Engineering Hydrology

Faculty of Engineering
Geotechnical Engineering Dept.

1
 Chapter Seven
Hydrologic Analysis, Flood, Flood Estimation
& Flood Routing
• Flood: ×
• A flood is an unusual
high stage of a river
due to runoff from
rainfall and/or melting
of snow in quantities
too great to be confined
in the normal water
surface elevations of
the river or stream, as
the result of unusual
meteorological
combination.

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• 100 year flood, Floodplain & Floodway:

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Design Flood: ×
• The maximum flood that any structure can safely pass is called the
‘design flood’ and is selected after consideration of economic and
hydrologic factors.
• The design flood is related to the project feature; for example, the
spillway design flood may be much higher than the flood control
reservoir design flood or the design flood adopted for the temporary
coffer dams.
• A design flood is selected by considering the cost of structure to
provide flood control and the flood control benefit is prevention of
damage to structures downstream, disruption communication, loss of
life and property, damage to crops and under utilization of land.
• When the structure is designed for a flood less than the maximum
probable, there exists a certain amount of flood risk to the structure, nor
is it economical to design for 100% flood protection. Protection against
the highest rare floods is uneconomical because of the large investment
and infrequent flood occurrence.
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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Design Flood Types for Dam Spillway Design: √
1. Standard Project Flood (SPF): This is the estimate of the flood
likely to occur from the most severe combination of the
meteorological and hydrological conditions, which are reasonably
characteristic of the drainage basin being considered, but excluding
extremely rare combination.
2. Maximum Probable Flood (MPF) or Probable Maximum Flood
(PMF): This differs from the SPF in that it includes the extremely
rare and catastrophic floods and is usually confined to spillway design
of very high dams. The SPF is usually around 80% of the PMF for the
basin.
3. Design Flood: It is the flood adopted for the design of hydraulic
structures like spillways, bridge openings, flood banks, etc.

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• ESTIMATION OF PEAK FLOOD: √
• The maximum flood discharge (peak flood) in a river may be
determined by the following methods:

A. Physical indications of past floods—flood marks and local enquiry

B. Empirical formulae and curves
C. Envelope Curves Method
D. Rational method
E. Unit hydrograph
F. Flood frequency studies.

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
A. Physical indications of past floods—flood marks and local
enquiry: √
• By noting the flood marks (and by local enquiry), depths, affluxes (heading up
of water near bridge openings, or similar obstructions to flow) and other items
actually at an existing bridge, on weir in the vicinity, the maximum flood
discharge may be estimated by use of Manning’s or Chezy equation
B. Empirical formulae and curves
• There are plenty of empirical formulae relating Q with drainage area, A, of
basin.
• For example:
• Burkli Ziegler formula for USA: Q = 412 A3/4
• DICKENS Formula (1865): Q=CDA3/4
• RYVES Formula (1884): Q=CRA2/3
• INGLIS Formula (1930): Q=124A/(A+10.4)0.5
• Where, Q is the peak flood in m3/s and A is the area of the drainage basin in
km2. CD and CR Dickens constant and Ryves coefficient respectively.
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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
C. Envelope Curves Method: √
• Areas having similar topographical features and climatic conditions are
grouped together. By using envelop curves the maximum flood
discharge may be estimated if the area of the drainage basin is known.

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
D. Rational method: Only Equation Include
• In this method it is assumed that the maximum flood flow is produced
by a certain rainfall intensity which lasts for a time equal to or greater
than the period of concentration time. it represents condition of peak
runoff. The runoff corresponding to this condition is given by:
• Q = 0.00278 C Ic A
• Where,
• Q = Discharge in m3/s
• C= Runoff Coefficient dimensionless which depends upon the
characteristics of the catchment.
• Ic= The critical Intensity of rainfall (mm/hr) corresponding to the time
of Concentration (tc) of the catchment for a given recurrence interval
obtained from the intensity of duration frequency curves.
• A= Catchment Area in ha ( 1 ha = 10000 m2 )

