SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

04.06.2019 to 04.07.2019

ON
765/400KV SUBSTATION, LUCKNOW
POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED
SUBMITTED BY
ABHISHEK CHAURASIA
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (4th sem)
ROLL NO- 2K17/EE/008,
DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,
DELHI.

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

SHRI RUDRA KUMAR, Chief Manager
&
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
SHRI RAMESH KUMAR RAWAT, Manager
765/400KV SUBSTATIONS, LUCKNOW (UP)
POWERGRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD
NORTHERN REGION-3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank my adviser /mentor Shri Rudra Kumar, Chief Manager
and supervisor Shri Ramesh Kumar Rawat,Manager 765/400 kV substation
Lucknow for the endless hours of help, suggestion and advise during the training
and development of this report. I am highly indebted to him for giving me an
opportunity to work under himand for his wholehearted support and suggestions.

I would like to thank Shri H.K. Maunas, Senior Deputy General

Manager,765/400 kV substation Lucknow and I am gratefull to Shri Santosh
Kumar Singh, General Manager, Head and Incharge of 765/400 kV &
400/220 kV substation Lucknow,Powergrid Corporation of India limited for
providing the neccessary facilities for completing the training in the substation.
I express my spacial thanks to HR & O&M staff of 765/400kV substation
Lucknow, who helped me one way or other in successfully completing my
summer training.

ABHISHEK CHAURASIA
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
(4thsem)
ROLL NO -
2K17/EE/008
DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,
DELHI.
 INDEX
 Abstract
 About PWERGRID
 765KV /400KV Remote operated Sub –Station
 765 kV Major Equipmentsand Switchyard diagrams
 SCADA System ( Supervisory Control And Data Aquisition/ SAS(Substation
Automation System)
 Protection Relays
 Single Line Diagram of 765/400kV
 Power Line Carrier Communication PLCC
 Auxiliary Supplies
 Sub –Station Equipment
 Current Transformer (CT)
 Capacitive Voltage Transformer (CVT)
 Inter Connecting Transformer (ICT)
 Circuit Breaker
 Isolator
 Lightening Arrester (LA)
 Wave Trap
 Shunt Reactor

 Conclusion

ABSTRACT
The 765/400 kV new substation is full automatic Remote Operated substation which is being
operate from 400/220 kV Lucknow substation Control Room.
In this substation total 9 Bays of 765 kV side and these are like 765kV Lucknow-Balia Line-
(Connected bay nos 701 & 702), second is 765 kV Lucknow-Bareilly Line connected to bay
nos 707 & 708.
In 765kV side there are two single phase 3x80=240 MVAR line reactor connected to
Lucknow-Balia & Lucknow Bareilly Lines , one is single phase 3x80 MVAR bus reactor
which is connected to 765 kV Main Bus-II in bay no 709. There are two ICT of (single phase)
1500 MW each capacity and one is spare transformer single phase of 500 MVA capacity. In
this substation 400 kV side total 12 bays .
1- 400 kV Lucknow-Lucknow Line -1
2- 400 kV Lucknow-Lucknow Line -2
3- 400 kV Lucknow-Kanpur Line -1
4- 400 kV Lucknow-Kanpur Line -2
In this side also a 125 MVAR bus reactor which is connected to bay no 407.

POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED

“Establishment and operation of Regional and National Power Grids to facilitate
transfer of electric power within and across the regions with Reliability, Security
and Economy, on sound commercial
POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED (POWERGRID), The Central Transmission Utility
(CTU) of the country under Ministry of Power is one amongst the largest Power Transmission utilities in the
world. POWERGRID is playing a vital role in the growth of Indian power sector by developing a robust
Integrated National Grid and associating in the flagship programme of Govt. of India to provide Power for
all. An innovation in Technical & Managerial fields has resulted in coordinated development of power
transmission network and effective operation and management of Regional and National Grid.

VISION World Class, Integrated, Global Transmission Company with Dominant Leadership in
Emerging Power Markets Ensuring Reliability, Safety and Economy.

