Republic of the Philippines

SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY

Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

CHAPTER 1

The Problem and Its Setting

Introduction

Republic Act No. 9003 known as Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of

2000 an act providing for an Ecological Solid Waste Management Program creating

the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring certain acts

prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds therefore, and for other

purposes. This act makes provision for the efficient solid waste management, for the

volume reduction of the waste, its environment friendly disposal, composting,

recycling, reuse, recovery, green charcoal process; for the collection, treatment and

disposal in environmentally sound solid waste management facilities whereas it shall

be possible to correctly dispose the proper segregation, collection, transport,

storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste. Furthermore, to revitalize and to

strengthen the integration of ecological solid waste management there is a need to

promote environmental awareness among the citizenry.

Environmental problem is a global concern. It has no limit. Efforts are being

made throughout the world in order to inform people about environmental protection.

One of the leading causes of environmental destruction is improper management in

the disposal of solid waste. It is the main reason of severe pollution and outbreak of

diseases in many parts of the world. Reduction of environmental problems and

control of waste production can be made possible through proper awareness and

practice (Licy, et al, 2013).

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 Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

Solid waste management is defined as a discipline associated with the

process of collecting and disposing solid waste materials in a way that best

addresses the range of public health and environmental conservation.

Comprehensive solid waste management includes different kind of activities

including reduction, recycling, segregation and modification of solid waste which

have changing levels of difficulty (Zagozewski et al, 2011).

Vinod (2009) stated that the primary goals of solid waste management are to

reduce the number of solid waste dumped on land through the recovery of materials

and energy from solid waste in a cost effective and environmental friendly manner;

and to get rid of the harmful effects brought by waste materials on human health and

environment.

As per observation, the secondary schools of Socorro particularly East and

West district is facing a problem concerning with proper disposal of solid waste. This

is due to the inability of most of the students to follow the rules and regulations

administered by the school administrators. There is an urgent need to inform and

alert young mind about the environmental problems and concerns. Students must

have awareness about environmental issues so that they can effectively perform

their role in proper solid waste management. Hence, it is the education which makes

every student knowledgeable to the environment and to eradicate somehow the

problems encounter related to solid waste management.

This study addresses these issues highlighting the the Implementation of

Waste Management Practices of Socorro East and West Secondary Schools:

Intervention for a School Friendly Environment which emphasized to integrate

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 Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

establish solid waste management strategies to the learners and teachers especially

in cases by applying specific approaches and instructions particularly on

malpractices issues in terms of waste management. The results of this study will be

used to formulate an intervention basis of the findings, recommendations that

somehow would eradicate the said problem that not only the Socorro East and West

District but to the whole district. Hence, conduct this study.

Conceptual Framework

Based on the aforementioned concepts and principles, this study, therefore, is

anchored on the premise that effective solid waste management is more than just

the application of techniques. There must be an underlying goal. Youths, particularly

students whom are considered as educated people, should act as leaders in carrying

out the core value of solid waste management. They must set examples of effective

solid waste management practices to other people.

This study is illustrated in Figure 1, the schematic diagram of the study. It is

designed to present the relationship of the independent and dependent variables in

the study. The figure illustrates the flow of the study from the focus of the principals

and teachers as respondents of the study. The study looks into the Implementation

of Waste Management Practices of Socorro East and West Secondary Schools:

Intervention for a School Friendly Environment.

The first frame include respondents’ profile in terms of age, sex, civil status,

highest educational attainment, length of service, relative trainings and seminars and

delve on solid waste management practices which includes salvaging, composting,

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 Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

3R’s(reuse, reduce, recycle) and segregation classified into biodegradable and

nonbiodegradable.

