aa De CaN ard Gee Grammar ~ in Steps Pra delta la ele explained and practised in context by David Bolton & Noel GoodeyEnglish Grammar in Steps English grammat presentéd, explained and practised in context by David Bolton & Noel GoodeyIntroduction 5 Verb forms The present simple: She works 6 ‘The present continuous: It’s raining 9 ‘The present continuous: He's smoking or the present simple: He smokes? iple with future meaning ‘The present continuous and the present si The past simple: He was/He arrived 18 The past continuous: He was working 22 The present perfect: I've lost my job 25 ‘The present perfect with just, yet, ever, ete. 27 ‘The present perfect: other uses 30 The past simple: He came ox the present perfect: He's come 32 ‘The present perfect continuous: He's been waiting for hours 36 The present perfect: continuous or simple? 39 The past perfect: He had come 42 ‘The future: will/won't, shall/shan'’t 45 Going to oR wil? 48 The future continuous: I'l be waiting and the future perfect: He'll have left 50 Passives 17 The passive 1: He was sacked Forms and main uses 53 18. 19 ‘The passive 2: other constructions 56 Have/get something dorie 60 Questions and answers 20 21 22, The question words Who? What? Which? Do you know who/what/if, etc? 23 24 Questions 62 Question tags: You're English, aren't you? 65 I think so, [hope so, etc. So dol, Neither dol,etc. 72 Aux Modals and auxiliary verbs Can, could, be able to 79 -y verbs used alone: Will you come?—Imight 75 Can, could, may, would in requests, offers and invitations 82 Must/mustn't Have to/don’thave to. 85 Must, can’t Must have done, can'thave done 89 May (have), might (have), could (have) 92 ‘Should/ought to, had better Should have/ought to have 95 Other verb constructions 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Have got/have 99 Phrasal verbs: He took offhis coat 102 Look, feel, etc. + adjective or like/as if 105 Used to 108 Getusedto Beusedto 111 Theverbneed 114 Verb + direct object/indirect object: /sent him a letter u7Ve ror If clauses and other conditionals 38 Ifsentences: Ist and 2nd conditional 120 39 Jfin past situations: 3rd conditional 124 40. Unless, provided (that) As long as, incase 127 41 Iwish../ifonly... 130 ‘ The infinitive and the -ing form 42. The infinitive of purpose In orderto So that, so 133 43. Verb + infinitive with to:/ want to go 136 44. Verb + object + infinitive: [want you to listen 140 45 Adjective + infinitive: It’s difficult to say 143 46 Verb +-ing: enjoy swimming 146 47 Preposition +-ing:/'m tired of waiting 148 48 Doyou mind +-ing? [don't mind +-ing_ It’s no use, there’s no point, ete. +-ing 151 49 -ing clauses: He sat listening 154 50. Like, love, hate + infinitive with to or-ing 157 51 [prefer to do/I prefer doing I'd prefer to/'d rather 161 ‘ 52. Verb + infinitive with fo or + «ing: Remember to do or remember doing 164 Reported speech 53. Reported speech: He said it was a good car 168 54. Reported questions, commands, etc.: She asked me where Iwas from 173 Articles 55 The definite article: the (1) 177 56 The definite article: the (2) 182 57 A,an,some 184 Nouns : 58 Nouns: singular and plural: book/books, child/children 187 59 Countable and uncountable nouns: cars, traffic, pollution 190 Quantifiers 60 Much, many, a lot, plenty, (very) little, (very) few Allitile, afew 194 61 Some, any, no, none 197 62. All/everything, everybody All/every/each whole 200 63 All (of), most (of), some (of), etc. Both (of), neither (of), either (of) 204 Pronouns 64 Demonstratives: this, that, these, those 207 65. Reflexive and emphatic pronouns: myself, himself, themselves, etc. 210 66 Someone, something, somewhere, anyone, anything, anywhere, etc. 214 67. Possessive forms: The man’s children, the door of the room, a friend of mine | 217 68 Possessive adjectives and pronouns: my, mine, etc. My own... Whose...? 221 69 One/ones 224Adjectives 70 The use and position of adjectives 227 71 Comparatives and superlatives (I) 230 72 Comparatives and superlatives (2) 235 73. Adjectives ending in-ed and -ing: interested/interesting 239 Adverbs 74 Adverbs of manner and degree: slowly, very 241 75 Adverbs of frequency, time and place: offen, today, there 246 76 Adverbs of degree: quite, fairly, pretty, rather So, such 250 77 Adverbs of degree: a lot, a bit, much, etc. More, most, better, best, etc. 254 78 Stil, yet Any more/any tonger/no longer 257 79 Tooandenough 260 Prepositions 80 Time prepositions: in, at, on 263 81 Prepositions of place: in, on, at 266 82 Prepositions of place: under, opposite, etc. 270 83. Prepositions of movement: up, down, etc. 274 84. Prepositions used for travel and transport: by bus, go fo, arrive at 277 Prepositions/Link words 85. For, since, ago 280 86 For, during while 283 87 When, as soon as, etc. in future sentences 286 88. By/by the time, tili/until 288 89 Like and as As if/as though 290 90 Although, though, even though In spite of Because, since, so 293 Relative clauses 91. Relative clauses with who, which, that 296 92 The relative pronouns where, whose, what 299 93. Defining and non-defining relative clauses 302 94 Clauses withing or a past participle Within identifying phrases 305 Appendices 1 American English -British English 308 2 Contractions or short forms (I'm, they're, can’t, etc.) 310 3° Spelling 311 4° Phrasal verbs 313 5 Adjectives with prepositions 315 6 Verbs with prepositions 316 7 Irregular verbs 317 8 Glossary of grammatical terms 318 Index 320 Answers to Pract 329Introduction English Grammar in Steps is for pre-intermediate and intermediate students. It covers the grammar needed by students studying for the Cambridge First Certificate examination. More advanced students will find it useful for revision and consolidation. The book covers the most important grammar topics and grammatical structures. For the student How to use the book A Ifyou want to learn or revise a grammar point: © Lookat the Contents o Index to find the grammar point you want to work on. ‘© Each Units divided into Steps, so you can work on the grammar in easy stages, bit by bit. ® The unit and many of the Steps begin with a short presentation text where you will find several examples of the grammar point used ina clear context. Read the text two or three times and note these examples. © The grammar is then explained in stages, each stage marked with a bullet (e). Study these explanations and the specific examples of the grammar point (which are taken from the presentation text that you have already read). © At the end of each Step there are some Check questions. Write your answers, then check them, by looking at Answers fo check questions at the end of the final Step. The questions confirm that ‘you have understood the explanations given in ‘the Step. If your answers are not correct, read the ‘step again and re-do the Check questions. At the end of each unit there is a page of exercises (Practice) that will test your ‘understanding of the grammar point you have just studied. Each exercise has its own context, so ‘you can use your knowledge of a grammar point ina number of realistic situations. The box at the top of the Practice page will help you to remember what you have just learned. Write your answers in the space provided in the book. B Ifyou think you know the grammar of the unit, ‘you can go straight to the Practice page, lookat the boxat the top and then do the exercises. But if ‘your answers are not correct, then it would be a ‘ood idea to work through the unit Step by Step. (See) For the teacher ‘© English Grammar in Steps teaches and practises form, meaning and use. @ It concentrates on those areas which students find most difficult. © The language of explanation is clear and simple, and, as far as possible, non-technical. To help students to understand the meaning of some grammatical terms, there is a Glossary on page 318, ‘© The book presents each grammatical structure in context. Examples are not random. The context helps students to understand the meaning and use of the structure and gives them several examples of it In the same situation. The contexts are down-to-earth and relevant. @ The style used in the presentation texts and the explanations is informal and everyday. We have frequently used contracted forms in English Grammar in Steps. Nowadays contractions are normally used in spoken English and in informal written English. English Grammar in Steps can be used in class, along with the students’ course book, Students ‘can use It for quick reference to consolidate their understanding of a grammar topic. Alternatively, it can be used as a variant to their course book. The class can be asked to spend a few minutes studying a particular grammar point and doing the Practice exercises. Or the teacher can use it to present a new grammar topic, taking advantage of the presentation texts in each unit. BePaul Hart and Sarah Ford live in the same block of flats in Avonmouth. Paul's a postman. He gets up at 5.30 a.m. and goes to work at 6. He usually catches the bus. Sarah lives in the next flat. She’s a nurse. She works nights. She gets home from work at 6 a.m., at the same time as Paul leaves for work! They meet on the stairs and say hello, but that's: all. He sometimes tries to arrange a date with her, but he doesn’t find it easy. And they don’t see each other at weekends because Sarah works most weekends. Nurses don’t have an easy life. But she says she likes nursing and she doesn’t want to change her job. ‘I enjoy my job, but | don't have a very good social life. Paul and | don't spend any time together. We often try to arrange a date, but we're never free at the same time.’ Step 1 | Uses of the present simple We use the present simple to talk about: —-+ © habits or regular activities and situations. Paul gets up at 5.30a.m. They meet on the stairs. Pautl and Sarah live in Avonmouth, —> ¢ facts and attitudes that are generally or always true. (CHECK QuesTiONS ¢ . Nurses don’t have an easy life. Sarah likes nursing. © We don't use the present simple to talk about things that are in progress now, that are temporary. We don’t say: Look! It rains. We have to use the present continusus: Look It's raining. or the present continuous, see Unit 2. For the present simple used with a future meaning, see Unit 4 Step 2.) Which sentences describe a regular activity or an attitude? 1 Paul has a shower every morning. 2 He went to bed late last night. 3 Sarah's going to Spain-next summer. 4 She loves the sun. Step 2 | The present simple: affirmative/positive forms To work Iwork ‘You work He/shejit works Wework . You work They work ¢ In thé affirmative, the present simple has the same form as the infinitive in all persons except the 3rd person singular (he, it, Paul, the flat, etc.). We add -s in the 3rd person singular. Paul gets up at 5.30 a.m. Sarah likes nursing. ‘© With verbs that end in-o, -ch, sh, -88 (go, catch, watch, wash, kiss, etc.), we add -es and not just -s in the 3rd person singular. Paul goes to work at 6. He usually catches the bus.rr - rer el BECK QUESTIONS 2 Step 3 | rece questions + = © With some verbs that end in-y (cry, fy, hurry, try, etc.) the -y changes to-ies in the 3rd person singular. Paul often tries to arrange a date with her. © But with verbs with a vowel before -y (buy, play, say, etc.) we simply add -s. But she says she likes nursing. Complete the sentences, using the present simple. 1 Paul (play) football. 2 Sarah (study) Spanish in her spare time. 3 Paul sometimes (miss) the bus to work. 4 Sarah (do) her shopping on Thursdays. The present simple: negative and question forms Negative Questions Idon't work Do I work? You don’t work Do you work? He/she/it doesn't work Does he/she/it work? We don’t work Do we work? You don’t work Do you work? They don’t work Do they work? ‘To form the negative we use don’t (do not) for all persons except the 3rd person ingular. They don’t see each other at weekends. [don’t have a very good social life. Paul and I don't spend much time together. © In the 3cd person singular we use doesn’t (does not). We don't add -s to the verb that follows doesn't. ‘She doesn’t want to change her job. (Not She doesn’t wants) He doesn't find it easy. (Nov He doesn't finds it easy.) ‘© To form questions we use do for all persons except the 3rd person singular. Do + — subject + infinitive without ro ° si Do you now any nurses? Do Paul and Sarah live together? When do they see each other? © Inthe 3rd person singular we form the question with does. Does Paul work at weekends? When does Sarah get home from work? Does she like nursing? © Note the short answers. Does Sarah work nights? Yes, she does. Does Paul work nights? No, he doesn't. Do they live in the same block of flats? Yes, they do. Do they spend much time together? No, they don't. Complete the sentences, using the present simple. 1 Where (live) Paul? 2 Paul (not work) at weekends. 3 Sarah (slot want) to change her job. 4 (have) nurses a good social life? 4. Paulhas ashowerevery morning, Sheloves 3. 1 Where does Paul ve? 2 Paul doesn’t work the sun at weekends, 3 Sarah doesn't want to change 2.1 Paul plays football. 2 Sarah studies Spanish herjob. 4 Do nurses have a good social life? Inher spare time, 3 Paul sometimes misses the bus to work. 4 Sarah does her shopping on Thursdays.We use the present simple to talk abot regular, repeated activities or situations things that are generally or always true In the 3rd person singular affirmative the verb has a final -s. We form the negative with don’t (doesn’t in the 3rd person singular). We form questions with Do (Does ... 7 in the 3rd person singular). 1 Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the present simple. 1 [get up) at 7.30. 