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
D. Rational method: ×
• The time of concentration (Tc) is the time by which water from most
distant parts of the catchment has reached the outlet. The following
formula has been developed to estimate Tc.
• Tc = 0.0195 L0.77 / S0.385
• where
• Tc is in minutes
• L is the maximum length of the
catchment in m (Length of main river)
• S is slope of the catchment in m / m
over the total length L

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Example 7-1 : For a culvert project, in the foothills of Alberta,
Canada, determine the peak discharge (Design Flood), using rational
formula, Return Period for design: 50 years, The calculated drainage
area was 8.0 km2, or 800 hectares, area may be composed of different
surface characteristics, so we have to determine average value of
Coefficient C. The drainage basin is 90% treed C=0.4 and 10%
exposed rock (mountainous) C=0.8, if maximum length of water travel
is 12000 m and difference in elevation between most remote point and
out let is 1300 m.
• Use Tc = 0.0195 L 0.77 S -0.385

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Solution:
• The rational equation is:

• S = 1300 / 12000 = 0.108

• Tc = 0.0195 L0.77 S-0.385
• Tc = 0.0195 (12000)0.77 (0.108) -0.385
• Tc = 64 min. From chart i=30mm/h
• Q = 0.00278 C i A (metric)
• Q = 0.00278 x 0.44 x 30 mm/hr x 800 ha
• Q = 29.37 m3/s
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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Solution:
×

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Example 7-2: A 500 ha watershed has the land use/cover and
corresponding coefficients as given below

• The maximum length of travel of water in the water shed is about

780m and the elevation difference between the highest and outlet
points of the watershed is 25m. Estimate the 25 year peak runoff from
the watershed using rational formula.
• The maximum intensity duration frequency relationship of the
watershed is given by
• i = 6.311 T0.1523 / (D+0.5)0.945
• Where:
• i is the intensity in cm/h,
• T=return period in years and
• D=duration of the rainfall in hours.
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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
E. Unit Hydrograph: ×
• Peak of unit hydrograph is multiplied by actual precipitation of
design event to get expected peak of flood.
• Synthetic Unit Hydrograph
• Relating hydrograph characteristics such as peak flow, base time
etc. with watershed characteristics such as area and time of
concentration.
• UH is applicable only for gauged watershed and for the point on
the stream where data are measured
• For other locations on the stream in the same watershed or for
nearby (ungauged) watersheds, synthetic procedures are used.
• The common types of Synthetic Unit Hydrograph
1. Snyder method
2. SCS method

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Only Equation Include
1. Snyder’s method allows
the computations of
a) lag time (tL);
b) UH duration (tr);
c) UH peak discharge (qp);
d) Hydrograph time width at
50%, W50 and 75%, W75 of
peak flow

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Synthetic Unit Hydrograph
1. Snyder’s method

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Snyder's Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Only Equation Include
• Snyder defined a standard unit hydrograph as one whose rainfall
duration (standard duration of excess rainfall) tr, is related to the basin
lag time tp by:
tp = 5.5 tr
• For a standard unit hydrograph he found that:
1. The basin lag is
tp = C1Ct (L Lc )0.3
• Where:
• tp is the basin lag time in hours,
• L is the length of the main stream in kilometers (or miles) from the
outlet to the upstream divide,
• Lc is the distance in kilometers (miles) from the outlet to a point on the
stream nearest the centroid of the watershed area,
• Cl = 0.75 (1.0 for the English system), and
• Ct is a coefficient derived from gauged watersheds in the same region. 18
 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Snyder's Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Only Equation Include
2. The peak discharge per unit drainage area in m 3/s'km2 (cfs/mi 2) of
the standard unit hydrograph is
If tpR=5.5tR tR=tr, tpR=tp, qpR=qp qp = C2Cp / tp
• Where: Ct, Cp are computed from
• C2 = 2.75 (640 for the English system) and
• Cp is a coefficient derived from gauged watersheds in the same region.
• To compute Ct (lag factor) and Cp (Peak flow Factor) for a gauged
watershed, the values of L and Lc are measured from the basin map.
• From a derived unit hydrograph of the watershed are obtained values
of its effective duration tR in hours, its basin lag tpR in hours, and its
peak discharge per unit drainage area, qpR, in m3/s.km2.cm (cfs/mi2.in
for the English system).
• If tpR = 5.5tR, then tR = tr, tpR = tp, and qpR = qp, and Ct and Cp
are computed by equations mentioned earlier or above equation.
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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Snyder's Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Only Equation Include
• If tpR is quite different from 5.5tR, the standard basin lag time is
If tpR5.5tR t  tR
tp  tp R  r • t = t + (t – t ) / 4
p pR r R
4
t p  C1C t LLc 
tpR=tp, qpR=qp ct, cp are computed from 0.3