The second frame classified teaching the process of the study which include

Gathering Data that delve on library resources, internet resources and research

instrument. Data will be analyzed and interpreted based on the statistical being used

like Frequency and Percentage Count, Mean and Standard Deviation and T – Test

and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

The final analysis serves as the basis in the Implementation of Waste

Management Practices that somehow it will help and find solutions to the said

problem as basis for intervention. Furthermore, based on the findings of the study,

an intervention that would establish the best solid waste management practices may

be proposed to the principals and faculty of the four secondary schools of Socorro

East and West district for recommending actions to take.

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 Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

Profile of the Respondents: Gathering Data

 age  Library Research
 sex  Internet Research
 highest educational  Research Instrument
attainment Implementation of Waste
 length of service Statistical Instrument Management Practices of
 rank/position  Frequency and Socorro East and West
 relevant trainings and Percentage Count
seminars  Mean and Standard Secondary Schools:
Deviation Intervention for a School
Solid Waste Management  T – test and Analysis Friendly Environment
Practices: of Variance (ANOVA)
 salvaging
 composting
 3R’s:
 reuse
 reduce
 recycle
 segregation:
 biodegradable
 nonbiodegradable

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study

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 Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

Statement of the Problem

This study determined the awareness and attitude level of students towards

solid waste management in Secondary Schools of Socorro East and West district.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the Principals and Teachers in terms of:

1.1 age;

1.2 sex;

1.3 highest educational attainment

1.4 rank/position

1.5 length of service ;

1.6 relative trainings and seminars?

2. What are the practices of the principals and teachers towards solid waste

management in Secondary School of Socorro East and West district in terms of:

2.1 salvaging;

2.2 composting;

2.3 3R’s;

2.3.1 reuse;

2.3.2 reduce;

2.3.4 recycle;

2.4 segregation;

2.4.1 biodegradable;

2.4.2 nonbiodegradable;

3. What significant relationship in terms of profile of respondents to students’

practices in solid waste management?

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 Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

4. Is there significant difference in the practices of the principals and teachers

towards solid waste management in the four schools of secondary of Socorro East

and west district when group according to their profile variables?

5. Based on the findings, what possible intervention or activities will be used

to make the school friendly environment?

Hypothesis

At .05 level of significance, it is hypothesized that there is no significant

difference in the practices of students towards solid waste management in

secondary schools of Socorro east and west district when group according to their

profile variables.

Significance of the Study

This study is gleaned to be very significant as it provides information about

the present condition of the solid waste management in Secondary Schools of

Socorro East and West District where the researchers are presently studying.

The results of the study will be beneficial to the following:

School Administrators. This study would provide the school administrators a

current image of the school’s solid waste management. This will be a basis for them

to create strategies that would encourage students to support the solid waste

management in the school.

Teachers. The result of the study will help the teachers realize what kind of

discipline should be instilled to the students in maintaining the effective

implementation of the school’s solid waste management practices.

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 Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

Students. As the subject of this study, they will be taught of the importance of

making the environment clean and green and they will be equipped with good values

specifically self – discipline towards proper disposal of solid waste.

Parents. Considered as the partners of DepEd in the successful

implementation of its various programs, they should be fully informed of their role in

imparting education about proper solid waste management to their children. The

result of this study is hoped to give light in molding the characters of their children.

Community. They would be the ultimate recipients of the development of the

implementation of solid waste management.

Future Researchers. They may consider this study as the basis in developing

their related research studies.

Definition of Terms

The following terms were defined conceptually and operationally:

Composting. This refers to organic matter that has been decomposed in a

process. This process recycles as waste products and produces a soil conditioner

that the soil will become rich in nutrient.

Salvaging. This activity or process of extracting and reusing useful

substances found in waste. The material have been set apart from refuse so that

they can be recycled.

Reuse. This refers to the reuse of waste for any operation by which products

or components are not waste wherein it will be used again for the same purpose for

which they were conceived.

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 Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

Reduce. This refers to waste minimization of processes and practices

intended to reduce the amount of waste produce. By eliminating the generation of

harmful and persistent to waste.

Recycle. This refers to the process of converting waste materials into new

materials and objects. It can prevent waste of potentially useful materials and

eliminate the consumption of fresh raw materials.

