MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject: Power Engineering Model Answer Subject Code: 17529
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures
drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
A Attempt any three
1

a. Following are the applications of compressed air ( any four) One

Mark
1) To drive air motors in coal mines. each
2) To inject fuel in air injection diesel engines.
3) To operate pneumatic drills, hammers, hoists, sand blasters.
4) For cleaning purposes.
5) To cool large buildings.
6) In the processing of food and farm maintenance.
7) In vehicle to operate air brake.
8) For spray painting in paint industry.

b. advantages of Mulitstaging : ( any four)

1. The air can be cooled in between two cylinders

One
2. The power required is less Mark
each
3. Mechanical balance is good
4. Reduced leakage losses
5. More volumetric efficiency
6. High pressure range
7. Comparatively lighter in construction

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SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject: Power Engineering Model Answer Subject Code: 17529
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
c. 4 marks

d. 2 marks
i) Tonnage of Refrigeration – is defined as the amount of refrigeration effect produced by uniform each
melting of one ton (1000Kg) of ice from and at 00in 24 hours.

ii) Coefficient of performance- is the ratio of heat extracted in refrigerator to work done on the
refrigerant

COP = Q/W where Q= amount of heat extracted and W= amount of workdone

B.
a.

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Subject: Power Engineering Model Answer Subject Code: 17529
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b.

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SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject: Power Engineering Model Answer Subject Code: 17529
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2 a.

b.

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SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject: Power Engineering Model Answer Subject Code: 17529
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c.

Any
eight
points
one
mark
each

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SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject: Power Engineering Model Answer Subject Code: 17529
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
3 Attempt Any FOUR (Diagra
m
a. a) 2M,Na
me of
Processe
s -2M)

1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor) 2-3 Constant pressure heat addition

3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine) 4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection
b.
b)Given data:-Dc=60mm=0.06m;L= 100mm = 0.1m; m=0.0002kg

we know that swept volume of the piston is,

Vs= ………………………………..1M

Va= volume of charge admitted at NTP

Va= = = ……………………..1M

Volumetric efficiency= = 0.548 = 54.8%…………...2M

c.
C) Catalytic Convertor: -.
A catalytic converter is cylindrical unit about the size of small silencer and is installed into exhaust
system of vehicle. It converts the harmful gases from the engine into harmless gases and escapes (Sketch
them into atmosphere. Inside converter there is honeycomb structure of ceramic or metal which is 2M ,
coated with alumina base material and therefore a second coating of precious metal platinum, Explana
palladium or rhodium or combination of same. tion
As a result of catalytic reaction, the exhaust gases pass over the converter substance, the toxic gases 2M)
such CO, HC and NOx are converted into harmless CO2, H2 and N2.
Two way catalytic converter: Through catalytic action a chemical changes converts carbon
monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (oxidation).

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SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject: Power Engineering Model Answer Subject Code: 17529
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d.
d)
(1Mark
Closed Cycle Gas Turbine Open Cycle Gas Turbine for each
1. The compressed air is heated in heating 1. The compressed air is heated in point
chamber. combustion chamber. 4x1=4M
)
2. As the gas is heated by an external source, 2. The products of combustion are get
hence the amount of gas remains same thought mixed up in the heated air hence same
the cycle gas doesn’t remain in cycle.

3. The gas after turbine is passed into the cooling 3. The gas after turbine is exhausted into
chamber. the atmosphere.

4. The working fluid is circulated continuously. 4.The working fluid is replaced

continuously.

5. Any fluid with better thermodynamic 5. Only air is used as the working fluid.
properties can be used.

6. The turbine blades do not wear away earlier, as 6. The turbine blades wear away earlier,
the enclosed gas does not get contaminated while as the air from atmosphere get
flowing through heating chamber. contaminated while flowing through
combustion chamber.

