Question:1

Test the continuity of the function on f(x) at the origin:

{
x
|x |
f(x) = , x≠0
1 , x=0
Solution:
Given:

{
x
|x |
f(x) = , x≠0
1, x = 0

We observe
(LHL at x = 0) =limx →0 - f(x) = lim h→0f(0 - h) = lim h→0f(-h)
-h -h

=​limh→0 | -h| = limh→0 h = limh→0 - 1 = - 1

(RHL at x = 0)​ =limx →0 + f(x) = lim h→0f(0 + h) = lim h→0f(h)

h h

=​l imh→0 |h| = limh→0 h = limh→01 = 1

∴ limx →0 + f(x) ≠ limx →0 - f(x)

Hence, f(x) is discontinuous at the origin.

Question:2
A function f(x) is defined as,

{
x 2 -x -6
x -3
f(x) = ; if x≠3
5 ; if x = 3
Show that f(x) is continuous that x = 3.
Solution:
Given:

{
x 2 -x -6
x -3
f(x) = , x≠3
5, x = 3

We observe
(LHL at x = 3) = limx →3 - f(x) = lim h→0f(3 - h)
(3-h) 2 - (3-h) -6 9+ h2 -6h-3+ h-6 h2 -5h
(3-h) -3 -h
=​l imh→0 = limh→0 = limh→0 -h = limh→0(5 - h) = 5

And, (RHL at x = 3)​ = lim x →3 + f(x) = lim h→0f(3 + h)

(3+ h) 2 - (3+ h) -6 9+ h2 + 6h-3-h-6 h2 + 5h
(3+ h) -3 h h
=​l imh→0 = limh→0 = limh→0 = limh→0(5 + h) = 5

Also, f(3) = 5

∴ limx →3 + f(x) = limx →3 - f(x) = f(3)

Hence, f(x) is continuous at x = 3.

Question:3
A function f(x) is defined as

{
x 2 -9

f(x) = x -3 ; if x≠3
6 ; if x = 3
Show that f(x) is continuous at x = 3
Solution:
Given:

{
x 2 -9

f(x) = x -3 , if x ≠ 3
6, if x = 3

We observe
(LHL at x = 3) = limx →3 - f(x) = limh→0f(3 - h)
(3-h) 2 -9 32 + h2 -6h-9 h2 -6h h(h-6)

= ​l imh→0 (3-h) -3 = limh→0 3-h-3

= limh→0 -h = = limh→0 -h = limh→0(6 - h) = 6

(RHL at x = 3) = limx →3 + f(x) = limh→0f(3 + h)

(3+ h) 2 -9 32 + h2 + 6h-9 h2 + 6h h(6+ h)

= ​l imh→0 3+ h-3 = limh→0 h

= limh→0 h
= limh→0 h
= limh→0(6 + h) = 6

Given:
f(3) = 6

∴ limx →3 - f(x) = limx →3 + f(x) = f(3)

Hence, f(x) is continuous at x = 3.

Question:4
 {
x 2 -1

If f(x) = x -1 ; for x≠1

2 ; for x = 1
Find whether f(x) is continuous at x = 1.
Solution:
Given:

{
x 2 -1

f(x) = x -1 , if x ≠ 1
2, if x = 1

We observe
(LHL at x = 1) = limx →1 - f(x) = limh→0f(1 - h)
(1-h) 2 -1 1+ h2 -2h-1 h2 -2h h(h-2)

= ​l imh→0 (1-h) -1 = limh→0 1-h-1

= limh→0 -h = limh→0 -h = limh→0(2 - h) = 2

(RHL at x = 1) = lim x →1 + f(x) = limh→0f(1 + h)

(1+ h) 2 -1 1+ h2 + 2h-1 h2 + 2h h(h+ 2)

= ​l imh→0 (1+ h) -1 = limh→0 1+ h-1

= limh→0 h
= limh→0 h
= limh→0(2 + h) = 2

Given:
f(1) = 2

∴ limx →1 - f(x) = limx →1 + f(x) = f(1)

Hence, f(x) is continuous at x = 1.

Question:5

{
sin 3x
x
If f(x) = , when x≠0
1 , when x = 0
Find whether f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
Solution:
Given:

{
sin3x
x
f(x) = , when x ≠ 0
1, when x = 0

We observe
(LHL at x = 0) = limx →0 - f(x) = limh→0f(0 - h) = limh→0f(-h)
sin( -3h) -sin(3h) 3sin(3h) sin(3h)
-h -h 3h 3h
= ​l imh→0 = limh→0 = limh→0 = 3limh→0 = 3·1 = 3

(RHL at x = 0) = lim x →0 + f(x) = limh→0f(h)

sin3h 3sin3h sin(3h)

= ​l imh→0 h = limh→0 3h = 3limh→0 3h

= 3·1 = 3

Given:
f(0) = 1

It is known that for a function f(x) to be continuous at x = a,

limx →a - f(x) = limx →a + f(x) = f(a)

But here,
limx →0 - f(x) = limx →0 + f(x) ≠ f(0)

Hence, f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.

Question:6

If f(x) =
{ e1/ x , if x ≠ 0
1 , if x = 0
find whether f is continuous at x = 0.

Solution:
Given:

{
1
x
f(x) = e , if x ≠ 0
1, if x = 0

We observe
(LHL at x = 0) = limx →0 - f(x) = limh→0f(0 - h) = limh→0f(-h)

()
1 1
-1 1 1
h h
h e limh →0 e
= ​l imh→0e = limh→0 = =0

(RHL at x = 0) = limx →0 + f(x) = limh→0f(h)

1

= ​l imh→0e h = ∞

Given:
f(0) = 1

It is known that for a function f(x) to be continuous at x = a,

limx →a - f(x) = limx →a + f(x) = f(a)

But here,
limx →0 - f(x) ≠ limx →0 + f(x)

Hence, f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.

Question:7

{
1-cos x
x2
Let f(x) = , when x≠0
1 , when x = 0
Show that f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.
Solution:
Given:

{
1-cosx
x2
f(x) = , when x ≠ 0
1, when x = 0

Consider:

( )
x x
2

() ( )
2sin2 2 2 sin 2

( ) ()
x

()
x
x2 sin 2 2

()
x

( )
1-cosx 2sin2 2 4 4 2 2 1 1
4 2 x
x2 x2
limx →0f(x) = limx →0 ⇒ limx →0f(x) = limx →0 ⇒ limx →0f(x) = limx →0 ⇒ limx →0f(x) = limx →0 ⇒ limx →0f(x) = 4 limx →0 2
⇒ limx →0f(x) = 2 · 12 = 2

Given:
f(0) = 1

∴ ​limx →0f(x) ≠ f(0)

Thus, f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.

Question:8

{
x - |x |
2
Show that f(x) = , when x≠0
2 , when x = 0
is discontinuous at x = 0.
Solution:

The given function can be rewritten as:

{
x -x
2
, when x > 0
f(x) = x + x
2
, when x < 0
2, when x = 0

{
0, when x > 0
⇒ f(x) = x, when x < 0
2, when x = 0

We observe
(LHL at x = 0) = limx →0 - f(x) = limh→0f(0 - h) = limh→0f(-h) = limh→0(-h) = 0

(RHL at x = 0) = limx →0 + f(x) = limh→0f(0 - h) = limh→0f(h)= limh→00 = 0

And, f(0) = 2
∴ ​limx →0 - f(x) = limx →0 + f(x) ≠ f(0)

Thus, f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.

Question:9

{
|x -a|
x -a
Show that f(x) = , when x≠a
1 , when x = a
is discontinuous at x = a.
Solution:

The given function can be rewritten as:

{
x -a
x -a
, when x > a
f(x) = a-x
x -a
, when x < a
1, when x = a

{
1, when x > a
⇒ f(x) = -1, when x < a
1, when x = a

⇒ f(x) = { 1, when x ≥ a
-1, when x < a

We observe
(LHL at x = a) = limx →a - f(x) = limh→0f(a - h) = limh→0(-1) = - 1

(RHL at x = a) = limx →a + f(x) = limh→0f(a + h)= limh→0(1) = 1

∴ ​limx →a - f(x) ≠ limx →a + f(x)

Thus, f(x) is discontinuous at x = a.

