Practi al Le

Filter Design
by Edward Wetherhold W3NQN Part I

Although the passive inductor-capacitor (Le) filter was problem of matching the filter image impedance (which
developed more than sixty years ago, a simple and prac- varied with frequency) to a fixed resistive source and load.
tical design procedure still is not widely available to the Zobel's image parameter filter design procedure was ade-
radio amateur. Because this filter type has many applica- quate to satisfy the filtering requirements of the electronics
tions in radio communications-transmitter harmonic industry for the next thirty years. The image parameter
reduction being the most common and familiar-a design procedure was the only known method until about
simplified design procedure for the amateur would be of 1940 and the only practical method until the mid-1950s.
considerable use. Modern network synthesis provides the The familiar terms such as "cutoff frequency", "charac-
professional filter designer with the necessary tools for teristic impedance", "constant-k prototype sections", and
designing sophisticated filters, but these procedures are un- "m-derived sections", are examples of how Zobel's inven-
familiar and too inconvenient for use by the radio tion affected the vocabulary and terminology of the com-
amateur. This article introduces a new passive LC filter munications field.
design procedure in which one simply scans a table of Between 1940 and 1950, a more theoretically correct
precalculated designs to find a filter that is suitable for a design procedure was developed in which networks were
particular application. synthesised to produce a desired response. Some of the
This new design procedure makes use of several tables people involved were Norton,Bennett, Dishall and
of precalculated designs in which a large number of the Darlington in the US, Cauer in Germany and Cocci in
most commonly used lowpass and highpass filters are Italy. This new design procedure, known as "modern filter
tabulated over one decade of frequency (l-10MHz). design" or the "insertion-loss" design procedure, gradually
Because of the large number of designs, the increment in superseded Zobel's less exact image parameter procedure.
cutoff frequency from one design to the next is small Modern filter design was found to be more versatile than
enough, so virtually any cutoff frequency can be selected Zobel's procedure and it was possible to produce networks
from the table. To simplify construction, all capacitor having many different desired response characteristics
values used in the designs are standard. By shifting the with a minimum of components. Continuing application of
decimal points in the tabulated data, designs for other fre- modern filter design resulted in the development of its own
quency decades can be obtained by inspection. unique terminology, such as "Butterworth", "Chebyshev",
The procedures currently used by the amateur and "Cauer" and "Bessel", to indicate a specific response type,
professional filter designer involve several calculations to and "passband ripple", "ripple cutoff frequency", and
obtain a final design, but invariably the calculated "minimum stopband attenuation" to describe certain
capacitor values are not standard. Because of this, the characteristics of a modern filter response. In passing, it
design is more difficult to realise than it should be. In com- should be noted that the term "characteristic impedance"
parison, the standard-value capacitor (SVC) designs are is associated solely with Zobel's image parameter design
easy to realise, because only standard-value capacitors are procedure, and it is not applicable when discussing
needed. Finding a filter using this new design technique modern design filters.
consists of scanning the tables for a suitable design and During the 1940s and 50s, modern filter design '
reading out the component values. Although the designs remained primarily in the realm of the network theorist
are based on equal input and output terminations of 50 because of the lengthy and complex mathematics required
ohms, SVC designs for any equal-impedance terminations to calculate a design; however, after the development of
can be found using a simple scaling procedure in combina- the digital computer, it became possible to calculate and
tion with the "scan mode" selection process. Before publish tables of normalised design values for the more
proceeding any further in explaining this new SVC filter popular filter configurations. For example, the 1958
design technique, a brief review of filter design and publication of normalised Cauer-parameter (also known
development will be presented so you can better appreciate as elliptic function) designs by Saal and Ulrich in the IRE '
the convenience and power of the SVC filter design tables. Transactions on Circuit Theory (3) gave the professional
filter designer the capability to quickly and conveniently
design this type of filter. In addition, Telefunken published
History of Filter Design Saal's normalised tables of Chebyshev and Cauer designs
The development of the first LC filter, independently with an explanation of the design procedure in German ac-
discovered in 1915 by George Campbell in America and companied by an English translation. This attractively
Karl Wagner in Germany, was based on transmission line bound 381-page book soon became the authoritative
theory (I). A more comprehensive design procedure was reference source of the professional filter designer (4). In
published in 1923 by Otto Zobel of Bell Telephone (2). He 1963, Philip Geffe's now classic book Simplified Modern
developed the m-derived matching sections to solve the Filter Design (5), also known as the "little blue book", was
Practical Wireless, July 1984 47
the tirst publication to simply and clearly explain modern
ruler design in a manner understandable to the amateur.
Fllltt Itsponses
Since then, many other books have been published. The BE. ~ Bns~ 1 F4 F2

I~J\ ~
most recent authoritative books in English are Zverev's B - BuH~'wQllh
C • Chtbyshf'V
Handbook oJ Filler SYlllhesis (6) and Filtering in (h e Time E - Ellip tic (CQu~r)

and Frequency Domains by Zverev and Blinchikoff (7). A

more recent and less theoretical public ation on modern
mter design is Electronic Filler Design Handbook, by A.
WilliamstSj. From this brief history of passive Le filter
design, you can appreciate the many years of effort by
many different individuals that were required to reach the
present state of the art.
In the following paragraphs, several of the modern filter
response types and configurations will be reviewed, and
/
those most suitable for amateur radio applications wil! be
explored in greater detail.

;.- - - -PQ5sbond- - -......,ff

Modern Filter Types
Listed in order of increasing selectivity, the most
frequently used modern filter types are the Bessel,
Butterworth, Chebyshev and Cauer (also known as the Ap
'elliptic"). These ftlters are named after the mathemati-
cians who developed the polynomials upon which the filter Frequ enc:y(Hz)
responses are based. The lowpass attenuation responses of
these four filters are shown in Fig. 1.1. The 3dB attenua-
tion level has been taken as a common cutoff frequency Fig. 1.1: Modern filter responses for typical 5-branch
(designated F3 in Fig. 1.1) so the relative selectivity of the lowpass designs
responses can be properly compared. The high pass
response is the mirror image of the lowpa ' s response.
Bessel Response-This response is characterised by a
very gradual rise in attenuation that starts well within the The ripple amplitude in Fig. 1.1 is exaggerated for
pass band with a gradually continuing attenuation rise clarity. UsuaUy, it is small enough that it is ignored
(also called a " monotonic response") in the stopband. As because it is difficult to measure. Nevertheless, the pass-
you can see from the response shown in Fig. 1.1, the band amplitude is important because it is mathematically
Bessel is not well suited for applications where an abrupt related to the v.s.w.r. and reflection coefficient of the filter.
rise in attenuation is desired after the cutoff frequency. Appendix A (which appears in Part 2) gives the equations
However, the Bessel provides good phase and delay relating Ap. v.s.w.r. ·and percentage of reflection coefficient
characteristics to minimise waveform distortion, such as (re). Because we are interested in filters with low v.s.w.r.
overshoot and ringing, when filtering pulse or digital only those Chebyshev designs having a maximum v.s.w.r.
waveforms. Since most amateur filterin g applications are less than 1·3:1 (corresponding Ap = O·074dB and re =13
concerned with sinusoidal waveforms, such as audio or r.f. per cent) will be considered. The lowest maximum v.s.w.r.
signals, the Besse1 response is seldom used because of its of interest is 1·020, and this corresponds to a maximum
poor amplitude response. attenuation ·amplitude of 0·OO0434dB and a re of }·OO per
Butterworth- This response is similar to the Bessel in that cent. Usually, it is not necessary to know the exact v.s.w.r.
it is monotonic in pass band and stopband, and even at all frequencies within the passband. Instead, it is suf-
though its attenuation rise (6dB per octave, per element) is ficient to know that the v.s.w.r. will never exceed a certain
more abrupt than the Bessel it is not abrupt enough to maximum value related to the passband attenuation peaks.
be of major importance. The Butterworth response is Values of v.s.w.r. lower than 1·020 are possible, but these
sometimes used when a compromise is wanted between responses are of little interest because they are very similar
equally poor phase and amplit ude performance. By coin- to that of the Butterworth with its poor selectivity. Because
cidence, the 3-element Butterworth is identical in response the v.s.w.r. and Ap parameters have awkward numbers,
and component values to the 3-element image parameter the re paranleter will be used instead to define a particular
constant-k filter, but this similarity does not extend beyond design. This is the defining parameter used in most ftlter
three elements. catalogues published today.
Cbebysbev-This response has attenuation ripples in At this time, it is appropriate to include a brief explana-
the pass band and is monotonic in the stopband. The tion of the correct spelling of the great Russian mathemati-
Chebyshev filter has the best amplitud response of the cian, Pafnuti Lvovich Chebyshev (1821- 1894), whose
modern designs in which each branch consists of a single name is used to identify this filter response. Because the
element. The number of ripple peaks in the passband is Russian and English alphabets are different, Russian
related to the number of branches. The 5 and 7-branch names must be transliterated (changing letters of one
designs have 2 and 3 attenuation peaks, respectively, of alphabet into corresponding characters of another
the same maximum amplitude (Ap). This parameter direc- alphabet having a similar pronunciation). The correct
tly affects the stopband attenuation slope in the first oc- Russian-to-English transliteration is "Chebyshev".
tave above the cutoff frequency. That is, the higher the Because many of his papers were published in French
value of Ap, the steeper the slope of stopband attenuation. scientific journals, the French transliteration
After the first octave, the attenuation slope approaches "TchebychetT' was used. Many years later, English and
6dB per octave, per element. The cutoff frequency (F-Ap) American authors on network theory djscovered that
for the Chebyshev and Cauer responses is that frequency Chebyshev s polynomials (originally applied in calculating
where the attenuation first exceeds the Ap level. steam tables) were also applicable to the synthesis of elec-
• Practical Wireless, July 1984
48
 tric wave fJ.lters, and incorrectly assumed the French
transliteration could be copied directly into ' English. In
DEFINITIONS 1955, the confusion concerning the English spelling .o f
Like experts in most specialised fields. filter designers rely on
Chebyshev was resolved when a response to this que~tion
a special jargon of their own. Practical Wireless readers un-
was received from a spokesman 'from the Russi4n. ~m­
famil iar with this subject may become confused when bassy and published in the correspondence section 'of the
read ing filter articles simply because they do not understand IRE Transactions. This same spelling, "Chebyshev", is_
a few key words. The following is a list of some of the filter used by the Russian-born and educated A, Zverev in his
terms used in this article w ith a brief explanation. English publications.
Passive filter-a frequency selective network composed of Cauer-The most selective and versatile of the modern
passive elements (for example, inductors and capacitors) responses is the Cauer, named after the German network
and generally classified by its filtering function (Iowpass. theorist who developed the mathematics associated with
highpass. bandpass or stopband) and response shape (for
example, Butterworth, Chebyshev, etc.).
this response. Most English and American writers prefer
Lowpass filter- a filter that passes signal frequencies from
to use the name " elliptic" to describe this response, as this
zero frequency (d.c.) to some specified cutoff frequency, is the mathematical function on which the response is
above which the signal frequencies are increasingly at- based; however, since the three previous responses were
tenuated . named after those men credited with developing the
Highpass filter-a filter that passes signal frequencies associated mathematics,it seems consistent and. ap--
above a specified cutoff frequency, below which the signal propriate to name the fourth response in the same manner.
frequencies are increasingly attenuated. The Cauer fl!Jer is the modem equival~.n! Jin. a ~ m6[e
Passband- the frequency range where a filter passes elegant ' form) of: Zooel's consta'tlt-k prototype with.. m-
signal frequencies with little attenuation ; that is. for a
derived intermediate and end-matching sections. The
lowpass filter . from d.c. to the cutoH frequency. In the pass-
band, the filter appears as a window between the signal
Cauer response is characterised by attenuation ripple in
source and the load. and practically all of the power is both the passband and stopband; however, as can be seen
transm itted to and received by the load. from Fig. l. 1, the shapes of the ripple waveforms aredis-
Stopband-the frequency range outside of the passband; tinctly different. In addition to being able to select any
that is. the region where signal frequencies are significantly maximum level of pass band ripple, it is also possible to
attenuated . In the stopband, the filter appears as a mirror select any level of minimum stopband attenuation. This is
between the signal source and the load. Practically all of the an important characteristic because usually the filter stop-
power is reflected back to the source, and almost no power band will be adequate as long as the attenuation is always
reaches the load.
greater than some minimum value, such as 45dB, for ex-
Image parameter filter-a filter design based on image
parameters that are related to transmission line theory. The
ample. If you recall, the Chebyshev attenuation continued
image parameter design procedure has been largely to rise with increasing frequency up to infinity, even
replaced by the more convenient and eHicient modern though attenuation levels in excess of 60dB are of no prac-
design procedure. tical use. In the Cauer response, the designer can specify
Constant-k prototype section-an image parameter filter the minimum stopband attenuation (As-min) ac tually
section in which the series and shunt arms are inverse im- needed for a particular application. Also, by properly
pedances. and the product of these impedances is indepen- selecting Ap and As-min, the attenuation peaks at F4 and
dent of frequency : that is, Z1 k) x (Z2 kl = L1 k/C2k = (R k)2. Rk F2 in Fig. 1.1 can be positioned near frequencies equal to
is a constant and is known as the "characteristic impedance"·
two and three times the ripple cutoff frequency. This is
of the prototype section. This section is the "prototype'"
upon which the design of other image-parameter filter
useful when the second and third harmonics of an rJ. am-
sections are based. plifier must be highly attenuated.
m-derived sections-a special image-parameter filter sec- The abrupt attenuation rise in the Cauer response
tion invented by atto Zobel having unusual impedance shown in Fig. 1.1 is due to resonant branches in the filter
characteristics which allow a half section to be used to configuration, and this is one of the disadvantages of this
match the image impedance of the constant-k section to a filter type-<:areful tuning of the resonant circuits is re-
fixed resistive term ination. A full m-derived section can be quired to obtain the expected response. The Cauer design
inserted between two constant- k sections to produce in- is used whenever the transition band (the region between
creased stopband attenuation.
Cutoff frequency-the frequency that separates the filter
the end of the passband (F-Ap) and the start of the stop-
passband from the stopband. For the image parameter and
band (F-As» must be minimised. Ratios of F-As/F-Ap for
some modern designs, the cutoH frequency occurs at the a minimum stopband attenuation of 40dB can vary from
3dB attenuation level. For modern filter designs having 1· I for very selective filters to 1·8 or more for less selec-
passband attenuation ripple, the cutoH frequency is com- tive filters.
monly taken at the frequency where the filter passband at- TO BE CONTINUED
tenuation first exceeds the maximum ripple attenuation (Ap)
level. The modern filter cutoH frequency is also called the
"ripple cutoff frequency" . and is designated " F-Ap". References
Passband ripple----a passband attenuation characteristic of I. A. 1. Zverev, IlUroduction to Filters, Electra-Technology,
some modem filter types in which the passband attenuation June 1964.
ripples between zero and a maximum level. The maximum 2. O. Zobe1, Theory 0/ Electric Wave Filters, Bell Syst. Tech.
level of pass band ripple amplitude is designated "Ap". Joum., January 1923.
Modern filter-a filter designed by the application of 3. R. Saal and E. Ulrich, On the design 0/filters by synthesis,
network synthesis to produce a circuit having a desired per- IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory. December 1958.
formance. The procedure used to calculate design tables of 4. R. Saal, The Desig1l of Filters using the Cataiog of Nor-
modern filters is highly mathematical and is practical only malized Lowpass Filters. Telefunken, Western Germany, 1966.
w ith the aid of a digital computer. Fortunately, many .5. P. Geffe, Simplified Modern Filter Design. John F. ~ider -
computer-calculated normalised design tables of various Publisher, New York, 1963. . .
filter types have been published . and this makes it practical 6. A. Zverev, Handbook of Filter Synthesis, John -Wiley",,& ~-,
for the experienced radio amateur to conveniently design Sons, 1967. . ' . '.
modern filters. 7. A. Zv~revan~ H. Blin<;~ikoff~ Filtering In Ihe- 'fi~ and ,
: -'. Frequen~ Domams, John Waley and Sons,- 1976. .,· ' " .
. 8. A. Williams, Electtonic Fluer .Design Handbook. McGraw-
Hill Book Co., 1981.
p-rqclical Wireless, July J 984
• t
49
, .
Practical Le
Filter Design
by Edward Wetherhold W3NQN Part 2