7.The mass of installation per Kwatt is more 7.The mass of installation per Kwatt is
less

8. High maintenance cost 8. Maintenance cost is low

e. (1M
e)Effect of superheating: As shown in the figure a & b the effect of superheating is to increase the
refrigerating effect, but this increase in the refrigerating effect is at the cost of increase in amount of explanat
work spent to attain upper pressure limit. Since the increase in work is more as compared to ion,1M
increase in refrigerating effect, therefore overall effect of superheating is to give a low value of diagram
C.O.P. =2+2=4)

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SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject: Power Engineering Model Answer Subject Code: 17529
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ii) Effect of sub-cooling: sub-cooling is the process of cooling the liquid refrigerant below the
condensing temperature for a given pressure. In figure the process of sub-cooling is shown by 2’-3’.
As is evident from the figure the effect of sub-cooling is to increase the refrigerating effect. Thus
sub-cooling results in increase of C.O.P provided that no further energy has to be spent to obtain the
extra cold coolant required.

4. A
Attempt Any FOUR
a. (1M for
a) i) Stroke – Distance travelled by piston from one dead Centre to other dead Centre (Say TDC to Each
BDC). Definiti
on4x1=
ii) Bore:- The nominal Inner diameter of engine cylinder is called cylinder bore.
4M)
iii) Piston Speed- Distance traveled by piston in one minute.(= 2LN m/min.)

iv) The Mean Effective Pressure (MEP) :-It is a fictitious pressure that, if it operated on the piston
during the entire power stroke, would produce the same amount of net work as that produced during
the actual cycle. OR The average pressure acting on the piston which will produce the same output
as is done by the varying pressure during the cycle
b.
b) A rotary-screw compressor is a type of gas compressor that uses a rotary-type positive- (Digram
displacement mechanism. They are commonly used to replace piston compressors where large 2M,
volumes of high-pressure air are needed, either for large industrial applications or to operate high- Explain
power air tools. ation2M
)
Rotary-screw compressors use two meshing helical screws, known as rotors, to compress the gas. In
a dry-running rotary-screw compressor, timing gears ensure that the male and female rotors
maintain precise alignment. In an oil-flooded rotary-screw compressor, lubricating oil bridges the
space between the rotors, both providing a hydraulic seal and transferring mechanical energy
between the driving and driven rotor. Gas enters at the suction side and moves through the threads

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SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject: Power Engineering Model Answer Subject Code: 17529
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
as the screws rotate. The meshing rotors force the gas through the compressor, and the gas exits at
the end of the screws.

c. c)

Basis 1 2 (1M for

each
Working Cycle Brayton(P=constant) Atkinsons(V=constant) point)

Application Aero-derivative gas turbines, Amateur gas turbines, Auxiliary Gas

turbines, Industrial Gas turbines.

Cycle of operation Open Cycle Closed Cycle

Fuels Coal, Producer gas, Blast Furnace gas, Diesel, paraffin, oil and
pulverized coal

d. d)
(1M for
each )
Water cooler R-600a(Isobutane)

Domestic Refrigerator Freon(R-12)

Ice plant NH3 primary, Brine secondary

Cold storage R717(NH3)

Attempt Any ONE 06

i) Heat Balance Sheet :-The complete record of heat supplied and heat rejected during a certain
4.B time(Say one minute)by an IC engine is entered in a tabulated form called as heat balance sheet.
i)
i) Heat supplied by the fuel= Mf x C…………………………………….1M

where Mf= mass of fuel supplied in Kg/min

C = Lower calorific value of fuel kj/kg

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SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject: Power Engineering Model Answer Subject Code: 17529
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
ii) Heat absorbed in IP produced

we know that IP produced by IC engine is

IP = ………..kwatt

Heat absorbed in IP = ………kj/minute…………………………..1M

iii) Heat rejected to the cooling water

The mass of cooling water, circulating through the cylinder Jackets, as well as its inlet and outlet
temperatures are measured in order to determine heat rejected to cooling water.