Segregation. It is also known as waste sorting which waste is separated into

different elements. It refers to the separation of wet waste and dry waste, the

purpose is to recycle dry waste easily and to use wet waste as compost.

Biodegradable. This includes substances include food scraps, cotton, wool,

wood, human and animal waste, manufactured products based on natural materials

such as paper, and vegetable-oil based soaps.

Non-biodegradable. A non-biodegradable wastes are those who cannot be

decomposed or dissolved by natural agents like material that can be defined as a

kind of substance which cannot be broken down by natural organism and acts as a

source of pollution.

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 Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature

Related Literature

Previous studies stressed the importance of proper solid waste management

in mitigating environmental concerns. Along with this is the significance of the

practices of the people towards solid waste management. This chapter presents the

related readings, literatures, and studies which will serve as support to the idea of

this study.

Foreign Studies

In Australia, waste is becoming a major problem due to the population growth.

As the population grows, so does the waste per person. Australia produces 48

million tons of waste per year. And according to the NSW Environment and Heritage

website, this waste comes from three main sources: household (municipal) waste,

commercial and industrial waste, and building and demolition waste. Household

waste makes up almost half of all solid waste in Australia, with each person

contributing about half a ton each year. Household waste is made up of 3% metal,

6% plastics, 5% glass, 19% pager and cardboard, 56% food scraps and garden

waste and 11% other. Lots of this municipal waste can be reused, but instead is

usually tossed out after one use. For industrial waste, there is about 772 pounds

generated for every Australian each year. Most of this waste comes from stores,

factories, hospitals, and offices. When it comes to building and demolition waste, it

accounts for more than a quarter of all solid waste. Building and demolition waste

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 Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

includes concrete, metals, timber, and other miscellaneous building materials. [1.

http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/downtoearth/allaboutwaste.htm]

There is lots of news and history with Australia with respect to nuclear waste.

Right now, there is a possibility for South Australia to be home to the world’s nuclear

waste dump. In the past, South Australia has had troubles with dumping radioactive

plutonium in the unlined ground of the Maralinga Tjarutja, aboriginal people in

Australia. All around the world, nuclear waste storage is a touchy subject since the

accident in Fukushima, Japan. Former member of the Australian parliament said it

was a horrible idea at first, but changed his mind in 2007 and said it could mean

great economic benefits.

Food is just one of the many waste problems Australia is currently facing. The

following infographic was found on the Foodwise website, and shows the alarming

amount of food that goes to waste in Australia each year. The image articulates that

1 out of every 5 grocery bags and over $1,000 worth of food is disposed of each year

in an average household. Young consumers, families with children, and households

that make about $100,000 produce the most amount of food waste in Australia. Not

only does this food add the already full landfills in the area, it also mixes with other

objects that are already rotting in these dumps and creates methane gas, which is

harmful to the environment. Campaigns have been started around Australia,

including the one that created this infographic, in order to get consumers to realize a

change needs to be made.

As part of an on-going programme to consider the current waste management

and pollution prevention framework in New Zealand, the Ministry for the

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 Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

Environment, in collaboration with Auckland Regional Council and Zero Waste New

Zealand, requested the author to undertake a survey of organisations involved in the

waste management industry. The objective of the survey was to gain information

about the pollution prevention and waste management issues organisations perceive

they are facing as an important input to a review of the current policy and regulatory

framework for waste management and pollution prevention in New Zealand. The

issues raised by respondents included concerns regarding national policy,

particularly the lack of waste management policy and co-ordination; the lack of

hazardous waste management; concerns regarding local policy, particularly with

regard to consistency and waste minimisation, including lack of incentives and

markets for recycled materials, the cost of recycling and the lack of cleaner

production efforts. In comparison with UK and Pennsylvania programmes, the New

Zealand waste management and pollution prevention programme was found to be

vague, lacking in direction and funding and would not succeed in reducing waste

production or effectively managing waste. Clear goals and timeframes need to be

established, duties and responsibilities of national and local governments and

industry clarified and funding needs to be allocated in order to produce an effective

waste management framework in New Zealand(Boyle, 2017).