Question:10
Discuss the continuity of the following functions at the indicated points:

{
1

i f(x) =
|x| cos x ,
() x≠0
at x = 0
0 , x=0

{
1

ii f(x) = ()
x2sin x , x ≠ 0
at x = 0
0 , x=0

{(
1

iii f(x) = ) ( )
x - a sin x -a , x≠a
at x = a
0 , x=a

{
ex -1

iv f(x) = log(1+ 2x ) , if x ≠ a at x = 0
7 , if x = 0

{
1-x n

v f(x) = 1-x , x ≠ 1 n ∈ Nat x = 1

n-1 , x=1

{ | x -1 |
2

vi f(x) = x -1
, for x ≠ 1 at x = 1
2 , for x = 1

{
2|x | + x 2
x
vii f(x) = , x ≠ 0 at x = 0
0 , x=0

{
1

viii f(x) = ( )
|x - a|sin x -a , for x ≠ a
at x = a
0, for x = a
Solution:
i Given:

{
1

f(x) = ()
|x| cos x , x ≠ 0

0, x = 0
We observe
1 1 1

limx →0 f(x) = limx →0|x| cos x

() ⇒ limx →0 f(x) = limx →0|x|limx →0cos x
() ()
⇒ limx →0 f(x) = 0 × limx →0cos x =0

⇒ limx →0f(x) = f(0)

Hence, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.

ii Given:

{
1
2 x
f(x) = x sin , x ≠ 0
0, x = 0
We observe
1 1 1

limx →0x2 sin x

() = limx →0x2limx →0sin x
() ()
= 0 × limx →0sin x =0

⇒ limx →0f(x) = f(0)

Hence, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.

iii Given:

{
1

f(x) =
(x - a) sin x -a , x ≠ a
( )
0, x = a

Putting x−a = y, we get

1 1 1 1

limx →a(x - a) sin x -a

( ) = limy →0y sin y
() ()
= limy →0ylimy →0sin y = 0 × limy →0sin y
() =0

⇒ limx →af(x) = f(a) = 0

Hence, f(x) is continuous at x = a.

iv Given:

{
ex -1

f(x) = log(1+ 2x ) , if x ≠ 0
7, if x = 0

We observe

( )
 ( )
e x -1

( )
e x -1
x
limx →0 x

) ⇒ limx →0f(x) = 12 × (lim )

ex -1 log (1 + 2x ) log (1 + 2x )
ex -1

limx →0f(x) = limx →0 log(1+ 2x ) ⇒ limx →0f(x) = limx →0

2xlog (1 + 2x )
2x
1

⇒ limx →0f(x) = 2 limx →0

( 2x x →0 2x 1 1

= 2×1 = 2
1

And, f(0) = 7
⇒ limx →0f(x) ≠ f(0)

Hence, f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.

v Given:

{
1-x n

f(x) = 1-x , x ≠ 1
n - 1, x = 1

Here, f(1) = n - 1

1-x n

[
limx →1f(x) = limx →1 1-x ⇒ limx →1f(x) = limx →1 (1 - x)n-1 + C1n(1 - x)n-2x + C2n(1 - x)n-3x2 + . . . + Cn - 1n(1 - x)0xn-1 ]
⇒ limx →1f(x) = 0 + 0. . . + (1)n-1 = 1 ≠ f(1)

Thus, f(x) is discontinuous at x = 1.

vi Given:

{ | x -1 |
2

f(x) = x -1
, x≠1
2, x = 1

{
x + 1, x < - 1
-x - 1, - 1 ≤ x < 1
⇒ f(x) =
x + 1, x > 1
2, x = 1
We observe
(LHL at x = 1) = limx →1 - f(x) = limh→0f(1 - h) = limh→0 - (1 - h) - 1 = limh→0 - 2 + h = - 2
And, f(1) = 2

⇒ limx →1 - f(x) ≠ f(1)

Hence, f(x) is discontinuous at x = 1.

vii Given:

{
2|x | + x 2
x
f(x) = , x≠0
0, x = 0

{
2x + x 2
x
, x>0
⇒ f(x) = -2x + x 2
x
, x<0
0, x = 0

{
(x + 2), x > 0
⇒ f(x) = (x - 2), x < 0
0, x = 0

We observe

(LHL at x = 0) = limx →0 - f(x) = limh→0f(-h) = limh→0[-h - 2] = - 2

(RHL at x = 0) = limx →0 + f(x) = limh→0f(h) = limh→0(2 + h) = 2

⇒ limx →0 - f(x) ≠ limx →0 + f(x)

Hence, f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.

viii Given:

{
1

f(x) = ( )
|x - a|sin x -a , for x ≠ a

0, for x = a

{
1

( )
(x - a)sin x -a , x > 0

( )
⇒ f(x) =
(x + a)sin x + a , x < 0

0, x = a

We observe

( )
(LHL at x = a) = limx →a - f(x) = (-a + a)sin -a+ a
1
=0

( )
(RHL at x = a) = limx →a + f(x) = (a - a)sin a-a =0
⇒ limx →a - f(x) = limx →a + f(x) = f(a)

Hence, f(x) is continuous at x = a.

Question:11

Show that f(x) =

{ 1 + x2, if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
2 - x , if x > 1
is discontinuous at x = 1.

Solution:

Given:

f(x) =
{ 1 + x2, if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
2 - x, if x > 1

We observe

(
(LHL at x = 1) = limx →1 - f(x) = limh→0f(1 - h) = limh→0 1 + (1 - h)2 = limh→0 2 + h2 - 2h = 2 ) ( )
(RHL at x = 1) = limx →1 + f(x) = limh→0f(1 + h)= = limh→0(2 - (1 + h)) = limh→0(1 - h) = 1

∴ ​limx →1 - f(x) ≠ limx →1 + f(x)

Thus, f(x) is discontinuous at x = 1.

Question:12

{
sin 3x
tan 2x
, if x < 0
3
Show that f(x) = 2
, if x = 0 is continuous at x = 0
log(1+ 3x )
e2x -1
, if x > 0

Solution:

Given:

{
sin3x
tan2x
, if x < 0
3
f(x) = 2
, if x = 0
log(1+ 3x )
e2x -1
, if x > 0

We observe
(LHL at x = 0) = limx →0 - f(x) = limh→0f(0 - h) = limh→0f(-h)

( ) ( )
3sin3h sin3h
limh →0 3h 3limh →0 3h

( )
3sin3h

( )= ( )=
3h 2tan2h tan2h
sin3( -h) sin3h 3× 1 3

( ) ( )
2tan2h limh →0 2h 2limh →0 2h

= limh→0 tan2( -h) = limh→0 tan2h = limh→0 2h

= 2× 1
= 2

(RHL at x = 1) = limx →0 + f(x) = limh→0f(0 + h) = limh→0f(h)

( )
log (1 + 3h )
limh →0 3h

( ) ( )
log (1 + 3h ) log (1 + 3h )
3h 3h 3h
( )
( )
e 2h -1

( ) (e )
( )
log(1+ 3h) 2h e 2h -1 3 2h -1
3 limh →0 2h 3× 1 3
e2h -1 2 2
= limh→0 = limh→0 2h
= limh→0 2h
= = 2× 1 = 2

And, f(0) = 2

∴ ​limx →0 - f(x) = limx →0 + f(x) = f(0)

Thus, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.

Question:13
Find the value of 'a' for which the function f defined by

{
π

f(x) =
( )
asin 2 x + 1 , x ≤ 0
is continuous at x = 0.
tanx -sinx
x3
, x>0
Solution:
 {
π

a sin 2 (x + 1), x ≤ 0
Given: f(x) = tan x -sin x
x3
, x>0
We have

π π

(LHL at x = 0) = limx →0 - f(x) = limh→0f(0 - h) = limh→0f(-h) = limh→0a sin 2 (-h + 1) = a sin 2 = a

tan h-sin h
h3
(RHL at x = 0) = limx →0 + f(x) = limh→0f(0 + h) = limh→0f(h) = limh→0

(
h h
sin h sin h 2sin2 2 tan h sin2 2 tan h
cos h -sin h cos h ( 1 -cos h) (1-cos h)tan h h2 2 h2 1
h3 h3 h3 4 4 ×h ×h
⇒ limx →0 + f(x) = 4 limh→0 ⇒ limx →0 + f(x) = 2 limh→0
4
⇒ limx →0 + f(x) = limh→0 ⇒ limx →0 + f(x) = limh→0 ⇒ limx →0 + f(x) = limh→0 ⇒ limx →0 + f(x) = limh→0

If f(x) is continuous at x = 0, thenlimx →0 - f(x) = limx →0 + f(x) ⇒ a = 2

Question:14
Examine the continuity of the function

f(x) =
{ 3x - 2, x ≤ 0
x+1 , x >0
at x = 0

Also sketch the graph of this function.

Solution:
The given function can be rewritten as:

{
3x - 2, x < 0
f(x) = 3(0) - 2, x = 0
x + 1, x > 0

{
3x - 2, x < 0
⇒ f(x) = -2, x = 0
x + 1, x > 0

We observe

(LHL at x = 0) = limx →0 - f(x) = limh→0f(0 - h) = limh→0f(-h) = ​l imh→03(-h) - 2 = - 2

(RHL at x = 0) = limx →0 + f(x) = limh→0f(0 + h) = limh→0f(h) = ​l imh→0(h + 1) = 1

∴ limx →0 - f(x) ≠ limx →0 + f(x)

Hence, f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.

Question:15
Discuss the continuity of the function f(x) at the point x = 0, where

{
x, x > 0
f(x) = 1, x = 0
-x, x < 0
Solution:
Given:

{
x, x > 0
f(x) = 1, x = 0
-x, x < 0

(LHL at x = 0) = limx →0 - f(x) = limh→0f(0 - h) = limh→0f(-h) = ​l imh→0 - (-h) = 0

(RHL at x = 0) = limx →0 + f(x) = limh→0f(0 + h) = limh→0f(h) = ​l imh→0(h) = 0

And, ​f(0) = 1

∴ limx →0 - f(x) = limx →0 + f(x) ≠ f(0)

Hence, f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.