As explained last month, only the Chebyshev and Cauer Lowpass IWRM1841 Highpass
, ______ ______
responses are ofinterj!st for the filtering 9f sinusoidal.
waveforms encountered by amateur. ConsequeIJ-
tly, the following discussion is concerned only with these
two responses. Also, the number of filter elements, the
number of different filter configurations and other charac-
teristics will be limited to those most frequently needed by (A)5-branch C-in/out Chebyshev lowpass and highpass configurations
the radio amateur. Readers seeking more complicated
filters are referred to the texts in the reference listing.
The Chebyshev and Cauer configurations most fre-
quently needed by the radio amateur to form lowpass and
high pass filters are shown in Fig. 2.1. These configurations
are arranged in alternating shunt and series (or vice versa)
branches numbered from left to right. The component (or
oTT, _
'1 1"__ ,-+R

components) in each branch is given the number of its

branch for identification. (8) 5-branch L-In/out Chebyshev lowpass and highpass configurations

. The filter theorist uses the tenn "degree" or "order"

when defining the complexity of a filter , but for the
amateur, the term "branch" is more meaningful. Thus, the
filter configurations in Fig. 2.1 (A) are 5-branch lowpass
and high pass Chebyshev filters with capacitor input and
output. Fig. 2.1(B) shows the same type except the input R+-lc1 Cl lC3 ci. C5 1 -+ R
and output elements are inductive. Usually, capacitive in-
put/output filters are preferred to minimise the number of J T · 1,
(C) 5-branch C-in/out Cauer lowpass and highpass configurations
inductors since inductors are usually more bulky, expen-
sive and lossy than capacitors. However, occasionally the
L-input lowpass filter is needed when the filter input im-
pedance in the stop band must rise with increasing fre- C1=C7
. L2 L4 L6 C3=C5 Cl C3 CS C7
quency. For example, some d. transistor amplifiers
become unstable when terminated in a filter having a
decreasing input impedance, such as with a C-input filter. ·
In this case, an L-input filter may eliminate the
instability(9) .
J T TT, 0--0 _ _

(D) 7-branch C-in/out Chebyshev lowpass and high pass configurations

The first branch in the filter configuration may be either
shunt or series, and any number of branches may be used.
Because the Chebyshev and Cauer designs with an odd · C2=C6
number of branches have advantages over those with an
even number, and because the 5- and 7-branch designs
provide satisfactory filtering with a minimum of compo- R-- lc2 lc4 lc6 -R R--
nents, only these two types are considered. Chebyshev
filters with an odd number of branches have repeating ele- TTT o ._ _ _
(E) 7-branch L-in/out Chebyshev lowpass and highpass configurations
ment values and odd-numbered Chebyshev and Cauer
filters have equal termination impedances, thus simplifying
construction. .
The 5-branch Chebyshev filters provide about 6dB of
attenuation per octave, per element, or about 30dB one oc-
tave from the cutoff frequency. A 5-branch filter is useful
when only a moderate amount of attenuation is necessary.
For example, the second harmonic of a Class A or B tran-
sistor rJ. amplifier is about 20dB below the (F) 7- branch C-in/out Cau"" low pass and highpass configurations
and a 5-branch Chebyshev lowpassfilter will provide the
additional attenuation needed for adequate harmonic Fig. 2.1
46 Practical Wireless, August 1984
 2.1(C) shows the Cauer 5-branch C:;n/out the inductance scaling factor is: 50/(6·2832 x 5 x 106) =
, lowpass and high pass configurations. The alternate Cauer 1·592 x 10:-6 • In a similar way, the frequency and im-
L-in/out configuration is seldom used and is omitted. The pedance scaling factors for capacitance can be combined
components comprising the resonant circuits are into one factor. The capacitance scaling factor is: I!(R x
the similarly labelled attenuation peaks , 6·2832 x j). Thus, the C-scaling factor is: 1/(50 x 6· 2832
in Fig. I. I 'last month. x 5 x 106) = 636·6 X 10- 12 •
The 7-branch Chebyshev and Cauer lowpass and The normalised values are scaled to the desired cutoff
highpass configurations are shown in Fig. 2.1 (0), (E) and frequency and impedance level by multiplying them by
(F). The comments on the 5-branch configurations also their scaling factors. Thus:
apply to the 7-branch configurations. The 7-branch
Chebyshev configurations provide about 42dB of attenua- L2 = L6 = 1·179H x 1·592 x 10-6 = 1·877!lH,
tidn one octave from the cut-off frequency, and this filter L4 = 1·500R x 1·592 x 10-6 = 2·388!lH,
type is frequently used to attenuate the harmonics of Class Cl = C7 = 0·5354F x 636·6 x 10- 12 = 340·8pF, and
C transistor rJ. ampIifiers(lO). The second harmonic level of C3 = C5 = 1·464F x 636·6 x 10- 12 = 932·0pF.
a Class C transistor amplifier is only 10 to ,15dB below the
fundamental(ll), and more attenuation is needed than that The fact that the inductance values are not standard
provided by the 5-branch filter. In this case, the more values is of little concern because the inductors are usually
se.lective 7-branch Chebyshev or 5-branch Cauer is re- hand-wound on powdered-iron toroidal cores with the
quired. proper number of tutns to give the calculated inductance
The 7-branch Cauer provides both higher stopband at- value. In comparison to the inductors, it is not feasible to
tenuation and a narrower transition band as compared to hand-wind capacitors, and they must be purchased from
all · filters listed. A typical application of the 7-branch an electronics distributor. The fact that the calculated Cl,
Cauer is the filtering of speech signals where an abrupt rise 3, 5 and 7 capacitor values are non-standard complicates
in attenuation is desired immediately following the cutoff the building of the filter.
Because of the established practice of using 20, 10 and
5 per cent tolerances in the electronic component industry,
a series of capacitor values based on the 6th, 12th and
24th roots of ten has been adopted. For example, the 20
per cent series of standard values is: 10, 15,22,33,47,68
Calculation of Filter Component Values and 100. The 10 per cent series starts out with 10, 12, 15,
After selecting the filter function (lowpass or highpass), 18, 22, etc. The 5 per cent series begins with 10, 11 , 12,
response type (Chebyshev or Cauer), number of branches 13, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, etc. It would be of considerable con- '
(5' or 7) and input element, the next step isto calculate the venience to .the radio amateur if only those filter designs
component values. This is normally accomplished by requiring standard-value capacitors would be tabulated for
referring to tables of normalised lowpass filter designs that easy selection. Obviously, the present standard design
are available in many well-known references by Saal, procedure using normalised tables is inappropriate for the
Zverev, Geffe and others. These designs are normalised to radio amateur because it requires tables that may not be
an impedance of one ohm and a ripple cutoff frequency (F- conveniently available, and it requires unfamiliar calcula-
Ap) of one radian per second, and all capacitancesand in- tions that invariably result in designs with non-standard
ductances are in farads and henries. The Saal andZverev capacitor values.
tables are calculated for reflection coefficients of 1 to 5 per A solution to this problem is to tabulate only those
cent in I per cent steps, and for 8, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 50 designs that are based on the capacitor standard values in-
per cent-Some references have normalised tables based on stead of onthe re values now used. This can be done by: I.
Ap values such as 0·01, 0·1, 0·25 and 0·5dB. These par- finding all the normalised designs that have the same
ticular values of re or Ap were used because they are nice capacitor ratio as the ratios of all the standard values, and:
round numbers, but any re or Ap value within an ap- 2. using a cutoff frequency that causes the capacitors to
propriate range is equally suitable. To design a lowpass have standard values. As a consequence, the re values will
filter, a desired response is selected from the appropriate ,be quite odd, but that is of no concern in this case.
110rmalised table, and the lowpass component values are By a fortunate coincidence, the 7-branch C-in/out
scaled to the cutoff frequency and impedance level selected Chebyshev design for re = 1 per cent has a normalised C-
by the user (equal source and load impedances are ratio (1·464/0·5354 = 2·734), and this is virtually iden-
assumed). In the case of designing a highpass filter, the tical to the standard-value ratio of 820/ 300 = 2· 7333. If
reciprocals of the lowpass normalised values are used to the proper cutoff frequency is used, a standard-value
transform them into highpass values. Although this is a capacitor (SVC) lowpass filter design could be calculated
relatively simple arithmetic process, it causes problems to using the normalised values previously given. The reader is
those unfamiliar with the procedure. encouraged to explore this possibility by calculating a
A 50 ohm lowpass filter is calculated for a ripple cutoff lowpass SVC design using a cutoff frequency of
frequency (F-Ap) of 5·0MHz using the normalised 5·68MHz.
lowpass values of Zverev for a C-input 7-branch A 7-element highpass filter with the configuration
Chebyshev design (see Fig. 2.1(0» having a reflection shown in Fig. 2.1(0) can be calculated by using the
coefficient of 1 per cent (from p.258 of (I». The normalised reciprocals of the previously given normalised lowpass
Cl, C3, L2 and L4 values are 0·5354F, 1·464F, I·179H values for Cl, C3, L2 and L4. Thus, the normalised
,and 1·500H, ' respectively. Of . course, these component highpass component values for Cl, C3 , L2 and L4 are
values are ridiculously large, but they will become I·868F, 0·6831F, 0·8482H and 0·6667H, respectively.
reasonable after they are scaled to the new impedance The re and other related parameters remain the same. An
le.yel and.9utoff frequency. SVC highpass can be calculated as previously
The frequency and impedance scaling factors for induc- demonstrated if an F-Ap cutoff frequency of 7· 25MHz is
tance can be combined into one factor equal to R/(6·2832 selected.
x j) where R is the source and load impedance in ohms By using a BASIC-programmed computer, many
and f is the ripple cutoff frequency in Hz. Thus, for a 50 lowpass and highpass SVC filter design tables have been
ohm impedance level and a cutoff frequency of 5MHz, calculated for most of the filter configurations shown in
Practical Wireless, August 1984 47
 TABLE 2 1

ABBREVIATED LISTING OF 5 -ELEMENT 50 OHM CHEBYSHEV SVC-FILTER DESIGNS

LOWPASS DESIGNS HIGHPASS DESIGNS

NO. -----FREQUENCy (t1H2) ----- Cl,5 L2,4 C3 NO. -----FREQUENCy (HH2)----- Cl,5 L2,4 C3
F-CO 3-08 2008 4008 'JSWR (PF) (UH) (PF) F-CO 3-08 20DB 400B VSWR (PF) <UH) (PF)
1 1.04 1.37 1.94 2.94 1.085 2200 9.82 4700 1 1.43 1.06 .738 .486 1.068 3300 4.44 1500
2 1.43 1.94 2.77 4.21 1.068 1500 6.96 3300 2 2.15 1.58 1.11 .730 1.068 2200 2.96 1000
3 2.14 2.91 4. j 6 6.31 1.068 1000 4.64 2200 3 3.17 2.33 1.63 1.07 1.067 1500 2.01 680
4 3.14 4.26 6.10 9.26 1.067 680 3.1 7 1500 4 4.39 3.34 2.36 1.56 1.0B7 1000 1.41 470
5 4.91 6.45 9.13 13 .8 1.087 470 2.09 1000 5 6.03 4.72 3.36 2.23 1.110 680 1.00 330
6 7.48 9.56 13.4 20.2 1.110 330 1.40 680 6 9.43 7.15 5.04 3.33 1.085 470 .658 220
7 10.4 13.7 19.4 29.4 1.085 220 .981 470

Fig. 2.1. In addition to tabulating the component values,

the computer also calculated and tabulated the F-Ap cut- APPENDIX A
off frequencies and the frequencies of the 3, 20 and 40dB
attenuation levels of the Chebyshev, and the F3, F-As and
The following equations relate the parameters asso-
the frequencies of attenuation peaks for the Cauer filters.
ciated with modern filter design.
For example, Table 2.1 shows an abbreviated listing of 5-
element 50 ohm lowpass and high pass Chebyshev SVC
1. re = 100 x j (1-0 · 1X)
filter designs using the 20 per cent tolerance capacitor
where re is reflection coefficient in per cent,
series and a selected v.s.w.r. limit of 1·110: 1.
x = Ap/ l 0, and Ap = maximum passband attenuation
In the next part of this article, tables with many more in dB.
designs will be presented for the Chebyshev family of SVC
lowpass and high pass filters, in which the 5 per cent 2. Ap = -4 ·3429 x loge [1 - (re/l00)2J.
tolerance capacitor series is used. In trus case, the incre- See Equation 1 for explanation of terms.
ment in cutoff frequenc y from one design to the next is so
small that virtually any cutoff frequenc y can be obtained 3 . v.s.w.r. = [1 + (re/ l 00)];[ 1 - (re/ 100)].
by simply scanning the appropriate table for a suitable
design and reading the design values directly. Because the . 4 . re = 100 x (v.s.w .r. - 1 )/ (v.s.w.r. + 1).
radio amateur. most frequently design s filters for a
l-IOMHz decade and a 50 ohm impedance level, all 5. F3/F-Ap = 0·5 x (K + l /K).
designs are based on these values. However, a simple scal- where K = (2 / e)l ln
ing procedure will be explained in which SVC designs for where n = number of branches
any frequenc y decade and any impedance level can be ob- e = p/v11=fJ2j , and p = re/lOO
tained while using the table in the " scan mode" . Equation 5 is applicable for Chebyshev lowpass
designs for Ap< 0·1 dB , re< 15%
References For example, for n = 5, re = 6·3%, Ap = 0 ·0172714dB
References 1- 8 were listed in Part I.
9. R. Frost, Large-scale s parameters help analyze stability. v.s.w .r. = 1·134, e = 0·0631254, K = 1 ·99602 and
Electronic Design. Vot. 28. No. 11 , 24 May 1980. F3/F-Ap = 1 ·2485. If F-Ap = 1-462MHz, then
10. E. Wetherhold , LolVpass filters for attenuating I'f amplifier F3 (lowpass) = 1 ·825MHz and
harmonics. Parts I and 2. Short Wa ve Magazine, December F3 (highpass) = 1 · 171 M Hz.
1983 and January 1984.
11. M. F . " Doug" DeMaw, On QRP Transmitters and Har-
monic Output, SPRAT (The Journal of the G -QRP Club), Nr.
35. Summer 1983. TO BE CONTINUED

away on the Welsh coast at Lavernock Point. On 11

DidYou and 12 May 1897, before distinguished observers,

the experiment was a failure . Sick with despair, Mar-
coni accepted a suggestion that he remove his receiv-
ing apparatus from the cliff to the beach and so ex-
;H ;R aW..• tend his 27 metre-high antenna vertically by a
further I8m. On 14 May, during a storm, the five
distinguished witnesses-including the celebrated
Professor Slaby, who had been sent by the German
Emperor-crammed themselves for shelter into a
large packing case that had been laid on its side a
That five of the world's great scientists huddled in a few feet from the waves. To Marconi's relief, all went
packing case to watch Marconi demonstrate his well, and he transmitted signals over the sea for the
apparatus? first time. Professor Slaby, describing the uncomfor-
To discover whether his invention was suitable for table yet thrilling incident in his autobiography,
communicating over water to lighthouses, Marconi wrote: "It will remain in my memory for ever."
set up his transmitter on the island of Flat Holme in
the Bristol Channel, and his receiver three miles - Eric Westman
48 Practical Wireless, August 1984
 Practical Le
Filter Design
by Edward Wetherhold W3NQN
Part 3

