EE402B Radio Systems and Personal Communication Networks

1. Antenna Gain 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑆)

𝑆𝑁𝑅 =
𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑁)
Power density radiated in a direction from directional antenna
G = =
Power density radiated in any direction from isotropic antenna 𝐸𝑏 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐵𝑖𝑡 𝑆/𝑅 𝑆
received signal power in a particular direction = = = where
𝑁0 noise power spectral density (W/Hz) 𝑁0 𝑘𝑇𝑅
received power of an isotropic antenna
𝑃𝑟 ρ 𝑟 A𝑒 A𝑒 4𝜋A𝑒 4𝜋𝑓 2 𝐴𝑒 R=data rate, ; R =1/Tb
G = = = = = Since
𝑃𝑟𝑖 ρ𝑖 A𝑒𝑖 A𝑒𝑖 λ2 c2
𝐸
A𝑒𝑖 (effective area of the isotropic antenna) =
λ2
,λ=
f ( 𝑏) = 𝑆𝑑𝐵𝑊 + 228.6𝑑𝐵𝑊 − 10𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑇 − 10𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑅
𝑁0 𝑑𝐵
4𝜋 𝑐

2. Distance between antennas (km) 10. Channel capacity (bits/s)

𝑑 = 3.58(√𝐾ℎ1 + √𝐾ℎ2 ) Where h = height of antenna 𝑆

𝐶 = 𝐵 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (1 + )
(m), R=radius of earth (km), K = adjustment factor due to 𝑁
refraction Throughput (η) = Data rate (R) – Loss rate (p)
3. Received Signal Power (In dB format)
11. Far-Field of Transmitting Antenna
𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑡 , 𝑃𝑟(𝑑𝐵) = 10 log (𝑃𝑡 ) = 𝑃𝑡(𝑑𝐵) + 𝐺𝑡(𝑑𝐵) + 2𝐷2
𝐿𝑓 𝐿𝑓 𝑑𝑓 = where D --- The largest linear dimension of
λ
𝐺𝑟(𝑑𝐵) − 𝐿𝑓(𝑑𝐵) − 𝐿0(𝑑𝐵) , the antenna. λ --- Signal wavelength.

4. Path Loss 12. Shadow Fading

𝐿𝑓 2
𝑃𝑡 1 −(𝑙𝑛𝐿𝑠𝑓 −)
𝐿𝑃 = = , 𝐿𝑃(𝑑𝐵) = (−𝐺𝑡(𝑑𝐵) −𝐺𝑟(𝑑𝐵) + 𝐿𝑓(𝑑𝐵) ) Where 𝑓(𝐿𝑠𝑓 ) = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 ( ) where μ and σ are the
𝑃𝑟 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟 √2𝜋𝐿𝑠𝑓 22
𝐿𝑓 is free-space loss
mean and standard deviation in dB of LSF
For isotropic antennas: 𝐿𝑃 = 𝐿𝑓 , As 𝐺𝑡 = 𝐺𝑟 = 1
𝐿𝑓(𝑑𝐵) = 20 log(𝑑 ) − 20 log(λ) −𝐺𝑡(𝑑𝐵) −𝐺𝑟(𝑑𝐵) + 21.98𝑑𝐵 13. Multilevel Modulation

5. Free-space loss L(The number of bits carried by one signal waveform) = log2
M (Total number of signal waveforms or modulation levels)
Since 𝑃𝑟 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑝𝑟 , 𝑝𝑟 = 𝑃𝑡 /(4𝜋𝑑 2 ), A𝑒 = λ2 /4𝜋A𝑒
𝑅 𝑅
𝑃𝑡 4𝜋𝑑 2 4𝜋𝑓𝑑 2 𝑅 = 𝐷𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑀 = 𝐷𝐿 (bps) or 𝐷 = = (baud)
𝐿𝑓 = =( ) =( ) , 𝐿𝑓(𝑑𝐵) = 20 log(𝑑 ) − log2 𝑀 𝐿
𝑃𝑟 λ c
20 log(λ) + 21.98𝑑𝐵 = 20 log(𝑓) + 20 log(𝑑 ) − 147.56𝑑𝐵 For QAM and multilevel PSK (MPSK): 𝐵𝑟 = (1 + 𝑟)𝐷 =
𝑅
(1 + 𝑟 )
6. Dopplershift log2 𝑀
For multilevel FSK (MFSK): 𝐵𝑟 = (1 + 𝑟)𝑀𝐷 = (1 +
𝑣 𝑀𝑅
𝑓𝑑 = 𝑓𝑟 − 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑓𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 where v=velocity of moving 𝑟)
𝑐 log2 𝑀
receiver 𝑅 log2 𝑀
For QAM and MPSK: 𝜂 = =
𝐵𝑟 (1+𝑟)
7. Average thermal noise power
𝑅 log2 𝑀
N = kTB (W) where k --- Boltzmann’s constant = 1.38x 10-23 J / For Multilevel FSK (MFSK): 𝜂 = =
𝐵𝑟 (1+𝑟)𝑀
KT --- absolute temperature in kelvins (K= C+273) B ---
bandwidth (Hz) 14. Diversity Improvement