Question:16
Discuss the continuity of the function f(x) at the point x = 1/2, where

{
x, 0 ≤ x < 1/2
f(x) = 1/2, x = 1/2
1 - x, 1/2 < x ≤ 1
Solution:
Given:
 {
1

x, 0 ≤ x < 2
1 1
f(x) = 2
, x= 2
1

1 - x, 2 < x ≤ 1

We observe

1 1 1

( ) ( )
1 1
(LHL at x = 2 ) = limx → 2 f(x) = limh→0f 2 - h = ​l imh→0 2 - h = 2
-

1 1 1

( ) ( ( ))
1 1
(RHL at x = 2 ) = limx → 2 f(x) = limh→0f 2 + h = limh→0 1 - 2 + h = 2
+

1 1

Also, ​f 2
() = 2

()
1 1
∴ limx → 2 f(x) = limx → 2 f(x) = f 2
- +

Hence, f(x) is continuous at x = 2 .

Question:17

Discuss the continuity of f(x) =

{ 2x - 1 , x < 0
2x + 1 , x ≥ 0
at x = 0

Solution:

f(x) =
{ 2x - 1 , x < 0
2x + 1 , x ≥ 0
(LHL at x = 0) = limx →0 - f(x) = 2(0) - 1 = - 1 (RHL at x = 0) = limx →0 + f(x) = 2(0) + 1 = 1 ⇒ limx →0 - f(x) ≠ limx →0+ f(x)

Hence, f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.

Question:18
For what value of k is the following function continuous at x = 1?

{
x 2 -1

f(x) = x -1 , x≠1
k , x=1
Solution:

{
x 2 -1

Given: f(x) = x -1 , x ≠ 1
k, x = 1
If f(x) is continuous at x = 1, then
limx →1f(x) = f(1)
x 2 -1

⇒ limx →1 x -1 = k
(x -1) (x + 1)
x -1
⇒ limx →1 = k
⇒ limx →1(x + 1) = k
⇒k =2

Question:19
Determine the value of the constant k so that the function

{
x 2 -3x + 2
x -1
f(x) = , if x ≠ 1 is continuous at x = 1
k , if x = 1
Solution:
Given:

{
x 2 -3x + 2
x -1
f(x) = , if x ≠ 1
k, if x = 1
If f(x) is continuous at x = 1, then,
limx →1f(x) = f(1)
x 2 -3x + 2
x -1
⇒ limx →1 = k
(x -2) (x -1)

⇒ limx →1 x -1 = k
⇒ limx →1(x - 2) = k
⇒k = -1

Question:20
For what value of k is the function

{
sin 5x
3x
f(x) = , if x ≠ 0 is continuous at x = 0?
k , if x = 0
Solution:
Given:

{
 {
sin5x
3x
f(x) = , if x ≠ 0
k, if x = 0
If f(x) is continuous at x = 0, then
limx →0f(x) = f(0)
sin5x

⇒ limx →0 3x = k
5 sin5x

⇒ limx →0 3× 5x = k
5 sin5x

⇒ 3 limx →0 5x = k
5

⇒ 3 ×1 = k
5

⇒k = 3

Question:21
Determine the value of the constant k so that the function

f(x) =
{ kx2, if x ≤ 2
3 , if x > 2
is continuous at x = 2.

Solution:
Given:

f(x) =
{ kx2, if x ≤ 2
3, if x > 2
If f(x) is continuous at x = 2, then
limx →2 - f(x) = lim x →2 + f(x) = f(2) ...1

Now,

limx →2 - f(x) = limh→0f(2 - h) = limh→0k(2 - h)2 = 4k

And, f(2) = 3

From 1, we have

4k = 3 ⇒ k = 4

Question:22
Determine the value of the constant k so that the function

{
sin 2x
5x
f(x) = , if x ≠ 0 is continuous at x = 0.
k , if x = 0
Solution:
Given:

{
sin2x
5x
f(x) = , if x ≠ 0
k, if x = 0
If f(x) is continuous at x = 0, then
limx →0f(x) = f(0)
sin2x

⇒ limx →0 5x = k
2sin2x

⇒ limx →0 5× 2x = k
2 sin2x

⇒ 5 limx →0 2x = k
2

⇒ 5 ×1 = k
2

⇒k = 5

Question:23
Find the values of a so that the function

f(x) =
{ ax + 5, if x ≤ 2
x - 1 , if x > 2
is continuous at x = 2.

Solution:
Given:

f(x) =
{ ax + 5, if x ≤ 2
x - 1, if x > 2

We observe
(LHL at x = 2) = limx →2 - f(x) = limh→0f(2 - h) = ​l imh→0a(2 - h) + 5 = 2a + 5

(RHL at x = 2) = limx →2 + f(x) = limh→0f(2 + h) = ​l imh→0(2 + h - 1) = 1

And, f(2) = a(2) + 5 = 2a + 5

Since f(x) is continuous at x = 2, we have

limx →2 - f(x) = limx →2 + f(x) = f(2)
⇒ 2a + 5 = 1
⇒ 2a = - 4
⇒a = -2

Question:24
Prove that the function

{
x
2
f(x) = |x | + 2x , x≠0
k , x=0
remains discontinuous at x = 0, regardless the choice of k.
Solution:

The given function can be rewritten as:

{
x
x + 2x 2
, x>0
f(x) = -x
x -2x 2
, x<0
k, x = 0

{
1
2x + 1
, x>0
⇒ f(x) = 1
2x -1
, x<0
k, x = 0

We observe
(LHL at x = 0) = limx →0 - f(x) = limh→0f(0 - h) = limh→0f(-h)
1

=limh→0 -2h-1 = - 1

(RHL at x = 0) = limx →0 + f(x) = limh→0f(0 + h) = limh→0f(h)

1

=limh→0 2h+ 1 = 1

So, ​limx →0 - f(x) ≠ limx →0 + f(x) such that limx →0 - f(x) &limx →0 + f(x) are independent of k.

Thus, f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0, regardless of the choice of k.

Question:25
Find the value of k if f(x) is continuous at x = π/2, where

{
k cos x
π -2x
f(x) = , x ≠ π/2
3 , x = π/2
Solution:

Given:

{
kcosx π
π -2x
, x≠ 2
f(x) = π

3, x = 2

π
If f(x) is continuous at x = 2 , then
π

()
π

limx → 2 f(x) = f 2

π
kcosx

⇒ limx → 2 π -2x = 3 ...1

Putting 2 - x = h, we get

( )
π
k cos 2 -h

( )
π
k cos x
π π -2 2 -h

limx → 2 π -2x = limh→0

From 1, we have

( )
π
k cos 2 -h

( ) =3
π
π -2 2 -h

limh→0
k sin h
2h
⇒ limh→0 =3
k sin h
h
⇒ limh→0 =6
sin h
h
⇒ k limh→0 =6
⇒k×1 =6
⇒k=6

π
Hence, for k = 6 , f(x) is continuous at x = 2 .

Question:26
Determine the values of a, b, c for which the function
 {
sin (a+ 1)x + sinx
x
, for x < 0
c , for x = 0
f(x) = is continuous at x = 0.
√x + bx2 - √x
bx 3 / 2
, for x > 0
Solution:

The given function can be rewritten as:

{
sin (a+ 1) x + sin x
x
, for x < 0
c , for x = 0
f(x) =
√x + bx2 - √x
3
2
bx
, for x > 0

{
sin (a+ 1)x + sin x
x
, for x < 0
⇒ f(x) = c , for x = 0
√1+ bx -1
bx
, for x > 0

We observe
(LHL at x = 0) = limx →0 - f(x) = limh→0f(0 - h) = limh→0f(-h)
-sin (a+ 1)h-sin ( -h) -sin (a+ 1)h sin h

= limh→0 [ h

sin (a+ 1)h

] = limh→0 [
sin h
h
- h
]
= - (a + 1)limh→0
[ (a+ 1)h
] - limh→0 h = -a-1

(RHL at x = 0) = limx →0 + f(x) = limh→0f(0 + h) = limh→0f(h)

bh 1
√1+ bh-1

( ) ( ) ( )
1

=limh→0 bh
= limh→0
bh ( √1+ bh+ 1 ) = limh→0
( √1+ bh+ 1 ) = 2

And, f(0) = c

If f(x) is continuous at x = 0, then

​limx →0 - f(x) = limx →0 + f(x) = f(0)

⇒ -a-1 = 2 =c
1 1

⇒ - a - 1 = 2 and c = 2
-3 1

⇒a= 2, c= 2

√1+ bx -1
Now, bx exists only if bx ≠ 0 ⇒ b ≠ 0.