3. The relationship between qp and the peak discharge per unit

drainage area qpR of the required unit hydrograph is
qpR = (qp tp) / tpR
4. The base time tb in hours of the unit hydrograph: it can be
determined using the fact that the area under the unit hydrograph is
equivalent to a direct runoff of 1 cm (1 inch in the English system).
Assuming a triangular shape for the unit hydrograph, the base time
may be estimated by
tb = C3 / qpR
• Where:
• C3 = 5.56 (1290 for the English system).
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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Snyder's Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Only Equation Include
5. The width in hours of a unit hydrograph at a discharge equal
to a certain percent of the peak discharge qpR is given by
W = Cw qpR-1.08
• Where:
• Cw = 1.22 (440 for English system) for the 75-percent (75%)
width and
• W75 = 1.22 qpR-1.08
• Cw = 2.14 (770, English system) for the 50-percent (50%) width.
• W50 = 2.14 qpR-1.08
• Usually one-third of this width is distributed before the unit
hydrograph peak time and two-thirds after the peak.

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Example 7-3 :
− From the basin map of a given watershed, the following quantities are
measured: L = 150 km, Lc = 75 km, and drainage area = 3500 km2.
From the unit hydrograph derived for the watershed, the following are
determined: tR = 12 h, tpR = 34 h, and peak discharge = 157.5 m3/s.cm.
Determine the coefficients Ct and Cp for the synthetic unit hydrograph
of the watershed. if tr = 5.82 h .
• Solution: From the given data, tp = 5.5tR = 5.5x12= 66 h, which is
quite different from tpR (34 h).
− tr = 5.82 h t  tR
tp  tp R  r
− tp = tpR + (tr – tR) / 4 4
− tp =34 +( tr-12) / 4 t  12
 34  r
4
− tp = 32.55 h
− tp = C1 Ct( L Lc )0.3
− 32.55=0.75 Ct ( 150 x 75 )0.3
− Ct=2.64 22
 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Example 7-3 :
• The peak discharge per unit area is
qpR = 157.5/3500 = 0.045 m3/s.km2.cm.
• The coefficient Cp is calculated with qp,qpR, and tp = tpR:
qpR = (C2Cp) / tpR
0.045 = 2.75Cp / 34.0
Cp=0.56

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Example 7-4 : Compute the six-hour synthetic unit hydrograph
of a watershed having a drainage area of 2500 km2 with L = 100
km and Lc = 50 km. This watershed is a sub-drainage area of the
watershed in previous example.
• Solution:
• The values Ct = 2.64 and Cp = 0.56 determined in previous
example can also be used for this watershed. Thus,
• tp = 0.75 x 2.64 x (100 x 50)0.3 = 25.5 h
• tr = 25.5/5.5 = 4.64 h
• For a six-hour unit hydrograph, tR = 6 h,
• tpR = tp - (tr - tR) / 4 = 25.5 - (4.64-6)/4 = 25.8 h.
• qp = 2.75 x 0.56/25.5 = 0.0604 m3/s.km2.cm
• qpR = 0.0604 x 25.5/25.8 = 0.0597 m3/s.km2.cm
• the peak discharge is
• Qp = qpR x A= 0.0597 x 2500 = 149.2 m3/s.cm.
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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Example 7-4 :
• The widths of the unit hydrograph are:
• At 75 percent of peak discharge,
• W75 = 1.22qpR-1.08 = 1.22 X 0.0597-l.08 = 25.6 h.