In the first part of this article, the difficulties involved in input/output configuration is seldom required and it is
calculating the component values of a simple passive therefore omitted.
LC filter were explained. When the standard design The six tables of precalculated designs are all based on
procedures with normalised tables are used, calculation an impedance of 50 ohms because this impedance level is
errors are easy to make and the resulting design invariably most frequently used in amateur radio applications. The
will have non-standard capacitor values which complicates 1-IOMHz frequency range was used for listing the SVC
the fJJter construction. data because it has conveniently tabulated values and the
The solution to this problem is to use a new design designs can be easily scaled to other decades by inspec-
procedure (the first major advancement in amateur radio tion.
passive LC filter design in the last twenty years) in which a
ftlter is selected from tables of many precalculated
standard-value capacitor (SVC) designs.
Table Parameters
Comprehensive tables using 5, 10 and 20 per cent The design parameters for each filter are listed in
capacitor values are introduced in this article, and columns. The first column is the identification number of a
procedures will be explained whereby ihese tables may particular design. Thus, any filter in any of the six tables
serve as a universal design aid for obtaining SVC filter can be conveniently identified with its table number
designs for virtually any impedance level and any cutoff rollowed by a dash and its design identification number.
frequency. Using this new procedure, the radio amateur The next four columns list the frequencies at the filter
needs only to scan a few tables to find a suitable design. cutoff and at the 3, 20 and 40dB attenuation levels on the
The;;;e SVC tables have been widely published in the filter response curve. This information is usually not
US(IO- 221 and less extensively in the UK(23 ,24l. This
available when designing with the customary normalised
article provides the first complete compilation of SVC tables, and the inclusion of this stopband attenuation infor-
filter tables for the UK reader. mation in the SVC tables is another example of the con-
venience associated with this method of filter design.
Tables for SVC Filter Designs The next column lists the maximum V.S.W.r. level of the
filter design. These range from a minimum of 1·020
The SVC tables in this article are for 5- and 7-element (corresponding to a reflection coefficient or 1·0 per cent)
50 ohm lowpass and highpass Chebyshev filters . These to a maximum of 1· 273 (corresponding to a reflection
designs will satisfy most of the amateur filtering require-
ments. The more complicated and higher performance
Cauer (elliptic) filters will be covered in a future article.
There are six SVC tilter tables-four for lowpass and EDITOR'S NOTE
two for highpass (see Tables 3.1--3.6). Each table lists Th e tables in this article are based on the full E24
cutoff frequencies covering the 1-10MHz decade with suf- (5 per cent tolerance) range of capacitors, which are
ficientiy small increments so that virtually any cutoff fre- widely available in the US. On the UK hobt)yist
quency can be obtained. A schematic diagram and a market, only the E 12 (10 per cent tolerance) range of
typical attenuation response curve (or a reference to a values appears to be available, although the capacitors
curve) accompanies each table. offered have a tolerance of 5 per cent.
The four 100vpass filter configurations consist of either The intermediate values called for in the tables can
capacitive or inductive input and output. The capacitive of course be made up by paralleling appropriate values
input/output configuration is usually preferred because it from the E 12 series. For example, 1 OOOpF and 100pF
has a minimum number of inductors (see Tables 3.1 and in parallel to produce 1100pF. The author recom-
3.3). Inductors are usually more bulky, more costly and mends that this should not be done for cutoff
have higher losses than capacitors. However, there are oc- frequencies above 30M Hz because undesired inter-
casions when bipolar transistor rJ. amplifiers become un- resonances between the paralleled capacitors may
stable when looking into a capacitive input filter. In this cause unexpected resonances in the filter stopband or
case, an inductive input/output filte r may be necessary, passband. Below 30M Hz, the paralleling of capacitors
and the designs in Tables 3.2 and 3.4 will be needed(9. 14 1. probably will present no problem, except for the ad-
The two high pass filter tables are only for the capacitive ditional cost and space required .
input/output configuration. The alternative inductive
44 Practical Wireless, September 1984
15-ELEMENT 50-OHM. LOW-PASS CHEBYSHEV SVC-FILTER DESIGNS. CAPACITIVE INPUT. 5% TOLERANCE SERIES. SELECTED VSWR LIMIT = 1.2731

NO. -----FREQlIENCY ([1HZ} ----- MAX. C1.5 L2.4 C3 NO. -----FREQUENCy <MHZ)----- r¥1X. Cl ,5 L2.4 (3
HO 3-DB 20DB 40DB :')SlilR (PF) ':UH) '.PF.I HO 3-D8 20D8 400B ,PFJ (UH) (PFl
i 1.02 1.21 1.65 2.45 1.212 3000 10.7 5600 55 4. 5.84 8.31 12.6 1.079 510 2.31 1100
2 1.10 1.32 1.81 2.69 1.196 2700 9.88 5100 56 U8 6.01 8.33 12.5 1.152 560 2.20 11 00
3 1.04 1. 37 1. 94 2.94 1.085 2200 9.82 4700 57 4.40 6.34 9.20 14.1 1.043 430 2. i3 i 000
4 1.15 1.41 i,95 2.92 1.155 2400 9.37 4700 58 4.9 j 6.45 9.13 13.8 1.087 470 2. oS' 1000
5 1.13 1.50 2.12 3.22 1.081 2000 9.00 4300 59 5.38 6.62 9.! 7 13.7 1.154 510 2.00 1000
6 1.26 1.54 2.13 3.19 1.157 2200 8.56 4300 60 4.81 6.97 10.1 15.5 1.042 390 1.94 910
7 1.05 1.62 2.38 3. C..:. 1.028 1600 8.35 3900 61 5.43 7.09 10.0 15.2 1.091 430 1. 89 HO
& 1.23 1.65 2.34 3.55 1.076 1800 B.19 3900 62 6.00 7.31 10.1 15.1 1.167 470 1.80 910
9 1.39 1.70 2.35 3.51 1.159 2000 7.75 3900 ·B 4.86 7.69 11.4 17.5 1.023 330 ion. 820
10 1.17 1.76 2.57 3.94 1.033 1500 7.70 3600 64 5.51 7.76 11 ? i7 .1 1.052 360 1.74 820
11 1.27 1.77 2.55 3.B8 i .057 1600 7.64 3600 65 6.07 7.89 11.1 16.8 1.095 390 i. 70 820
12 1.46 1.82 2.54 3.81 l.i35 1800 7.28 3600 66 6.77 B.17 11.2 16.7 1.184 430 1. 60 820
13 1.65 1.92 2.59 3.u"' 0 '; 1.268 2000 Co .64 3600 67 5.26 8.40 12.4 19.2 1.022 300 1,61 750
14 1.43 1.94 2.77 4.21 1.068 1500 6.96 3300 68 6.04 8.48 12.2 18.7 i.052 330 1.59 750
15 1.54 1.97 2.77 4.17 1.109 1600 6.79 3300 69 6.70 8.64 12.2 18.4 1.101 360 1. 55 75D
16 1.76 2.07 2.81 4.17 1.238 1800 6.21 3300 70 7.33 8.89 12.3 18.3 1.175 390 1. 48 750
17 1.32 2.10 3.11 4.79 1.022 1200 6.42 3000 71 6.69 9.36 13.5 20.6 1.054 300 1. 44 680
18 1.48 2.12 3.06 4.68 1.046 1300 6.39 3000 72 7.48 9.56 13.4 20.2 1.110 33il 1.40 680
19 1.75 2.19 3.05 4.57 1.135 1500 6.07 3000 73 8.25 9.89 13.t. 20.2 1.196 360 1.32 680
20 1.89 2.25 3.08 4.57 1.206 1600 5.77 3000 74 7.21 lQ.2 14.8 22 .6 1.048 270 1. 32 620
21 1.51 2.34 3.44 5.29 I.DU. 1100 5.78 2700 .,' 8.18 10.5 j 4.7 22.2
1" 1.107 300 1.28 620
22 1.70 2.36 3.40 5.17 1.057 1200 5.73 2700 7.0' 9.11 10.9 14.9 22.1 1.203 330 1.20 620
23 1.87 2.40 3.38 5.10 1.104 1300 5.57 2700 77 7.82 11. 3 16.4 25.1 1.042 240 1. 20 560
24 2.20 2.56 3.46 5. il 1.268 1500 4.98 2700 7B 9.02 11.6 16.3 24.6 1.105 270 1.15 560
25 1.75 2.63 3.85 5.91 1.033 1000 5.14 2400 79 10.2 12.1 16.5 24.5 1.212 300 1.07 560
26 1.99 2.67 3.Bl 5.78 1.072 1100 5.05 2400 80 8.66 12.4 lB.O 27 .6 1.044 220 1.09 510
27 2.19 2.74 3.81 5.71 1.135 1200 4.85 2400 81 9.64 12.6 17 .9 27.1 i .0 88 240 1.06 51 (I
2B 2.40 2.84 3.86 5.73 1.227 1300 4.55 2400 82 9.22 13.5 19.6 30.0 1.039 200 LOO 470
29 1.89 2.87 4.21 6.46 1.030 910 4.71 2200 83 10.4 13.7 19.4 29.4 1.085 22(1 .S'81 470
30 2.14 2.91 4.16 6.31 1.068 1000 4.64 2200 84 9.85 14.7 21.5 33.0 1.034 180 .919 430
31 2.39 2.99 4.16 6.23 1.135 1100 4.45 2200 85 10.5 16.2 23,8 36.6 1.028 160 .835 390
32 2.64 3.11 4.22 6,25 1.238 1200 4.14 2200
j3 2.05 3.16 4.64 7.13 1.028 820 4.28 2000
34 2.36 3.20 4.57 6.94 1.068 910 4.22 2000
35 2.63 3.28 4.57 6.86 1.135 1000 4.05 2000
36 2.93 3.43 4.65 6.89 1.251 1100 3.73 2000
37 2.34 3.51 5.14 7.88 1.033 750 3.85 1800 40
38 2.63 3.56 5.08 7.71 1.069 820 3.79 1800
39 2.96 3.66 5.09 7.62 1.145 910 3.61 1800
40 3.30 3.84 5.19 7.67 1.268 1000 3,32 1800 §
"0:J
41 2.70 3.96 5.76 8.B2 1.039 680 3.42 1600 C

42 3.06 4.03 5.71 8.63 1.080 750 3.34 1600 :<

43 3.38 4.14 5.73 8.57 1.159 820 3.18 1600 20 -- -

44 2.77 4.21 6.18 9.48 1.030 620 3.21 1500

45 3.14 U6 6.10 9.26
46 3.51 4.38 6.10 9.14
47 3.88 4.56 6.20 9.17
j .067
j .135
1.241
680
750
820
3.17
3.03
2.82
j 500
1500
15(10 typical response J I

48 3.39 4.88 7.08 10.8

49 3.84 4.98 7.02 10.6
50 4.26 5.14 7.08 10.5
1.044
1.097
1.181
560
620
680
2.77
2.70
2.55
1300
1300
1300
3
Fco F3 F20
. --J F40
Frequency(Hz)
51 3.61 5.28 7.68 11.8 l.O39 510 2,56 i200
52 4.06 5.36 7.61 11.5 1.083 560 2.51 1200
53 4.55 5.54 7.65 11.4 1.167 620 2.37 1200
54 3.96 5.76 8.38 12.8 1.041 470 2.35 1100

coefficient of 12 per cent). This range of V.S.W.r. was con- omitted because they are not appropriate for r J. tiltering
sidered to be adequate for amateur radio applications. requirements where low v.s.w.r. characteristics are impor-
Filter designs with smaller values of v.s.w.r. have too tant. In my Short Wave Magazine article, "Low-pass
gradual a rise in attenuation for effective filtering, and filters for attenuating rJ. amplifier harmonics, Part 1"(24), I
therefore designs for V.S.W.r. values less than 1·020 are recommended the V.S.W.f. should not exceed 1·1; however,
omitted. Designs with v.s.w.r.s greater than 1·273 are in order to increase the number of usable designs, I have
Practical Wireless, September 1984 45
 5-ELEMENT 50-OHM. LOW-PASS CHEBYSHEV SVC-FILTER DESIGNS. INDUCTIVE INPUT. 5% TOLERANCE SERIES. SELECTED VSWR LIMIT = 1.273

NO. -----FREQUENCi (t1HZ :'----- t1i'iX. Ll. 5 C2,4 L3 NO. -----FREQUENCY (t1H2) ----- t-1A.X. L1 ,5 (:2,4 L3
>-[:[1 3-OB 20DB 40DB 'JSWR (LIH I (PF) (UH) HO HB 20DB 40DB \JSWR (lIH) (PF) (UH)
i .74 1.15 1.69 2.60 1.027 5.60 4700 13.72 37 3.10 4.51 6.56 10.03 1.041 1.50 1200 3.51
2 .90 J.26 L81 2.76 1.055 5.60 4300 ! 2.66 38 3.65 4.90 6.99 10.60 1.073 1.50 1100 3.27
3 i.06 1.38 1,94 2.93 ! .090 5.61) 3900 11.75 39 4.21 5.34 7.47 11 .23 1.118 1.50 1000 3.06
4 L I 9 1.47 2.05 3.07 1.138 5.60 3600 11.15 40 4.75 5.77 7.95 11.86 1. 173 1.50 910 2.89
5 1.32 1.58 2.17 3.23 1.192 5.60 3300 10.61 41 !U4 0.26 8.49 12 .57 1.245 1.50 820 2.74
6 1.46 1.70 2.30 3.41 1.260 5.60 3000 ID.! 2 42 3.53 5.41 7.94 12 .20 1.029 1.20 1000 2.92
7 .91 1.39 2.03 3.12 1.030 4.70 3900 11.38 43 4.30 5.94 8.53 12.98 1.060 1.20 910 2.68
8 L08 L 50 2.1.5 3.29 1.056 4. 70 3600 10.60 44 5.09 6.53 9.18 13.84 1. 10e. 1.20 820 2.49
9 1.25 i. 63 2.30 3.48 1.092 4.70 3300 9.92 45 5.73 7.04 9.75 14.58 1.155 1.20 750 2.35
10 1.77 2.46 3.68 1.142 4.70 3000 9.32 46 6.42 7, . 0.1.
'1
10 .38 15.41 1.219 1.20 680 2.23
11 1.61 1. 92 2.63 3.90 1.209 4.70 2700 8.79 47 UO 6.ou 9.65 14.80 1.033 !.OD 820 2.39
12 l.O5 1.64 2.41 3.72 1.025 3. 90 mo 9.63 4B 5.27 7.20 10 .32 15.68 1.064 1.00 750 2.22
13 1.29 1.80 2.60 3.96 1.054 3.90 3000 B.83 49 6.15 7.87 11.06 16.65 1.108 1.00 680 2.06
14 1.54 1.99 2.80 4.22 1.099 3.5'0 2700 8.15 50 6.95 8.51 11.76 17.58 1.160 1.00 620 1.95
15 1.80 2.19 3.03 4.53 1. 164 3.90 2400 7.57 51 7.80 9. 22 12.55 18.61 1.227 1.00 560 U5
1,; !.99 2.35 3.20 4.75 1.222 3. 90 noo 7.23 52 5.23 7.96 li.67 17 q? 1.030 .82 680 1.99
17 1.34 2.00 2.93 4.49 1.034 3.30 2700 7.89 53 6.33 8.72 12.51 19.03 1.061 .82 620 1.83
18 1.68 2.25 3.20 4.84 1.077 UO 2400 7.15 54 7.45 9.5e· 13.45 20.26 1.106 .82 560 1. 70
19 1.92 2.43 3.40 cJo.ll " 1.118 3. 30 2200 6.72 55 8.44 10.35 14.32 21 .40 1.158 .82 510 1. 60
20 2.16 2.63 3.62 5.40 1.174 3.30 2000 0.35 56 9.28 11.04 15.09 22.41 1.211 .B2 470 I. 53
2i 2.43 2.85 3.87 5 7i 1.247 3.30 1800 6.02 57 6.41 9.66 14.15 21. 7i 1.032 .68 560 l.64
22 i.66 2.46 3.59 5.51 1.035 2.70 2200 58 7.75 10.59 15.18 23.06 1.064 .6B 510 1.51
23 i.99 2.70 3.86 5.85 1.069 2. :;0 2000 5.93 59 8.83 11.41 16 .08 24.25 1. i 00 .68 470 1.42
24 2.34 2.9? 4.15 6.24 1.118 2.70 1800 5.50 60 9.97 12.31 J 7 .08 2:,.56 1.148 .68 430 1.34
25 2.71 3.2i 4.49 6.68 1.188 2.70 1600 5.13
26 2.92 3.43 4.67 6.92 1.233 2.10 1500 4,97
r 2.01 3.0 1 4.39 6.74 1.034 2.20 1800 5.26
28 2.52 3.37 4.80 7.27 1.077 2.20 1600 4.76
29 2.76 3.57 5.02 7.56 1.107 2.20 1500 4.55
30 3.34 4.02 5.52 8.21 1.190 2.20 1300 4.18
31 3.65 4.17 5.80 8.58 1.247 2.20 1200 4.01
32 2.35 3.61 5.29 8.14 1.029 1.80 1500 4.38
33 3.12 4.14 5.89 8.92 i.080 1.80 1300 3.88
34 3.51 4.45 6.23 9.36 1.118 1.80 1200 3. e,?
35 3.93 4.18 6.60 9.85 i.169 1.80 1100 3.48 See Table 3_1 for typical response
36 4.37 5.15 7.01 10.39 1.233 !.BD 1000 3.31

17-ELEMENT 50 -OHM . LOW-PASS CHEBYSHEV SVC-FILTER DESIGNS. INDUCTIVE INPUT. 5% TOLERANCE SERIES. SELECTED VSWR LIMIT = 1.2731