∴ b ∈ R - {0}

Question:27

{
1-cos kx
x sin x
, x≠0
If f(x) = 1
is continuous at x = 0, find k.
2
, x=0
Solution:

{
1-coskx
xsinx
, x≠0
Given: f(x) = 1
2
, x=0
If f(x) is continuous at x = 0, then
limx →0f(x) = f(0) ...1

Consider:

( )
kx
1-cos kx 2 sin2 2

limx →0f(x) = limx →0 ( x sin x

) = limx →0 x sin x

kx

( )
2 sin2 2

( )
sin x
x2 x

⇒ limx →0f(x) = limx →0

( )
 ( )
2k2 kx
2

( )
4 sin 2

( )( )
kx sin x
2
2 x

⇒ limx →0f(x) = limx →0

( )
kx
2

( )
sin 2

( )( )
kx sin x
2k 2 2
2
x

⇒ limx →0f(x) = 4 limx →0

( )
( )
kx 2
sin 2

( )
kx 2
2
limx →0
2k 2 sin x
limx → 0 x
⇒ limx →0f(x) = 4

2k 2 k2

⇒ limx →0f(x) = 4 × 1 = 2

From equation 1, we have

k2
2
= f(0)
k2 1

⇒ 2 = 2 ⇒k = ±1

Question:28

{
x -4
|x -4|
+ a, if x<4
If f(x) = a+b , if x = 4 is continuous at x = 4, find a, b.
x -4
|x -4|
+ b, if x>4

Solution:
Given:

{
x -4
|x -4|
+ a, if x < 4
f(x) = a + b, if x = 4
x -4
|x -4|
+ b, if x > 4

We observe
(LHL at x = 4) = limx →4 - f(x) = limh→0f(4 - h)
4-h-4 -h

( )
= limh→0 |4-h-4| + a = limh→0 | -h| + a = a - 1
( )
(RHL at x = 4) = limx →4 + f(x) = limh→0f(4 + h)
4+ h-4 h

(
= limh→0 |4+ h-4| + b = limh→0 |h| + b = b + 1
) ( )
And f(4) = a + b

If f(x) is continuous at x = 4, then

​limx →4 - f(x) = limx →4 + f(x) = f(4)

⇒a-1 =b+1 =a+b
⇒ a - 1 = a + b, b + 1 = a + b
⇒ b = - 1, a = 1

Question:29
For what value of k is the function

{
sin 2x
x
f(x) = , x≠0
k , x=0
continuous at x = 0?
Solution:

{
sin2x
x
Given: f(x) = , x≠0
k, x = 0

If f(x) is continuous at x = 0, then

limx →0f(x) = f(0)

sin2x

⇒ limx →0 x =k
2sin2x

⇒ limx →0 2x =k
 sin2x

⇒ 2limx →0 2x = k
⇒2×1 =k
⇒k=2

Question:30

( ) ( )
x x
log 1+ a -log 1- b

x
Let f(x) = , x ≠ 0. Find the value of f at x = 0 so that f becomes continuous at x = 0.
Solution:
x

( ) ( )
x
log 1+ a -log 1- b

x
Given: f(x) = , x≠0

If f(x) is continuous at x = 0, then

limx →0f(x) = f(0)

( )
x

( ) ( )
x
log 1+ a -log 1- b

x
⇒ limx →0 = f(0)

( ) ( )
x

( )
log 1+ a log 1- b

ax bx
a b
⇒ limx →0 - = f(0)

( ) ( )
x

( ) ( )
log 1+ a log 1- b
1 1

()
x -x

⇒ a limx →0 a
- - b limx →0 b
= f(0)

[ ]
1 1 log(1+ x ) 1 1 a+ b

()
⇒ a × 1 - - b × 1 = f(0) Using: limx →0 x
= 1 ⇒ a + b = f(0) ⇒ ab = f(0)

Question:31

{
2x + 2 -16
x
If f(x) = 4 -16 , if x ≠ 2 is continuous at x = 2, find k.
k , if x = 2
Solution:
Given:

{
2x + 2 -16
x
f(x) = 4 -16 , if x ≠ 2
k , if x = 2

If f(x) is continuous at x = 2, then

(
4 2x -4 ) 4 4
2x + 2 -16 4 1

limx →2f(x) = f(2) ⇒ limx →2 4x -16

= f(2) ⇒ limx →2
( 2x -4 ) ( 2 + 4 ) = k ⇒ limx →2 ( 2 + 4 ) = k ⇒ ( 2 + 4 ) = k ⇒ 8 = k ⇒ k = 2
x x 2

Question:32

{
cos 2 x -sin2 x -1

If f(x) = √x2 + 1-1 , x ≠ 0 is continuous at x = 0, find k.

k , x=0
Solution:
Given:
fx=cos2x-sin2x-1x2+1-1, x≠0k, x=0

If f(x) is continuous at x = 0, then

limx→0fx=f0⇒limx→0cos2x-sin2x-1x2+1-1=k⇒limx→01-sin2x-sin2x-1x2+1-1=k⇒limx→0-2sin2xx2+1-1=k⇒limx→0-2sin2xx2+1+1x2+1-1x2+1+1=k⇒limx→0-2sin2xx2+1+1x2=k⇒-2limx→0sin2xx2+1+1x2=k⇒
⇒-2×1×1+1=k⇒k=-4

Question:33
Extend the definition of the following by continuity
fx=1-cos7 (x-π)5 (x-π)2 at the point x = π.
Solution:
Given:
fx=1-cos7x-π5x-π2, x=π

If f(x) is continuous at x = π, then

limx→πfx=fπ⇒limx→π1-cos7x-π5x-π2=fπ⇒25limx→πsin27x-π2x-π2=fπ⇒25×494limx→πsin27x-π2494x-π2=fπ⇒25×494limx→πsin27x-π272x-π2=fπ⇒25×494limx→πsin7x-π272x-π2=fπ⇒25×494×1=fπ⇒15×49
⇒4910=fπ

Hence, the given function will be continuous at x=π, if fπ=4910.

Question:34
If fx=2x+3 sinx3x+2 sinx, x ≠ 0 is continuous at x = 0, then find f 0.
Solution:
Given:
fx=2x+3sinx3x+2sinx, x≠0

If f(x) is continuous at x = 0, then

limx→0fx=f0⇒limx→02x+3sinx3x+2sinx=f0⇒limx→0x2+3sinxxx3+2sinxx=f0⇒limx→02+3sinxx3+2sinxx=f0⇒limx→02+3sinxxlimx→03+2sinxx=f0⇒2+3limx→0sinxx3+2limx→0sinxx=f0⇒2+3×13+2×1=f0⇒55=
⇒f0=1

Question:35
Find the value of k for which
fx=1-cos 4x8x2, whenx≠0 k , whenx=0is continuous at x = 0;
Solution:
Given: fx=1-cos4x8x2, when x≠0k, when x=0

If f(x) is continuous at x = 0, then

limx→0fx=f0⇒limx→01-cos4x8x2=f0⇒limx→02sin22x8x2=f0⇒22limx→0sin22x4x2=f0⇒22limx→0sin2x2x2=f0⇒1×1=f0⇒k=1 ∵f0=k

Question:36
In each of the following, find the value of the constant k so that the given function is continuous at the indicated point;
i fx=1-cos 2kxx2, ifx≠0 8 , ifx=0at x = 0

ii fx=(x-1)tanπx2, ifx≠1 k , ifx=1at x = 1

iii fx=k(x2-2x), ifx<0 cos x, ifx≥0at x = 0

iv fx=kx+1, ifx≤πcos x, ifx>πat x = π

v fx=kx+1, ifx≤53x-5, ifx>5at x = 5

vi fx=x2-25x-5,x≠5 k ,x=5at x = 5

vii fx=kx2,x≥1 4 ,x<1at x = 1

viii fx=k(x2+2), ifx≤03x+1 , ifx>0

ix fx=x3+x2-16x+20x-22, x≠2k, x=2

Solution:
i Given:
fx=1-cos 2kxx2, if x≠08 , if x=0

If f(x) is continuous at x = 0, then

limx→0fx=f0⇒limx→01-cos2kxx2=8⇒limx→02k2sin2kxk2x2=8⇒2k2limx→0sinkxkx2=8⇒2k2×1=8⇒k2=4⇒k=±2

ii Given:
fx=x-1tanπx2, if x≠1k, if x=1

If f(x) is continuous at x = 1, then

limx→1fx=f1⇒limx→1x-1 tanπx2=k

Putting x-1=y, we get

limy→0 y tanπy+12=k⇒limy→0 y tanπy2+π2=k⇒limy→0 y tanπ2+πy2=k⇒-limy→0 y cotπy2=k⇒-2πlimy→0 πy2cosπy2sinπy2=k⇒-2π limy→0cosπy2limy→0sinπy2πy2=k⇒-2π×11=k⇒k=-2π

iii Given:
fx=kx2-2x, if x<0cosx, if x≥0
We have
(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx=limh→0f0-h=limh→0f-h=limh→0kh2+2h=0
(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx=limh→0f0+h=limh→0fh=limh→0cosh=1

∴limx→0-fx≠limx→0+fx

Thus, no value of k exists for which fx is continuous at x=0.