Although recycling programs have been very well received by the general

public, the biggest obstacle to recycling in New Zealand is the volatility or lack of

markets for the recovered materials. Technologies used in recycling programs are

generally very simple, rather than being complex mechanical systems. Composting

is also a "waste recovery" technique, whose benefits include saving natural

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 Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

resources, energy, and landfill space, and providing useful products and economic

benefits. There are no regulatory requirements or incentives for compo sting in New

Zealand, and programs are developed to meet the needs and priorities of each

individual community (Wetherill, 2016).

In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates all

waste material under the 1976 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).

Solid waste can include garbage and sludge from wastewater and water supply

treatment plants, as well as other discarded materials from industrial operations. The

provisions include on the disposal of solid and hazardous waste materials. This

legislation encourages individual states to create comprehensive plans to manage

nonhazardous and municipal wastes. The western region in the country currently has

the highest number of landfills 186346. These landfills must comply with federal

regulations in preventing contamination as well as providing monitoring systems for

groundwater contamination and landfill gases. The management company must also

assure funding for environmental protection throughout the entire life cycle of a

landfill. Under environmental regulations in the country, the amount of municipal

solid waste that has been recovered has consistently increased over the last several

decades(Wang, 2019).

According to Lew (2019) states that Solid waste management situation in

Pakistan is a matter of grave concern as more than 5 million people to die each year

due to waste-related diseases. In Pakistan roughly 20 million tons of solid waste is

generated annually, with annual growth rate of about 2.4 percent. Karachi, largest

city in the country, generates more than 9,000 tons of municipal waste daily. All

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 Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

major cities, be it Islamabad, Lahore or Peshawar, are facing enormous challenges

in tackling the problem of urban waste. The root factors for the worsening garbage

problem in Pakistan are lack of urban planning, outdated infrastructure, lack of public

awareness and endemic corruption.

Due to the multiple factors contributing to the solid waste accumulation, the

problem has become so large it is beyond the capacity of municipalities. The former

director of the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr. Mirza

Arshad Ali Beg, stated, “The highly mismanaged municipal solid waste disposal

system in Pakistan cannot be attributed to the absence of an appropriate technology

for disposal but to the fact that the system has a lot of responsibility but no authority.”

Laws and enforcement need to be revised and implemented. The responsibility for

future change is in the hands of both the government, and the citizens.

Local Studies

The Philippines has endeavored to improve its management of solid waste

through the passage of RA 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act that

provides for a systematic, comprehensive and ecological waste management

program to ensure the protection of public health and the environment. It mandates

the bureau to provide secretariat support to the National Solid Waste Management

Commission in the implementation of the solid waste management plans and

prescribes policies to achieve the objectives of the National Ecology Center that is in

charge of information dissemination, consultation, education and training of various

local government units on ecological waste management.

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 Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

Waste mismanagement has serious environmental effects making the

passage of the Republic Act (RA) 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management

Act of 2000 a landmark environmental legislation in the Philippines. The law was

crafted in response to the looming garbage problems in the country. RA 9003

declares the policy of the state in adopting a systematic, comprehensive and

ecological solid waste management program that ensures the protection of public

health and the environment and the proper segregation, collection, transport,

storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adoption

of best environmental practices. Moreover, it illustrates the potentials and benefits of

recycling not only in addressing waste management problems but also in alleviating

poverty.

The Environmental Management Agency (EMA) believed that inappropriate

solid waste management practices in school; both in rural and urban communities

constitute one of the major factors leading to declining environmental health

standards. In line with the common creed “catch them young,” schools have become

an important focal point of environmental information dissemination to foster

environmental stewardship. Schools accumulate tons of waste from paper and

computers to food and books. Sharing knowledge on proper waste management in

schools will influence positive change within schools leading to healthy

environments. It is a prerequisite that each school should have a waste management

plan that speaks about the type of waste generated and the disposal method it can

adopt.

