1

NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT

NAM or the Non-Aligned Movement is an important concept in world politics. India played a major
role in its inception and so, NAM is an important topic for the UPSC exam.
The Non-Aligned Movement is a Movement of countries representing the interests and priorities of
developing countries. The Movement has its origin in the Asia-Africa Conference held in Bandung,
Indonesia in 1955. The meeting was convened upon the invitation of the Prime Ministers of Burma,
Ceylon, India, Indonesia and Pakistan and brought together leaders of 29 states, mostly former
colonies, from the two continents of Africa and Asia, to discuss common concerns and to develop
joint policies in international relations. Prime Minister Nehru, the acknowledged senior statesman,
along with Prime Ministers Soekarno and Nasser, led the conference. At the meeting Third World
leaders shared their similar problems of resisting the pressures of the major powers, maintaining
their independence and opposing colonialism and neo-colonialism, specially western domination.
Following this meeting a preparatory meeting for the First NAM Summit Conference was held in
Cairo, from 5-12 June 1961. Where the invitations for Bandung were on a regional basis, the
invitations for the first Summit were based on each invited country’s commitment to a set of shared
principles.
The first Conference of Non-Aligned Heads of State or Government, at which 25 countries were
represented, was convened at Belgrade in September 1961, largely through the initiative of
Yugoslavian President Tito. At that stage, his biggest concern was that an accelerating arms race
might result in war between the Soviet Union and the USA.
Political Issues
Since its inception, the Movement, therefore, attempted to create an independent path in world
politics that would not result in Member States becoming pawns in the struggles between the major
powers. This resulted in a large part of its history being influenced by the global tension of the Cold
War between the two superpowers. The Movement, therefore, this issue as a priority item on its
agenda and its work. However, the Cold War was not the sole or only critical issue on the agenda
of the Non-Aligned Movement. A cursory glance at the history of the Movement reveals three basic
elements which influenced the approaches of the Movement to international issues. These are the
right of independent judgement, the struggle against imperialism and neo-colonialism, and the use
of moderation in relations with all big powers.
In the present day context the Movement not only remains focussed on the above areas but also
works towards the restructuring of the international economic order.
Economic Issues
Because of great power rivalry during the Cold War Era many economic projects were set up in
developing countries as part of the rivalry but suffered as a result of the quest for influence. During
the years the focus of Non-Aligned Summits, therefore, shifted away from essentially politically
issues, to the advocacy of solutions to global economic and other problems. The Jakarta Summit
in 1992 was a turning point in Non-Aligned history since this was the first Summit after the end of
the Cold War. It allowed the Movement to shift its focus in a direction that also enabled It to work
across to groupings such as the G-7 and the EU. South Africa assumed the position as the Chair
at a time when this transitional phase was still ongoing.
Administration
The founders of the Non-Aligned Movement and their successors recognised that the Movement
would probably be best served if it operated without a formal constitution and a permanent
secretariat. The practice of a rotating Chair was instead created which at the same time place the
onus of an administrative structure on the country assuming the Chair. The Summit Conferences
are the occasions when the Movement formally rotates its Chair to the Head of State or
Government of the host country of the Summit. The Foreign Ministry and Permanent Mission in
New York of the Chair at the same time assume the responsibility of the administrative
management of the Movement.
NAM Structure and Organisation
The founders of the Non-Aligned Movement and their successors recognised that the Movement
would probably be destroyed if they created such formal structures for the Movement as a
constitution and internal secretariat. A multilateral transnational organisation made up of states
with differing ideologies and purposes could never create a rational administrative structure to
implement its policies that all could accept.
The Non-Aligned Movement has created a unique form of administrative style. Non-Aligned
administration is non-hierarchical, rotational and inclusive, providing all member states, regardless
of size and importance, with an opportunity to participate in global decision-making and world
politics. The Summit is the occasion when the Movement formally rotates its Chair to the Head of
State of the host country of the Summit, who then holds office until the next Summit. The Chair is
at the same time also delegated certain responsibilities for promoting the principles and activities
of the Movement.
The Coordinating Bureau is the vocal point for coordination. The Bureau reviews and facilitates
the harmonisation of the work of the NAM Working Groups, Contact Groups, Task Forces and
Committees.
The Heads of State or Government entrusted the Coordinating Bureau with the task of intensifying