• A similar computation gives at 50 percent of peak.

• W50 = 2.14qpR-1.08 = 2.14 X 0.0597-l.08 = 44.9 h

• The base time

• tb = 5.56/qpR = 5.56/0.0597 = 93h.

• The hydrograph is drawn, as in Figure below and checked to

ensure that it represents a depth of direct runoff of 1 cm.

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Example 7-4 :

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Example 7-5 : Snyder’s method

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Example 7-5 : Snyder’s method

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Synthetic Unit Hydrograph ×
2. SCS Dimensionless Hydrograph
• The SCS dimensionless hydrograph is a synthetic unit
hydrograph in which the discharge is expressed by the ratio of
discharge q to peak discharge qp and the time by the ratio of time
t to the time of rise of the unit hydro graph, Tp.
• The values of qp and Tp may be estimated using a simplified
model of a triangular unit hydrograph, where the time is in hours
and the discharge in m3/s.cm (or cfs/in) (Soil Conservation
Service, SCS 1972).

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• SCS Dimensionless Hydrograph

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Synthetic Unit Hydrograph: SCS Dimensionless Hydrograph
• The SCS suggests the time of recession may be approximated as 1.67
Tp. As the area under the unit hydrograph should be equal to a direct
runoff of 1 cm (or 1 in), it can be shown that
qp = CA / Tp qp = 2.08 A / Tp
• Where:
• qp = the discharge in m3/s.cm Only Equation Include
• C = 2.08 (483.4 in the English system) and
• A = the drainage area in square kilometers (square miles).

• Further, a study of unit hydrographs indicates that the basin lag

tp  0.6Tc
• Where:
• Tc is the time of concentration of the watershed. Time of rise Tp can be
expressed in terms of lag time tp and the duration of effective rainfall
tr  0.133Tc
Tp = (tr/2) + tp or Tp = (0.133Tc/2) + 0.6Tc
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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• SCS Dimensionless Hydrograph
• Example 7-6 : Construct a 10-minute SCS unit hydrograph for a basin
of area 3.0 km2 and time of concentration 1.25 h.
• Solution:
• The duration tr = 10 min = (10/60) = 0.166 h,
• The lag time is
tp = 0.6Tc
= 0.6 X1.25 = 0.75 h, and rise time
Tp = (tr / 2) + tp
= (0.166/2) + 0.75 = 0.833 h.
qp = CA / Tp
= 2.08 x 3.0/0.833 = 7.49 m3/s.cm.
• The dimensionless hydrograph in the previous figure may be converted
to the required dimensions by multiplying the values on the horizontal
axis by Tp and those on the vertical axis by qp .
• Alternatively, the triangular unit hydrograph can be drawn with tp =
2.67 Tp = 2.22 h. The depth of direct runoff is checked to equal 1 cm.
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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing ×
F. Flood Frequency studies: (Flood Frequency Analysis)
• Return Period: A return period, also known as a recurrence
interval (sometimes repeat interval) is an estimate of the
likelihood of flood or a river discharge flow to occur.
• For example, a 10 year flood has a 1/10=0.1 or 10% chance of
being exceeded in any one year. it means that, in any given year,
there is a 10% chance that it will happen.
• Return Period is a statistical measurement typically based on
historic data and is usually used for risk analysis.
• Methods:
1. Gumbel Method. ( Used with SCS method)
2. Weibull Method
3. Log Pearson Method
• There are several statistical distributions for flood estimation.
Two standard methods of statistical distributions, Gumbel’s
Extreme Value Distribution Type I (EVI) and Log-Pearson
Type III (LP3) are used.
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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
F. Flood Frequency studies: (Flood Frequency Analysis)
• Chow in (1951) was proposed frequency factor equation for
many probability distributions and for Extreme Value Type I
(EVI) distribution derived the expression below:

Only Equation Include

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• SCS METHOD FOR MAXIMUM FLOOD ESTIMATION
• It is the most widely used for flood estimation on un-gauged
drainage small to medium sized basins is Soil Conservation
Service (SCS) method. Only Equation Include
• The equation below is used to determine peak flow:

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Excess rainfall measurement by Soil Conservation Service –
Curve Number (SCS-CN) method :
• The Soil Conservation Service (SCS) in 1972 developed this method
to account abstraction. It is used to estimate direct runoff from
precipitation of 24 hours or one-day storm rainfall. Pe = Xt

Only Equation Include

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Time of concentration Tc measurement by Soil Conservation
Service – Curve Number (SCS-CN) method:
• Then a time of concentration (Tc) is:
Only Equation Include

37
Flood, Flood Estimation & Year No. 
Year Day
Max. 24-hour
rainfall (mm)
Flood Routing: 1 1992-1993 11/11/1992 77.8

• Example 7-7: Determine the 2

3
1993-1994
1994 - 1995
10/28/1993
11/4/1994
57
62
100 year return period 4 1995-1996 11/2/1995 69.7
maximum flood for the 5 1996-1997 1/15/1997 51.5
spillway of Bastora Dam by 6 1997-1998 12/16/1997 56.6
using the SCS-CN with 7 1998-1999 1/8/1999 33.1
Gumble method, If CN= 70 , 8 1999-2000 1/4/2000 41.2
maximum length of water 9 
2000-2001 3/8/2001 67.3
travel is 3630m and difference 10 
2001-2002 1/22/2002 36.3
in elevation between most 11 2002-2003 12/20/2002 68.7
remote point and out let is 12 2003-2004 2/11/2004 49.8
29.5m, Catchment area (A) for 13 2004-2005 3/10/2005 57.6

dam is 6.3 km2 and Maximum 14 2005-2006 2/3/2006 122.1

24hr. precipitation of Bastora 15 2006-2007 2/4/2007 41.2

dams are given 16 2007-2008 3/13/2008 48.8

17 2008 - 2009 3/9/2009 31.6
18 2009 - 2010 2/28/2010 48.9
19 2010 - 2011 1/30/2011 58.4
20 2011 - 2012 2/14/2012 32.3
21 2012 - 2013 1/28/2013 111.1 38
 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Example 7-7: Solution:
• The Gumbel distribution could be applied on maximum 24hr.
precipitation as follows:

• Mean x = 58.24 mm

• Standard Deviation σx = 23.416

• Year return period (T) = 100

• Frequency factor (Kt) = 3.142

• Xt = 58.24 + 3.142 x 23.416

• Xt = 131.387 mm maximum daily precipitation for 100 years return
period.

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Example 7-7: Solution:
• CN = 70

• S = 108.857 mm
• From Gumbel (EV1) method P= 131.387 mm maximum daily
precipitation for 100 years return period

• Pe = 55.22mm

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Example 7-7: Solution:
• L1 = 3630 m = 3.63 km substituting in eq. (3.28)
• The main water deference 29.5m
29.5
• y1 = x 100 = 0.8126% in 𝑚 𝑚
3630

• Tc = 4.76 hr.
• Tp = 3.17 hr.
• Pe = 55.22 mm
• Catchment area (A1) for dam = 6.3 km2

• qp = 228.27 m3/sec
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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Flood Routing: √
• Flood routing is a technique of determining the flood hydrograph
at a section of a river by utilizing the data of flood flow at one or
more upstream sections.
• Thus the main purpose of reservoir flood routing is to safely dispose
the flood magnitude by reducing the peak and increasing the base time.
• Flood routing is more useful in:
1. Flood forecasting
2. Flood protection
3. Reservoir design
4. Spillway design

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• (Types of flood routing): √
1. Reservoir Routing: To predict the variations of reservoir
elevation and outflow discharge with time.
• Reservoir Routing is Essential
• Design of the capacity of spillway/other reservoir outlets
• Location and sizing of the capacity of reservoirs to meet specific
requirements
2. Channel or River Routing: To predict the flood hydrograph at
various sections of the reach.