iv Given:
fx=kx+1, if x≤πcosx, if x>π
We have
(LHL at x = π) = limx→π-fx=limh→0fπ-h=limh→0kπ-h+1=kπ+1
(RHL at x = π) = limx→π+fx=limh→0fπ+h=limh→0cosπ+h=cosπ=-1

If f(x) is continuous at x = π, then

limx→π-fx=limx→π+fx
⇒kπ+1=-1⇒k=-2π

v Given:
fx=kx+1, if x≤53x-5, if x>5

We have
(LHL at x = 5) = limx→5-fx=limh→0f5-h=limh→0k5-h+1=5k+1
(RHL at x = 5) = limx→5+fx=limh→0f5+h=limh→035+h-5=10

If f(x) is continuous at x = 5, then

limx→5-fx=limx→5+fx⇒5k+1=10⇒k=95

vi Given:
fx=x2-25x-5, x≠5k, x=5
⇒fx=x-5x+5x-5, x≠5k, x=5
⇒fx=x+5, x≠5k, x=5

If f(x) is continuous at x = 5, then

limx→5fx=f5⇒limx→5x+5=k⇒k=5+5=10

vii Given: fx=kx2, x≥14, x<1

We have
(LHL at x = 1) = limx→1-fx=limh→0f1-h=limh→04=4
(RHL at x = 1) = limx→1+fx=limh→0f1+h=limh→0k1+h2=k

If f(x) is continuous at x = 1, then

limx→1-fx=limx→1+fx⇒k=4

viii Given:
fx=kx2+2, if x≤03x+1, if x>0
We have
(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx=limh→0f0-h=limh→0k-h2+2=2k
(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx=limh→0f0+h=limh→03h+1=1

If f(x) is continuous at x = 0, then

limx→0-fx=limx→0+fx⇒2k=1⇒k=12

ix Given:
fx=x3+x2-16x+20x-22, x≠2k, x=2
⇒fx=x3+x2-16x+20x2-4x+4, x≠2k, x=2
⇒fx=x+5, x≠2k, x=2

If f(x) is continuous at x = 2, then

limx→2fx=f2⇒limx→2x+5=k⇒k=2+5=7

Question:37
Find the values of a and b so that the function f given by
fx= 1 ,if x≤3ax+b , if 3<x<5 7 ,if x≥5is continuous at x = 3 and x = 5.
Solution:
Given: fx=1, if x≤3ax+b, if 3<x<57, if x≥5

We have
(LHL at x = 3) = limx→3-fx=limh→0f3-h=limh→01=1

(RHL at x = 3) = limx→3+fx=limh→0f3+h=limh→0a3+h+b=3a+b

(LHL at x = 5) = limx→5-fx=limh→0f5-h=limh→0a5-h+b=5a+b

(RHL at x = 5) = limx→5+fx=limh→0f5+h=limh→07=7

If f(x) is continuous at x = 3 and 5, then

∴ ​limx→3-fx =lim x→3+fx and limx→5-fx =limx→5+fx

⇒1=3a+b ...1 and 5a+b=7 ...2

On solving eqs. 1 and 2, we get

a=3 and b=-8

Question:38
If fx=x22,if 0≤x≤12x2-3x+32,if 1<x≤2. Show that f is continuous at x = 1.
Solution:

Given: fx=x22, if 0≤x≤12x2-3x+32, if 1<x≤2

We have
(LHL at x = 1) = limx→1-fx=limh→0f1-h=limh→01-h22=12

(RHL at x = 1) = limx→1+fx=limh→0f1+h=limh→021+h2-31+h+32=2-3+32=12

Also, f1=122=12

∴ ​limx→1-fx =lim x→1+fx =f1

Hence, the given function is continuous at x=1.

Question:39
Discuss the continuity of the f(x) at the indicated points:
i f(x) = | x | + | x − 1 | at x = 0, 1.
ii f(x) = | x − 1 | + | x + 1 | at x = −1, 1.
Solution:
i Given: fx=x+x-1

We have
(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx=limh→0f0-h=limh→00-h+0-h-1=1

(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx=limh→0f0+h=limh→00+h+0+h-1=1

Also, f0=0+0-1=0+1=1

Now,

(LHL at x = 1) = limx→1-fx=limh→0f1-h=limh→01-h+1-h-1=1+0=1

(RHL at x =1) = limx→1+fx=limh→0f1+h=limh→01+h+1+h-1=1+0=1

Also, f1=1+1-1=1+0=1

∴ ​limx→0-fx =lim x→0+fx = f0 and lim x→1-fx = lim x→1+fx = f1

Hence, fx is continuous at x=0, 1.

ii Given: fx=x-1+x+1

We have
(LHL at x = −1) = limx→-1-fx=limh→0f-1-h=limh→0-1-h-1+-1-h+1=2+0=2

(RHL at x = −1) = limx→-1+fx=limh→0f-1+h=limh→0-1+h-1+-1+h+1=2+0=2

Also, f-1=-1-1+-1+1=-2=2

Now,

(LHL at x = 1) = limx→1-fx=limh→0f1-h=limh→01-h-1+1-h+1=0+2=2

(RHL at x =1) = limx→1+fx=limh→0f1+h=limh→01+h-1+1+h+1=0+2=2

Also, f1=1+1+1-1=2

∴ ​limx→-1-fx =lim x→-1+fx = f-1 and lim x→1-fx = lim x→1+fx = f1

Hence, fx is continuous at x=-1, 1.

Question:40
Prove that fx=x-xx,x≠0 2 ,x=0is discontinuous at x = 0
Solution:

The given function can be rewritten as

fx=x-xx, when x>0x+xx, when x<02, when x=0

⇒ fx=0, when x>02, when x<02, when x=0

We have
(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx=limh→0f0-h=limh→0f-h=limh→02=2

(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx=limh→0f0+h=limh→0fh=limh→00=0

∴ ​limx→0-fx≠limx→0+fx

Thus, f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.

Question:41
If fx=2x2+k,if x≥0-2x2+k,if x<0, then what should be the value of
k so that f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
Solution:

The given function can be rewritten as

fx=2x2+k, if x≥0-2x2+k, if x<0

We have
(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx=limh→0f0-h=limh→0f-h=limh→0-2-h2+k=k

(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx=limh→0f0+h=limh→0fh=limh→02h2+k=k

If fx is continuous at x=0, then

limx→0-fx =limx→0+fx = f0⇒limx→0-fx =limx→0+fx = k

∴ k can be any real number.

Question:42
For what value of λ is the function
fx=λ(x2-2x),if x≤0 4x+1 ,if x>0
continuous at x = 0? What about continuity at x = ± 1?
Solution:

The given function f is

If f is continuous at x = 0, then

Therefore, there is no value of λ for which f(x) is continuous at x = 0.

At x = 1,

f 1 = 4x + 1 = 4 × 1 + 1 = 5

Therefore, for any values of λ, f is continuous at x = 1

At x = -1, we have

f -1 = λ1+2=3λ

limx→-1λ1+2=3λ∴limx→-1fx=f-1

Therefore, for any values of λ, f is continuous at x = -1

Question:43
For what value of k is the following function continuous at x = 2?
fx=2x+1 ;if x<2 k ;x=23x-1 ;x>2
Solution:
Given: fx=2x+1, if x<2k, x=23x-1, x>2

We have
(LHL at x = 2) = limx→2-fx=limh→0f2-h=limh→022-h+1=5

(RHL at x = 2) = limx→2+fx=limh→0f2+h=limh→032+h-1=5

Also, f2=k

If f(x) is continuous at x = 2, then

limx→2-fx =lim x→2+fx=f2

⇒ 5=5=k

Hence, for k = 5, fx is continuous at x=2.

Question:44
Let fx=1-sin3 x3 cos2 x ,if x<π2 a ,if x=π2b(1-sin x)(π-2x)2,if x>π2.If f(x) is continuous at x = π2, find a and b.
Solution:
Given: fx=1-sin3x3cos2x, if x<π2a, if x=π2b1-sinxπ-2x2, if x>π2

We have
(LHL at x = π2) = limx→π2-fx=limh→0fπ2-h

=limh→01-sin3π2-h3cos2π2-h=limh→01-cos3h3sin2h=13limh→01-cosh1+cos2h+cosh1-cosh1+cosh=13limh→01+cos2h+cosh1+cosh=131+1+11+1=12

(RHL at x = π2) = limx→π2+fx=limh→0fπ2+h

=limh→0b1-sinπ2+hπ-2π2+h2=limh→0b1-cosh-2h2=limh→02bsin2h24h2=limh→02bsin2h216h24=b8limh→0sinh2h22=b8×1=b8

Also, fπ2=a

If f(x) is continuous at x = π2 , then

limx→π2-fx =lim x→π2+fx = fπ2

⇒12 =b8 = a

⇒a=12 and b=4

Question:45
If the functions f(x), defined below is continuous at x = 0, find the value of k.
fx=1-cos 2x2x2,x<0 k ,x=0 xx ,x>0
Solution:
Given: fx=1-cos2x2x2, x<0k, x=0xx, x>0

⇒fx=1-cos2x2x2, x<0k, x=01, x>0

We have
(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx=limh→0f0-h

=limh→01-cos2-h2-h2=limh→01-cos2h2h2=12limh→02sin2hh2=22limh→0sin2hh2=22limh→0sinhh2=1×1=1

(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx=limh→0f0+h=limh→0fh=limh→01=1
Also, f0=k

If f(x) is continuous at x = 0, then

​limx→0-fx =lim x→0+fx=f0

⇒1=1=k

Hence, the required value of k is 1.