its actions to further strengthen coordination and mutual cooperation among Non-Aligned
countries, including unified action in the United Nations and other international fora on issues of
common concern.
All NAM Working Groups, Contact Groups, Task Forces and Committees meet as often as
necessary. In the fulfillment of their mandates due regard is paid to coordination, efficiency and
preparedness.
It is necessary that the NAM countries elected to the Security Council, and who form the NAM
Caucus in the Security Council, constantly strive to adopt unified positions, and that the decisions
and the positions of NAM as adopted at its Summits and Ministerial Conferences and by the
Coordinating Bureau be properly reflected by them in the Security Council, without prejudice to
their sovereign rights. At the Cartagena Summit, the Heads of State or Government called for the
need to continue to enhance this coordination, including the possibility of holding consultations on
a regular basis, between members of the NAM Caucus and other members of the Coordinating
Bureau.
In order to promote coordination and cooperation between the NAM and the Group of 77 in
promoting the interests of developing countries in international fora, a Joint Coordinating
Committee of the two groups was established in 1994, which meets regularly in New York.
The Chair of the Movement is also responsible to give expeditious consideration to the
establishment of arrangements for coordination of Non-Aligned countries in all United Nations
centres and international organisation headquarters. The establishment of these arrangements
facilitates coordination and cooperation with the Coordinating Bureau and enhances the role of the
Movement in international fora.
At a meeting of Foreign Ministers of NAM, representing past, present and future Chairs, in New
Delhi on 6 April 1997, the concept of a Troika (of the past, present and future Chairs) started to
emerge. The Chair, the Colombian Foreign Minister, at the meeting announced that the first
meeting of the Troika would take place at the 52nd UN General Assembly. The Troika
subsequently formally met for the first time in New York in September 1997.
During the aforesaid meeting Ministers expressed their satisfaction with the format of the meeting
of past, present and future Chairs and suggested that the Group meet more frequently as a
discussion forum. It was also suggested that the Group would meet at other levels, e.g. on the
level of officials to discuss issues that arise and require direction or a stance by the NAM.
The Cartagena Document on Methodology, which was issued in May 1996, emphasises that the
documents of Summit Conferences, which are the supreme organ of the Movement, should, while
remaining comprehensive, be condensed. Every effort should also be made to avoid repetition.
The practice of the Movement is to make all decisions by consensus. Consensus has enhanced
the solidarity and unity of the Movement. This concept presupposes understanding of and respect
for different points of view, including disagreement and implies mutual accommodation on the basis
of which agreement can emerge by a sincere process of adjustment among member nations in the
true spirit of Non-Alignment. The Cartagena Document on Methodology states that consensus,
while signifying substantial agreement, does not require implying unanimity.
In sensitive issues, the NAM tradition is to pay attention to openness and the holding of extensive
consultations with the broadest possible participation. The Bureau of the Meeting, with its
representative capacity, should render its assistance.
Relevance of NAM
It is not known who, among the founding fathers, coined the term – Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
and why. Normally no groupings of governments – global or regional – call themselves movement.
One of the probable reasons may be that the initiators of the movement visualized that the struggle
for the consolidation of independence and safe guarding the security and sovereignty of the newly
independent states will be long and arduous as has been the struggle for independence from the
colonial yoke.
The concept of NAM emerged through a gradual process. Jawaharlal Nehru took the initiative to
convene the Asian Relations Conference in New Delhi from March 22 to April 2, 1947 under the
auspices of Indian Council for World Affairs. India was till then a British colony. In his address to
the conference, attended by representatives of thirty countries including the representative of Asian
Republics of the erstwhile U.S.S.R., Nehru issued clarion call to assert the rights of the Asian
people.
The first attempt to build up Asian solidarity was later extended to African Asian solidarity when
the Bandung Conference took place. The historic Bandung Conference was attended by twenty-
nine independent countries of Asia and Africa. This was the first gathering of its kind which pledged
to work together for colonial liberation, peace, cultural, economic and political cooperation.
The Bandung Conference enunciated Ten Principles (an elaboration of Five Principles of Peaceful
co-existence announced by Nehru and Chou earlier) of peaceful co-existence of different social
systems, respect for independence and sovereignty of nations, non-interference in the internal
affairs of other nations, cooperation with all nations on equal footing and preservation of world
peace, disarmament and banning of nuclear weapons being the major issues.