Heat rejected to cooling water = ( )….kj/minute…………….1M

iv) Heat carried away by exhaust gases = ………….1M

v) Un accounted Heat= It is the difference of Heat supplied by the fuel and Heat absorbed in IP
produced, Heat rejected to cooling water , Heat carried away by exhaust
gases………………………………….1M

Table………………………………….1M

Sr No Particulars Heat In

Kj %

Total Heat Supplied ……. 100

1 Heat absorbed in IP produced

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2 Heat rejected to cooling water

3 Heat carried away by exhaust gases

4 Un accounted Heat

ii)

Fig.Two stage reciprocating air compressor……………………………………..2M

Working:- Let P1, V1 be the pressure and volume of air entering the low pressure cylinder P2, V2
be the pressure and volume of air leaving the low pressure cylinder or pressure and volume of air
entering the intercooler P3, V3 be the pressure and volume of air entering the high pressure cylinder
P4, V4 be the pressure and volume of air leaving the stage and ‘n’ be the index of compression(As
suitable). ……………………………………………..2M

………2M

5 a FOUR STROKE PETROL ENGINE ( 04 Marks for Introduction & description of no. of 4+4
strokes & 04 Marks for Diagram with valve position)
The four stroke-cycles refers to its use in petrol engines, gas engines, light, oil engine and heavy oil
engines in which the mixture of air fuel are drawn in the engine cylinder. Since ignition in these
engines is due to a spark, therefore they are also called spark ignition engines.

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SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject: Power Engineering Model Answer Subject Code: 17529
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
In four stroke cycle engine, cycle is completed in two revolutions of crank shaft or four strokes of
the piston.
Each stroke consists of 1800 of crankshaft rotation. Therefore, the cycle consists of 7200
of crankshaft rotation.
Cycle consists of following four strokes
1) Suction Stroke
2) Compression Stroke
3) Expansion or Power Stroke
4) Exhaust Stroke
SUCTION STROKE:
In this Stroke the inlet valve opens and proportionate fuel-air mixture is sucked in the engine
cylinder. Thus the piston moves from top dead centre (T.D.C.) to bottom dead centre (B.D.C.). The
exhaust valve remains closed through out the stroke.
COMPRESSION STROKE:
In this stroke both the inlet and exhaust valves remain closed during the stroke. The piston moves
towards (T.D.C.) and compresses then closed fuel-air mixture drawn. Just before the end of this
stroke the operating.
plug initiates a spark which ignites the mixture and combustion takes place at constant pressure.

POWER STROKE OR EXPANSION STROKE:

In this stroke both the valves remain closed during the start of this stroke but when the piston just
reaches the B.D.C .the exhaust valve opens. When the mixture is ignited by the spark plug the hot
gases are produced which drive or throw the piston from T.D.C. to B.D.C. and thus the work is
obtained in this stroke.
EXHAUST STROKE:
This is the last stroke of the cycle. Here the gases from which the work has been collected become
useless after the completion of the expansion stroke and are made to escape through exhaust valve
to the atmosphere. This removal of gas is accomplished during this stroke. The piston moves from
B.D.C. to T.D.C. and the exhaust gases are driven out of the engine cylinder; this is also called
scavenging.

b Methods to improve thermal efficiency of gas turbine Regeneration – This is done by preheating (List of
the compressed air before entering to the combustion chamber with the turbine exhaust in a heat methods
exchanger, thus saving fuel consumption. -2
marks,
explanat
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Subject: Power Engineering Model Answer Subject Code: 17529
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ion of
any one
– 06
marks)

2) Improving turbine output: this can be done by

(a) Reheating : The whole expansion in the turbine is achieved in two or more stages &reheating is
done after each stage.

(b) Increasing the value of maximum cycle temp.

(c) Improving turbine efficiency by improving design.

3. Reducing compressor input: By

(a) Intercooling : Compressor work is reduced by intercooling the air between the compressor
stages.

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(b)By lowering inlet temp to compressor

(c) By increasing compressor efficiency

(d) Water injection at inlet to compressor

5 c ( 02 Marks for representation of each process on psychrometric chart.