Question:46
Find the relationship between 'a' and 'b' so that the function 'f' defined by
fx=ax+1,if x≤3bx+3,if x>3
is continuous at x = 3.
Solution:

Given: fx=ax+1, if x≤3bx+3, if x>3

We have
(LHL at x = 3) = limx→3-fx=limh→0f3-h=limh→0a3-h+1=3a+1

(RHL at x = 3) = limx→3+fx=limh→0f3+h=limh→0b3+h+3=3b+3

If fx is continuous at x=3, thenlimx→3-fx=limx→3+fx⇒3a+1=3b+3⇒3a-3b=2

Hence, the required relationship between a & b is 3a-3b=2.

Question:47
Prove that the function fx=sin xx,x<0x+1,x≥0is everywhere continuous.
Solution:
When x < 0, we have
fx=sinxx

We know that sin x as well as the identity function x are everywhere continuous.
So, the quotient function sinxx is continuous at each x < 0.

When x > 0, we have fx=x+1, which is a polynomial function.

Therefore, fx is continuous at each x > 0.
Now,
Let us consider the point x = 0.

Given: fx=sinxx, x<0x+1, x≥0

We have
(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx=limh→0f0-h=limh→0f-h=limh→0sin-h-h=limh→0sinhh=1

(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx=limh→0f0+h=limh→0fh=limh→0h+1=1

Also,
f0=0+1=1

∴ limx→0-fx=limx→0+fx=f0

Thus, fx is continuous at x = 0.

Hence, fx is everywhere continuous.

Question:48
Discuss the continuity of the function fx=xx,x≠0 0 ,x=0.
Solution:
Given: fx=xx, x≠00, x=0

x=x, x≥0-x, x<0⇒fx=1, x>0-1, x<00, x=0

We have
(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx=limh→0f0-h=limh→0f-h=limh→0-1=-1

(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx=limh→0f0+h=limh→0fh=limh→01=1

∴ limx→0-fx≠limx→0+fx

Thus, fx is discontinuous at x = 0.

Question:49
Find the points of discontinuity, if any, of the following functions:
i fx=x3-x2+2x-2,if x≠1 4 ,if x=1

ii fx=x4-16x-2,if x≠2 16 ,if x=2

iii fx=sin xx,if x<02x+3,x≥0

iv fx=sin 3xx,if x≠0 4 ,if x=0

v fx=sin xx+cos x,if x≠0 5 ,if x=0

vi fx=x4+x3+2x2tan-1 x,if x≠0 10 ,if x=0

vii fx=ex-1loge(1+2x),if x≠0 7 ,if x=0

viii fx=x-3,if x≥1x24-3x2+134,if x<1

ix fx=x+3 ,if x≤-3-2x , if-3<x<36x+2 ,if x>3

x fx=x10-1,if x≤1x2 ,if x>1

xi fx=2x ,ifx<0 0 ,if 0≤x≤14x ,ifx>1

xii fx=sin x-cos x ,if x≠0 -1 ,if x=0

xiii fx=-2 ,ifx≤-12x ,if-1<x<12 ,ifx≥1

Solution:
i

When x ≠1, then

fx=x3-x2+2x-2

We know that a polynomial function is everywhere continuous.

So, fx=x3-x2+2x-2 is continuous at each x ≠1.

At x = 1, we have

(LHL at x = 1) = limx→1-fx=limh→0f1-h=limh→01-h3-1-h2+21-h-2=1-1+2-2=0

(RHL at x = 1) = limx→1+fx=limh→0f1+h=limh→01+h3-1+h2+21+h-2=1-1+2-2=0

Also, f1=4
∴ limx→1-fx=limx→1+fx≠f1

Thus, fx is discontinuous at x = 1.

Hence, the only point of discontinuity for fx is x = 1.

ii
Given: fx=x4-16x-2, if x≠216, if x=2

When x ≠2, then

fx=x4-16x-2=x4-24x-2=x2+4x-2x+2x-2=x2+4x+2

We know that a polynomial function is everywhere continuous.

Therefore, the functions x2+4 and x+2 are everywhere continuous.
So, the product function x2+4x+2 is everywhere continuous.
Thus, f(x) is continuous at every x ≠2.

At x = 2, we have
(LHL at x = 2) = limx→2-fx=limh→0f2-h=limh→02-h2+42-h+2=84=32

(RHL at x = 2) = limx→2+fx=limh→0f2+h=limh→02+h2+42+h+2=84=32

Also, f2=16

∴ limx→2-fx=limx→2+fx≠f2

Thus, fx is discontinuous at x = 2.

Hence, the only point of discontinuity for fx is x = 2.

iii

When x < 0, then

fx=sinxx

We know that sin x as well as the identity function x are everywhere continuous.
So, the quotient function sinxx is continuous at each x < 0.

When x > 0, then

fx=2x+3, which is a polynomial function.
Therefore, fx is continuous at each x > 0.

Now,
Let us consider the point x = 0.
Given: fx=sinxx, if x<02x+3, if x≥0

We have
(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx=limh→0f0-h=limh→0f-h=limh→0sin-h-h=limh→0sinhh=1

(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx=limh→0f0+h=limh→0fh=limh→02h+3=3

∴ limx→0-fx≠limx→0+fx

Thus, fx is discontinuous at x = 0.

Hence, the only point of discontinuity for fx is x = 0.

iv

When x ≠ 0, then
fx=sin3xx

We know that sin 3x as well as the identity function x are everywhere continuous.
So, the quotient function sin3xx is continuous at each x ≠ 0.

Let us consider the point x = 0.

Given: fx=sin3xx, if x≠04, if x=0

We have

(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx =limh→0f0-h =limh→0f-h =limh→0sin -3h-h =limh→03 sin 3h3h = 3

(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx =limh→0f0+h =limh→0fh =limh→0sin 3hh =limh→03 sin 3h3h = 3

Also, f0=4

∴ limx→0-fx=limx→0+fx≠f0
Thus, fx is discontinuous at x = 0.

Hence, the only point of discontinuity for fx is x = 0.

When x ≠ 0, then
fx=sinxx+cosx

We know that sin x as well as the identity function x both are everywhere continuous.
So, the quotient function sinxx is continuous at each x ≠ 0.
Also, cos x is everywhere continuous.
Therefore, sin xx+cos x is continuous at each x ≠ 0.

Let us consider the point x = 0.

Given: fx=sinxx+cosx, if x≠05, if x=0

We have
(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx=limh→0f0-h=limh→0f-h=limh→0sin-h-h+cos-h=limh→0sin-h-h+limh→0cos-h=1+1=2

(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx=limh→0f0+h=limh→0fh=limh→0sinhh+cosh=limh→0sinhh+limh→0cosh=1+1=2
Also, f0=5

∴ limx→0-fx=limx→0+fx≠f0
Thus, fx is discontinuous at x = 0.

Hence, the only point of discontinuity for fx is x = 0.

vi

When x ≠ 0, then
fx=x4+x3+2x2tan-1x

We know that x4+x3+2x2 is a polynomial function which is everywhere continuous.

Also, tan-1x is everywhere continuous.
So, the quotient function x4+x3+2x2tan-1x is continuous at each x ≠ 0.

Let us consider the point x = 0.

Given: fx=x4+x3+2x2tan-1x, if x≠010, if x=0

We have
(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx=limh→0f0-h=limh→0f-h=limh→0-h4+-h3+2-h2tan-1-h=limh→0h3-h2+2h-tan-1hh=0-1=0

(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx=limh→0f0+h=limh→0fh=limh→0h4+h3+2h2tan-1h=limh→0h3+h2+2htan-1hh=01=0
Also, f0=10

∴ limx→0-fx=limx→0+fx≠f0
Thus, fx is discontinuous at x = 0.

Hence, the only point of discontinuity for fx is x = 0.

vii
Given: fx=ex-1loge1+2x, if x≠07, if x=0

We have
limx→0fx=limx→0ex-1loge1+2x=limx→0ex-1x2 loge1+2x2x=12×limx→0ex-1xlimx→0loge1+2x2x=12
It is given that f0=7

⇒ limx→0fx≠f0

Hence, the given function is discontinuous at x = 0 and continuous elsewhere.

viii

When x > 1, then

fx=x-3

Since modulus function is a continuous function, fx is continuous for each x > 1.

When x < 1, then

fx=x24-3x2+134

Since, x2 & 3x are continuous being polynomial functions, x24 & 3x2 will also be continuous.
Also, 134 is continuous being a polynomial function.

⇒x24-3x2+134 is continuous for each x<1.

⇒fx is continuous for each x < 1.