The international situation in the fifties was vitiated by the cold war. When the United States lost
its monopoly of being the only country possessing nuclear weapons and many other varieties of
weapons of mass destruction, it started getting up network of military bases in all regions of the
world so that in the event of a war between United States and Soviet Union, it can launch
simultaneous attack from all these bases. USA entered into military alliance with many countries.
Nuclear weapons and other sophisticated weapons of mass destruction were used to threaten,
intimidate and blackmail other countries.
NAM emerged when the cold war was at its height projecting an alternative path with certain
principles. It emerged in the midst of breakdown of the colonial system and emancipation of the
peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America have been “an essential factor in the decolonisation
process. It has been a positive factor for world peace.
The Non-Aligned Movement has been, in fact, an alliance of the newly independent states, who
refused to accept the diktat of the former colonial masters and acted according to their own
judgment.
The growth of the movement has been remarkable, inspite of the fact that US Secretary of State
John Foster Dulles called it “immoral”.
From the very first meeting NAM opposed cold war, Cold war today is not the same as it was when
NAM was born. But the situation is worse in many respects. Instead of reducing nuclear arsenal
and taking effective steps to eliminate nuclear weapons, Bush (the court-verdict President who
actually lost the election) is engaged in manufacturing more and more sophisticated weapons of
mass destruction (he is preparing for aggression once again against Iraq in the pretext that Iraq is
manufacturing chemical and bacteriological weapons while he himself revived the Star Wars
project). US is practicing protectionism against the developing countries, using the WTO for its
own selfish benefit, utilizing the international financial institutions like IMF and World Bank to force
the developing countries, provoking local wars to keep the arms trade, particularly small arms,
flourishing, refusing to accept the decisions of Rio, Kyoto and Johannesburg Conferences and
above all launching aggression against countries like Iraq and Afghanistan in the name of fighting
terrorism. Bush has openly and most arrogantly listed out countries which, he thinks, are sheltering
terrorism and has announced that he reserves the right to launch attack against any of these
countries whenever he wants. He even went to the absurd length of deciding who should be the
President of Prime Minister of a particular country. The Bush administration wants to divert the
attention of the people of the world from all these extremely dangerous steps in the name of fighting
terrorism. Terrorism, individual, group or state terrorism is certainly a menace that has to be fought
with all might unitedly. There is no two opinion about that. But it is strange that the US Government
thought of fighting terrorism when it was directly hit, not before.
The Non-Aligned countries are the victim of all these policies pursued by the Bush administration.
They have to raise their voice against the worse-than-cold war situation. In this context South-
South Cooperation is to be collective answer of the NAM. True, because of their compulsion of
circumstances existing in a particular country at a given time, many Non-Aligned countries have to
enter into many unequal agreements with the developed industrial countries for one reason or
other. But once they unite and start collecting bargaining with the North, the countries of South will
gain in the long run. The NAM countries, have to develop cooperation among themselves. The
exploitation of the transnational corporations can be curbed by more and more cooperation among
the developing countries themselves.
India played a very significant role in promoting Asian-African and Latin American solidarity. India
has been the most active and dynamic leader of the NAM. But unfortunately, India does not have
that prestige today. Sometimes it seems that NAM is a forgotten word in the dictionary of Indian
Politics.
The government of India, under the leadership of Nehru, did a remarkable job to support the
struggle of the Indonesian people. India sent food, clothes and arms to Jakarta by plane defying
the Dutch blockade. The radio station of India was virtually functioning as the official broadcasting
centre of the Republican government of Indonesia.
Nehru had proposed that the Republican Government of Indonesia shift their capital to New Delhi.
After the seizure of Jogga Karta (now Jakarta) Nehru called an Asian conference in New Delhi to
mobilize support for Indonesian independence. In the meantime, the government of India refused
transit rights to the Dutch ships and planes through India.
This, together with many other instances of support to liberation movements and just causes has
been the glorious tradition of our country. India was not a strong country at that time. Today, we
are much stronger with a number of highly qualified scientists and technocrats. We defied the red
eyes of imperialism in the past. We had been the initiator of the Bandung Conferences and the
founding conferences of NAM. India must rise to the occasion, restore its glorious past and must
take its rightful place of active leader of the Non-Aligned Movement. And the Non-Aligned
Movement has to contribute more effectively to achieve its goal in the new millennium.
2

“NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT”

SUBMITTED TOWARDS THE FULFILMENT OF THE
COURSE TITLED -
POLITICAL SCIENCE-2

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Dr.S.P.Singh Rohit sinha(601)
Faculty, (Pol.science) 1st year 2nd semester

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The views, opinions, statements and conclusions contained in this project are those of the
author, and also represent official statements or opinions. Any errors or misstatements in this
project are exclusively those of the author. These guidelines are provided by the POL.
SCIENCE faculty DR. S.P.SINGH in an effort to provide better understanding of and the
implication process.. They simplify and broadly generalize complex issues of History. II
appreciate the assistance of my friends (LL.B’s), who provided the initial drafts of the materials
in this assignment.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Aims and Objectives:

The aim of the project is to present a detailed study of the topic NON ALIGN MOVEMENT
through decisions and suggestions and different writings. The aim has been to come to a
conclusion very much indigenous.

Scope and Limitations:

Though the topic is NON ALIGN MOVEMENT an immense project and pages can be written
over the topic but because of certain restrictions and limitations we might not have dealt with
the topic in great detail. Cause for calling conference is dealt in detail.

Sources of Data

The following secondary sources of data have been used in the project-

1. Books
2. Website

Method of Writing and Mode of Citation:

The method of writing followed in the course of this research paper is primarily analytical. The
researcher has followed Uniform method of citation throughout the course of this research
paper.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................... 05
2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND.................................................... 06
3. ARTICLE IN CONSTITUTION...................................................... 08
4. HOW TO ACQUIRE CITIZENSHIP IN INDIA............................10
5. OCI....................................................................................................12
6. CONCLUSION.................................................................................14
7. BILIOGRAPHY................................................................................15
INTRODUCTION

Non aligned movement is an international organisation of states considering themselves not

formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. It was founded in 1950s; as of 2007 it
has 118 members. The purpose of the organisation as stated in the Havana declaration of 1979
is to ensure the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non
aligned counties in their struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo- colonialism, racism
and all form of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well
as against great power and block politics. They represent nearly two third of united nation
members and comprises 55% of the world population.

Important members have included Yugoslavia, Brazil, India, Egypt, Indonesia, Cuba, Pakistan,
South Africa, Iran ,Malaysia. Brazil has never been a formal member of the movement, but
shares many of the aim with NAM and frequently send observer to Non Alignment Movement
Submit.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The after effects of the second world-war were actually the reason for the origin of non-
alignment, which came into the scene after the victory of the Allied Powers in the Second
World-War. Each of the allies, the British, the Americans and the Russians were anxious to
enlarge and expand its area of influence in the new shape of Europe. During the Cold War,
between the USSR and Eastern Europe on the one hand and the USA and Western Europe on
the other, the world split into two camps. However, during the 1960s a third camp, the non-
aligned movement emerged. Made up of countries that had gained independence from the

European empires in the period after World War II, the movement tried to act as a stabilizing
force between the two superpower blocs, as well as giving its members a more powerful voice
through unity. So basically the theory of non-alignment rests on the principle of national
independence and self-reliance on one hand and international co-operation on the other. When
India got freedom, Russia was spreading its ideological concept over a large number of
countries, whereas America was entering into military alliance with newly emerging states.
But country like India successfully resisted such pressures because of her firm convictions and
practical reasons and did not join any of the blocks. This mature consideration gave birth to the
concept of non-alignment.
NON ALIGNMENT AND COLD WAR

During the Cold War, members of the non-aligned movement were often the targets of US
imperialism and Soviet imperialism, as both the USA and Soviet Union tried to attract non-
aligned countries into their respective camps. Monetary aid was given to development projects,
such as the Soviet funding of Egypt's Aswan High Dam project during the 1960s. The non-
aligned movement was not a strongly unified group like the North Atlantic Treaty organisation
(NATO) or the Warsaw pact, and its members were weaker economically and militarily than
the superpower blocs. Therefore, although its members were able to increase their status
through unity and cooperative voting in the UN General Assembly, they were never able to
challenge the dominance of the two superpowers.

WORD ‘‘NON ALIGNMENT”

The term "Non-Alignment" was coined by V K Menon in his speech at UN in 1953 which was
later used by Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru during his speech in 1954
in Colombo, Sri Lanka. In this speech, Nehru described the five pillars to be used as a guide
for Sino-Indian relations, which were first put forth by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai.
Called Panchsheel (five restraints), these principles would later serve as the basis of the Non-
Aligned Movement. The five principles were:

1. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty

2. Mutual non-aggression
3. Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs
4. Equality and mutual benefit
5. Peaceful co-existence

Jawaharlal Nehru's concept of nonalignment brought India considerable international prestige

among newly independent states that shared India's concerns about the military confrontation
between the superpowers and the influence of the former colonial powers. New
Delhi usednonalignment to establish a significant role for itself as a leader of the newly
independent world in such multilateral organizations as the United Nations (UN) and the
Nonaligned Movement. The signing of the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation
between India and the Soviet Union in 1971 and India's involvement in the internal affairs of
its smaller neighbours in the 1970s and 1980s tarnished New Delhi's image as a nonaligned
nation and led some observers to note that in practice, nonalignment applied only to India's
relations with countries outside South Asia.