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 Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

For efficient and effective implementation of the National Greening Program

(NGP) pursuant to Section 5.2 of Executive Order No. 26, s. 2011 and DepEd

Memorandum No. 58, s. 2011 entitled Creating the Task Force on National Greening

Program, the Department of Education (DepEd) issues guidelines to concretize

directions in the implementation of the National Greening Program (NGP). These

guidelines integrate the gulayan sa paaralan, ecological solid waste management

and tree growing and caring as key components to attain the goals of DepEd on

poverty reduction, food security, biodiversity conservation and climate change

mitigation and adaptation. The NGP shall be implemented in all public elementary

and secondary schools nationwide by establishing vegetable gardens to serve as

food basket/main source of commodities to sustain supplementary feeding, practice

waste management principles such as minimization, segregation at source,

reduction, recycling, re-use and composting, establish nurseries/seed banks for the

propagation of vegetable seedlings, fruit-bearing trees and small trees or saplings,

and support the tree planting activity in schools and in the communities.

In Metro Manila alone, the amount of garbage generated is an astonishing

12,500 tons per day. The practice of dumping in landfills affects our air quality as it

produces massive amounts of methane gas, a byproduct of decomposing waste. It

also affects our water quality as toxic bacteria and chemicals seep into our water

table. Ultimately, dumping of waste in or out of landfills affects our wildlife and the

health and well-being of our people. The toxic effects of our waste will remain for

generations to come. There are three landfills that currently absorb Metro Manila's

waste, they are: the 40-hectare landfill in Navotas, the 19-hectare landfill in San

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 Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

Mateo, and the recently expanded 70+-hectare landfill in Rodriguez, Rizal (Masigan,

2019).

Unsurprisingly, as state by Mawis (2019) the Philippines generates more solid

waste as population increases, living standards are enhanced, and urban and rural

areas are being developed. According to a report by the Senate Economic Planning

Office (SEPO), the country’s waste generation steadily increased from 37,427.46

tons per day in 2012 to 40,087.45 tons in 2016. Meanwhile, solid wastes produced

by Philippine cities are expected to increase by 165 percent to 77,776 tons by 2025.

In addition, Mazaheri, et al (2016) mentioned that youths are the makers of

the future of the country; their knowledge and attitude about solid waste

management are very significant. The basic understanding about the environment

helps in sustainable development. In fact, today’s waste is considered as tomorrow’s

raw materials.

Our Earth suffers from many environmental problems which need to be

tackled at any level of individual. Everybody is required to develop attitudes which

will guide to an environmentally supportive behavior. According to Mohammed, et al

(2009), formation and change of attitude are connected. People are always adopting,

modifying, and relinquishing attitudes to fit the ever changing needs and interests.

Attitude cannot be changed by simple education because acceptance of new attitude

depends on who is presenting the knowledge, how it is presented, how the person is

perceived, the credibility of the communicator, and the conditions by which the

knowledge was received.

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 Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

Solid Waste Management Practices

Salvaging of Waste

Garbage arising from human or animal activities, that is abandoned as

unwanted and useless is referred as solid waste. Generally, it is generated from

industrial, residential and commercial activities in a given area, and may be handled

in a variety of ways. However, waste can be categorized based on materials such as

paper, plastic, glass, metal and organic waste. Solid waste disposal must be

managed systematically to ensure environmental best practices. Solid waste

disposal and management is a critical aspect of environmental hygiene and it needs

to be incorporated into environmental planning. Furthermore, solid waste disposal

and management includes planning, administrative, financial, engineering and legal

functions. It is typically the job of the generator, subject to local, national and even

international authorities.