Psychometric chart representing various psychometric processes:

i) Sensible Heating

ii) Sensible Cooling with dehumidification

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iii) Humidification iv) Dehumidification

6 a i) Give Data : (02 Marks for find out IP of each cylinder & 02 Marks for Mechanical
Efficiency)

Brake Power Engine (BP)engine = 16.2 kW

Brake Power developed when 1st Cylinder cut-off ( BP )2,3,4 = 11.5 kW

Brake Power developed when 2nd Cylinder cut-off ( BP )1,3,4 = 11.6 kW

Brake Power developed when 3rd Cylinder cut-off ( BP )1,2,4 = 11.68 kW

Brake Power developed when 4th Cylinder cut-off ( BP )1,2,3 = 11.5 kW

Indicated Power of 1st cylinder

IP1 = (BP)engine - ( BP )2,3,4

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SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
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= 16.2 – 11.5

= 4.7 kW

IP2 = (BP)engine - ( BP )1,3,4

= 16.2 – 11.6

= 4.6 kW

IP3 = (BP)engine - ( BP )1,3,4

= 16.2 – 11.68

= 4.52 kW

IP4 = (BP)engine - ( BP )1,2,3

= 16.2 – 11.5

= 4.7 kW

Indicated Power of Engine

IP = IP1 + IP2 + IP3 + IP4

= 4.7 + 4.6 + 4.52 + 4.7

= 18.52 kW

Mechanical Efficiency of the Engine

ηm = ( BP / IP ) x 100

= ( 16.2 / 18.52 ) x 100

= 87.47 %

6 b Necessity: The air sucked by the compressor is not clean. It contains various types of solid, liquid (2
and gaseous contaminants such as dust, dirt, moisture etc. Marks)

The presence of contaminants may have high damaging effects such as corrosion, wear and tear on
the finely finished mating surfaces of pneumatic components. Air lines may get chocked or
damaged. Therefore, purification of air by removing oil, moisture and dust is done to protect the
pneumatic system from failure, so that the system should work efficiently.

1) Particulate Filters ( Dry Air Filters ) Particulate filters are used to remove dust and
particles out of the air. This will allow air to travel faster in the piping system and prevent
clogs. The main element in this filtration is the membrane. The membrane acts like a gate
which only lets air pass through while anything bigger gets blocked by the membrane
(2
material.
Marks)
2) Coalescing Filters Coalescing filters are used to capture oil and tiny moisture droplets and

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prevent condensate from developing in the system. This will prolong the life of the piping
system and other components by avoiding rust. The main component used is the flow of the
air. The filter may contain a membrane element in it as well but altering the flow of the air
in a tight space causes condensate or oil to gather at the bottom of the filter.

6 c Turbo Jet Engine (2

Marks
for neat
sketch
&2
Marks
for
Labelin
g)

6 d i) WBT: Wet bulb Temperature twb : It is the temperature recorded by a thermometer when its ( 01
bulb is covered by a wet cloth exposed to the air. Mark
Each)
ii) DPT: Dew point temperature tdp :It is the temperature of air recorded by thermometer, when the
moisture (water vapour) present in its, begins to condensed.

iii) DBT: Dry Bulb Temperature tdb : It is the temperature of air recorded by ordinary thermometer
with a clean, dry sensing element .

iv) Degree of Saturation (μ):Degree of saturation is defined as ‘the ratio of mass of water vapour
associated with unit mass of dry air to mass of water vapour associated with saturated unit mass of
dry air at same temperature.

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SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject: Power Engineering Model Answer Subject Code: 17529
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6 e

Working of Simple Vapor absorption system:

A Simple Vapor absorption system consists of evaporator, absorber, generator, condenser,

expansion valve, pump & reducing valve. In this system ammonia is used as refrigerant and solution
is used is aqua ammonia. Strong solution of aqua ammonia contains as much as ammonia as it can
and weak solution contains less ammonia. The compressor of vapor compressor system is replaced
by an absorber, generator, reducing valve and pump.

The heat flow in the system at generator, and work is supplied to pump. Ammonia vapors coming
out of evaporator are drawn in absorber. The weak solution containing very little ammonia is spread
in absorber. The weak solution absorbs ammonia and gets converted into strong solution. This
strong solution from absorber is pumped into generator.

The addition of heat liberates ammonia vapor and solution gets converted into weak solution. The
released vapor is passed to condenser and weak solution to absorber through a reducing valve. Thus,
the function of a compressor is done by absorber, a generator, pump and reducing valve. The simple
vapor compressor system is used where there is scarcity of Electricity and it is very useful at partial
and full load.

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