MISSION We will become a Global Transmission Company with Dominant Leadership in Emerging
Power Markets with World Class Capabilities by:

 World Class: Setting superior standards in capital project management and operations for the
industry and ourselves
 Global: Leveraging capabilities to consistently generate maximum value for all stakeholders in India
and in emerging and growing economies.
 Inspiring, nurturing and empowering the next generation of professionals.
 Achieving continuous improvements through innovation and state of the art technology.
 Committing to highest standards in health, safety, security and environment

OBJECTIVES: The Corporation has set following objectives in line with its mission and its status
central Transmission Utility to:

 Undertake transmission of electric power through Inter-State Transmission System.

 Discharge all functions of planning and coordination relating to Inter-State Transmission System
with-
o State Transmission Utilities
o Central Government
o State Government
o Generating Companies
o Regional Power Committees
o Authority
o Licensees
o Any other person notified by the Central Government in this behalf.

 To ensure development of an efficient, coordinated and economical system of inter-state transmission

lines for smooth flow of electricity from generating stations to the load centers.
 Efficient Operation and Maintenance of Transmission Systems.
 Restoring power in quickest possible time in the event of any natural disasters like super-cyclone,
flood etc. through deployment of Emergency Restoration Systems.
 Provide consultancy services at national and international levels in transmission sector based on the
in-house expertise developed by the organization.
 Participate in long distance Trunk Telecommunication business ventures.
 Ensure principles of Reliability, Security and Economy matched with the rising / desirable
expectation of a cleaner, safer, healthier Environment of people, both affected and benefited by its
activities.
 765/400kV REMOTE OPERATED SUB-STATION - LUCKNOW
POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED
NORTHERN REGION - I

765 KV/ 400 KV REMOTE 0PERETED SUB-STATION

(SCADA), IN LUCKNOW
765/400kV Lucknow S/S is 23Km away from Lucknow City at Agasand Village, Post Office
Kursi, Tahsil-Fatehpur, Distt.-Barabanki 2Kms interconnecting road Lucknow-Kursi Road.
POWERGRID, NR-1 has successfully commissioned the 765kV/400kV Lucknow S/S along
with 765kV Balia-Lucknow S/C Line from Balia 765/400kV S/S and Extension of 400/220kV
Lucknow S/S along with 400kV Lucknow (New)-Lucknow (Old) D/C Line associated with
DVC &Maithon Right Bank Project

This was the first 765kV Line energized on 28.02.2012in the Northern Region
and second line in POWERGRID.

CAPACITY OF LUCKNOW 765/400kV LUCKNOW S/S

TOTAL CAPACITY YEAR OF ADDITION

ICT-1 & ICT-2 1500 MVA Each

3000 MVA 2012

TRANSMISSION LINES
ASSOCIATED WITH 765/400kV LUCKNOW SUBSTATION

S. Line Length
Name of the Transmission Line
No. (in Kms)
1 765kV S/C Ballia-Lucknow Line 319

2 400kV D/C Lucknow ( Existing 400kV 03

S/S) -Lucknow (new 765kV S/S )

3. 765kV S/C Lucknow- Bareilly Line 270

(NowCharged at 400 KV Level)

400kV D/C Lucknow – Kanpur Lines

 Supervisery Control and Data Aquisetion) SystemSCADA
/SAS ( Substation Automation System )
The Substation Automation System (SAS) installed to control and monitor all the sub-station equipment
from remote control centre (RCC) as well as from local control centre. The SAS contain the following
main function-:

 Bay Control Unit for control and monitoring.

 Station Human Machine Interface (HMI).for working and monitoring
 Redundant managed switched Ethernet Local Area Network communication infrastructure with hot
standby.
 Gateway for remote control through IEC60870-5-101 protocol.
 The communication gateway l facilitates the information flow with remote control centres. The bay
level intelligent electronic devices (IED) for protection and control provide the direct connection to
the switchgear without the need of interposing components and perform control, protection, and
monitoring functions.
 The Substation Automation System (SAS) suitable for operation and monitoring of the complete
substation.
  At bay level, the BCU provide all bay level functions regarding control, monitoring and protection,
inputs for status indication and outputs for commands.
 The IEDs directly connected to the switchgear without any need for additional interposition or
transducers. Each bay control IED independent from each other and its functioning not be affected by
any fault occurring in any of the other bay control units of the station.