MEANING OF NON ALIGNMENT MOTION

Non-alignment presupposes participation in international politics without having bloc

affiliation. At the same time it does not mean passive neutrality. It is neither a policy of silence
for fear of others, nor a policy of isolation from the world politics. But it is rather a path of
taking decisions on all issues according to one's judgment of right and wrong. At seventh Non-
Aligned Summit-in New Delhi in March 1983, India's Prime Minister addressed a meeting by
saying, "Non-Alignment is too vague, not negative, not neutral and we cannot risk any shadow
on our freedom of judgment and action. We have no*quarrel with any group of nations. But
we speak out against injustice."

The non-aligned nations have grown into a great moral force in international politics. They
have stood separately as-well-as united for world peace, understanding and co-operation
amongst the nations of the world. They have criticized the wrong and unjust and supported the
right and justwithout fear and favour, they are in favour of disarmament and against social
discrimination.

The principle of non-alignment has received wider acceptance, while the second Non-
Aligned Conference held in October 1964 was attended by 47 participant countries and
10 observers. The third conference held at Lusaka in 1970 was attended by 54
participants and 11 observers and the fourth Summit Conference held at Algiers in
December 1973 by 75 participants and 14 observers. The participant included countries
not only from West Asia and South Asia, but also from Africa, the Caribbean’s and Latin
America. The eighth Non-Aligned Summit held in Harare in Sept. 1986 was attended by

over a hundred countries representing all the continents and bulk of humanity.1

The seventh Non-Aligned Summit Conference was held in New Delhi in March, 1983 and it reiterated
its decision on all important issues before

1
www.nam.gov
the world community and appealed to the big powers to co-operate willingly in the efforts of
creating a new order in the world.2

The policy of non-alignment has over the year won worldwide appreciation as a sound and
lasting instrument of world co-operation and world peace. Even the people who were once
against this policy have come round to view that greater peace, co-operation and prosperity are
possible not by military alliances and power blocs and sorting out of problems by resort to
arms, but by giving up die-hard colonial and imperialistic policies in favour of the policy of
"live and let live" by pursuing the attitude of friendship with all and ill-will towards none.

In certain quarters, the concept of non-alignment was misinterpreted. It was regarded as a negative
concept leading to isolation. But Jawaharlal Nehru cleared this concept in 1949 by saying," When I
say that we should not align ourselves with any power bloc, obviously it does not mean that

we should not be closer in our relations with some countries than with others. That depends on
entirely different factors chiefly economic, political, agricultural and many other factors. These
close relations will no doubt develop and we will encourage them to develop, but we do not
wish to place ourselves in a position, where poetically speaking, we are just lined up with a
particular group or bound up to in regard to our future 'foreign activities." This statement made
India's position very clear in so far as. the policy of non-alignment was concerned.3

MOTIVE OF NON- ALIGNMENT

Every foreign policy has some definite motives, even though the basic motive of all foreign
policies is to promote the national interest. The chief motives of non- alignment are as follows:

(1)Urge for independence in formulation of policy:

All the erstwhile colonies after throwing off the bondage were keen to secure their hard won
independence. As they were economically, politically, militarily quite weak and could not

2
ibid

3
PRAKASH CHAND PREM ARORA,COMPARATIVE POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL
RELATION,CBDPUBLICATION,206
compete favourably with the older and stronger nations, they felt it desirable to keep out of
power blocks so that they may be able to pursue an independent foreign policy.

(2)Desire to avoid involvement in general war:

The non aligned nation want to avoid entangling themselves in the various political feuds so
that they may be able concentrate fully on the economic and material development of their
people. The non-aligned nations are quite aware that in case of general war they will not be
able to escape its impact, yet they are determined to avoid direct involvement in such wars as
possible

(3) To help U.N. to function successfully:

Another motive of the non-aligned nations is to ensure that U.N functions successfully in the
fulfilling its objectives especially of preservation of world peace and economic development.
This is possible only if this forum is freed from the game of power politics. The non-aligned
states who constitute the third forces, can play a useful role in international politics by judging
each issue on its merits and finding valuable solution4.

NEGATIVE ELEMENTS

Opposition to Cold War-----The new states were keen to avoid the cold war, as it was considered to
be highly dangerous development for international peace and security. They felt that

(1) cold war can lead to a new war and hence wanted to seriously limit rather virtually end
their independence of action.
(2) Opposition to military alliance ---- Establishment of military alliance wad an
important feature of cold war era but the non aligned felt that these alliance were
harmful for world peace as well as keep out of the alliance. Hence they decided to
remain out of alliance and power politics of the super powers. This aspect, combined
with opposition to cold war provided a formidable basis for the origin of non alignment.
(3) Opposition to Imperialism, Colonialism and Neo-colonialism--- In contemporary
times the need to meet and overcome the threat posed by neo colonialism to the
independence, stability and security of the new states, further upholds the case for
adoption of non-alignment, which alone can provide a chance for a united cooperation
and struggle against forces of neo colonism5.