Solid waste disposal management is usually referred to the process of

collecting and treating solid wastes. It provides solutions for recycling items that do

not belong to garbage or trash. Solid waste management can be described as how

solid waste can be changed and used as a valuable resource. Improper disposal of

municipal solid waste can create unsanitary conditions, and these conditions in turn

lead to pollution of the environment. Diseases can be spread by rodents and insects.

The tasks of solid waste disposal management are complex technical challenges.

They can also pose a wide variety of economic, administrative and social problems

that must be changed and solved.

Solid waste refers to the range of garbage materials—arising from animal and

human activities—that are discarded as unwanted and useless. Solid waste is

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 Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

generated from industrial, residential, and commercial activities in a given area,

and may be handled in a variety of ways. As such, landfills are typically classified as

sanitary, municipal, construction and demolition, or industrial waste sites. Waste can

be categorized based on material, such as plastic, paper, glass, metal, and organic

waste. Categorization may also be based on hazard potential, including radioactive,

flammable, infectious, toxic, or non-toxic wastes. Categories may also pertain to the

origin of the waste, whether industrial, domestic, commercial, institutional, or

construction and demolition (Leblanc, 2019).

Composting of Waste

Another method of treating municipal solid waste is composting, a biological

process in which the organic portion of refuse is allowed to decompose under

carefully controlled conditions. Microbes metabolize the organic waste material and

reduce its volume by as much as 50 percent. The stabilized product is

called compost or humus. It resembles potting soil in texture and odour and may be

used as a soil conditioner or mulch. Composting offers a method of processing

and recycling both garbage and sewage sludge in one operation. As more stringent

environmental rules and siting constraints limit the use of solid-waste incineration

and landfill options, the application of composting is likely to increase. The steps

involved in the process include sorting and separating, size reduction, and digestion

of the refuse.

Land disposal is the most common management strategy for municipal solid

waste. Refuse can be safely deposited in a sanitary landfill, a disposal site that is

carefully selected, designed, constructed, and operated to protect

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 Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

the environment and public health. One of the most important factors relating to

landfilling is that the buried waste never comes in contact with surface water

or groundwater. Engineering design requirements include a minimum distance

between the bottom of the landfill and the seasonally high groundwater table. Most

new landfills are required to have an impermeable liner or barrier at the bottom, as

well as a system of groundwater-monitoring wells. Completed landfill sections must

be capped with an impermeable cover to keep precipitation or surface runoff away

from the buried waste. Bottom and cap liners may be made of

flexible plastic membranes, layers of clay soil, or a combination of both.

3R’s

Reducing, reusing and recycling -- the three Rs -- are the ways consumers

can minimize the volume of waste they generate. Reducing is the first and most

effective of the three Rs. It means reducing your consumption or buying less.

Designing items like plastic bottles in ways that use less material is another way to

reduce consumption. Using steel cutlery instead of plastic utensils, buying used

goods, mending clothes instead of buying new ones and consuming less electricity

are all examples of ways you can reduce in your own life.

Rather than throwing out items like clothing or food jars, consumers can find

new uses for them -- and thereby reduce their consumption of new resources.

Composting, using jars to store beverages or leftover food, and trading or selling

used DVDs rather than throwing them out are all examples of ways people can

reuse. Reusing is the second most effective of the three Rs; like reducing, it avoids

creating waste rather than trying to recycle it once it's already there .

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 Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

Recycling is the third of the three Rs. Recycling extracts valuable materials

from items that might otherwise be considered trash and turns them into new

products. Communities have a variety of recycling programs, such as curbside

pickup of recyclables, drop-off centers, buy-back centers that pay you for valuable

items and deposit-refund programs. Deposit-refund programs, which include a

deposit as part of the product price, refund consumers when they recycle such items

as soda cans and plastic bottles. As a consumer, you can also help recycling by

purchasing products made from recycled material, such as toilet paper made from

recycled pulp.