The GPS time synchronising signal for the synchronization of the entire system BCUs and IEDs

REMOTE MODE: Control authority in this mode is given to a higher level (Remote Control
Centre) and the operation can be controlled only remotely. Control operation from lower levels shall
not be possible in this operating mode.

BCUFunctions: BCU is capable of acquiring analog input values like, Active power, Reactive Power,
Current, Voltage and frequency, power factor, KWh , kvarh( having output as 4-20 mA, 0-10 mA, 0-+10
mA using analog input modules.Acquiring analogy values from the status inputs of devices from the
substation, processing and transmitting to substation control centre and remote end control centre. Receiving
and processing digital commands from the .control centreTheoperation of BCU (Bay Control Unit) high-
voltage apparatus within the station is possible from different places:

 Remote control centers

 Station HMI.
 Local Bay controller IED (BCU)

Only one operator at a time can operate the BCU. In EMERGENCY Operation It is be possible to close or
open the selected Circuit Breaker with ON or OFF push buttons even during the outage of bay IED(BCU) .

Bay protection functions The protection functions are independent of bay control function. The
protectionis provided by separate protection IEDs numerical relays and other protection devices Relay &
ProtectionIEDs All IEDs . connected to the communication infrastructure for data sharing and meet the real-
time communication requirements for automatic functions. The data presentation and the configuration of the
various IEDs are compatible with the overall system communication and data exchange requirements

The position of each switchgear, e.g. circuit breaker, isolator, earthing switch, transformer tap changer etc.,
ssupervise continuously. Every detected change of position immediately displayed in the single-line diagram
on the station HMI screen, recorded in the event list and Alarms initiated in the case of spontaneous position
changes.
Remote Control Centre (SCADA)

IEC 60870-5-101
PACiS OI Client
PACiS OI Server
BCU

Gateway PC Fast Ethernet IEC 61850

Station Bus 100 Mbps
S-BUS
FO Cable Ring

SBUS IEDs

SYSTEM ISA : set of devices with specific functions that interact one to/with other with common rules.
System is COMMUNICATION & CONFIGURATION
SBUS Station BUS (system federal network)

TBUS Tele control BUS (Remote Control Point or SCADA)

LBUS Legacy BUS (Field BUS to IED)

In the above digram different IEDs are connected in FO Cable ring. OI Server collect information from IEDs
and provide to OI Client for display/view to operator workstation
 PROTECTION RELAYS:

)Numerical Multifunction Protection Relays)

A-Auto Transformer Protection Panel.

1. Differential Protection. 2. REF Protection.

3. HV Directional O/C Protection. 4. LV Directional O/C Protection.

5. HV over Fluxing Protection. 6. LV Over Fluxing Protection.

7. Neutral Over current Protection.

B- BusReactor Protection Panel

1. Differential Protection. 2. TEED Differential Protection.

3. REF Protection. 4. Backup Impedance Protection.

C- Line with Reactor Protection Panel.

1. Main-1 Distance Protection.

• Zone-1, 2, 3 Distance Protection • DEF Protection

• SOTF Protection • STUBBUS Protection

• Over Voltage Protection

2. Main-2 Distance Protection.

• Zone-1, 2, 3 Distance Protection • DEF Protection

• SOTF Protection • STUBBUS Protection

• Over Voltage Protection
3. Differential Protection.
4. REF Protection.
5. Backup Impedance Protection.

D-BusBar Protection
1.LBB Protection.
2.Bus bar Pprotection
NOTE: DEF-Directional Earth Fault, REF-Rectricted Earth Fault, SOTF-Switch On To Fault. LBB-Local Breaker
Backup
It is clear that three circuit breakers are used in one dia between the two busbars, Bus 1 and Bus 2 for two circuits
emerging out of it. Two such dia are shown in the figure. Following advantages are associated with this type of bus bar
arrangement

1- The supply is not interrupted in the event of fault on a bus as either of the bus can be used to maintain supply
and keep the feeders (or transmission lines) charged.
2- The supply is not interrupted in the event of any fault on a circuit breaker.
3- Possibility of addition of circuits is always there.