NO. -----FRE(lUENCl (1·1HZ! ---- - Ll.L7 C2.C6 L3.LS [,4 NO. -----FREQUENCI .:11HZ j ----- Ll. L7 C2,CO L3,L5 C4
F-CO 3-(,8 20[18 40[18 VSWR ':Ufii .:m (lIH) ':PF:, HO 3-D8 20GB 40DB VSWR (PFj (UH I (PFi (UH!
1 1.01 1.18 1.44 1.87 1.081 5.89 4300 13.4 SiGO 20 4.63 5.53 6.85 8.91 1.056 1.17 910 2.81 1100
2 1.09 1.29 1. 60 2.08 1.059 5.06 3900 12.0 mo 21 5.05 0.11 7.60 9.92 1.047 1.03 820 2.53 luui!
3 i.20 1.40 1. 73 2.24 1.071 4.81 3600 11.2 4300 22 5.58 6.70 8.31 10.8 1.052 .953 750 2.31 910
4 1.33 1. 54 1.88 2.43 1.087 4.58 3300 10.3 3900 23 6.23 7.41 9. 16 1l.9 1.059 .880 680 2.10 820
5 1.42 LOB 2.07 2.70 1.064 3.95 3000 9.27 3600 24 6.79 8.12 i 0.0 13.1 1.055 .795 620 1.91 750
6 i.53 1.85 2.31 3.02 1.045 3.30 2700 8.32 3300 25 7.46 8.97 11.1 14.5 1.051 .710 560 1.73 680
7 1.63 2.06 2.59 3.41 1.029 2.83 2400 7.41 3000 26 8.1 8 9.85 12 .2 15.9 1.050 .644 510 1.57 620
8 1.86 2.27 2.83 3.70 1.042 2.71 2200 0.78 2'00 27 9.21 10.8 13.2 i 7.1 1.074 .633 470 1.46 560
9 1.91 2.07 2.46 3.12 1.238 Ul 2400 8. 19 2700 28 iO.1 11.8 14.4 18.7 1.081 .589 430 1.34 5J a
10 2.1 4 2.52 3. i1 4.04 1.064 2.63 21)00 6. 18 2400 29 10.9 12.9 16.0 20.8 1.059 .506 390 1.20 470
11 2.29 2.78 3.46 4.52 1.045 2.24 I BOO 5.54 2200
12 2.45 3.09 3.88 5.11 1.029 J.89 1600 4,94 1000
13 2.85 3.37 4. 15 5.39 1.064 1.97 1500 4.64 1800
14 2.80 3.11 3.69 4.68 1.238 1.88 1600 5.46 1800 L1 L3 LS L7

15 3.13 3.B4 4.79 6.27 1.039 1.59 1300 4.00 1600

16 3.27 4.l2 5.18 6.Bl 1.029 1.41 1200 3.70 1500
17 3.47 3.90 4.70 6.02 1.140 2.00 1300 4.17 1500
18 3.99 4.61 5.64 7.28 1.087 1. 53 1100 3.43 J 300
19 Ut 5.05 6.22 8.09 1.064 1.32 1000 3.0 9 1200 See Table 3.1 for typical response

Practical Wireless, September 1984

17-ELEMENT 50-OHM. LOW-PASS CHEBYSHEV SVC-FILTER DESIGNS. CAPACITIVE INPUT. 5% TOLERANCE SERIES. SELECTED VSWR LIMIT = 1.2731
.
NO. -----FREGlIENCy (HH2 )----- HAX. CI,7 L2,6 C3,5 L4 NO. -----FREGU8Ky (HH2 i ----- MAX. Cl,7 Li,6 0 ,5 L4
F-CO 3-DB 2008 40DB (PF) (Ulfl (PF) (uH) HO 3-D8 2008 400B VSWR ,:m (UH) ,:m (UH)
I 1.02 1.10 1.31 1.65 1.254 3300 11.2 6200 12.6 56 3.69 4.24 5.17 6.66 1.097 680 2.99 1500 3.51
2 1.04 1.16 1.40 1.79 1.142 2700 10.9 5600 12.6 57 3.99 4.41 5.2B 6.73 1.1 76 750 2.86 1500 3.26
3 1.13 i.23 1.45 1.84 1.264 3000 10.1 5600 11.3 58 3.81 4.72 5.90 7.74 l.O36 510 2.64 1300 3.26
4 1.05 1.23 1.51 1.96 1.071 2200 10.3 5100 12.3 59 4.10 4.82 5.93 7.69 1.070 560 2.62 1300 3.14
5 1.12 l.26 1.53 1. 96 1.123 2400 10.0 5100 11.7 60 4.43 4,98 6.02 7.72 1.133 620 2.54 1300 2.94
6 1.23 1.34 1.59 2.01 1.247 2700 9.29 5100 10.4 61 4.78 5.21 6.19 7.85 1.230 680 2.39 1300 2.70
7 1.03 1.30 1.63 2.15 1.030 1800 9.52 4700 11.9 62 4.13 5.11 6.39 8.38 1.035 470 2.43 1200 3.01
8 1.12 1.33 1.64 2.13 1.064 2000 9.50 4700 1l.4 63 4.40 5.20 0.41 8.33 1.064 510 2.43 1200 2.91
9 1.21 1.37 1.66 2.13 1.119 2200 9.27 4700 10.8 64 4.72 5.35 6.49 8.34 I.! 16 560 2.37 1200 2.76
10 1.29 i.42 1. 70 2.16 1.200 2400 B.82 4700 10.0 65 5.12 5.60 6.67 8.48 1.214 620 2.23 1200 2.52
11 1. iO 1.41 1.79 2.36 1.023 1600 8.68 4300 11.0 66 4.49 5.57 6.98 9.15 1.035 430 2.23 1100 2.76
12 1.21 1.45 1.79 2.33 1.058 1800 8.71 4300 10.5 67 4.82 5.68 7.00 9.09 1.066 470 2.22 1100 2.66
13 1.31 1.49 I.Bl 2.33 1.114 2000 8.50 4300 9.91 68 5.12 5.83 7.07 9.10 1.112 510 2.18 1100 2.54
14 1.42 1.56 1.86 2.36 1.202 2200 8.06 4300 9.14 69 5.52 6.07 7.24 9.21 1.196 560 2.0? 1100 2.35
15 1.25 1.57 1. 97 2.59 1.031 1500 7.90 3900 9.B5 70 4.93 6.12 i .67 10.1 1.034 390 2.03 1000 2.51
16 1.32 1.59 1. 97 2.57 1.050 1600 7.91 3900 9.62 71 5.33 6.26 7.70 10.0 1.069 430 2.02 1000 2.41
17 1.44 1.64 l.99 " 1: :
L • .;0 1. 109 1800 7.73 3900 9.04 72 5.69 6.44 7.80 10.0 1.122 470 1.97 1000 2.29
18 1.57 1.72 2.05 2.60 1.205 2000 7.30 3900 8.27 73 6.08 6.68 7.97 10.1 1.198 510 U8 1000 2.13
19 1.44 1. 73 2.14 2.78 1.056 1500 7.29 3600 8.82 74 5.49 6.75 8.43 11.0 1.038 360 US 910 2.28
20 1.52 1.76 2.15 2.78 1.086 1600 7.22 3600 8.54 75 5.84 6.B7 8.46 11.0 1.068 390 1.84 910 2.20
21 1.66 1.84 2.20 2.81 1.176 lBOO 6.86 3600 7.83 76 6.2B 7.fJ9 8.58 11.0 1.126 430 1.79 910 2.07
22 l.5i 1.86 2.33 3.05 1.037 1300 6.69 3300 8.27 77 6.75 7.39 8.80 11.2 1.213 470 1.69 910 1.91
23 1.68 1. 93 2.35 3.03 1.099 1500 6.58 3300 7.72 78 5.6B 7.39 9.37 12.4 1.020 300 1.65 820 2.10
24 1.77 1. 98 2.38 3.05 1.147 1600 6.40 3300 7.37 79 6.17 7.52 9.36 12.2 1.043 330 1.66 B20 2.04
25 1.56 2.02 2.56 3.3B L021 1100 6.04 3000 7.68 80 6.60 i .68 9.41 12.2 1.079 360 1. 65 820 i.96
26 1.68 2.05 2.56 3.35 1.042 1200 6.09 3000 7.47 81 7.01 7.B9 9.53 12.2 1.131 390 1.61 820 1.86
27 1.79 2.09 2.57 3.33 1. 073 1300 6.05 3000 7.21 82 7.59 B.27 9.82 12.5 1.233 430 1.51 820 1.70
28 1.99 2.20 2.64 3.37 1.176 1500 5.72 3000 6.52 83 6.72 8.21 10.2 13.4 1.042 300 1.52 750 1.87
29 2.11 2.28 2.7Q 3. 42 1.257 1600 5.42 3000 6.0B 84 7.23 B.40 iO .3 13.3 1.080 330 1.51 750 1.79
30 1.75 2.25 2.84 3.75 1.023 1000 5.45 2700 6.89 85 7.72 8.66 10.4 13.4 1.138 360 1.46 750 1.69
31 1.89 2.29 2.84 3.71 1.048 11 00 5.48 2700 6.68 86 B.24 9.00 ! 0.7 13.6 1.222 390 1.39 750 1.57
32 2.02 2.34 2.86 3.70 1.086 1200 5.41 2700 6.40 87 7.36 9.04 11. 3 14.8 1.039 270 1.38 680 1.70
33 2.i5 2.41 2.90 3.72 1.141 1300 5.26 2700 6.06 88 7.98 9.27 11. 4 14.7 1.082 300 1.37 680 1.62
34 2.01 2.54 3.20 4.21 1.027 910 4.86 2400 6.09 89 8.58 9.59 11.6 14.8 1.148 330 1.32 680 1.52
35 2.17 2.59 3.20 4.17 1.056 1000 4.86 2400 5.88 90 9.23 10.0 11.9 15.1 1.247 360 1.24 680 1.39
36 2.33 2.66 3.24 4.17 1. 104 1100 4.77 2400 5.59 91 7.91 9.86 12.4 16.2 1.032 240 1.26 620 1.56
37 2.49 2.76 3.30 4,21 1.176 1200 4.57 . 2400 5.22 92 B.67 10.1 12.4 16.1 1.075 270 1.25 620 1.49
38 2.16 2.76 3.49 4.60 1.024 820 4.44 2200 5.61 93 9.39 10.5 12.7 16.2 1.145 300 1.20 620 1.39
39 2.35 2.82 3.49 4.55 1.053 910 4.46 2200 5.41 94 10.2 11. 0 13.1 16.5 1.254 330 1.12 620 1.26
40 2.52 2.89 3.52 4.54 1.099 1000 4.38 2200 5.1 5 95 8.86 11.0 13.7 18.0 1.036 220 1.13 560 1.40
41 2.72 3.01 3.00 4.59 ! .176 j 100 4.19 2200 4.78 96 9.49 11.2 13.8 17.8 1.068 240· 1.13 560 1. 35
42 2.38 3.04 3.84 5.06 1.025 750 4.04 2000 5.09 97 10.4 11.6 14.0 17.9 1.142 270 1.09 560 1.26
43 2.57 3.09 3.84 5.01 1.050 820 4.06 2000 4.93 98 9.72 12.0 15.0 19.7 1.036 200 1.03 510 1.28
44 2.78 3.18 3.88 5.00 1.100 910 3.99 2000 4.6B 99 10.5 12.3 15.1 19.6 1.071 220 1.03 510 1.23
45 2.99 3.31 3.96 5.05 1.176 1000 3.81 2000 4.35 100 10.3 13.0 16.3 21.5 1.030 180 .951 470 1. 19
46 2.67 3.38 4.26 5.61 1.027 680 3.64 1800 4.57
47 2.89 3.45 4.27 5.56 1.056 750 3.65 1800 4.41
48 3.09 3.54 4.31 5.55 1. 100 820 3.59 1800 4.21
49 3.35 3.69 4.42 5.62 1.188 910 3.40 1800 3.87 L2 L4 L6
50 3.07 3.82 4.80 6.30 1.033 620 3.24 1600 4.03
51 3.30 3.90 4.Bl 6.25 1.064 680 3.24 1600 3.88
52 3.55 4.02 4.87 6.26 1.120 750 3.15 1600 3.67
53 3.81 4.19 4.99 6. 34 1.204 820 .3.00 1600 3.39
54 3.17 4.05 5.12 6.75 1.024 560 3.03 1500 3.a2
55 3.45 4.13 5.12 6.68 1.053 620 3.04 1500 3.69 See Table 3.1 for typical response

raised the upper limit on the v.s.w.r. parameter to 1·273.

The corresponding range of maximum pass band attenua-
tion ripple amplitudes are 0·000434 and 0·0630dB. The
3.4 0" facing page v.s.w.r. fluctuates in the filter passband between 1·000 and
practical .Wireless, September 1984
,'r -'. __, / ' . , ,<
" ,,,', - . - 47
 rl
, "

15- ELEMENT 50 -OHM , HIGH -PA SS CHEBYSHEV SVC-FILTER DESIGNS, CAPACITIVE INPUT, 5% TOLERANCE SERIES , SELE CTED VSWR LIMIT = 1,2731