4
www.nam-math.org
5
ibid
 (4) Desire of independent foreign policy: Non alignment was adopted because it helped
the new states to preserve their individuality. While justifying non aligned movement,
Nehru again declared, policy itself can only be a policy of acting according to our best
judgement. We must be free to judge issues on their merits. Alignment means only one
thing- to relinquish the right to free judgement and action. New states were not prepared
to accept such a position and hence they adopted Non- alignment.

Love for peace and peaceful means: Another positive reason which lead to the adoption of Non
alignment was the acceptance of peace and peaceful means as the fundamental values. The struggle
for independence that took place in most of the states was governed by the values of peace and
prosperity. The newly emerged independent nations, like India felt greatly concerned and wanted to
help the preservation of world peace, with which was linked their own peace and chance of
development. Non alignment was regarded as the best principle designed to prevent the spread of
cold

(5) war and alliance as well as the tensions that these two generated. It was adopted by
them with a view to strengthen the chances of peace against war.

NAM Summits at a glance6

 First Conference - Belgrade, September 1-6, 1961

 Second Conference - Cairo, October 5-10, 1964
 Third Conference - Lusaka, September 8-10, 1970
 Fourth Conference - Algiers, September 5-9, 1973
 Fifth Conference - Colombo, August 16-19, 1976
 Sixth Conference - Havana, September 3-9, 1979
 Seventh Conference - New Delhi, march 7-12, 1983
 Eighth Conference - Harare, September 1-6, 1986
 Ninth Conference - Belgrade, September 4-7, 1989
 Tenth Conference - Jakarta, September 1-7, 1992
 Eleventh Conference - Cartagena de Indias, October 18-20, 1995
 It is necessary that the NAM countries elected to the Security Council, and who form
the NAM Caucus in the Security Council, constantly strive to adopt unified positions,
and that the decisions and the positions of NAM as adopted at its Summits and
Ministerial Conferences and by the Coordinating Bureau be properly reflected by them
in the Security Council, without prejudice to their sovereign rights. At the Cartagena
Summit the Heads of State or Government called for the need to continue to enhance
this coordination, including the possibility of holding consultations on a regular basis,
between members of the NAM Caucus and other members of the Coordinating Bureau.

6
ibid
  The Chair of the Coordinating Bureau in New York should attend and address the
Security Council on matters of particular importance to members of the Movement. To
enlarge the scope of coordination, the Chairman of the Coordinating Bureau may at the
invitation of the Non-Aligned Security Council Caucus attend the meetings of the
Caucus.

The Chair of the Coordinating Bureau should hold regular meetings with each coordinator of the
Non-Aligned Security Council Caucus

 with a view to being briefed on the work of the Council and in turn, to convey to the
Caucus coordinator the positions of the Movement. Similarly, the Caucus coordinator
should keep the Chair apprised of upcoming discussions and issues of general
importance to the Movement.
 The Coordinator of the Non-Aligned Security Council Caucus should also periodically
brief the Movement through the Coordinating Bureau.

INDIA AND NON ALIGNMENT

The movement had its origins in the 1947 Asian Relations Meeting in New Delhi and the
1955 Asian-African Conference in Bandung, Indonesia. India also participated in the 1961
Belgrade Conference that officially established the Nonaligned Movement, but Jawaharlal
Nehru's declining prestige limited his influence. In the 1960s and 1970s, New Delhi
concentrated on internal problems and bilateral relations, yet retained membership in an
increasingly factionalized and radicalized movement. During the contentious 1979 Havana
summit, India worked with moderate nations to reject Cubanpresident Fidel Castro's
proposition that "socialism" (that is, the Soviet Union) was the "natural ally" of nonalignment.

IN 1980

Under Indira Gandhi in the early 1980s, India attempted to reassert its prominent role in the
Nonaligned Movement by focusing on the relationship between disarmament and economic
development. By appealing to the economic grievances of developing countries, Indira Gandhi
and her successors exercised a moderating influence on the Nonaligned Movement, diverting
it from some of the War issues that marred the controversial 1979 Havana meeting. Although
hosting the 1983 summit boosted Indian prestige within the movement, its closerelations with
the Soviet Union and its pro-Soviet positions on Afghanistan and Cambodia limited its
influence.7