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 765KV/400KV

Main SLD of 765/400 kV: Upper portion of SLD is 765 kV side. Total Bays are 9 from 701 to 709. 701(Main) &
702(TIE) Bays are of Lucknow-Balia Line, 707(Main) & 708(TIE) Bays are of Lucknow-Bareilly Line and 704(Main)
& 705(TIE) Bays are for future line.Total TIE Bays are 702, 705 & 708

Lower portion of the SLD is of 400 kV side. Total Bays are 12 from 401 to 412. Bay no. 402(TIE) & 403(Main) of
Lucknow-Lucknow line-2, Bay no. 405(TIE) & 406(Main) of Lucknow-Lucknow Line-1, Bay nos 408(TIE),
409(Main) for Lucknow Kanpur Line-1 & 411(TIE), 412(Main) for Lucknow Kanpur Line -2
line. Total TIE Bays are 402, 405, 408 & 411.
System Architecture of 765/400 kV provide the information of connected relays in the whole substation.
Green Relays/BCU indicate healthy position of its. Red indication of its means Relay/BCU is not
communicating with SCADA. Upper portion of this architecture is of 765kV and divided in three parts/kiosk
and lower portion of its is of 400kV and divided in four parts means four kiosk system. All kiosks are
connected to each other with Fibre Optical (FO) cable ring.
FO Cable start from 765kV Control Room to 765 kiosk-1 to 765kV kiosk-2 to 765kV kiosk-3 to 400kV
kiosk-1 to 400kV kiosk-2 to 400kV kiosk-3 to 400kV kiosk-4 to 765kV Control Room. In the kiosks FO
cable is connected with the help of LIU (Line Interface Unit). LIU communicate with EFS (Ethernet Fibre
Switch).
In 765/400kV S/S, 400kV Lucknow-Lucknow Line-2: Bay no 403 is main Bay and 402 is TIE Bay. Bay
no 401 is for future bus reactor.
In 765/400kV S/S, 400kV Lucknow-Lucknow Line-1: Bay nos 406 is main Bay and 405 is TIE Bay. Here
404 is main Bay of ICT-1
 Power Line Carrier Communication PLCC
The power line carrier communication equipment required is to provide primarily efficient,
secure and reliable information link for carrier aided distance protection and direct tripping of
remote-end breaker and also for speech communication between 220/400/765 kV sub-stations.
It includes carrier terminals of multipurpose type for speech and protection. All carrier
terminals including those for protection, suitable for point to point speech communication also.

 PLCC use Amplitude Modulation and has single side band transmission mode.
 Mode of transmission Amplitude Modulation single side band with suppressed carrier
or reduced carrier frequency 40to 500kHz range.
 Nominal carrier frequency 4.0 kHz band in either direction of transmission
 Supply voltage48 V DC +15%, -10% Positive pole earthed
 SPEECH COMMUNICATIONPLC equipment provide telephone communication
between the
stations where the transmission lines are terminating. It is possible for subscriber at any
of the stations to contact the subscriber at all other stations connected in the system by
dialing his call number.