110, -----FREQUEiK, - - - -- i1;;:': ,Cl ,5 Lt ,4 C' . -----FREGUENU ':HKZ) - - --- • Cl .5 L2 ,4 C3

F-CO 3-[,8 20[,8 40[;8 l)51,JR ,PF ' "UH:, ';PF) F-CO 3- DB 20uB 40DB (is/,,JR (PF .I ;: UH) ,:m
! 1,04 .72c, ,501 1.044 5100 6.45 2200 55 4.24 3.52 2.56 1.72 1. 184 820 1.38 430
, ,OJ , u,.1.' J-, OJ
j .554 · 1.OB1 4300 5.97 2000 50 ' I:'
2.58 1.71
I 1.091 910 1.29 430
3 1. 17 .800 .550 .359 1 .039 HO 5.85 2000 57 S.3C· 3.11 2.56 1.c7 1.043 1001) 1,"Le. 430
J LOi" .BSt .615 ,m i ,135 36'00 5.56 1800 58 4.72 3.89 2.83 J.90 1.175 750 i. 24 390
5 j .1 ! ,877 .616 .406 1.076 3900 ... . J ' 180[1 59
C'
J
•. -•
11.L 4.02 2.84 1. 88 1.095 820 1.17 3'tO
0 ! ,33 .890 , c,09 .397 1.034 4300 5.26 j 800 6D 5.93 4.10 2.82 1.85 ] .0 42 910 i. 14 390
- ] .12 .938 • .401 1.200 3000 5.20 j 600 cl 5.01 4.1 8 3.05 2,05 1. 196 080 1.16 360
.,;::
;3 1. ; ...1 . y74 . c93 ,461 j , j 09 .3300 U6 i 600 62 5.60 4. 34 3.08 2.04 1. i 01 750 j• 360
9 ] , ,9'1'; .c.9 J .454 j .057 3600 71 1608 03 0.2.3 U2 3.07 2.0 1 J.li52 820 1.06 360
ill 1 .54 : ,00 .c,8.3 · 1,028 3900 <1.07 1000 64 5. 44 4.55 3,33 2.24 1.203 620 1.07 330
11 l.H .978 .723 , J90 i .26E 2700 5.09 1500 C' .03 172 3.36 2.23 i. l1 0 ,:,80 1.0 0 330
12 1,28 ! ,03 ,738 ,N i .! 35 3000 4. cA 1500 00 6.78 4.82 3.35 2.20 1.052 750 .970 330
13 1,43 1.00 ,738 .480 1.068 3300 4.44 1500 7.70 4.87 3.30 2.1<I 1 ,0 23 820 .962 330
14 i .61 1,0:; . 30 ,<110 1.033 3600 U8 i 500 5.94 4,99 3. 05 2,46 1.212 560 .978 300
• 0
L' 1 .35 j , 14 .841 .567 1.227 2400 4.29 1300 69 o,e,e 5. 20 3. i D 1.46 1.107 620 .910
16 1.55 1 ,20 .853 .506 1. 104 2700 3.94 1300 70 7.43 5.31 3. 68 2.42 1.054 680 .882 300
j7 1.75 1 .23 ,848 : 1:' 1:
, .J.J ...' 1.046 3000 3.8i 1300 i1 8.56 5. 36 3,62 2.35 !.O22 750 ,8i5 300
j8 1 1.24 , 909 ,61 <I 1. 238 2200 3,99. 1200 72 0.69 5.58 4.07 2. 74 1.196 510 .870 270
19 1. c,O 1 .29 .923 .0] 0 1 . 135 2400 3.7 j 1200 73 7.43 5.78 4.11 2.73 j ,1 05 560 ,B17 270
20 j 1, St .921 · ,:,05 i .057 210 0 3.54 1200 74 8.39 5.9 i 4.08 2.68 1.048 020 .792 270
21 2.1<1 j ,34 . 9Do .587 j .022 3000 3. 50 1200 75 7.84 c .38 4.61 3.08 1.1 55 470 .752 240
22 i .57 1. ,989 ":'09 1.251 2000 3.6S' 1100 76 8.59 0.55 4.62 3.0 6 1.088 5iO .719 240
23 J. 75 1. 40 i .01 .072 1.135 2200 3.40 llOO // 9.64 6.66 58 3.0 0 1.042 560 ,702 240
14 l-.n i. 1 ,Dl .664 1 ,8i 2 240 0 .3 ,'2i llOO 78 8.53 6.95 5.02 3. 36 1.157 430 . ':.90 220
25 2.27 ] .46 .992 .045 1 .026 2700 3.21 i J 00 79 9. 7. i5 5,04 3.33 1.085 470 .658 220
26 i.;; j .47 1 .08 · i 3<1 j .Le,S 1800 3,.39 1000 80 10.4 7.2':, 5.01 3. 28 J.044 51 0 .644 220
27 1 .93 1 ,54 1.11 .739 1. 135 2000 3.09 100u 81 8.53 7.33 5.4 2 3.67 1.268 360 .678 200
28 2, j 5 1.58 i .11 · i 30 1 .O c,8 2200 2.96 1000 82 9.36 1.64 5.52 3.70 1. j 59 390 .628 200
20 2.41 J ,60 1.10 ,714 1.033 2400 2.92 1000 83 j 0,4 7,88 5.54 3.66 i .08j 430 .59C. 200
30 2.0;t J .09 j
" .812 j . 145 1800 2.83 910 84 9.69 8.24 o .GD U 9 1.238 330 .597 180
3j 2. 30 1. 74 1 .22 .802 1.068 200 0 2.70 9j 0 85 10. 7 8. 57 v.1 5 4.1 0 1. 135 360 r: C"
• ·J .J O 180
32 I , le, 1.20 .783 i ,030 2200 2.60 9j(i
3.3 2. 12 1.8i j .33 .898 1. 24i 1500 2.73 820
34 2.28 j j .35 .902 1. 159 1600 2, :,8 820
35 2.61 1. 93 J. 35 .890 1 1800 2.43 820
30 3.01 ! .Yo 1 .33 ,Boo 1.0 28 2000 2.39 820
3! 2.57 2,06 1.48 .985 1.135 1500 2.32 750
38 2.76 2, J 0 1.48 .978 1.086 j 60 0 2.25 150 iD
39 3.21 2.14 1.46 .952 1 .033 1800 2. J 9 750 c
,2
JO 2.6Q 2.23 1•clL 1.09 1.1 81 1300 2.17 680 g
<11 j.! / 2, 33 l.63 j .07 1.067 1500 2,0] 680
42 3. <14 2. 35 1. ;:·2 1.Oc 1.039 1600 1.99 680 <-
43 2,99 2.46 1 .78 1.19 1.167 i2D0 j .'to 620 20+ - -f - - - -"I-
44 3.27 2.53 1.79 i , 19 1.097 1300 1 8' c,lD
; .:' 0
3.93 J, 1.70 1.15 1.030 150 ii 1. 81 020 Circui t d iagram
3.37 2. 1 .97 1 ,32 j .m 1j 00 !.i5 560 and
t y pical response
47 3.72 2.8i i ,98 1.31 1.083 1200 1. 67 560
48 J ,J (I 2.85 1. 97 ! .29 1.044 ! 300 1.64 560
3.69 3,00 2.17 i. 1. j 54 1000 1.60 510
1 F40 F20 F3 FCG
50 J,j 3.09 2.1 i 1.079 i! 00 1.52 510
Frequen cy (Hz)
5] 4.59 3. jJ 2. i 5 j .41 1 .039 1200 1 510
52 3.95 3,24 2035 1, 0Jl' 1• j 67 91[1 ! .49 470
53 4.39 3.34 2.30 1.50 1.087 1000 1 ,41 470
54 '; .94 3. 40 2.34 1. 53 1 ,041 1J 00 1.38 470

the maximum value listed for each design. Normally, it is all capacitor _listings are standard values. All inductor
not necessary to know the exact value for a par- values are whatever values are required to cause the
ticular pass band frequency· because it is sufficient to know capacitor values to be standard, except for Table 3.2
that it will never exceed a particular maximum _value. where the advantage of standard values is also extended to
The cobcluding columns list the filter component.values inductors Lt '-and L5. The fact that most of the inductor
in picofarads (pF) and microhenries all the tables, In -values -are presents no problem because
48 Practical Wireless, September 1984
 "17 -ELEMENT 50-OHM, HIGH-PASS CHEBYSHEV SVC-FILTER DES IGNS, CAPACITIVE INPUT, 5% TOLERANCE SERIES, SELECTED VSWR LIMIT = 1,2731
<' " 'j ,

NO. -----FPEllllENCy 'J1HZ i - - --- !¥lX . C1,7 L2 6 C3 ,5

4 L4 NO. -----FREQUBKy i t1HZ) - - - - - MAX. [l.i L2,6 C3.5 L4
HO 3-IiB 20DB 40[iB ':PFi (lIH ! (Pe ) O:UHi HO 3-DB 20DB 40DB ')SWR (PF) ': UH) ': PF) O: UH)
1 1.02 .826 .060 .504 1.036 SlOO 6.16 2000 U8 56 3.51 3.21 2.69 2.12 1.213 910 1.58 470 , 1. 40
2 1.00 .880 .724 .563 1.109 3900 5.67 J800 4.80 57 3.79 3.35 2.76 2.15 1.122 1000 1.49 470 1.28
3 1.08 .905 .732 .563 1.058 4300 5.55 1800 <1.60 58 4.07 3.45 2.80 2.16 1.066 1100 1.45 470 1.21
4 1.1ci .922 .i34 .558 j .030 4700 5.55 1800 4.45 59 4.35 3.52 2.81 2.14 1.035 1200 1.45 470 1.17
5 1.00 .924 .780 .617 USi 3000 5.53 1600 4.93 60 3.79 3.47 2.93 2.31 1.233 820 1.46 430 1.30
6 1.09 .971 .806 .630 1.147 3300 5.J5 1600 4.48 61 4.12 3.65 3.02 2.35 1.126 910 1.37 430 1.18
i 1.10 1.00 .B19 .634 1.086 3000 4099 1600 U2 ()2 4.42 3.76 3.06 2.36 1.069 1000 1.33 430 1.11
. 8 1.23 1.02 . B24 .032 1.050 3900 4.93 1600 4.06 63 4.77 3.85 3.07 2.34 1.035 WO 1. 33 430 1.07
9 1.34 1.04 .825 .625 1.023 4300 4. 'i s 1600 3.92 64 4.20 3.85 3.24 2.55 1.L22 750 1. .32 390 1.17
J0 1. 13 1.02 .853 .669 1.176 3000 4,92 1500 4,31 65 4.52 4.02 3.32 2.59 1.131 820 1.24 390 1.07
JJ 1.22 LOci .87 J , 1.099 3300 4. ,0 J500 4.01 4.89 15 3.37 2.60 1.068 910 1.21 390 1.01
.
J2 1.30 i.09 .879 .675 1.056 3600 4,63 1500 3.83 67 5.27 4.24 3.39 2.58 1.034 1000 1.20 390 .969
13 1.39 1.1 J .880 .670 1.031 3900 4.63 1500 3.71 68 4 4.l3 3.48 2.75 1.247 680 1.23 360 1.10
14 1.34 1.20 .994 .776 1.141 2700 4.17 1300 3.62 69 4.86 4.33 3.59 2.80 1.138 750 1. 15 360 .999
15 1.45 i.24 1.01 .780 1.073 3000 4.03 1300 3038 70 5.20 4047 3.65 2.82 i .079 820 1.12 .360 .942
16 1.57 1.27 1.02 .775 1.037 3300 4.00 1300 3.24 71 5.64 4.58 3.67 2.BO 1.038 910 1.11 360 .899
17 1.41 1.28 1.07 .836 1.1 i6 2400 3. :;04 1200 3.45 72 U7 4,49 :3.7't 2.99 1.254 620 1.14 330 1. 01
18 1.55 1.34 1.09 .845 1.086 2700 3.74 iLOO 3. 16 73 5.26 4.71 3.91 3.05 1. 148 680 LOo 330 .924
19 1.68 1. 37 1.10 .841 1.042 3OIJ0 3.70 120(1 3.01 74 5.67 4.87 3.98 3.07 1.080 750 1.03 330 .864
20 1.54 1.39 1.16 .912 1. i76 2200 3.61 110(1 3.16 75 6.07 4.98 4.0u 3.06 1.043 820 1.02 330 .829
21 1.65 1.44 1.19 .921 1. 104 2400 3 1100 2.95 76 5.32 4.91 4.15 3.28 1.264 560 1.04 300 .930
22 1.80 1.49 1.20 .919 1.048 2700 3.39 1100 2.78 77 5.80 5.18 4.30 3.36 1. 145 620 .965 300 .838
23 1.97 1.52 1.20 .908 1.021 3000 3.41 1099 2.68 78 6.22 5.36 4.37 3.38 1.082 680 .933 .300 .787
24 1.70 1.53 1.28 1. 00 1.176 2000 3.28 1000 2.87 79 0,71 5.49 4.40 3.36 1.042 750 .923 300 .752
25 1.82 1. 59 l.31 1.(11 1.099 2200 3.14 j 000 2.67 80 7.25 5.58 4.40 3.33 1.020 820 .931 300 .731
?' 1. 95 1.63 1.32 1.01 1.056 2400 3.08 1000 2.55 5.98 5.50 4.64 3.66 i .247 510 .926 270 .824
8i
27 2.15 1.67" 1.32 1.00 1.013 2700 3. iO 1000 2.45 82 0.46 <J.I, "( 4.78 3.74 1.142 560 .867 m . i:,2
28 1.85 1.67 1.40 1.10 1.188 1800 3.01 910 2.64 83 6.98 5.97 4.87 3.70 1.075 620 .837 270 .703
29 2.00 1. 75 1.44 1. j 1 1.100 2000 2.85 910 2.43 84 7.50 6. il 4.89 3.74 1.039 680 .831 2iO .675
30 2.15 1.80 1. 45 I. J1 1.053 2200 2.81 9iO 2.31 85 6.32 5.29 4.16 1.200 470 .798 240 .704
31 2.31 1.83 1.45 1.10 1.027 2400 2.81 910 2.24 86 7.41 6.55 5.41 4.21 1. 123 510 .762 240 .656
32 2.03 1.85 1. • «
J..! 1.22 1.204 1000 2.74 820 2.42 87 7.95 0.75 5.48 4.22 i .068 560 .742 240 .m
33 2.22 1. 94 1. 59 1.24 1.100 1800 2.57 820 2.19 88 8.61 6.90 5.50 4.l9 1.032 620 .740 240 .595
34 2.41 2.00 1.61 1.23 1.0:,0 2000 2.53 820 2.08 89 7.56 6.88 5.77 4.54 1.202 430 .733 220 .646
, 35 2.01 2.03 1.61 1.22 1.024 2200 2.54 820 2.01 90 8.11 7.16 5.9 1 4.60 j.119 m .097 220 .599
36 2.26 2.04 l.71 1.34 1.176 1500 2.40 750 2.16 9i 8.63 7.35 5.98 4.61 1.071 5iO .681 220 .570
"
37 2.38 2.10 1. 73 1.35 1.120 1600 2.38 750 2.05 :"12 9.28 7.51 6.00 4.58 1.036 560 .677 220 .548
38 2.60 2.17 1./6 1.35 1.056 1800 2.31 750 J.91 93 8.30 7.56 6.34 4.99 i .205 390 .667 200 .589
39 2.83 2.22 i.l6 !.34 1.025 2000 2,32 750 I. 84 94 8.97 7.90 6.51 5.06 1.114 4.30 .632 200 .542
40 2.40 2.20 1.85 1.46 1.230 mo 2.31 680 2.05 95 9.59 8.11 6.58 5.07 1.064 470 .018 200 .515
41 2.69 2.34 1. S'2 1.49 1.097 1500 2.13 680 1.81 96 1i).2 8.26 6.60 5.04 1.036 5i 0 .616 200 .498
42 2.82 2.39 l.94 1.49 i.fJ64 1000 2.10 680 1.75 97 9.42 8.51 7.11 5.57 J .176 360 .590 180 .517
43 3.10 2.45 i.94 1.47 1.027 1800 2. j 0 680 1.67 98 10.0 8.80 7.24 5.63 1.109 390 .567 180 .485
44 i " 2.43 2.04 1.61 1.214 1200 2.08 620 1.84 99 10 .8 9.05 7.32 5.63 1.058 430 .555 180 .460
45 2.84 2.52 2.09 1.03 i .133 1300 J.98 620 1. 71 ! 00 j 0.0 9.24 ? .80 6.17 1.257 300 .553 160 .493
46 3.16 2.64 2.13 1.03 1.053 1500 1.91 620 1.58 101 10.9 9.71 8.06 6.30 1.147 330 .51:, 160 .447
47 3.33 2.67 2.13 J.62 1.033 1600 1.91 620 1. 5<1
, 48 2.98 2.71 2.27 1. 79 1. j 96 1100 1.80 560 1.64
49 3.19 2.82 2.32 1.81 1.116 1200 1.77 560 1.52
50 3.39 2.89 2.35 1.81 1.070 mo 1.73 560 1.45
51 3.81 2.98 2.36 1. 79 1.024 1500 1.73 560 1.37
52 3.27 2.97 2.49 1.96 1.198 1000 1. 70 510 1.49
53 3.53 3.10 2.55 1. )'9 1.1i2 1100 1.61 510 1.38
54 3.76 3.18 2.56 1.99 1.064 1200 1.58 510 1.31
55 4.01 3.24 2.59 1.98 1.036 1300 1.57 510 1.27 See Table 3.5 for typical response
,

these components are usually hand-wound anyway to the variable is still available for control. To simplify construc-
exact design value. Inductors LI and L5 in Table 3.2 have the vvariable for the value.ofL 1 and L5 was program-
standard value,S , becallse this particular configuration med so it is standard, This concludes the explanation of
requires only one value fore2 and C4, ano another design the table column headings. '
Practical Wireless, September 1984 49
 References
Selecting a Suitable Design References 1-8 were listed in Part 1, and 9-11 in Part 2
These SVC designs can be used for both audio fre- 12. E. Wetherhold, Elliptic (SVC) lowpassfiltersfor transistor
quency and radio frequency filtering; however, most audio amplifiers, Ham Radio, January 1981.
filtering applications require an attenuation rise that is 13. E. Wetherhold, 7-element Chebyshev filters using standard-
more abrupt than that available in the 5- and 7-element value capacitors, RF Design, Vol. 3, Nos. 2 and 6, February
Chebyshev designs. For rJ. applications, it is generally and June 1980.
sufficient that 30dB or more of attenuation occurs at 14. E. Wetherhold, Lowpass filters with inductive input/output, '
RF Design, Yol. 4, Nos. 4 & 5, July/August and Septem-
about one octave above the cutoff frequency . In this case, ber/October 1981.
the 5- and 7-element Chebyshev filters will be adequate. 15. E: Wetherhold, Design 7-element lowpass filters using
For those audio and r.f. filtering applications requiring a standard-value capacitors, EDN, Yol. 26, No. 1,7 January
more abrupt rolloff and higher levels of stopband attenua- 1981.
tion, the 5- and 7-branch Cauer designs must be used. 16. E. Wetherhold, Lowpass Chebyshev filters use standard-
Before selecting a design, you must know the filter type value capacitors, Electronics, Engineer's Notebook, p. 160,
(highpass or lowpass), the impedance level and the cutoff 19June 1980.
frequency. You should also have a good idea of the re- 17. E. Wetherhold, Highpass Chebyshev filters use standard-
quired stopband attenuation. For example, assume a 50 value capacitors, Electronics, Engineer's Notebook, p. 140,
27 January 1981.
ohm 10wpass.fiIter is needed and a capacitor input/output 18. E. Wetherhold, Standard C, L-input filters stabilize hf.
will be satisfactory. Scan the "F-CO" column of Tables transistor amplifiers, Electronics, Engineer's Notebook,
3.1 3.3 and select those designs that have the cutoff p. 155,3 November 1981.
frequency just slightly above the desired cutoff frequency. 19. Electronic Designer's Casebook No. 5, prepared by the
Read the frequencies vs. attenuation, the v.s.w.r. and the editors of Electronics, Lowpass and highpass (7-element)
component values, and if they are acceptable, the filter Chebyshev filters use standard-value capacitors, pp. 94-97,
selection is finished. For receiving applications, a high McOraw Hill, 1982.
v.s.w.r. is not important and a high v.s.w.r. design can be 20. Electronic Databook, 3rd edition, edited by Rudolf F. Oraf,
used for maximum selectivity. For transmitting applica- Passive LC Filter Design, pp. 117-143, TAB Books Inc.,
Blue Ridge Summit, P A, 1983.
tions, designs with low V.S .W.f. are preferable. If the 21. E. Wetherhold, 7-element Chebyshevfiltersfor TEMPEST
capacitor values are not convenient, search for other testing, Interference Technology Engineers' Master (Item),
designs that may have more convenient values. For exam- 1981; published annually by R & B Enterprises, West Con-
ple, if a 5-element lowpass filter is desired, designs 3.1-1 to shohocken, PA.
3.1-11 are suitable, but design 3.1-3 may be preferred 22. The 1984 Radio Amateur's Handbook, 61st edition,
because the capacitor values of 2200 and 4700pF are Chebyshev and elliptic lowpass and highpass (SYC) fIlter
more readily available. tables, pp. 2-41 to 2-45, published by ARRL, Newington,
CT.
23. E. Wetherhold, 50-ohm lowpass filters for transmitters,
SPRAT, The Journal of the O-QRP Club, Issue Nr. 37,
Winter 1983/84.
NEXT MONTH-SCALING TO DIFFERENT 24. E. Wetherhold, Lowpass filters for attenuating r f. amplifier
FREQUENCIES AND IMPEDANCES harmonics, Parts 1 and 2, Short Wave Magazine,
December 1983 and January 1984.