At x = 1, we have
(LHL at x=1) = lim x→1-fx=lim h→0f1-h=lim h→01-h24-31-h2+134=14-32+134=2

(RHL at x=1) = lim x→1+fx=lim h→0f1+h=lim h→01+h-3=-2=2

Also, f1=1-3=-2=2

Thus, lim x→1-fx=lim x→1+fx=f1

Hence, fx is continuous at x= 1.

Thus, the given function is nowhere discontinuous.

ix

At x≤-3, we have
fx=x+3

Since modulus function and constant function are continuous, fx=x+3 is continuous for each x≤-3.

At -3<x<3, we have
fx=-2x
Since polynomial function is continuous and constant function is continuous, fx=-2x is continuous for each-3<x<3.

At x>3, we have
fx=6x+2

Since polynomial function is continuous and constant function is continuous, fx=6x+2 is continuous for each x>3.

Now, we check the continuity of the function at the point x=3.

We have
(LHL at x=3) = limx→3-fx=limh→0f3-h=limh→0-23-h=-6

(RHL at x=3) = limx→3+fx=limh→0f3+h=limh→063+h+2=20

⇒limx→3-fx≠limx→3+fx

Hence, the only point of discontinuity of the given function is x=3

Given:

The given function f is defined at all the points of the real line.

Let c be a point on the real line.

Case I:

Therefore, f is continuous at all points x, such that x < 1

Case II:

If c = 1, then the left hand limit of f at x = 1 is,

The right hand limit of f at x = 1 is,

It is observed that the left and right hand limit of f at x = 1 do not coincide.

Therefore, f is not continuous at x = 1

Case III:

Therefore, f is continuous at all points x, such that x > 1

Thus, from the above observation, it can be concluded that x = 1 is the only point of discontinuity of f.

xi The given function is

The given function is defined at all points of the real line.

Let c be a point on the real line.

Case I:

Therefore, f is continuous at all points x, such that x < 0

Case II:

The left hand limit of f at x = 0 is,

The right hand limit of f at x = 0 is,

Therefore, f is continuous at x = 0

Case III:

Therefore, f is continuous at all points of the interval 0, 1.

Case IV:

The left hand limit of f at x = 1 is,

The right hand limit of f at x = 1 is,

It is observed that the left and right hand limits of f at x = 1 do not coincide.

Therefore, f is not continuous at x = 1

Case V:

Therefore, f is continuous at all points x, such that x > 1

Hence, f is not continuous only at x = 1

xii

The given function f is

It is evident that f is defined at all points of the real line.

Let c be a real number.

Case I:

Therefore, f is continuous at all points x, such that x ≠ 0

Case II:
Therefore, f is continuous at x = 0

From the above observations, it can be concluded that f is continuous at every point of the real line.

Thus, f is a continuous function.

xiii

The given function f is

The given function is defined at all points of the real line.

Let c be a point on the real line.

Case I:

Therefore, f is continuous at all points x, such that x < −1

Case II:

The left hand limit of f at x = −1 is,

The right hand limit of f at x = −1 is,

Therefore, f is continuous at x = −1

Case III:

Therefore, f is continuous at all points of the interval −1, 1.

Case IV:

The left hand limit of f at x = 1 is,

The right hand limit of f at x = 1 is,

Therefore, f is continuous at x = 2

Case V:

Therefore, f is continuous at all points x, such that x > 1

Thus, from the above observations, it can be concluded that f is continuous at all points of the real line.

Question:50
In the following, determine the values of constants involved in the definition so that the given function is continuous:
i fx=sin 2x5x,if x≠0 3k ,if x=0

ii fx=kx+5,if x≤2x-1,if x>2

iii fx=k(x2+3x),if x<0 cos 2x ,if x≥0

iv fx= 2 ,if x≤3ax+b, if 3<x<5 9 ,if x≥5

v fx=4 ,if x≤-1ax2+b,if -1<x<0cos x,if x≥0

vi fx=1+px-1-pxx,if -1≤x<0 2x+1x-2 ,if 0≤x≤1

vii fx= 5 ,ifx≤2ax+b,if2<x<10 21 ,ifx≥10

viii fx=k cos xπ-2x ,x<π2 3 ,x=π23 tan 2x2x-π,x>π2

Solution:
i Given: fx=sin 2x5x, if x≠03k, if x=0

If fx is continuous at x = 0, then
limx→0fx=f0

⇒limx→0sin 2x5x=f0⇒limx→02sin 2x2×5x=f0⇒25limx→0sin 2x2x=f0⇒25=3k⇒k=215

ii Given: fx=kx+5, if x≤2x-1, if x>2

If fx is continuous at x = 2, then
limx→2-fx=limx→2+fx

⇒limh→0f2-h=limh→0f2+h⇒limh→0k2-h+5=limh→02+h-1⇒2k+5=1⇒2k=-4⇒k=-2

iii Given: fx=kx2+3x, if x<0cos 2x, if x≥0

If fx is continuous at x = 0, then
limx→0-fx=limx→0+fx

⇒limh→0f-h=limh→0fh⇒limh→0k-h2-3h=limh→0cos 2h⇒0=1 It is not possible

Hence, there does not exist any value of k, which can make the given function continuous.

iv Given: fx=2, if x≤3ax+b, if 3<x<59, if x≥5

If fx is continuous at x = 3 and 5, then

limx→3-fx =limx→3+fx and limx→5-fx =limx→5+fx

⇒limh→0f3-h=limh→0f3+h and limh→0f5-h=limh→0f5+h ⇒limh→02=limh→0a3+h+b and limh→0a5-h+b=limh→09⇒2=3a+b and 5a+b=9⇒2=3a+b and 5a+b=9⇒a=72 and b=-172

Given: fx=4, if x≤-1ax2+b, if -1<x<0cos x, if x≥0

If fx is continuous at x = −1 and 0, then

limx→-1-fx =limx→-1+fx and limx→0-fx =limx→0+fx

⇒limh→0f-1-h =limh→0f-1+h and limh→0f-h =limh→0fh ⇒limh→04 =limh→0a-1+h2+b and limh→0a-h2+b =limh→0cos h⇒4=a+b and b=1⇒a=3 and b=1

vi

Given: fx=1+px-1-pxx, if -1≤x<02x+1x-2, if 0≤x≤1

If fx is continuous at x = 0, then
limx→0-fx=limx→0+fx

⇒ limh→0f-h=limh→0fh ⇒limh→01-ph-1+ph-h=limh→02h+1h-2⇒limh→01-ph-1+ph1-ph+1+ph-h1-ph+1+ph=limh→02h+1h-2⇒limh→01-ph-1-ph-h1-ph+1+ph=limh→02h+1h-2⇒limh→0-2ph-h1-ph+1+ph=limh
⇒limh→02p1-ph+1+ph=limh→02h+1h-2⇒2p2=1-2⇒p=-12

vii

Given: fx=5, if x≤2ax+b, if 2<x<1021, if x≥10

If fx is continuous at x = 2 and 10, then

limx→2-fx =limx→2+fx and limx→10-fx =limx→10+fx

⇒ limh→0f2-h =limh→0f2+h and limh→0f10-h =limh→0f10+h⇒ limh→05 =limh→0a2+h+b and limh→0a10-h+b =limh→021⇒ 5=2a+b ...1 and 10a+b=21 ...2On solving eqs. 1 and 2, we geta=2 and

viii

Given: fx=k cos xπ-2x, x<π23 , x=π23 tan 2x2x-π, x>π2

If fx is continuous at x = π2, then

limx→π2-fx=fπ2

⇒limh→0fπ2-h = fπ2⇒limh→0fπ2-h = 3⇒limh→0k cos π2-hπ-2π2-h = 1⇒limh→0k sin hπ-π+2h = 1⇒limh→0k sin h2h = 1⇒k2limh→0sin hh = 1⇒k2 = 1⇒k = 2

Question:51
The function fx= x2/a ,if 0≤x<1 a ,if 1≤x<22b2-4bx2,if 2≤x<∞
is continuous on 0, ∞, then find the most suitable values of a and b.
Solution:
Given: f is continuous on 0,∞

∴ f is continuous at x = 1 and 2

At x = 1, we have

limx→1-fx =limh→0f1-h =limh→01-h2a = 1a

limx→1+fx=limh→0f1+h=limh→0a=a

Also,

At x = 2, we have

limx→2-fx =limh→0f2-h =limh→0a = a

limx→2+fx =limh→0f2+h =limh→02b2-4b2+h2 = 2b2-4b2 = b2-2b

f is continuous at x = 1 and 2

∴ limx→1-fx=limx→1+fx and limx→2-fx=limx→2+fx

⇒1a=a and b2-2b=a⇒a2=1 and b2-2b=a⇒ a=±1 and b2-2b=a ...1

If a = 1, then

b2-2b = 1 From eq. (1)⇒b2-2b-1 = 0⇒b = 2±4+42 = 2±222 = 1±2

If a = −1, then

b2-2b = -1 From eq. (1)⇒b2-2b+1 = 0⇒b-12 = 0⇒b = 1

Hence, the most suitable values of a and b are

a = −1, b = 1 or a = 1, b=1±2

Question:52
Find the values of a and b so that the function f(x) defined by
fx=x+a2sin x ,if 0≤x<π/42x cot x+b ,if π/4≤x<π/2a cos 2x-b sin x,if π/2≤x≤π
becomes continuous on 0, π.
Solution:
Given: f is continuous on 0, π.