A) High Frequency Cable: High frequency cable connects to the PLC terminal installed
indoorto the coupling device which installed in the switchyard.
B) Line trap/ wave trap
 Cconform to latest IEC 60353 fulfilling all the technical requirements.
 The rated short time current for 1Second should be 63/50/40/31.5 kA as per
requirement.
 The mH. Rating should be 1.0/0.5/0.25mH depending on frequency plan.
 The Line Trap shouldbe suitable for outdoor pedestal or suspension mounting
andshould be mechanically strong enough to withstand the stresses due to
maximum wind pressure of 260kg/square meter
 For pedestal mounting, each line trap mounted on a tripod structure formed by
three insulator stacks arranged in a triangular form. All the accessories and
 hardware, mounting stool including bolts for fixing the line trap on
insulatorsshould be of non-magnetic material.
C) Lime Matching Unit(LMU)The modular coupling device MCD80, it is mounted in
switchyard near CVT together with the coupling capacitor and line trap basically fulfill
the following functions:
 Insertion and extraction of PLC signals on high voltage overhead lines and cables.
 Through connection and distribution of PLC signals in intermediate stations.
 Impedance matching between transmission path and PLC equipment.
 Potential separation of high voltage equipment and PLC equipment.
 In addition to reliable protection of personnel and communication equipment,
maximum emphasis was also placed on low insertion loss for the coupling of the
PLC signals on the transmission line.

The main part of LMU is given below

 PLC coupling filterA9BS : The tunable drain coil and the coupling capacitor
together with a tunable series capacitance and shunt inductance form a
programmable high pass filter. Potential separation of the line side from the
equipment side is provided by a transformer with taps. This ensures a proper
matching of the line impedance to the equipment impedance and can be
programmed for two values of both line and equipment impedance. The drain coil
diverts the power frequency current flowing through the coupling capacitor to
earth. A lightning arrester connected in parallel with the drain coil limits voltage
peaks coming from the line to a value harmless for the circuit. The coupling can
be earthed during servicing by the earthing switch

PLC coupling filterA9BTThe basic filter units A9BS are supplemented by

A9BT to provide a two phase or inter-system coupling. The Supplementary unit
differs from the relevant basic units only by the built-in hybrid transformer A1AC,
which distributes the PLC signal in push-pull operation to the two phases. This
ensures that the additional attenuation is not greater than approx. 4dB with single-
 phase faults close to the station. The impedance transformer module A1AE is one
of the optional modules which can be mounted inside of the MCD80 enclosure. The
highpass coupling filter A9BS/A9BT is programamiable for secondary equipment
side impedance of ohm 75unbalanced or ohm 125unbalanced. The module A1AE
is used for matching to other equipment such as 150ohmbalanced and is
individually manufactured.

ADVANTAGES OF POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

 Uses existing Power Lines

 Very long distances w/o repeaters

 Shortest link for Tele-protection

 Reliable

 Fully under control of the Power Utility

 Cost effective from distance point of view

Phase To Phase Coupling

AUXILIARY SUPPLIES
AC SOURCE :
 Source-1 (33kv /415v) from UPPCL Lucknow
 Source -2 ( 33 kv /415v) from ICT-2 as a T-3

Emergency Power Backup (Diesel-Generator Set)

In case of loss of auxiliary supply, the emergency power backup system, which is a diesel-generator set,
starts automatically. This generator can provide power continuously for 5 hours.

 At 765/400 kV substation a DG set of 500 KVA (CUMMINS) is installed.

DC SOURCE:

There are two DC source of the auxiliary supply

 220 Volt– Two number of set of 220 Volt
 48 Volt – Two number of set of 48 Volt

Each DC Source charged by separate chargerby 220V and 48 volt separate chargerrespectively.

In the Battery room Battery Banks are installed which provide D.C. supply for the sub-station DC.
Equipment operation D.C. Supply is required for the operation of the relay in the control panel and
for the operation of PLCC. There are four battery banks, two for 220 V supply (one primary and
other backup) and for 48 V supply. Each 220 V Lead - Acid battery bank comprises 110 cell of 2.2
V each. Capacity of the battery banks is 600AH. Float or trickle charging is used for the batteries
i.e. batteries are charged under no load at a ratio equal to their self-discharge rate. Any battery
or cell is allowed to discharge to value 80% of the full charge , i.e., the cell is allowed to
discharge only of 20% of its maximum voltage.
Aux Power Supply SLD
 Current Transformer
CT provide 1 Ampere at secondry with respect to primary of 3000A or 2000A or 1000A

In electrical engineering, a current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of electric

currents. Current transformers are also known as instrument transformers. When current in a
circuit is too high to directly apply to measuring instruments, a current transformer produces
a reduced current accurately proportional to the current in the circuit, which can be
conveniently connected to measuring and recording instruments. A current transformer also
isolates the measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage in the primary
circuit. Current transformers are commonly used in metering and protective relays in the
electrical power industry.