Have about 40 miscellaneous back issues of PW and Television

mostly around 1972-1974. Would exchange for ZX Spectrum
software or w.h.y. D. Wilson, Flat 2, 14 Kidderpore Gardens, Lon -
don NW3 . V262 PW"SWAP SPOT"
Have 2000 service sheets and manuals, TV and radio , also 290 Got a camera, want a receiver? Got a v.h.f. rig, want
new boxed TV valves . Would exchange for good comers, or any some h.f. gear to go with your new G4? In fact, have
good radio gear-w.h.y. W .E. Stedman, 13:3 8 Lynton Road , 8er- you got anything to trade radio-wise?
mondsey, London SE1 5QX. V263 If so, why not advertise it FREE in our new feature
SWAP SPOT. Send details, including what equipment
Have 48K Spectrum. VTX5000 modem , ZX -printer plus 8 rolls of you're looking for, to "SWAP SPOT", Practical
paper, Sony recorder, over £ 120 software and several books. Wireless, House, West Quay Road, Poole,
Would exchange for 144MHz or 430MHz transceiver (prefer mul-
Dorset BH 15 1JG., for inclusion in the first available
timode) or good communications receiver. Tel: 041-6370808 af-
issue of the magazine.
ter 6pm. V276
A FEW SIMPLE RULES: Your ad. should follow the
Have Commodore Vic20 complete starter pack and Home Com- format of those appearing above; it must be typed or
puter Course (bound), u.h.f. TV sound tune r. Would exchange for written in block letters; it must be not more than 40
any u.h.f./v.h.f. scanning monitor. Jarvis, 204 Lewis Trust, Warner words long including name and address/telephone
Road, London SE5 9LY. V300 number. Swaps only-no items for sale-and one of
the items MUST be radio related. Adverts for ILLEGAL
Have hi-fi and cash . Would exchange for small modern dual-beam CB equipment will not be accepted.
'scope and 50MHz frequency counter. J.W. Johnson, 6 Waveney
Grove, Clayton, Newcastle, Staffs. Tel : 0782634780. V30T

50 Practical Wireless, September 1984

 Practical Le
Filter Design
by Edward Wetherhold W3NQN Part 4
.- -> \ , ' :'( . x":; . , - '. , ' .
previous parts of this article, the principles of standard capacitance and inductance are scaled to 500 ohms
filter design were explained. Tables by dividing the capacitor values by ten, and by mUltiplying
: CbeQyshevJilters towork the inductance values. by ten. The reverse is true if the im-
"iin SQ -o ',.cirpt!its, With9utof(,!requencie§in the range pedance level is10wered from 50 to 5
f"'" .... .. When a desired impedance level differs' from the stan-
'.% This ' . Ways in Which the design' data can be . dard 50 ohm value by a factor equal to a non;'integral
. freqllencies, and impegances are ex- power of ten (such as 1· 2 or 1; 5), the following scaling
'. procedure mustbe used: . '.
1. Calculate the impedance scaling factor, R = Zx/50,
where Zx is the desired new impedance level in ohms.
2. Calculate the a "trial" 50 ohm filter
using the equation: F50co= R x 'Pxco, where R is the
in Part 3 are arranged for cutoff pedance scaling factor and Fxco is the desired cutoff fre-
about 1 to 10MHz, it-is possible quency of the filter atthe new impedance level. .'
other. fre- 3. From the .50 ohm tables select a design having its
"t:he decimal p0ints to the right cutoff frequency closest to the calculated F50co value. The
tabulated capacitor values for this design are used directly,
and the frequeh,cies and inductances will be scale!:i to the
respectivelY,' and
il'il'' '\.:· hi, 1',htJl Olr)';;l.UO,·
new impedance leveL' .
by same number. Thev.s.w.r. 4. Calculate the exact values of Fxco = F'50co/R, where
J:(9r example, designs 3.1-7 and F' 50co is the tabulated cutoff frequency of the selected
tlle 'sJtme. except
\-,' . . , ,:, ',' .
are separated
.<' {"'" ',' :
by one fre- filter. In a similar manner, calculate all the otherfrequen-
cies. .
tables to cover the I-10kHz,
thfi"" t'ltpr ·
5. Calculate the inductance values for the new filter using
rOO,k Hz-IMHz decades, divide the the equation: Lx = xL50, where L50 is the tabulated
100 or 1O,respectively, inductance value of tl).e trial filter design,and Lx is the
by tbe same number. new inductance value after scaling.
". are changed from the As an example of how this scaling procedure is used,
decaq,C to the.1-1OktIz decade by mentally assume that a 60 ohm, 1MIlz, 5-eleinent, .C-in/out
fteq-.\ieDcyheadings in MHz to>kHz and the lowpass filter design is desired in which Cl, 'C3 ancfC5 are
, "; qapacitorand iiiduetor headings in pF and IlH to nF and all standard 10 per cent values. Using the same previously-
,· JnH, whi,ch is a factor ofl000 ineachcase. In this way, numbered steps:
- ;ill:he tabl<yaluesJ:l1ay b.e reaa directly for the} -1 OkI:Jz fre-
. '''quenty decade. Because the impedance level still is 50 1. R= 60/50 =..1 ·2.
. _ohms, the ' capacitance values ,will be inconveniently large 2. F50co = 1·2 (1·0MHz) = 1·20MHz.
,;arid the, inductafl'ce values will be small. 3. From Table 3.1 design No. 8 has a cutoff frequency
closest to the ,f50co value, and the Cl, C3 and CS values
.. can by iqcreasing·the level by are all of the .10 per cent tolerance group: Also, the at-
' ;teri times 'Or mOieusing the impedance scaling procedure tenuation and v.s.w.r. values are satisfactory. Design
.' .
'"./.;;:
No. 8 will therefore be scaled to the required 60 ohm im-
. pedance level. fhe tabulated capacitor values copied
· ·!nm li-hg •.. . directly. Thus" for the 60 ohm filter, Cl and C5 are
. lS00pF and C3.is 3900pF.
: "- All tabulated call.. be spal,ed to .levels 4. The exact values . of Fxc, Fx3, Fx20and F:x40 are
'pMtns'witb, while calculated by dividing the tabulated frequetlcies of 1· 23,
<, m·aintaiiU.ng , theadv.antages 'of standard-value capacitors 1·65, 2·34 afld3·55MHz by 1·2. The scaled frequencies
- ,and keeping thec9Pyenience of ihe "scan mode" of filter are, respectively, 1·025, 1·375, 1·95 and 2.·96MHz. Note
tliedesiJ;)!d newiropeiianse level differs that although a .cutoff frequency of 1·0MHz was desired,
);[t0111 oh'rris bY;iIJ factor equal tdanlntegritlpower of ten we will be satisfied with a cutoff frequency of I·025MHz.
(such as.JOar 100), the 50 9l!m design tables are scaled by 5. The L2 and L4 induCtiulce vaIue of the 60 ohm fIlter is
', inspection by -shifting calculated by multiplying the 50 ohm inductance value by
. .':yalue&. The freCJ:!lencies and v.s:W.r. values remain un" the square ratio: .. ...• .
changed.' For example, ifthe level is L2 = (1·2)2 x g.191lH 1l·8IlH. This concludesthe im-
raised to 500 o.hms ·(a factor of ten), the tabulated pedance scaling procedure.
Practical
,-
Wireless,
,. +-.'
October
-",- .
1984
NO. -----FREQUENCy (MHZ)----- MAX. Cl,S -----FREGlIENCY J -----
F-CO 3-DB 20DB 400B VSWR (PF) (UH) F-CO 3-DB 20D8 40DB (uH)

1.03 i-'"
... .:> 1 1.95 2.96 1.076 1800 11.B 1.19 .880 .615 .405 6.40
2 1.19 1.62 2.31 3.51 1.068 1500 10.0 1.21 1.03 .758 .511 1.238 2200 5.74
3 i.47 1.73 2.35 3.47 i.238 1800 B.94 3300 1.53 1.10 .768 .504 1.057 2700 5.09
4 1.42 ! .97 2.B3 4.31 1.057 WO 8.25 2700 1.42 1.22 .904 .m 1.268 1800 4,88
5 1.33 2.13 2.88 4.26 1.268 1500 7.17 2700 1.79 1.32 .923 .608 i.068 2200 4.27
1. 79 2.42 3.47 5.26 1.068 1000 6.68 2200 1.77 1.50 1.11 .748 1. 241 1500 3.93
2.20 2.59 3.52 5.21 1.238 1200 5.96 2200 2. i8 1.61 1.13 .742 j .0 69 1800 3.50
8 2.19 2.96 4.24 6.43 1.069 820 5.46 1800 L.64 ].94 1.36 .894 i .067 1500 2.90
9 2.75 3.20 6.39 1.268 1000 4.78 1800 3.10 2.34 1. 65 1.09 1.083 1200 2.41
10 2.6i 3.55 5.0B 7.72 i.067 680 4.5t. 1500 3.66 2.79 1.97 1.30 1. 087 1000 2.03
11 3.24 3.80 5.16 7.64 ! .24 1 820 4.06 1500 4.35 3.35 2.37 i .57 l.U95 820 1.69
12 :US 4.47 6.34 9.60 ! .083 560 3.61 1200 5. 03 3.93 2.S0 f.86 1.110 680 1.44
13 4.09 5.37 7.61 11.5 1.087 470 3.00 6.42 4.06 2.75 1,78 1.023 820
14 4.05 6.41 9.46 14.6 1.023 330 2.53 6. j 9 4.82 3.42 2.27 1.105 560 1.i8
15 5.06 , ",
O ...If 9.28 i4.0 1.095 390 2.45 7.86 5.96 4.20 2.78 1. 085 470 .947
i6 0.24 7.97 11.2 i6.8 1.110 330 8.D; 6.86 5.05 3.41 1.238 330 .SoG
17 7.52 9.66 13 .0 20.5 1.105 270 1. 66 9.i6 7.3i 5.13 3.39 1.076 390 .771
18 8.66 11.4 16.2 24.5 L085 220 1. 41 9.47 8.15 6.03 4.08 1. 268 270 .732
19 10.3 13.7 19.5 29.6 1.u76 180 1.18

NO. -----FREQUB-1Cy I,NHZ ) ----- !,!!to( • L2,4 C3 NO.

F-CO 3-DB 2008 400B ')SWR (PF ) (OH) (PF ) F-CO 3-D8 2008 4QDB 'JSJ..jR
1 1.17 1.38 US 2.7B 1.238 1800 lU 3300 l.23 .883 .614 .403 1,057 2700 7.96
2 1.13 1.57 2.26 3.45 1.057 1200 i2.9 2700 2 i. i4 .978 .723 .490 1.268 1800 7.63
3 1.47 1.71 2.31 3.41 i,268 1500 11.2 2700 1. 43 l.O6 .738 .486 1.068 2200 6.07
4 1. 43 1. 94 2. it 4. 21 1.068 1000 10.4 noo 4 1.41 1.20 .886 .599 1.241 1500 6.14
5 1.76 2.07 2.81 4. 17 1.238 1200 9.32 noo 5 1.74 1.29 .900 .593 1.069 1800 5.47
6 1.75 2.37 3.39 S.i4 1.069 820 8.54 1EOO 2.11 1.55 1.09 .715 1.067 1500 4.53
7 .2.20 2.56 3.46 5. 11 i.268 1000 7.47 1800 2.48 1.87 !.32 .873 1.083 1200 3176 560
8 2.09 2.B4 4.07 6.18 1.067 680 7.12 1500 8 2.93 2.23 1.57 1.04 i .087 1000 3.17 4iO
9 2.59 3.u4 4.13 6.12 1.24i 820 6.34 1500 9 3.48 2.68 un 1. 26 L095 820 2.64 390
10 2.70 3.58 5.u8 7.66 l.O83 560 5.65 1200 ](1 4.02 3.15 2.24 1. 49 1.110 680 2.26 330
11 3.27 4.30 6.09 9.20 1.087 470 4.69 l[1DO 11 5.13 3.25 2.20 1.43 1.023 820 2.17 330
12 3.24 5.13 7.57 11.7 i .023 330 3.95 820 12 4.95 3.65 2.74 1.105 560 1.84
13 4.04 5.26 7.42 i 1.2 1.095 390 3.:33 820 13 6.29 4.77 3.36 2.22 1.085 470 1.48
n
14 4.99 6.38 8.95 13 .5 I ,I
I ..; l \.! 330 3. i 5 680 14 0.46 5.49 4.04 2.73 i .238 330
i5 6.01 7.73 10.9 16.4 1. 105 270 2.60 56C 15 7.B1 5.85 4.1 1 2.71 1.076 390
16 6.93 9.14 i3.0 19.6 1.Ga5 220 2.21 470 It. i .58 6.52 4.B2 3.2t. 1.268 270
17 8.2! 11.0 15.6 23.7 1.076 180 1.84 390 17 9.54 7.04 4.92 3.24 1.068 330
18 9.53 i2.9 i8.5 28.1 1.068 150 1.57 330 18 9.69 8.24 6.06 4.09 1.238 no
s,

The four abbreviated 5-element SVC tables, 4.1-4.4 for any cutoff frequency between 1, and By using,
60 and 75 ohm ftlters can be used for checking your Jhese designs, the likelihood of calculation. error is
calculation procedure wheri scaling as-element lowpass or eliminated; and the filter construction is simplified because
to a different impedance level. only standard-v.ruue required. Alth0.Jlgh the-
desighs are based on equal50,ohitr termiriationsih the 1 :to
lOMHz range• .designs fot' any equal termiriation im-
pedflnce and , for any fre,quency , decade ,are , easily
.It !s important that the radio amateur be able to con- calculated' with a 'simple scaliIlg, procedupe wlille maintain-
veniC!ntly and design lowpass and highpass ing' the of capacit()fs anti of the ;
fIlters over a wide range of cutoff frequencies. The convenience 'o ffllter selection. .
precalculated 50 ohmftlter designs presented in Part 3 of ELLIP1JC ' ,
this article provide a wide selection of designs for virtually F,Ur:pERD.E SIGN,',,"
Practical ,Ociober 1984 ,' .
 Practical Le
Filter Design
by Edward Wetherhold W3NQN Part 5

You will note that of the five capacitors in the lowpass

NOTES and highpass filters only three capacitors (C 1, C3 and C5)
have standard preferred values of the 10 per cent tolerance
1. Reference in this series of articles to a filter design
series (20 per cent steps of 10, 12, 15, 18, etc.). This is a
such as: " design 5.1-12"' means line 12 of Table 5. 1.
consequence of the mathematics associated with the
2. Throughout this series on Le filter design , for ease
programming of this SVC filter type and only three
of reading , v.s.w.r. values are quoted as single num-
capacitor values were available for selection. The
capacitors most suitable for standard values were in the
bers instead of in the usual ratio form . For example a
v.s.w.r. of 1 ·52 as quoted for design 5.1-12 would
. non-resonant branches of the filter. The remaining two
normally be written as 1 · 52:1
capacitors, C2 and C4, are in the resonant branches, and
either the capacitors or inductors may be varied to tune
the branches to their required frequencies. Because C2 and
C4 probably will be .varied anyway to tune the resonant
branches, it is unnecessary that these capacitors have stan-
dard values. '
In previous instalments, we discussed standard-value lowpass SVC Designs
capacitor (SVC) designs for the 5- and 7-branch
Chebyshev lowpass and high pass filters. In this instalment The lowpass filter schematic diagram and attenuation
we will discuss the 5-branch Cauer lowpass and highpass response are shown in Figs. 5.1(a) and 5. 1(b), respectively.
SVC filters. The Cauer filter (also known as the elliptic
function) is one of the most important types of modern
filter designs. It has a response that is similar to the
L2 L4
Chebyshev in the passband where there is equi-ripple at-
tenuation (two ripples for the 5-branch design) that does
not exceed a specified maximum level. In the stopband, in-
stead of the attenuation increasing continuously as in the
Chebyshev, the Cauer stopband has two attenuation
peaks, and the attenuation does not fall below a minimum
level that can be specified by the designer. This minimum
stopband attenuation level is typically between 40 and
50dB for the 5-branch SVC Cauer designs. The advan- (a)
tages of the Cauer filter are its more abrupt rise in attenua-
tion as compared to the Chebyshev and the ability of the
designer to specify a minimum level of stop band attenua- F4 F2
tion. The disadvantage of this filter type is that the two
resonant circuits must be corr~ctly tuned to obtain the
desired stop band response.