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• (Types of flood routing):
1. Reservoir Routing:
×
2. Channel or River Routing:

44
 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• (Types of flood routing): Channel or River Routing:
• Muskingum Equation Only Equation Include
• One of the most popular channel routing, Uses the hydrologic spatially
lumped form of the continuity equation, First applied to Muskingum
river in Ohio state, USA
• Muskingum’s routing equation for channels:

Q j 1  C1I j 1  C2 I j  C3Q j t  2 KX
C1 
2 K (1  X )  t
• t  2 KX
Where: C2 
• I = inflow discharge, m3/s 2 K (1  X )  t
• O = outflow discharge, m3/s
2 K (1  X )  t
• K = travel time of peak through the reach , hr C3 
• X = weight on inflow versus outflow (0 ≤ X ≤ 0.5) 2 K (1  X )  t
• C1, C2, and C3 are dimensionless coefficients
with the sum of C1, C2, and C3 equal to 1.0.
C1  C2  C3  1
• Δt = change in storage over time interval , hr
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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Example 7-8 : Period Inflow
(hr) (m3/s)
• Given: Inflow hydrograph, K = 2.3 hr, X = 1 93
0.15, Δt = 1 hour, Initial Q = 85 m3/s 2 137
• Find: Outflow hydrograph using Muskingum 3 208
routing method. 4 320
5 442
6 546
• Solution: 7 630
t  2 KX 1  2 * 2.3 * 0.15 8 678
C1    0.0631 9 691
2 K (1  X )  t 2 * 2.3(1  0.15)  1 10 675
t  2 KX 1  2 * 2.3 * 0.15 11 634
C2    0.3442 12 571
2 K (1  X )  t 2 * 2.3(1  0.15)  1 13 477
2 K (1  X )  t 2 * 2.3 * (1  0.15)  1 14 390
C3    0.5927
2 K (1  X )  t 2 * 2.3(1  0.15)  1 15 329
16 247
C1  C2  C3  1 17
18
184
134
19 108
0.0631  0.3442  0.5927  1 20 90

46
 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Given: Period Inflow C1Ij+1 C2Ij C3Qj Outflow
Q j 1  C1I j 1  C2 I j  C3Q j (hr) (cfs) (cfs)
1 93 0 0 0 85
2 137 9 32 50 91
C1 = 0.0631, C2 = 0.3442, C3 = 0.5927 3 208 13 47 54 114
4 320 20 72 68 159
800 5 442 28 110 95 233
6 546 34 152 138 324
700
7 630 40 188 192 420
600 8 678 43 217 249 509
9 691 44 233 301 578
Discharge (cfs)

500 10 675 43 238 343 623

11 634 40 232 369 642
400
12 571 36 218 380 635
300 13 477 30 197 376 603
14 390 25 164 357 546
200 15 329 21 134 324 479
16 247 16 113 284 413
100
17 184 12 85 245 341
0 18 134 8 63 202 274
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 19 108 7 46 162 215
Time (hr) 20 90 6 37 128 170
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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Example 7-9 :
• Route the following hydrograph through a river reach for which K =
12.0 h and x = 0.20. At the start of the inflow flood, the outflow
discharge is 10 m3/s.
• Solution:
C1 = 0.048, C2 = 0.429, C3 = 0.523 Q j 1  C1I j 1  C2 I j  C3Q j
3 3
Time (h) I (m /s) C2 I1 =0.429 I1 C1 I2 = 0.048 I2 0.523 Q1 Q (m /s)