Usage Current transformers are used extensively for measuring current

 Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CVT )
CVT provide 110 Volt at secondry with respect to primary of 765kV or 400kV or 220kV

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT), or capacitance coupled voltage

transformer (CCVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step down extra high
voltage signals and provide a low voltage signal, for measurement or to operate a
protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two
capacitors across which the transmission line signal is split, an inductive element to tune the
device to the line frequency, and a transformer to isolate and further step down the voltage
for the instrumentation or protective relay. The device has at least four terminals: a terminal
for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal, and two secondary terminals
which connect to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase
devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the use of
voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice, capacitor C1 is often constructed as
a stack of smaller capacitors connected in series. This provides a large voltage drop across
C1 and a relatively small voltage drop across C2.

The CVT is also useful in communication systems. CVTs in combination with wave traps are
used for filtering high frequency communication signals from power frequency. This forms a
carrier communication network throughout the transmission network.
 Interconnecting Transformer (ICT)
In 765/400 kV Lucknow substation, there are two ICTs and both are single phase of
500 MVA each auto transforfer and capacity of each ICTs 1500 MVA.

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through

inductively coupled electrical conductors. A changing current in the first circuit creates a

changing magnetic field; in turn, this magnetic field induces a changing voltage in the second

circuit. By adding a load to the secondary circuit, one can make current flow in the transformer,

thus transferring energy from one circuit to the other.

The secondary induced voltage VS, of an ideal transformer, is scaled from the primary VP by a

factor equal to the ratio of the number of turns of wire in their respective windings. By

appropriate selection of the numbers of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating voltage

to be stepped up — by making NS more than NP — or stepped down, by making it less.

Interconnecting transfomers are used to connect two EHV line at different voltages . The
interconnecting transformer are auto transformer which can step up & step down the voltages
for synchronization of two grid voltages.

Generation of Electrical Power in low voltage level is very much cost effective. Hence
Electrical Power are generated in low voltage level. Theoretically, this low voltage leveled
power can be transmitted to the receiving end. But if the voltage level of a power is
increased, the electric current of the power is reduced which causes reduction in ohmic or I 2R
losses in the system, reduction in cross sectional area of the conductor i.e. reduction in
capital cost of the system and it also improves the voltage regulation of the system. Because
of these, low leveled power must be stepped up for efficient electrical power transmission.
This is done by step up transformer at the sending side of the power system network. As this
high voltage power may not be distributed to the consumers directly, this must be stepped
down to the desired level at the receiving end with help of step down transformer. These are
the use of electrical power transformer in the Electrical Power System.

High-power or high-voltage transformers are bathed in transformer oil - a highly-

refined mineral oil that is stable at high temperatures. Large transformers to be used
indoors must use a non-flammable liquid. Today, nontoxic, stable silicone-based oils or
fluorinated hydrocarbons may be used, where the expense of a fire-resistant liquid
offsets additional building cost for a transformer vault.

The oil cools the transformer, and provides part of the electrical insulation between internal
live parts. It has to be stable at high temperatures so that a small short or arc will not cause a
breakdown or fire. To improve cooling of large power transformers, the oil-filled tank may
have radiators through which the oil circulates by natural convection. Very large or high-
power transformers (with capacities of millions of watts) may have cooling fans, oil pumps.
Oil transformers are equipped with Buchholz relays.

.
 CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect
a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow.
Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset
(either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in
varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large
switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
The circuit breaker must detect a fault condition; in low-voltage circuit breakers this is usually
done within the breaker enclosure. Circuit breakers for large currents or high voltages are
usually arranged with pilot devices to sense a fault current and to operate the trip opening
mechanism. The trip solenoid that releases the latch is usually energized by a separate battery,
although some high-voltage circuit breakers are self-contained with current transformers,
protection relays, and an internal control power source. Once a fault is detected, contacts within
the circuit breaker must open to interrupt the circuit; some mechanically-stored energy (using
something such as springs or compressed air) contained within the breaker is used to separate
the contacts, although some of the energy required may be obtained from the fault current
itself. Small circuit breakers may be manually operated; larger units have solenoids to trip the
mechanism, and electric motors to restore energy to the springs.