Cauer'Configurations and Responses Passband--,+---I---r-'S!opband---

The Cauer 50 ohm iowpass the highpass filter con- Max .passband
figurations and responses are shown in Figs. 5.1 and 5.2 riP~le am±PI:IUde,AP
respectively, and Tables 5.1 and 5.2 list the component
values and performance parameters of the designs. Each
configuration requires only two inductors 'and five Ap+-- -
capacitors. The alternative configurations, requiring five Frequency( Hz)
inductors and two capacitors, were not considered because (b)
of the greater number of inductors. Inductors are usually
more costly, more bulky and more lossy than capacitors, Fig. 5.1: Circuit diagram and attenuation response of
and therefore those designs having a minimum of induc, 5-branch Cauer lowpass filter. Tune C2/L2 to F2,
tors are preferred. C4/L4toF4
'" PraciicaIWireles~, ~ecember 1984
 50-OHM 5-BRANCH CAUER LOW-PASS S'JC-FILTER DESIGNS, 101. SERIES FOR Cl, C3 & C5.

F-co F-2 F-As As MAX. Cl C3 C5 C2 C4 L2 L4 F2 F4

' No. -------(MHz)------~ (dB) VSWR ------------(pf)------------ ---(uH)--- ---(MHz)---

1 .795 .989 1. 57 47.4 1. 09 2700 5600 2200 324 937 12.1 10.1 2.54 1.64
2 1.06 1.20 1.77 46.2 1.23 2700 4700 2200 341 982 9.36 7.56 2.82 1. a5
3 1. 47 1. 57 2.15 45.4 1. 59 2700 3900 2200 364 1045 6.32 4.88 3.32 2.23

4 .929 1.18 1. 91 48.0 1. 08 2200 4700 1800 257 743 10.2 8.59 3. 11 1. 99
5 1.27 1.45 2.17 46.7 1.21 2200 3900 1800 271 779 7.85 6.39 3.45 2.26
6 1.69 1.82 2.54 45.9 1.49 2200 3300 1800 287 821 5.64 4.42 3.96 2.64

7 1.12 1.44 2.41 49.8 1.07 1800 3900 1500 192 549 8.45 7.25 3.95 2.52
8 1.49 1. 73 2.70 48.8 1.18 1800 3300 1500 200 570 6.75 5.62 4.33 2.81
9 2. 11 2.27 3.27 47.8 1. 51 IBOO 2700 1500 213 604 4.55 3.64 5.12 3 .40

10 1.28 1.66 2.63 46.3 1.06 1500 3300 1200 192 561 7.20 6.00 4.28 2.74
11 1. 79 2.06 2.99 44.8 1. 20 1500 2700 1200 204 592 5.52 4.42 4.75 3.11
12 2.52 2.70 3.63 43.8 1. 52 1500 2200 1200 220 636 3.71 2.82 5.58 3.76

13 1.56 2.08 3. 5~, 50.1 1.06 1200 2700 1000 127 363 5.88 5.07 :,.83 3.71
14 2.23 2.59 4.04 48.8 1.18 1200 2200 1000 133 380 4.50 3.75 6.50 4.22
1:' 3. L' 3.41 4.90 47.8 I. 51 1200 1800 1000 142 402 3.03 2.42 7.68 5.10

16 1.94 2.52 4.15 48.4 1.06 1000 2200 820 115 331 4.79 4.06 6.78 4.34
17 2.73 3.14 4.73 47.0 1.20 1000 1800 820 121 348 3.66 2.99 7.56 4.93
18 3.73 4.02 5.63 46.2 1.49 1000 1500 820 129 368 2.56 2.01 8.76 5.85

19 2.39 3.11 5.20 49.4 1. 07 820 1800 680 89.3 256 3.91 3.35 8.51 5.44
20 3.26 3.79 5.85 48.2 1.18 820 1500 680 93.6 267 3.07 2.54 9.39 6.10
21 4.83 5.17 7.30 47.2 1. 57 820 1200 680 100 286 1.9:, 1. 54 11.4 7.58

. 22 2.85 3.71 6.15 48.8 1.06 680 1500 560 76.6 220 3.26 2.78 10.1 6.43
, 23 4.16 4.74 7.14 47.3 1. 22 680 1200 560 81.3 233 2.40 1. 97 11. 4 7.44
24 5.72 6.13 8.58 46.5 1. 55 680 1000 560 86.3 246 1. 65 1 .30 13.3 8.91

25 3.67 4.69 7.95 50.5 1 .08 560 1200 470 57.6 164 2.59 2.23 13.0 8.31
, 26 5.02 5.77 9.01 49.4 1. 21 560 1000 470 60.3 171 2.01 1. 68 14.5 9.40
27 7.18 7.68 11 . 1 48.6 1. 58 560 820 470 64.1 181 1. 32 1.06 17.3 11 .5

28 4.40 5.60 9.24 49.3 1.08 470 1000 390 51.4 147 2.16 1. 84 15.1 9.66
29 6.17 7 .01 10.6 48.0 1. 24 470 820 390 54.2 155 1. 63 1. 34 17.0 11.1
30 8.63 9.20 12.9 47.3 1. 60 470 680 390 57.6 164 1.09 .857 20.1 13.4

31 5.47 6.91 11.8 51.3 ! .09 390 820 330 38.5 109 1 .76 1.52 19.3 12.3
32 7.55 8.59 13.5 50.2 1.24 390 680 330 40.4 114 1.34 1. 12 21.7 14.1
I 33 10.9 11.5 16.8 49.5 1.66 390 560 330 42.8 120 .862 .695 26.2 17.4

I 34
35
36
6.59
9.10
12.4
8.17
10.2
13.2
13.0
15.0
18.1
47.7
46.5
45.8
1. 10
1. 27
1.63
330
330
330
680
560
470
270
270
270
39.0
41.2
43.9
112
118
125
1. 46
1. 09
.741
1.22
.881
.573
21.1
23.7
27.9
13.6
15.6
18.8

The component designations (Cl, C3, C5, etc.) and ' etc.), about four times as many designs would have been
response parameters (Fea, F-3 (3dB point) F-As, etc.) in possible. Also, the v.s.w.r. limit was selected to be about
Fig. 5.1 are associated with similarly labelled column 1· 7 which further restricted the number of designs
headings in Table 5.1. Each lowpass design has an iden- available for tabulation. In spite of these restrictions, there
tification number, and the designs are arranged in groups are sufficient designs to cover the 1 - 10MHz decade with
of three in which the values of C5 are identical. The num- a small enough increment from one cutoff frequency to the
ber of designs are limited to 36 because the 10 per cent next so that almost any cutoff requirement can be
capacitor tolerance series was used in selecting the satisfied. The graph Fig. 5.3 provides a convenient sum-
designs. If the 5 per cent series had been used (increments mary 9f the cutoff frequencies and associated v.s.w.r.s that
of 10 per cel1t steps for values of 10, 11, 12, 13, 1~, 16,18, <ifeavailable in the lowpass tllbles.
Practical Wireless, December.1984 . 45
 The column with the F-co heading gives the ripple preselection, the highpass filter with the highest v.s.w.r. is
cutotT frequency, F-Ap. The F-3 and F-A s columns give recommended for best selectivity. In .this application, a
the frequencies associated with these attenuation levels. filter with high V.S.W.r. causes no problem because there is
The next column gives the minimum stopband attenuation, no r.f. power involved.
As, and this level varies from a minimum of 43 ·8dB for As in the lowpass · designs, the relative selectivity of
design 5.1-12 to a maximum of 51·3dB for design 5.1-31. highpass designs can be determined by calculating the F-
The maximum v.s.w.r. and the component values of each As/F-co ratios. The closer the ratio to unity, the mOre
design are given in the next eight columns. The two con- abrupt will be the attenuation rise; however, for the
cluding columns give the resonant frequencies of the two highpass designs, the F-As/F-co ratios will be less than
tuned circuits. One of the advantages of this tabular for- unity. For example, the relative selectivities of highpass
mat is that all the important parameters of the Cauer designs 5.2-1 to 3 are:
lowpass filter are available for easy reference. 0·670/1·01 = 0·663; 0·608/1·14 = 0·533 and
An interesting characteristic of the tablt: is that in each 0·604/ 1·30 = 0·465. Because the ratio of design 5·. 2-1 is
group of three designs the filter v.s.w.r. is lowest in the first closest to unity, it has the most abrupt attenuation rise
design of the group, and becomes increasingly larger in the of these three designs. And as expected, it also has the
second and third designs. The first two designs are highest v.s.w.r.
therefore recommended for r.f. transmitter filtering ap-
plications where it is important to minimise filter v.s.w.r.,
and the third design is recommended for audio filtering ap- How to Use the SVC Tables
plications where a high V.S.W.r. is not important and a An appropriate 50 ohm lowpass or highpass filter is
more abrupt rise in attenuation is preferred. easily selected for a particular application with Fig. 5.3
The relative abruptness of attenuation rise for ditTerent and Tables 5.1 and 5.2. You must first be able to specify
Cauer designs (where the As values are similar) can be the filter type required (lowpass orhighpass), the fre-
compared by determining the ratios of F-As/F-co. The quency range of application (audio or radio frequency)
closer the ratio is to unity, the more abrupt is the attenua- and the cutotT frequency. A stopband attenuation between
tion rise, and the smaller is the transition band. For 40 and 50 dB is assumed.to be adequate.
example, designs 5.1-1 to 3 have stopband-to-cutotT F or example, assume a filter is desired to reduce the
frequency ratios of 1·975, 1·670 and 1·463 for harmonic levels of a 1·8MHz (l60m) band transmitter,
corresponding v.s.w.r.s of 1·09, 1·23 and 1·59. These and the desired cutotT frequency is to be just above
ratios can be compared because the As values of these 2·0MHz. For this application, a lowpass filter with a low
designs are similar (between 45·5 and 47·4dB). Note how v.s.w.r. is appropriate. Referring to the lowpass portion of
the filter response becomes more selective (the F-As/F-co Fig. 5.3, we see that there are two suitable low v.s.w.r.
ratio becomes smaller) as the v.s.w.r. increases. Conse- designs with cutotT frequencies at about 2·2 and 2·4MHz.
quently, for audio frequency filtering applications, use a From Table 5.1, we find the exact cutotT frequencies are
design with the highest V.S.W.r. for best selectivity. 2·23MHz (for design 5.1-14) and 2·39MHz (for design
5.1-19). These designs have v.s.w.r.s of 1·18 and 1·07,
respectively, and are suitable for this particular filtering
Highpass SVC Designs application. By checking the F2 and F4 frequencies, we
The high pass filter schematic diagram and attenuation can see the position of the attenuation peaks relative to the
response are shown in Figs. 5.2(a) and 5.2(b), respectively.
The component designations and respom,e parameters are
associated with similarly labelled column headings in
Table 5.2 in the same manner as in Fig. 5. 1 and Table 5.1.
The highpass designs are arranged in groups of three (ex-
cept for designs 5.2,...-22 to 25 and 5.2--29 to 32 where
there are four designs per group) in which the values ofC3
are identical. The number of designs are limited to 38
because the 10 per cent capacitor tolerance series and a
v.s.w.r.limit of about I· 7 are used to calculate the table. In (a)
spite of these Jimitations, there are sufficient designs to
cover the I - 10MHz decade with a small enough incre-
ment from one cutotT frequency to the next, so that vir-
tually any cutotT frequency requirement can be satisfied.
The graph Fig. 5.3 provides a convenient summary of the
high pass filter cutotT frequencies and V.S.W.r.s that are
Min .stopband attenuation. As
available in Table 5.2.
The minimum stop band attenuations, As, of the
high pass designs vary from 43·7 to 51· 6dB, which are 5 t opband --I1+-'\--'----,.<--IPass band - - -
almost identical with that of the lowpass table. It is in-
teresting. to note that the V.S.W.r. of the highpass designs is
largest in the first design of each group, and becomes
progressively smaller in the second, third and fourth
designs. ;This v.s.W.r. change is opposite to that of the
lowpass.table. Also, the resonating capacitors, C2 and C4,
of the high pass table are greater than .the non-resonating Frequency{Hz)
capacitors, whereas in the lowpass table, the opposite is (b)
the case. Because the values of C2 and C4 in the highpass
table are so large they are more conveniently given in Fig. 5.2: Circuit diagram and attenuation response of
nanofarads (lnF = 1000pF), and the column heading for 5-branch Cauer highpass filter. Tune C2/L2 to · F2,
all the capacitor values is in "nF". When used for receiver C4/L4toF4
46 Practical Wireless, December 1984
 -TABLE 5.2

5-BRANCH CAUER HIGH-PASS SVO-F I LTER DES I GNS, 1o:.~ SER I ES FOR Cl, C3 & C5.
... . ?.
" ."
,. f. D.;·" ,
. "
F-co F-3 F-As As .
~1A)( Cl C3 C5 C2 C4 L2 L4 F2 F4
No. -------(MHz)------- ( dB) VSWR -----------(nF)------------ ---(uH)--- --- (I'1Hz ) ---

'. 1 1.01 .936 .670 45.9 1.49 2.7 1.8 3.3 20.7 7.24 6.58 8.40 .431 .646
2 1.14 .9 76 .608 50.4 1.19 3.3 1.8 3.9 32.3 11.4 5.53 6.54 .377 .582
3 1 .30 J. 01 .604 49.4 1.07 3.9 1.8 4.7 35.8 12.5 5.19 6.07 .369 .578

4 1.19 1.11 . 810 45.4 1.54 2 ') 1.5 2.7 16.4 5.71 5.65 7.28 .523 .780
5 1. 38 1.20 .797 46.8 1.20 2.7 1.5 3 .3 22.0 7.66 4.61 5.65 .499 .765
6 1. 56 1.19 .685 51.6 1, .06 3.3 1.5 3.9 33.7 11.9 4.32 4.97 .417 .655
.,
7 1. 51 1.40 1 .01 45.9 1. 49 1.8 1.2 2.2 13.8 4.82 4.39 5.60 .646 .968
8 1. 75 1 .51 1. 00 46.6 1.18 2.2 1.2 2.7 17.7 6.14 3.65 4.47 . 627 . 961
9 2.02 1.52 .920 48.3 1.06 2.7 1.2 3.3 23.4 8.09 3.44 4.04 .562 .880
,
"

10 1. 78 1. 65 1.15 47.8 1. 51 1.5 1.0 1.8 12.7 4.47 3.71 4.64 .73 3 1.10
11 2.07 1.80 1. 20 46.8 1. 20 1.8 1.0 2.2 14.7 5.11 3.07 3.77 .749 1.15
12 2.38 1. 83 1.13 47.8 1.06 2.2 1.0 ....
'1 -,
( 18.6 6.43 2.87 3.40 .689 1. 08

13 2.22 2.08 1. 55 43.7 1. :,3 1.2 .82 1.5 8.19 2.83 3.05 4.02 1 .01 1.49
14 2.52 2.17 1.39 48.7 1.19 1.5 .82 1.8 13.5 4.73 2.51 3.01 .865 1.33
., 15 2.89 2.23 1.36 48.2 1. 07 1.8 .82 2 ? 15.5 5.37 2.36 2.78 .8 33 1.30
.'
16 2.57 2.40 1.68 4'7.8 1.56 1.0 .68 1.2 8.40 2.96 2.60 3.27 1. 08 1. 62
17 3.05 2.68 1. 85 44.7 1. 22 1 ? .68 1, :. 8 . 77 3.02 2. J (I 2.64 1.17 1 . 78
18 3.48 2.66 1.57 49.9 1. 06 1.5 .68 1.8 14.1 4.94 1.96 2.28 .957 1. 50