Often, burning fossil fuels generates this energy. When people throw those

items away, they send them to landfills where they may take centuries or longer to

break down completely. Reducing, reusing and recycling help reduce humanity's

environmental footprint, carbon dioxide emissions and energy use and limits the

amount of landfill space people create. These savings can be substantial; recycling

aluminum uses only 5 percent of the energy required to refine aluminum. That's why

the three Rs are the basic tenets of modern environmentalism.

Segregation

Proper waste disposal begins with good waste management by the

researcher, including minimum waste generation, reusing surplus materials, and

recycling of appropriate (i.e., uncontaminated) waste. The generated waste must be

properly collected and stored, paying close attention to labeling, segregating

according to chemical compatibility, and accumulating in a well-ventilated location.

Every location should be well labelled and other laboratory waste items such as

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 Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

sharps and glass must also be disposed of with care in appropriately labeled and

compatible containers. Users should be responsible for the proper disposal of the

waste generated during their work. Improper waste disposal may severely endanger

public health and/or the environment. The handling of hazardous waste must be

regulated from the moment of generation until its disposal at its offsite final

destination facility (Rioux and Zaman, 2017).

Synthesis of the Review. The insights and concepts obtained from the

reading provided insights which are related to the present study. All of the materials

reviewed for the purposes of this study gave useful insights and inferences on the

value of solid waste management. As a whole, the viewpoints of the authors

provided a solid foundation for this piece of hard work.

The concepts enabled the researchers to construct the research paradigm of

the study. The authors in the cited literature and studies offered ideas essential to

the solid waste management, from which the direction of this study could be built

upon. Mojisola (2012) gave significant ideas about the definition of solid waste.

Along with this, Aruna (2010), Desa et al (2011), Shekdar, (2009), and Sujatha

(2012) emphasized the importance of solid waste management in giving solutions to

environmental problems. Aruna (2010) exposed the significance of sanitation and

public awareness programmes in proper and efficient way of handling solid waste

materials. Desa et al. (2011) drew attention to the three R’s process which are re –

use, reduce, and recycle. Shekdar, (2009) highlighted the idea that there will be

some behavioral changes on the part of the public when doing activities regarding

the three R’s process. Sujatha (2012) reveals the participation of the people in giving

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

environmental problems. He also pointed out that students must be involved in

solving environmental related problems and should possess awareness about the

safe disposal of solid waste. Conversely, Mohammed, et al (2009) didn’t directly

center on solid waste management; instead they focused on the process of molding

new attitudes. Noticeably, the authors of the cited literature and studies highlighted

different areas of concern in relation to solid waste management. It could be

observed however that they are of the same opinion that solid waste management is

vital in sustaining an eco–friendly environment and free–environment from

hazardous diseases due to contamination and pollution.

The reviewed literatures are similar to the present study because they dwell

on solid waste management. They also consider the importance of public practices

towards the implementation of solid waste management.

On the other hand, the cited literature differ from the present study in terms of

the extent of the investigation, the scope with which solid waste management is

explored, the participants of the study, the research instrument used, the procedure

that was applied, and the research locale.

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

CHAPTER III

Research Methodology

This chapter presents the research design, participants, instruments, data

gathering procedure, and data analysis procedure of the study.

Research Design

This research study employed a quantitative research approach using the

descriptive survey method. This was deemed appropriate because the study

evaluate the existing conditions, the relationships that were evident, and the

practices that were apparent in the school’s solid waste management. Specifically,

the study focused on the evaluation of the implementation of solid waste

management practices in Secondary Schools of Socorro East and West Secondary

Schools.

Population and Sampling

The entire population of the respondents in this study will be the secondary

principals and teachers of two District of Socorro who are implementing the solid

waste management practices in the Academic Year 2018-2019. The population

consist a total of 100 teachers. They are the one who have the capability and

knowledgeable enough to answer the questions proposed by this study.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study are one-hundred (100) teachers of Socorro East

and West District. The process of getting the sample is presented below.