The circuit breaker contacts must carry the load current without excessive heating, and must
also withstand the heat of the arc produced when interrupting (opening) the circuit. Contacts
are made of copper or copper alloys, silver alloys, and other highly conductive materials.
Service life of the contacts is limited by the erosion of contact material due to arcing while
interrupting the current. Miniature and molded case circuit breakers are usually discarded when
the contacts have worn, but power circuit breakers and high-voltage circuit breakers have
replaceable contacts. When a current is interrupted, an arc is generated. This arc must be
contained, cooled, and extinguished in a controlled way, so that the gap between the contacts
can again withstand the voltage in the circuit. Different circuit breakers use vacuum, air,
insulating gas, or oil as the medium in which the arc forms.

Electrical power transmission networks are protected and controlled by high-voltage

breakers. The definition of high voltage varies but in power transmission work is usually
thought to be 72.5 kV or higher, according to a recent definition by the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). High-voltage breakers are nearly always solenoid-
operated, with current sensing protective relays operated through current transformers.
Insubstations the protective relay scheme can be complex, protecting equipment and buses
from various types of overload or ground/earth fault.
High-voltage breakers are broadly classified by the medium used to extinguish the arc.

 Bulk oil
 Air blast
 Vacuum
 SF6
In 765/400 sub-station of PGCIL, the circuit breakers used are of SF6 type only, due to
the nature of high rating lines

SULPHUR HEXAFLUORIDE(SF6) CIRCUIT BREAKER

400kV SF6 Circuit Breakers

SF6 has excellent insulating strength because of its affinity for electrons (electro negativity)

i.e. whenever a free electron collides with the neutral gas molecule to form negative ion, the

electron is absorbed by the neutral gas molecule. Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) is an excellent
gaseous dielectric for high voltage power applications. It has been used extensively in high

voltage circuit breakers and other switchgears employed by the power industry. Applications

for SF6 include gas insulated transmission lines and'gas insulated power distributions. The

combined electrical, physical, chemical and thermal properties offer many advantages when

used in power switchgears.

ADVANTAGES OF SF6 BREAKERS:

1. The current chopping tendency is minimized by using the gas sf6 at low pressure

and low velocity.

2. The closed circuit gas cycle and low velocity operation eliminates the moisture

problem and gives noiseless operation of the breaker.

3. Because of the outstanding arc quenching properties of sf6, the arcing time is small,

and, therefore, contact erosion is less.

4. No carbon particle is formed during arcing and, therefore, there is no reduction in

the dielectric strength of the gas.

5. The circuit breaker performance is not affected by the atmospheric conditions.

6. Electrical clearances are drastically reduced due to high dielectric strength of SF6.

FIGURE - SF6 ARC QUENCHING

 ISOLATOR

An isolator switch is part of an electrical circuit and the switch isolates circuits that are

continually powered or is a key element which enables an electrical engineer to safely work

on the protected circuit.

In some designs the isolator switch has the additional ability to earth the isolated circuit

thereby providing additional safety. Such an arrangement would apply to circuits which inter-

connect power distribution systems where both end of the circuit need to be isolated.The major

difference between an isolator and a circuit breaker is that an isolator is an off-load device,

whereas a circuit breaker is an on-load device.