The end of the Cold War left the Nonaligned Movement without its original raison d'être, and
its membership became deeply divided over international disputes, strategy, and organization.
During the 1992 Jakarta summit, India took a middle position between countries favoring
confrontation with developed nations on international economic issues, such as Malaysia, and
those that favoured a more cooperative approach, such as Indonesia. Although New Delhi
played a minor role compared with Kuala Lumpur and Jakarta on most issues facing the
summit, India formulated the Nonaligned Movement position opposing developed countries'
linkage of foreign aid to human rights criteria. The early 1990s demise of the bipolar world
system, which had existed since the end of World War II, shook the underpinnings of India's
foreign policy. The Cold War system of alliances had been rendered meaningless by the
collapse of the East European communist states, the dissolution of the Warsaw Treaty
Organization (Warsaw Pact), and the demise of the Soviet Union. In the early 1990s, most
colonies had become independent, and apartheid in South Africa was being dismantled,
diminishing the value of ant colonialism and making it impossible for antiracism to serve as a
rallying point for international political action (India and South Africa restored full diplomatic
relations in 1993 after a thirty nine year lapse). The Panchsheel (Panch Shila), peaceful
resolution of international disputes, and international cooperation to spur economic
development which was being enhanced by domestic economic reforms were broad objectives
in a changing world. Thus, the 1990s saw India redefining nonalignment and the view of India's
place in the world.8

India also is a founding member of the Group of fifteen, a group of developing nations
established at the ninth Nonaligned Movement summit in Belgrade in 1989 to facilitate
dialogue with the industrialized countries. India played host to the fourth Group of Fifteen
summit in March 1994. At the summit, Prime Minister Narsimha Rao and other leaders

7
S.K.KAPOOR,CONCEPT OF NAM,INTERNATIONAL LAW AND HUMAN RIGHT,CENTRAL LAW
AGENCY,206

8
MACLAM.D.EVANS,NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT, INTERNATIONAL LAW,OXFORD publication
expressed concern over new trade barriers being raised by the industrialized countries despite
the conclusion of a new world trade agreement.

CONCLUSION

There were three basic elements that influenced the approaches of the Movement to
international issues the right of independent judgment, the struggle against imperialism and
neo-colonialism, and the use of moderation in relations with all big powers. The Movement
also worked towards the restructuring of the international economic order.

Non-Alignment has made self-determination and equality of all peoples, the free development
of the individual, the economic and social progress of society and of nations its central
preoccupations. By combining the question of peace and development with the emancipation
of peoples from all forms of subordination and exploitation, Non- Alignment has become one
of the principal promoters of a positive development of international relations on a global scale
and a movement whose political stance, concepts and strategy are of worldwide relevance.

The Non-Aligned Movement can also be seen in terms of the Movement of the newly-
independent countries from the 1940s to 1960s. They strived for Non-Alignment to make their
voice heard on the international stage. The Cold War, the imminent danger of confrontation,
the necessity to defeat colonialism in its orthodox or new form, the necessity to erase the global
causes of anomaly for even distribution of wealth and technology, but mainly the necessity of
consolidating independence for the newly independent countries and of creating a new code of
interstate relations strengthened the Non-Aligned Movement.

The Movement in a real sense represents the poor of the world. Over eighty per cent of those
countries classified as being the world’s least developed belong to the Non-Aligned Movement.
Most of the countries which are seriously affected by the balance of payment deficits, food
scarcity and inflation are members of the Movement. Whether one looks at life in terms of the
Gross National Product, terms of trade, industrial stagnation, caloric intake, health and service
delivery, adult literacy, population growth or life expectancy at birth, the non-aligned countries
are among the world's disadvantaged.

The Jakarta Summit in 1992 was a turning point in Non-Aligned history since it was the first
Summit after the end of the Cold War. It allowed the Movement to shift its focus from the
rhetoric of the past to concrete work. The emphasis has shifted from the demands from the
developed countries to cooperation with the developed countries.

The Non-Aligned Movement does not have a formal constitution or a permanent secretariat. It
has a practice of a rotating Chair, under which its Chair is formally rotated to the Head of State
or Government of the host country of the Summit. The Foreign Ministry and Permanent
Mission in New York of the Chair at the same time assume the responsibility of the
administrative management of the Movement. The Co-coordinating Bureau (CoB) at the
United Nations in New York forms the focal point for coordination among the NAM Members.

Since the Non-Aligned countries meet regularly at the UN and conduct much of their work
there, the Chairs' Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York functions as
the Chair of the CoB. The Bureau reviews and facilitates the harmonization of the work of the
NAM Working Groups, Contact Groups, Task Forces and Committees.

