INGRAHAM ENGLISH MEDIUM SCHOOL

252, G.T.ROAD, GHAZIABAD

NAME : NISHANT KUMAR ATTRI

CLASS : XII-B
ENROL. NO. : 2872
BOARD ROLL NO. :
➢ Certificate
➢ Acknowledgement
➢ Abstract
➢ Objective
➢ Materials Required
➢ Theory
➢ Procedure
➢ Working
➢ Applications
➢ Precautions
➢ Conclusion
➢ References
This is to certify that this project work is submitted by
Nishant kumar Attri to the Physics department,
INGRAHAM ENGLISH MEDIUM SCHOOL, G.T. ROAD
Ghaziabad was carried out by him under the guidance
and supervision of Mrs.Preeti Chaudhary during
academic year 2019-20.

Principal Physics Teacher

Mrs. M.B. Sampson Mrs. Preeti Chaudhary
In the accomplishment of this project successfully,
many people have best owned upon me their blessings
and the heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing
to thank all the people who have been concerned with
this project. Primarily I would thank god for being able
to complete this project with success. Then I would
like to thank my principal Mrs. M.B. Sampson and my
physics teacher Mrs. Preeti Chaudhary, whose valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this
project and make it full proof success. Her suggestions
and her instructions have served as the major
contributor towards the completion of the project.
Also, I would like to thank my parents and friends who
have helped me with their valuable suggestions and
guidance has been very helpful in various phases of the
completion of the project. Last but not the least I
would like to thank my classmates who have helped
me a lot.
To make and study the functions of a Photosensor
system

A Laser alarm system operates by projecting a of

invisible laser light across a doorway of window
opening. When beam of light is broken, it activates a
buzzer or alarm. The principles are very similar to those
of lower tech slightly more sophisticated electronics
and can be put together by anyone with a soldering
gun and a knack for tinkering with a basic circuits and
transistors.
 ➢ Electric Buzzer
➢ LDR (Light Dependent Resistance)
➢ Breadboard
➢ 10 K Ohm Resistor
➢ 9V Battery
➢ Laser
➢ Connecting Wires
➢ Transistors

This system for security uses the combination of Laser

light and LDR. The LDR module has an onboard
potentiometer to adjust the sensitivity of LDR, so that
it only senses laser light falling onto it. The concept is
qiute simple and similar to what we see in movies
where antique, priceless ornaments are protected
under laser lights. As someone crosses these lights, an
alarm runs onto indicate unauthorised presence. This
project works similarly. In normal conditions, where
there is always laser light falling on the LDR, the LDR
module always gives a high signal to microcontroller.
When someone crosses this laser light, it will behave as
an obstruction between the LDR module and laser
light, resulting in low light falling on LDR. In such cases
LDR module gives a low signal to the microcontroller,
which indicates it to switch on an alarm.

1.Take the breadboard and mark its two extreme sides,

mark one of them as positive and the other as
negative.
2.Use the circuit diagram and make the connections as
follows:
• Punch the transistors on the breadboard
• Connect the emitter of the transistor with negative
side of the transistor using a wire.
• Connect the LDR with base of transistor negative
side of the breadboard.
• Connect the buzzer with the controller of
transistor and positive side of breadboard.
• Now connect the 10k ohm resistor with the base
and positive side of breadboard .
• Now connect the battery and at this time the
battery would be ringing.
• Now drop the laser light upon the receptive
surface of the LDR and the buzzer stops ringing.

• This circuit is based on LDR(light dependent

resistor), variable resistances in which the
resistance varies according to the intensity of the
light falling on it.
• LDR and resistor R1 forms a potential driver
network which is the main.
• The voltage drop across the LDR is used to drive
the transistor switch. When the voltage drop is
above cut in voltage (0.6V), the transistor is turned
on.
• LDR has low resistance in the presence of light and
high resistance in the absence of light.
• In our security alarm, a laser light is allowed to fall
on the LDR continuously using the 3 mirrors.
• Light from another source should not allowed to
fall on the LDR, so place the LDR in a box with a
single hole to pass laser.
• In this situation the resistance offered by LDR is
too low. Since the LASER light is continuously
allowed to fall on the LDR surface.
• Thus the voltage drop across the LDR is also low
[V=IR (ohm’s law)] which is insufficient to turn ON
the transistor, so the transistor remains off state.
• When a person makes a block to the continuously
flow of LASER beam.
• While resistance increases when this voltage drop
exceeds cut in voltage of silicon NPN transistor
(2N7000) it will turn ON.
• Then current from vice starts flowing to ground via
the buzzer and transistor, which makes the beep
sound.
• The beep sound from the security alarm gives the
indication of some security failure.
A laser security alarm is a system designed to detect
intrusion-unauthorized entry into a building or a area.
They are also called security system, intrusion
detection systems, perimeter detention systems and
other similar terms.
Burglar alarms are used in residential, commercial,
industrial and military properties for protection against
burglary (theft) or property damage, as well as
personal protection against intruders. Car alarms
likewise protect vehicles and their contents. Prisons
also use security systems for controls of inmates.
Some alarm systems serve a single purpose of burglary
protection; combination systems provide both fire and
intrusion protection. Intrusion alarm systems may be
also be combined with closed circuit television
surveillance systems to automatically record the
activities of intruders, and may interface to access
control systems for electrically locked doors. Systems
range from small, self contained noisemakers, to
complicated, multi-area systems with computer
monitoring and control.
Cheap laser pointers that we find in most stores are
generally restricted to 5mW or less. These are
generally considered safe. However, it is still possible
to damage your eyes if you are not careful. When
working with lasers, it is a good idea to wear the
appropriate eye protection.
Avoid looking directly the laser diode. Also never point
lasers towards aircraft.

Laser security systems are a high technology that used

to be a part of home security only available to the
wealthy. It is manually switch dependent sensors and a
basic alarm unit. Laser security system a person moves
in front of the sensor, that person triggers the system’s
alarm by cutting the laser. And the alarm signals the
security monitoring company and local law
enforcement. The basic alarm unit will sound a loud
alarm. Both analysis and experiment indicate that
rather stringent requirements must be met in order to
obtain efficient optical heterodyne detection. At some
wavelengths it may provide the only means of
overcoming noise and detect noise problems . The
operation of LDR depends upon the photoconductivity
process.

• www.wikipedia.com
• www.encyclopedia.com
• www.sciencejournals.com
• www.zetascience.com
• www.scribd.com
• www.makezine.com
• www.easycircuits.com