0 10 10
6 20 4.29 0.96 5.23 10.48
12 50 8.58 2.40 5.48 16.46
18 60 21.45 2.88 8.61 32.94
24 55 25.74 2.64 17.23 45.61
30 45 23.60 2.16 23.85 49.61
36 35 19.31 1.68 25.94 46.93
42 27 15.02 1.30 24.54 40.86
48 20 11.58 0.96 21.37 33.91
54 15 8.58 48
0.72 17.74 27.04
 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Example 7-10 :
• An inflow hydrograph is measured for a
cross section of a stream. Compute the
outflow hydrograph at a point five miles
downstream using the Muskingum
method . Assuming K = 12hr, x=0.15, and
outflow equals inflow initially. Plot the
inflow and outflow hydrograph.

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Reservoirs: are man-made storage area, created by building dams, and
serve multiple purposes including water supply, flood control, hydroelectric
power generation, navigation, irrigation and water-based recreation activities.
• A reservoir – artificial lake or dam is used to store water during high flows
to be used during low flows.
√
• Investigations for Reservoir:
• The following investigations are usually conducted for reservoir planning:
1. Engineering surveys
2. Geological investigation
3. Hydrologic investigations
• Purposes of the Investigations:
i. Study of run off pattern at the proposed dam site and to determine the storage
capacity to meet the given demand
ii. Determination of the hydrograph of the worst flood, to determine the
spillway capacity and design.
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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Selection of a site for a Reservoir – Depends on the factors
such as:
1. Geological condition of the catchment area – less infiltration
and maximum runoff preferred.
2. Leakage should be minimum – preferred rocks. √
3. Suitable dam site – water tight rock base, percolation below the
dam should be minimum.
4. Narrow valley opening – the reservoir basin should have a
narrow opening in the valley to have a shortest length of the
dam
5. Cost – cost of real estate for the reservoir, road, rail road, re-
location of dwellings etc., should as low as possible.
• Reservoir Sedimentation ( Silting ) :
• Sedimentation in the reservoir is known as silting is the
accumulation of the transported material in the reservoir.
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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Reservoir storage zone and uses of reservoir:

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Reservoir storage zone and uses of reservoir: √ Highlight include
• These specific levels and parts are generally defined as follows:
1. Full reservoir level (FRL): The full reservoir level (FRL) is the
highest water level to which the water surface will rise during normal
operating conditions.
2. Maximum water level (MWL): The maximum water level is the
maximum level to which the water surface will rise when the design
flood passes over the spillway.
3. Minimum pool level: The minimum pool level is the lowest level up
to which the water is withdrawn from the reservoir under ordinary
conditions.
4. Dead storage: The volume of water held below the minimum pool
level is called the dead storage. It is provided to cater for the sediment
deposition by the impounding sediment laid in water.

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Reservoir storage zone and uses of reservoir: √ Highlight include
5. Live/useful storage: The volume of water stored between the
full reservoir level (FRL) and the minimum pool level is called
the useful storage. It assures the supply of water for specific
period to meet the demand.
6. Valley storage: The volume of water held by the natural river
channel in its valley up to the top of its banks before the
construction of a reservoir is called the valley storage. The
valley storage depends upon the cross section of the river.
7. Flood/Surcharge storage: is storage contained between
maximum reservoir level and full reservoir levels. It varies with
spillway capacity of dam for given design flood.

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 Flood, Flood Estimation & Flood Routing
• Given Equations: t  2 KX
C1 
• Tc = 0.0195 L 0.77 S -0.385 2 K (1  X )  t
• i = 6.311 T0.1523 / (D+0.5)0.945 t  2 KX
C2 
2 K (1  X )  t
2 K (1  X )  t
C3 
2 K (1  X )  t

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Thank You

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