19 3. J 7 2.96 2.13 46.1 1.55 .82 .56 1.0 6.31 2.21 2.13 2.72 j .37 2.05
20 3.62 3.16 2.05 48.6 1. 21 1.0 .56 1.2 8.93 3.14 1. 74 2. J 0 1.28 J .96
21 4.19 3.30 2.11 46.1 1.08 1.2 .56 1.5 9.30 3.19 1.61 1.94 1.30 2.02

22 3.68 3 .45 2.45 47.2 1 .60 .68 .47 .82 5.53 1.95 1.84 2.33 1.58 2 .3 6
23 4.30 3 .79 2.55 46.9 1.23 .8 2 .47 1 .0 6.69 2.33 1.48 1.82 1.60 2.45
24 4.89 3.84 2.31 49.7 1. 08 1.0 .47 1 .) 9.34 3.27 1. 36 1.59 1 .41 2.21
25 5.87 3.89 2.31 47.4 1. 02 1.2 .47 1.5 9.71 3.32 1.35 1.58 1.39 2.20

26 4.44 4.17 3.01 46.5 1. 62 .56 .39 .68 4.37 1. 53 1.54 1.97 1. 94 2.90
27 5.14 4.52 2.99 48.0 1. 24 .68 .39 .82 5.88 2.06 1. 23 J .50 1.87 2.87
28 5.88 4.67 2.90 48.0 1.09 .82 .39 1.0 7.05 2.45 1. J 3 1. 34 J .78 2.78

29 5 . 07 4.77 3.35 48.5 J .67 .47 .33 . :,6 4.07 J .44 1.35 1.69 2. J 5 3 . 22
30 5.99 5.34 3.60 47.1 1. 27 .56 .33 .68 4.63 1 .62 1.06 1 .31 2.27 3.46
31 6.81 5.48 3.37 49.0 1.10 .68 .33 .82 6.15 2.15 . %1 1.13 2.07 3.22
32 8.07 5.50 3.17 49.3 1. 03 .82 .33 1.0 7.33 2.54 .945 1.09 1.91 3.02

33 6.38 5.99 4.26 47.3 1. 61 .39 .27 .47 3.18 1.12 1.06 1. 34 2.74 4.10
34 7.34 6.47 4.18 49.2 1. 24 .47 .27 .56 4.33 1. 53 .856 1.03 2.61 4.01
, '
35 8.39 6.73 4.17 48.4 1. 09 .56 .27 .68 4.90 1 .71 .784 .930 ?
..... 1
"'-'
....' .. 4.00
r
,¥
36 7.92 7.36 4.98 49.6 1 .52 .33 2" .39 3.05 1. 08 .828 1 . 02 3.17 4.79
37 9.21 8.05 5.27 48.1 1.22 .39 .22 .47 3.40 1 .1 9 .686 .832 3 . 30 5.06
38 10.4 8.18 4.84 50.5 1.08 .47 .22 .56 4.56 1 .60 . 636 .740 2.95 4 . 62

1· 8MHz barid transmitter harmonics. Design 5.1.,..19 had at 3·6MHz, and the attenuation above 4·04MHz will
.' .9ne. oLits attenuation peaks (5 ·44MHz)atthe .. third har- always be greater than 48·8dB. The v.s.w.r. of 1·8 is not
. .monic o[1.·8MHz, .and if this harmonic isto be greatly at- excessive for this application.
tenuated, this design will do it. Unfortunately, the second Attenuation . versus frequency can be closely approx-
harmonic will be attenuated by only about 9dB,and this < ima'ted by connecting the F-co, the F-3 and the F-As
'Il1ay be inadequate. In this case, design 5.1-14 should be frequency points given in the table with a smooth curve
co[\sid~red ..Its second harmonic attenuation isabQut 30dB drawn on semiciog or linear graph paper. Using this curve,
'Practical
x;'
$-: . •.
Wireless;
.'. -''': -;::".
~.;.
December 1984'
, -- . -
47
 VSWR 1 4 5 6 - 7 8 9 1 2
range Grap~gend

..--_l
I High
Range VSWR &ymbol
Low 1.02-1.10 _ _
1/1
1/1

"
a.
.r::.
.~
Mid 1\~ I\. 1\ "\ "\ \ 1\ \
""'( ""I
"'\

' """1
1\
\
1\
\ 1\ "\\. Mid 1.17-1.28 _ _ _
High 1.48-1.67

\ ~
:r:
~I_ _---=Low 1\ 1\ 1\ \ 1\
1\ \ 1\ ~
\
r
Filter
type
I
"" HLines connect the F-co
points to indicate
common filter gr.oups .
I

I High '/
0 ~ --
....:::
'/ / ,/ ,/
/
~ ::::: -- '. / . / / ' ./"" --,,"
//'

..-" "
1/1
1/1 ",,"
./ ,/
"a.
~
Mid
- ?/
~

0 /'" /
o , /""
-'
/
,/
./
",, " / ""
L -_ _-=Low
"" "" " 4 5 6 8 10
./
20
IWAD243I Cutoff frequency (MHz)

you can estimate the attenuation at any frequency between Fig. 5.3: Distribution of cutoff frequencies for lowpass
the 3dB frequency and the start of the stopband at the F- and highpass filters over one decade. Use this graph '
As frequency. for a summarisation' of all possible cutoff frequencies
As with the Chebyshev SVC tables presented in and v.s.w.r.s ofthe filters in Tables 5.1 and 5.2
previous instalments, the SVC Cauer design tables were
calculated for the 1-10MHz frequency decade and equal NEXT MONTH
source and load impedances of 50 ohms. However, these The theoretical section of this series concludes with a
designs can be scaled to any frequency decade and any look at frequency and impedance scaling, and the
impedance level while still maintaining the advantages of relationship between v.s.w .r., reflection coefficient
the SVC designs and the "scan mode" of filter selection. and passband attenuation

Question 3-2. Answer-d.

Th e peak-to-peak voltage is measured from the peak positive to the
pe ak negati ve voltage.

Vo lls
Peak
positi ve

Peak 10 peak
voltage
~---~---~--+--+Time

Peak
Are you cheating? If you are reading this page before page 29 then you are. negative
Pl ea se turn to page 29 for the questions.

Question 3-3. Answer-d.

The frequency of oscillation depends almost entirely on the
phys ical dimensions of the quartz crystal. There is some change of
frequ ency with temperature, so for extreme stability the crystal can
Question 3-1. Answer-c. be housed in a constant temperature oven.
The u.h.f. TV frequencies are much higher than the transmissions
that are causing the problems, so we want a filter that will allow
the higher frequenc ies to pass into the TV set, i.e. a high-pass filter.
Theoreti cally it wou ld be possible to use a band-pass filter, but this
would be unnecessarily complicated because
Question 3-4. Answer-b.
- the u.h.f. TV bands are very wide (470 to 854MHz) I n an a.m. telephony transmitter (that is, one designed for speech
-we are not interested in frequencies above the TV rather than Morse) all the stages after the modulator need to be
signals. linear otherwise the audio will be distorted.
48 Practical Wireless, December 1984
 Practical Le
Filter Design
by Edward Wetherhold W3NQN Part 6

The frequency scaling procedure explained in Part 4 is 3. From the 50 ohm table select a design having its cutoff
also applicable to the Cauer tables; that is, the frequencies frequency closest to the calculated F50co value. The
and component values of both the lowpass and highpass tabulated capacitor values are used directly. and the
designs are scaled by shifting the decimal points. To scale tabulated frequencies and inductances will be scaled to the
the designs from the \- 10MHz decade to the new impedance level.
10-100MHz decade, shift all frequency decimal points 4. Calculate the exact values of Fxco = F'50co/R, where
one place to the right (multiply by ten). The C and L F' 50co is the tabulated cutoff frequency of the selected
decimal points shift one place to the left (divide by ten). "trial" filter. In a similar manner, calculate all the other
The 50 ohm impedance level, v.s.w.r. and As values frequencies associated with the desired design.
remain unchanged. To scale the designs to lower fre- 5. Calculate the inductance values for the new filter using
quency decades, do the inverse, that is, the frequency the equation: Lx = R2 x L50, where L50 are the tabulated
decimal points are shifted to the left and the component inductance values of the trial filter design, and Lx are the
value decimal points are shifted to the right. A convenient new scaled inductance values.
method of changing the lowpass table to the frequently For example, assume a 600 ohm Cauer lowpass filter is
used 1- 10kHz decade is to change the frequency and desired with a cutoff frequency of about 1·0kHz. We first
component column headings from MHz, pF and ~H to frequency-scale the lowpass tables to the I-10kHz
kHz, nF and mHo The table values may then be read direc- decade to facilitate the calculations, and then scale the im-
tly. In the case of the Cauer high pass designs in Table 5.2, pedance to 60 ohms. The 60 ohm filter is then scaled to
the "nF" heading will become "J..lF". 600 ohms (by shifting decimal points) to complete the
Because the impedance level is still at 50 ohms, the scaling process. The scaling steps follow with the same
component values will be awkward to work with in the paragraph numbers previously used:
I-10kHz range; that is, the capacitor values will be too 1. R = Zx/50 = 60/50 = 1·2
large and the inductoe values will be too small for con- 2. F50c{) = \·2 x (1·0kHz) = 1· 2kHz.
venient realisation of the design. This problem is solved by 3. From Table 5.1, de~ign 5.1-5 has an F-co of 2·27kHz
increasing the impedance level to 500 ohms, thus reducing which is closest to the F50co of 1· 2kHz and this "trial"
the capacitor values to one-tenth of their 50-ohm value design is selected for scaling. The tabulated capacitor
and increasing the inductor values to tell times their values of 2200, 3900, 1800, 271 and 779nF are copied
50-ohm value. directly. These capacitance values are more familiar as
2·2,3·9,1 ·8,0·271 and 0.779~F.
Impedance Scaling 4. The frequencies of the final design are calculated by
dividing the tabulated frequencies of design 5.1-5 by the
If the desired impedance level differs from 50 ohms by a scaling factor 1· 2:
factor of 0 · 1 or 10, the designs are scaled by shifting the F-co= 1.27/1·2= 1·06kHz, F-3= 1·45/1·2= 1·21kHz
decimal points of only the component values. The frequen- F-As=2·17/1·2= 1·81kHz, F2= 3·45/1·2= 2.88kHz
cies and v.s.w.r.s remain unchanged. For example, to in- F4=2·26/ 1·2 = 1·88kHz
crease the 50 ohm impedance to 500 ohms, divide the 5. The L2 and L4 tabulated inductance values are scaled
capacitor values by 10 and mUltiply the inductor values by by mUltiplying them by the square of the impedance ratio
10. The reverse is true if the impedance level is lowered. where R = \·2 and R2 == 1·44:
Note that inductance is directly proportional to impedance L2 = (1·44 x 7·85mH = 1l·3mH; L4 = (1·44) x
whereas capacitance is inversely proportional. 6·39mH = 9·20mH. .
If the desired impedance level differs from the standard The design is now impedance scaled to 600 ohms by
50 ohms by a factor equal to a non-integer power of ten, shifting the decimal points of the capacitance and induc ·
such as 1· 2 or 1· 5, use the following scalin~ procedure: tance values to the left and right, respectively. The final
1. Calculate the impedance ratio, R= Zx/50, where Zx is scaled filter parameters are:
the desired new impedance in ohms. F-co = 1·06kHz Cl = 0·22J..lF L2 = 113mH
2. Calculate the cut otT frequency of a "trial" 50 ohm filter F-3 = 1·21kHz C3 = 0·39~F L4 = 92·0mH
using the equation F50co = R x Fxco, where R is the im- F-As= 1·81kHz C5=0·18~F F2=2·88kHz
pedance ratio and Fxco is the desired cutoff frequency of As=46·7dB C2=0·0271j.1F F4= 1·88kHz
the filter at the new impedance level. v.s.w.r. = 1·21 C4 = 0·0779~F Zx = 600 ohms
Practical Wireless, January 1985 55
Note that capacitors Cl, C3 and C5 are still standard
values, and although we wanted a 1·0kHz cutoff fre-,. TABLE 6.1
quency, we will be satisfied with an F-co of 1· 06kHz in
order to use a SVC design.
REFLECTI()Ij t-W<. RIPPLE t-W<. RETURN
COEFFICIENT AMPLITUDE VSWR LOSS
(X) (dB) ---- (dB)
VSWR, Reflection Coefficient and 1.000 0.000434 1.020 40.00
1.517 0.001000 1.031 36.38
Passband Attenuation 2.000 0.001738 1.041 33.98
For audio frequency applications, a V.S.W.c. specifica- 3.000 0.003910 1.062 30.46
tion is not appropriate-of more interest is the pass band 4.000 0.006954 1.083 27.96
attenuation. The equations relating v.s.w.r., reflection coef-
ficient and Ap were given in Part 2, Appendix A of this 4.796 0.01000 1 .101 26.38
series; however, the reader will find the data in Table 6.1 5.000 0.01087 1 .105 26.02
more convenient for finding corresponding values of Ap 6.000 0.01566 1.128 24.44
and v.s.w.!'. Also included are values of reflection coef- 7.000 0.02133 1 .151
ficient (rc) and return loss. Return loss = -20 (I0glOP) 23.10
where p = re! 100. This term is frequently used by d; 7.576 0.02500 1.164 22.41
engineers in defining the performance of a filter.
8.000 0.02788 1.174 21.94
9.000 0.03532 1.198 20.92
10.000 0.04365 1.222 20.00
10.699 0.05000 1.240 19.41
Verification of Designs in Tables 5.1 11.000 0.05287 1.247 19.17
and 5.2
12.000 0.06299 1.273 18.42
The reader should initially view all design tables with 13.085
suspicion unless several of the designs can be independen- 0.07500 1.301 17.66
tly verified. Those having access to the Saal or Zverev 14.000 0.08597 1.326 17.08
references (see references 3,4 or 6 in Part I) can indepen- 15.000 0.09883 1.353 16.48
dently calculate lowpass design 5.1-15 by using the Saal 15.087 0.10000 1.355 16.43
or Zverev C0520 catalogue with a normalised F-As of
1·555724 and an A s of 48· I dB. This is the catalogue that 16.000 0.1126 1.381 15.92
most closely corresponds to lowpass design 5.1,15. The 18.000 0.1430 1.439 14.89
3-17MHz filter cutoff frequency and the 50 ohm im- 19.000 0.1597 1.469 14.42
pedance gives Land C scaling factors of 2·51 x lOE-6 20.000
and 1004·1 '>( lOE-12, respectively. When the Land C 0.1773 1.500 13.98
normalised values given by Saal or Zverev are multiplied 22.000 0.2155 1.564 13.15
by the Land C scaling factors, the tabul~ted component
values of lowpass design 5.1-15 will be duplicated with a 23.652 0.2500 1.620 12.52
difference of less than 1· 5 per cent. The closeness of this 24.000 0.2577 1.632 12.40
match is l>ufficient proof that the data of design 5.\-\5 is 25.000 0.2803 1.667 12.04
correct. The match is not better because the two designs 26.000 0.3040 1.703 11.70
are only approximately identical. Since the same computer 28.000 0.3546 1.778 11.06
program is used to calculate all the tabulated designs, it is
reasonable to expect that all the designs are correct in a
similar manner.

Conclusion
This concludes the design portion of this series of arti-
cles on practical LC filter design. You now have sufficient
information to quickly, conveniently and accurately obtain NOTES
a design that will satisfy the majority of filtering require-
ments encountered by the radio amateur. Even the elec-
tronics technician and engineer will find these SVC filter 1. Reference in this series of articles to a filter design
tables useful in obtaining a design that is inexpensive and such as: "design 5.1 - 12" means line 12 of Table 5.1 .
effective. Of course, the selection of the filter design is only
the preliminary part of the design process. Equally impor-
2 . Throughout this series on Le filter design, for ease
tant is the selection and assembly of the proper compo-
of reading, v.s.w.r. values are quoted as single num-
nents so as to realise the full capabilities of the design. This
bers instead of in the usual ratio form . For example a
aspect of passive LC filter design will be discussed in a
v.s.w.r. of 1·52 as quoted for design 5.1 -12 would
future article. In the meantime, use the tables for your next
normally be written as 1·52: 1
filter design. Comments to the Practical Wireless Editor
about your experiences in using the tables and suggestions
for improvements will be appreciated.
56 Practical Wireless, January J 985