Some of the Working Groups, Task Forces and Committees formed by NAM are: High-Level
Working Group for the Restructuring of the United Nations, Working Group on Human Rights,
Working Group on Peace-Keeping Operations, Working Group on Disarmament, Committee
on Palestine, Task Force on Somalia, Non-Aligned Security Caucus, Standing Ministerial
Committee for Economic Cooperation, and Joint Coordinating Committee (chaired by
Chairman of G-77 and Chairman of NAM).

An important mechanism of NAM is the Troika of past, serving and future Chairs. This concept
is operationalized at the discretion of the incumbent Chair and can act as a clearinghouse for
solutions of problems and issues confronting developing countries on which the Movement
must take a position.

The fifteenth Summit of the Non-Aligned Heads of State or Government took place at Sharm
El-Sheikh in Egypt in 2009 and the next Summit is scheduled to be held in Tehran in 2012.
Apart from Belgrade, where the first and the ninth Summits were held, Summits have been
held at Cairo, Lusaka, Algiers, Colombo, Havana, New Delhi, Harare, Jakarta, Cartagena de
India's, Durban and Kuala Lumpur.

The Non-Aligned Movement has been quite outspoken in its criticism of current UN structures
and power dynamics, mostly in how the organisation has been utilized by powerful states in
ways that violate the principles of NAM. It has made a number of recommendations aimed at
improving the transparency and democracy of UN decision-making. NAM considers the UN
Security Council to be the most distorted and undemocratic of all UN Organs.

Hence, it demands for reshaping and restructuring of the Security Council. NAM accepts the
universality of human rights and social justice, but fiercely resists cultural homogenization. In
line with its views on sovereignty, the organisation appeals for the protection of cultural
diversity, and the tolerance of the religious, socio- cultural, and historical particularities that
define human rights in a specific region.

Lately, NAM has collaborated with other organizations of the developing world, primarily the
Group of 77, forming a number of joint committees and releasing statements and documents
representing the shared interests of both groups. This dialogue and cooperation can be taken as
an effort toincrease the global awareness about the organisation and bolster its political clout.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.PRAKASH CHAND PREM ARORA,COMPARATIVE POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL

RELATION,CBDPUBLICATION,206

2. A.C. KAPOOR,NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT,PRINCIPLE OF SOCIAL

SCIENCE,S.CHAND,210

3.Ram jai jai upadhyaa,LOCAL ORGANISATION , central law publication, 2010

4MACLAM.D.EVANS,NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT, INTERNATIONAL LAW,OXFORD
PUBLICATION

5.S.K.KAPOOR,CONCEPT OF NAM,INTERNATIONAL LAW AND HUMAN

RIGHT,CENTRAL LAW AGENCY,206

6.Dr.H.O.Agrawal, NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT,INTERNATIONAL LAW AND HUMAN

RIGHT,CENTRAL LAW PUBLICATION,340

7.Dr.S.R.Myneni,NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT,INTERNATIONAL LAW,ALLAHABAD

LAW PUBLICATION,356

8.www.nam.gov

9.www.nam-math.org

10.www.namresturant.com

Acknowledgement

The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people and I am
extremely privileged to have got this all along the completion of my project. All that I have done is only due to such
supervision and assistance and I would not forget to thank them.

I respect and thank Mr./Ms. [NAME 1], for providing me an opportunity to do the project work in [VENUE] and giving us
all support and guidance which made me complete the project duly. I am extremely thankful to [her/him] for providing such
a nice support and guidance, although he had busy schedule managing the corporate affairs.

I owe my deep gratitude to our project guide [NAME 2], who took keen interest on our project work and guided us all along,
till the completion of our project work by providing all the necessary information for developing a good system.

I would not forget to remember [NAME 3 AND NAME 4], of [COMPANY NAME] for their encouragement and more over
for their timely support and guidance till the completion of our project work.

I heartily thank our internal project guide, [Name 5], [Position] , [Department] for her/his guidance and suggestions during
this project work.

I am thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support and guidance from all Teaching staffs of
[Department name] which helped us in successfully completing our project work. Also, I would like to extend our sincere
esteems to all staff in laboratory for their timely support.

[Name Surname]
4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher (Name of the

teacher) as well as our principal (Name of the principal)who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic (Write the topic name),
which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i came to know about so
many new things I am really thankful to them.
Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing this project within the limited time frame.

CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT DEVIKA OF CLASS XII HAS SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED HER COMPUTER
PROJECT ON THE TOPIC "BIOMETRICS AND FINGERPRINTS" AS PRESCRIBED BY Mr./Mrs. (TEACHERS
NAME) Sir/Ma'am, DURING THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2018-2019 AS PER THE GUIDELINES ISSUES BY
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION - CBSE.

(teachers name) EXTERNAL EXAMINER

PGT COMPUTER