2 My sister (get up) at 745, 3 We (watch) TV every evening, ly father (watch) a lot of films. 5 He sometimes (cry) if the film's sad, 6 My sister and her friends often (go) to clubs. 7 She always (wash) her hair before she (go out). 8 She often (get) home very late. 2 These facts are not correct. Correct the sentences by changing the form of the verb. 1 Spain doesn't belong to the European Union. Sa 2 Russia and Switzerland belong to the EU. 3. They drive on the right in Britain. You don't see a lot of Japanese cars in Europe. 4 6 The president lives in New York. They don’t speak Spanish in Argentina. ‘They speak Spanish in Brazil © 3 A Spanish boy and a German girl are standing ata drinks machine on a cross-Chamnel ferry. Complete their conversation. Katrina: (1) English? Luis: Yes, alittle. Katrina: Where (2) come. all Luis: Cordoba in Spain. Bella ciudad! Katrina: What (3) that... Luis) It)... beautiful city. Katrina: How much (8)... COMA vunsnne? Luis: 80p. Katrina: (6). ..this machine. German money? Luis: No, it (7) takes English money. sitonly 4 Personal questions. Complete each question, using the correct form of the present simple, and give your short answer. 1 you/watch/much TV? 2. TVinyour country/have/many American programmes? 3 youand your friends/play/much sport? 4 the place where you live/have/a sports centre?The present continuous: It’s raining We're playing on the computer. We're just finishing this game. ¢@7 wa) La Me, a anges Cri ; EES ae if friend on the phone. She's helping me with my homework, Step 1 | The present continuous for actions in progress ‘© We use the present continuous to talk about something that's in progress now, at this moment. Dad's making supper. His wife isn't helping him. ‘She’s watching television. The children aren't helping him either. all doing? Why aren't you helping me? ?'m watching the end of this Gizck quesrios? Are these things happening now in the situation above? Answer Yes or No. 1 They're having supper. 2 Tim's playing a computer game. 3 Helen's doing her homework. 4 Jessie's going out. Step 2 | Forms of the present continuous ©. We form the present continuous with the present of be + the -ing form of the verb. Note: The negative has two possible forms. Affirmative Negative Ym (am) working P'm not working You're (You are) working You aren't/You're not working He's (Heis) working He isn't/He's not working She's (She is) working She isn't/She's not working It’s (Itis) working Itisn't/lt’s not working We're (We are) working We aren’t/We're not working You're (You are) working You aren't/You're not working They're (They are) working They aren’t/They’re not workingQuestions Short answers .Am working? . “Yes, lain. or No, I'm not. Are you working? * Yes, you are. or No, you aren’t/you're not. Is he/she/it working? Yes, heis. or No, he's not/he isn’t. Are we working? Yes, we are. oR No, we're not/we aren't. Are you working? Yes, we are. or No, we're not/we aren't. Are they working? Yes, they are. ox No, they're not/they aren't. © Note the spelling changes before -ing. Wordsendingin: e have having m swim swimming n run running P stop stopping t get —_getting (Gee also Appendix 3.) cus ouo> Put the verb into the present continuous. 1 Dad (make) supper. 2 Jessie (help) her father? No, she... 3 She (get) ready to go out. 4 The boys (not help) their father. Step 3 | Verbs not used in the present continuous Dad: Tim, know you're busy, but | want some help. Tim: But Dad, I'm doing something important. Dad: Important? What do you mean? | don’t believe you! ‘¢ Some verbs (most of them verbs of thinking and feeling) are almost never used in the present coitinuous. The most common are: agree, be, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, own, remember, seem, suppose; understand, want, wish. (ee also Unit 3, Step 3.) swe ausyowss Which sentences are incorrect? 1 James is being in his bedroom at the moment. 2 He's playing a computer game. 3 He's loving computer games. 4 His father’s hating computer games. 5 He's thinking they're a waste of money. 6 James isn't agreeing, Step 4 | other uses of the present continuous 10 It’s 8.30 p.m. Jessie's doing her maths homework. This year she's studying maths, physics and economics. She’s going out with a boy in her class called Carl. At the moment they're spending a lot of time together, Jessie’s Dad doesn’t think she’s doing enough schoo! work. He's also worried about Tim. Tim’s always playing games on his computer. Dad: You're always wasting your time. Why don’t you do something useful? Tim: Oh, you're always saying that, Dad. You're always complaining,