N(dB) = −228.6 dBW +10 log T +10 log B For Rayleigh fading channels, the probability that a single
path has an 𝑥𝑖 less than some threshold x is
N0 = N/B = kT
𝑃(𝑥𝑖 < 𝑥 ) = 1 − exp (−𝑥/𝑋)
8. Link Budget The probability that M independent paths are simultaneously
𝑃𝑟 𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟 𝑃 less than some threshold x is
= ( 𝑟) = 𝑃𝑡(𝑑𝐵) + 𝐺𝑡(𝑑𝐵) + 𝐺𝑟(𝑑𝐵) − 𝐿𝑓(𝑑𝐵) −
𝑁0 𝐿𝑓 𝑘𝑇 𝑁0 𝑑𝐵 𝑃(𝑥1 , … , 𝑥𝑀 < 𝑥 ) = [1 − exp (−𝑥/𝑋)]𝑀
10𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑘 − 10𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑇
15. Error correction
9. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and Eb / N0
©Haris Hassan | Aston University | [email protected]
 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 −1 19. Frequency hopping
𝑡𝑑 ≤ 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 1 𝑡𝑐 ≤ for simultaneous correction &
2
detection 𝑡𝑐 + 𝑡𝑑 + 1 = 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 Processing gain: 𝐺𝑝 = 𝑊𝑠𝑠 /𝑊𝑑 = 2𝑘

16. BCH (Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem) Codes:

𝑊𝑠𝑠 = 2𝑘 𝑊𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑊𝑑 --- bandwidth of the modulated
signal, 𝑊𝑠𝑠 is of the spread-spectrum signal
𝑛(𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ) = 2𝑛 − 1, 𝑛 − 𝑘
≤ 𝑚𝑡𝑐 , 𝑑min≥ 2𝑡𝑐 + 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚 ≥ 3; 𝑡𝑐 20. CDMA
< 2𝑚−1 𝑅𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑝 = 𝑘𝑅𝑑
17. RS (Reed-Solomon) Codes 21. Satellites
𝑚
m bits per symbol; block length is 𝑛 = (2 − 1)𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑠 = 𝑅+ℎ
𝑑= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽; D (coverage)=2𝑅𝛽
𝑚(2𝑚 − 1)𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠; 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑘 𝑠𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑠 , 𝑛 − 𝑘 = 2𝑡𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
2𝑚𝑡𝑐 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠; 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2𝑡𝑐 + 1𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑠 𝐶𝑁𝑅 =
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟
18. convolutional codes =
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑁

The probability of error-free transmission of a block data 𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟 = 𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟 /𝐿𝑓 𝑁 = 𝑁𝑜 𝐵 = 𝑘𝑇𝐵

is 𝑃𝑒𝑓 = (1 − 𝑝)𝑛
𝐶𝑁𝑅𝑑𝐵 = 𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟 (𝑑𝐵) − 𝑁𝑑𝐵 = 𝑃𝑡(𝑑𝐵) + 𝐺𝑡(𝑑𝐵) + 𝐺𝑟(𝑑𝐵) −
The probability of block error (a block contains one or 𝐿𝑓(𝑑𝐵) + 228.6𝑑𝐵𝑊 − 𝑇𝑑𝐵 − 𝐵𝑑𝐵
more errors) is 𝑃𝑒 = 1 − (1 − 𝑝)𝑛 1
𝐶𝑁𝑅 = 1 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑁𝑅𝑢 − 𝑢𝑝 −
+
𝐶𝑁𝑅𝑢 𝐶𝑁𝑅𝑑
The probability of having t errors in a block is 𝑃𝑡 =
𝑛! 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝐶𝑁𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑅𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝐶𝑁𝑅
(𝑛𝑡)𝑝𝑡 (1 − 𝑝)𝑛−𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 (𝑛𝑡) = (𝑛−𝑡)!𝑡!
For an (n, k) block code with error-correction capability 𝑡𝑐 ,
the probability of block error after decoding is 𝑃𝑒′ ≤ 1 −
∑𝑡𝑖=0
𝑐
(𝑛𝑡) 𝑝𝑖 (1 − 𝑝)𝑛−𝑖

©Haris Hassan | Aston University | [email protected]