝑎2 = 0
𝑘
−𝑘𝑎1 + (𝑘 − 0.303 𝑚) 𝑎2 = 0
𝑚
−𝑘𝑎1 + 0.697𝑘𝑎2 = 0 /(𝑘)
1
−𝑎1 + 0.697𝑎2 = 0 => 0.697𝑎2 = 𝑎1, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎1 = 1 => 𝑎2 = => 𝑎2 = 1.435
0.697
So the 1st mode is
1
{a} ={ }
1.435
𝑘
The 2nd mode using 𝜔2 = 1.358 𝑚 , gives:

by considering the 1st equation of the matrix we get:

(2.65𝑘 − 𝜔2 4𝑚)𝑎1 − 𝑘𝑎2 = 0
𝑘
(2.65𝑘 − (1.358 ) 4𝑚) 𝑎1 − 𝑘𝑎2 = 0
𝑚
(2.65𝑘 − 5.432𝑘)𝑎1 − 𝑘𝑎2 = 0
−2.782𝑘𝑎1 − 𝑘𝑎2 = 0 /(−𝑘)
2.782𝑎1 + 𝑎2 = 0 => 𝑎2 = −2.782𝑎1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎1 = 1
Considering the second equation of the matrix, the results should be the same as for the 1st equation, this is
a good way to do a fast check on the results:
−𝑘𝑎1 + (𝑘 − 𝜔2 𝑚)𝑎2 = 0
𝑘
−𝑘𝑎1 + (𝑘 − 1.358 𝑚) 𝑎2 = 0
𝑚
−𝑘𝑎1 − 0.358𝑘𝑎2 = 0 /(−𝑘)
1
𝑎1 + 0.358𝑎2 = 0 => −0.358𝑎2 = 𝑎1, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎1 = 1 => 𝑎2 = − => 𝑎2 = −2.793
0.358
So the 1st mode is
1
{a} ={ }
−2.793
𝑎2
The negative value for (𝑎1) for the second mode indicates that the motion of the masses are 1800 out of
phase, whereas they are in phase in the fundamental mode.