 Lightning Arrester

Lightning has been a source of wonder to mankind for thousands of years. Some of the
accepted facts about thunder cloud and lightning phenomenon:

1. The height of the cloud base above the surrounding ground level may vary from 500
to 30000 ft. the charged centers which are responsible for lightning are in the range of
1000 to 5000 ft.
2. The maximum charge on a cloud is of the order of 10 coulombs which is built up
exponentially over a period of perhaps many second or even minutes.
3. The maximum potential of a cloud lies approximately within the range of 10 MV to
100 MV.
4. The energy in the lightning stroke may be of the order of 250 KWHR.
The current in the streamer is of the order of 100 ampere and the sped of the streamer is
0.5ft./microsecond. This streamer is known as pilot streamer because this leads to the lightning
phenomenon. Depending upon the state of ionization of the air surrounding the streamer, it is
branched up to several paths and this is known as a stepped leader. The leader steps are of the
order of 50 m in length and are accomplished in about a microsecond. The charge is brought
from the cloud through the already ionized paths to these pauses. The air surrounding these
pauses is again ionized and the leader in this way reaches the earth.

The action of the lightning arrester or surge diverter is as under:

(i) Under normal operation, the lightning arrester is off the line i.e. it conducts no current to
earth or the gap is non-conducting

(ii) On the occurrence of over voltage, the air insulation across the gap breaks down and an arc
is formed providing a low resistance path for the surge to the ground. In this way, the excess
charge on the line due to the surge is harmlessly conducted through the arrester to the ground
instead of being sent back over the line.
 WAVE TRAP

It is connected in series with the power (transmission) line. It blocks the high frequency carrier
waves (24 KHz to 500 KHz) and let power waves (50Hz - 60Hz) to pass through. It is basically
an inductor of rating in millihenry.
It is used for trapping the high frequency communication signals sent on the line from the
remote substation and diverting them to the telecom/teleprotection panel in the substation
control room (through coupling capacitor and LMU).
This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for communication
among various substations without dependence on the telecom company network. The signals
are primarily teleprotection signals and in addition, voice and data communication signals.
Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping the high frequency
communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the
telecom/teleprotection panel in the substation control room (through coupling capacitor and
LMU). This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for
communication among various substations without dependence on the telecom company
network. The signals are primarily teleprotection signals and in addition, voice and data
communication signals.
The Line trap offers high impedance to the high frequency communication signals thus
obstructs the flow of these signals in to the substation busbars.
 SHUNT REACTOR
The need for large shunt reactors appeared when long power transmission lines for system
voltage 220 kV & higher were built. The characteristic parameters of a line are the series
inductance (due to the magnetic field around the conductors) & the shunt capacitance (due to
the electrostatic field to earth). Both the inductance & the capacitance are distributed along
the length of the line. So are the series resistance and the admittance to earth. When the line
is loaded, there is a voltage drop along the line due to the series inductance and the series
resistance. When the line is energized but not loaded or only loaded with a small current,
there is a voltage rise along the line (the Ferranti-effect).In this situation, the capacitance to
earth draws a current through the line, which may be capacitive. When a capacitive current
flows through the line inductance there will be a voltage rise along the line.

To stabilize the line voltage the line inductance can be compensated by means of series
capacitors and the line capacitance to earth by shunt reactors. Series capacitors are placed at
different places along the line while shunt reactors are often installed in the stations at the
ends of line. In this way, the voltage difference between the ends of the line is reduced both
in amplitude and in phase angle.

FIGURE - REACTOR

Shunt reactors may also be connected to the power system at junctures where several
lines meet or to tertiary windings of transformers. Shunt reactors contain the same
components as power transformers, like windings, core, tank, bushings and insulating
oil and are suitable for manufacturing in transformer factories. The main difference is
the reactor core limbs, which have non-magnetic gaps inserted between packets of core
steel
 CONCLUSION
Transmission systems have a force multiplier effect on the electricity sector. Apart from

increasing reliability of the electricity grids, they help in harnessing the diversity available

over the vast interconnection on account of weather, festivals, culture, lifestyle, growth

disparities etc. This diversity helps in economy exchanges of electricity leading to very low

payback periods (less than three years) on investment as well as a high benefit-cost ratio even

without considering its impact on emissions. Strong cross-border international connections

would further help in reaping the benefit of this diversity. Further the enlargement of the grid

also increases the interdependence between regions and calls for building of institutions,

increasing professionalism and exploiting technology at the international, national and

regional level to cope with the increased complexity of grid operation.

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