Secondary School Population (N) Sample (n) True Sample (T)

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

Socorro NHS 63 63 63

Atoyay NHS 11 12 12

Pamosaingan NHS 13 13 13

Nueve Estrella NHS 13 13 13

Total 100 100 100

N
Sample (n) will solved using the Slovin’s formula ( n  ) where e = 0.05
1  Ne2

since the level of significance is 5%.

Instrument

The study will used a researcher – made questionnaire as the primary tool of

research to gather data needed to answer the problems stated in the study. The

questionnaire was validated by the experts.

The first part of the questionnaire determines the principals and teachers’

profile in terms of their name, age, civil status, grade level, class, school, type of

school, length of service, class, highest educational attainment and relative seminars

and trainings attended.

The second part delve on solid waste management practices which includes

salvaging, composting, 3R’s(reuse, reduce, recycle) and segregation classified into

biodegradable and non-biodegradable. These consist of item indicators in which the

students are going to answer based on a rating scale.

Table 1. Parameters and Verbal Interpretation Used in the Instrument

Scale Parameters Verbal Qualitative Description
Interpretation
1 1.00 – 1.74 Never Principal/Teachers’ practices are very

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Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

limited, thus implementation of solid

waste management in the school is very
poor.

2 1.75 – 2.49 Rarely Principal/Teachers’ practices are

limited, implementation of solid waste
management in the school is poor.

3 2.50 – 3.24 Sometimes Principal/Teachers’ practices are

enough, thus implementation of solid
waste management in the school is
extensive.

4 3.25 – 4.00 Always Principal/Teachers’ practices are very

enough, thus implementation of solid
waste management in the school is
totally extensive.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will send a formal letter of request to the district supervisors

and the principal of the four secondary schools of Socorro east and west district

asking permission to conduct a study regarding the school’s solid waste

management practices.

Upon the approval of request, formal letters will send to the teachers to

request an approval to participate in the study and to ask for their full cooperation.

After the approval of requests, the researchers distributed the questionnaire to

the participants to identify their implementation towards solid waste management

practices in their respective school. The researcher will immediately retrieve the

questionnaire thereafter. After the collection of questionnaire, the data were

tabulated and analyzed with the use of some statistical tools.

Data Analysis

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
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Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

The following statistical tools were employed in the treatment of data:

Frequency and Percentage Count were used in handling the principals and

the teachers’ profile variables.

Mean and Standard Deviation were used in the interpretation of the

teachers’ answers in Part II of the questionnaire.

T – test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to determine if there

is significant difference in the implementation of the principals and teachers towards

solid waste management practices in Secondary Schools of Socorro East and West

district when group according to their profile variables.

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Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
GRADUATE STUDIES

References:

Masigan, A. (2019). A solution to Metro Manila’s garbage problem

Mawis, S. (2019). Solid waste mismanagement in the Philippines, Philippine Daily

Inquirer

Lew, R. (2019). Solid Waste Management in Pakistan, Boienergy Consult

Wetherill, T. (2016). WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NEW ZEALAND Thomas D.,

TM.IPENZ SCS - Wetherill Environmental, Auckland, New Zealand

Wang T. (2019). Waste Management in the United States - Statistics & Facts

Boyle, C. (2017). Solid waste management in New Zealand. Waste

Management 20(7):517-526

Leblanc, R. (2019). An Introduction to Solid Waste Management

Rioux, R. and Zaman, T. (2017). Proper Waste Disposal, Pennsylvania State

University, Pennsylvania, PA

Online References:

https://www.pulpandpaper-technology.com/articles/types-of-solid-waste-disposal-
and-management

https://www.britannica.com/technology/solid-waste-management/Composting

https://homeguides.sfgate.com/reduce-reuse-recycle-mean-79717.html

https://www.bioenergyconsult.com/solid-waste-management-in-pakistan/

http://www.independentaustralia.net/politics/politics-display/plans-for-australia-to-

become-worlds-nuclear-waste-dump,3343

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