∴ f is continuous at x = π4 and π2

At x = π4, we have

limx→π4-fx =limh→0fπ4-h =limh→0π4-h+a2sin π4-h = π4+a2 sin π4 = π4+a

limx→π4+fx =limh→0fπ4+h =limh→02π4+h cot π4+h+b = π2 cot π4+b = π2+b

At x = π2, we have

limx→π2-fx =limh→0fπ2-h =limh→02π2-h cot π2-h+b = b

limx→π2+fx =limh→0fπ2+h =limh→0a cos 2π2+h-b sin π2+h = -a-b

Since f is continuous at x = π4 and x = π2, we get

limx→π2-fx =limx→π2+fx and limx→π4-fx =limx→π4+fx

⇒-b-a = b and π4+a = π2+b⇒b = -a2 ...1 and -π4 = b-a ...2⇒ -π4 = -3a2 Substituting the value of b in eq. 2⇒ a = π6⇒ b = -π12 From eq.1

Question:53
The function f(x) is defined as follows:
fx=x2+ax+b ,0≤x<23x+2 ,2≤x≤42ax+5b ,4<x≤8
If f is continuous on 0, 8, find the values of a and b.
Solution:
Given: f is continuous on 0, 8.

∴ f is continuous at x = 2 and x = 4

At x = 2, we have
limx→2-fx =limh→0f2-h =limh→02-h2+a2-h+b = 4+2a+b

limx→2+fx =limh→0f2+h =limh→032+h+2 = 8

Also,
At x = 4, we have

limx→4-fx =limh→0f4-h =limh→034-h+2 = 14

limx→4+fx =limh→0f4+h =limh→02a4+h+5b = 8a+5b

f is continuous at x = 2 and x = 4

∴ limx→2-fx =limx→2+fx and limx→4-fx =limx→4+fx

⇒4+2a+b=8 and 8a+5b=14⇒2a+b=4 ...1 and 8a+5b=14 ...2

On simplifying eqs. 1 and 2, we get

a=3 and b=-2

Question:54
If fx=tanπ4-xcot 2x for x ≠ π/4, find the value which can be assigned to f(x) at x = π/4 so that the function f(x) becomes continuous every where in 0, π/2.
Solution:
When x≠π4, tan π4-x and cot 2x are continuous in 0, π2.

Thus, the quotient function tan π4-xcot 2x is continuous in 0,π2 for each x≠π4.

So, if fx is continuous at x=π4, then it will be everywhere continuous in 0, π2.

Now,
Let us consider the point x = π4.

Given: fx = tan π4-xcot 2x, x≠π4

We have
(LHL at x = π4) = limx→π4-fx =limh→0fπ4-h =limh→0tanπ4-π4+hcotπ2-2h = limh→0tan htan 2h =limh→0tan hh2 tan 2h2h = 12limh→0tan hhlimh→0tan 2h2h = 12

(RHL at x = π4) = limx→π4+fx =limh→0fπ4+h =limh→0tan π4-π4-hcot π2+2h =limh→0tan -h-tan 2h =limh→0tan htan 2h =limh→0tan hh2 tan 2h2h =12limh→0tan hhlimh→0tan 2h2h = 12

If fx is continuous at x=π4, then

lim x→π4-fx =limx→π4+fx = fπ4

∴ fπ4=12
Hence, for ​fπ4=12, the function fx will be everywhere continuous in ​0, π2.

Question:55
Discuss the continuity of the function
fx=2x-1 ,if x<23x2 ,if x≥2
Solution:
When x < 2, we have
fx = 2x-1

We know that a polynomial function is everywhere continuous.

So, fx is continuous for each x < 2.

When x>2, we have

fx=3x2

The functions 3x and 2 are continuous being the polynomial and constant function, respectively.
Thus, the quotient function 3x2 is continuous at each x > 2.

Now,
Let us consider the point x = 2.
Given: fx=2x-1, if x<23x2, if x≥2

We have
(LHL at x = 2) = limx→2-fx =limh→0f2-h =limh→022-h-1 = 4-1 = 3

(RHL at x = 2) = limx→2+fx =limh→0f2+h =limh→03h+22 = 3

Also,
f2=322=3

∴ limx→2-fx=limx→2+fx=f2

Thus, fx is continuous at x = 2.

Hence, fx is everywhere continuous.

Question:56
Discuss the continuity of f(x) = sin | x |.
Solution:

This function f is defined for every real number and f can be written as the composition of two functions as,

f = h o g, where

∵ hogx = hgx = hx = sin x

It has to be proved first that are continuous functions.

Clearly, g is defined for all real numbers.

Let c be a real number.

Case I:

Therefore, g is continuous at all points x < 0

Case II:

Therefore, g is continuous at all points x > 0

Case III:

Therefore, g is continuous at x = 0

From the above three observations, it can be concluded that g is continuous at all points.

Now, h (x) = sin x

It is evident that h (x) = sin x is defined for every real number.

Let c be a real number.

Put x = c + k

If x → c, then k → 0

h (c) = sin c
So, h is a continuous function.

∴ fx = hogx = hgx = hx = sin x is a continuous function.

Question:57
Prove that
fx=sin xx ,x<0x+1 ,x≥0
is everywhere continuous.
Solution:
When x < 0, we have
fx=sinxx

We know that sin x as well as the identity function x are everywhere continuous.
So, the quotient function sinxx is continuous at each x < 0.

When x > 0, we have

fx=x+1, which is a polynomial function.
Therefore, fx is continuous at each x > 0.

Now,
Let us consider the point x = 0.
Given: fx = sin xx, x<0x+1, x≥0

We have
(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx =limh→0f0-h =limh→0f-h =limh→0sin -h-h =limh→0sin hh = 1

(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx =limh→0f0+h =limh→0fh =limh→0h+1 = 1

Also,
f0=0+1=1

∴ limx→0-fx=limx→0+fx=f0

Thus, fx is continuous at x = 0.

Hence, fx is everywhere continuous.

Question:58
Show that the function g (x) = x − [x] is discontinuous at all integral points. Here [x] denotes the greatest integer function.
Solution:

Given:

It is evident that g is defined at all integral points.

Let n∈Z.

Then,

The left hand limit of f at x = n is,

The right hand limit of f at x = n is,

It is observed that the left and right hand limits of f at x = n do not coincide.
i.e. limx→n-gx ≠limx→n+gx

So, f is not continuous at x = n, n∈Z

Hence, g is discontinuous at all integral points.

Question:59
Discuss the continuity of the following functions:
i f(x) = sin x + cos x
ii f(x) = sin x − cos x
iii f(x) = sin x cos x
Solution:

It is known that if g and h are two continuous functions, then g+h, g-h and g×h are also continuous.

It has to proved first that g (x) = sin x and h (x) = cos x are continuous functions.

Let g (x) = sin x

It is evident that g (x) = sin x is defined for every real number.

Let c be a real number. Put x = c + h

If x → c, then h → 0
So, g is a continuous function.

Let h (x) = cos x

It is evident that h (x) = cos x is defined for every real number.

Let c be a real number. Put x = c + h

If x → c, then h → 0

h (c) = cos c

So, h is a continuous function.

Therefore, it can be concluded that

i f (x) = g (x) + h (x) = sin x + cos x is a continuous function.

ii f (x) = g (x) − h (x) = sin x − cos x is a continuous function.

iii f (x) = g (x) × h (x) = sin x cos x is a continuous function.

Question:60
Show that f (x) = cos x2 is a continuous function.
Solution:

Given: f (x) = cos (x2)

This function f is defined for every real number and f can be written as the composition of two functions as

f = g o h, where g (x) = cos x and h (x) = x2

It has to be first proved that g (x) = cos x and h (x) = x2 are continuous functions.

It is evident that g is defined for every real number.

Let c be a real number.

Then, g (c) = cos c

So, g (x) = cos x is a continuous function.

Now,
h (x) = x2

Clearly, h is defined for every real number.

Let k be a real number, then h (k) = k2

So, h is a continuous function.

It is known that for real valued functions g and h, such that (g o h) is defined at x = c, if g is continuous at x = c and if f is continuous at g (c), then, (f o g) is continuous at x = c.

Therefore, is a continuous function.

Question:61
Show that f (x) = | cos x | is a continuous function.
Solution:

The given function is

This function f is defined for every real number and f can be written as the composition of two functions as,

f = g o h, where

It has to be first proved that are continuous functions.

Clearly, g is defined for all real numbers.

Let c be a real number.

Case I:

So, g is continuous at all points x < 0.

Case II:

So, g is continuous at all points x > 0.

Case III:

So, g is continuous at x = 0

From the above three observations, it can be concluded that g is continuous at all points.

Now, h (x) = cos x

It is evident that h (x) = cos x is defined for every real number.

Let c be a real number.

Put x = c + h

If x → c, then h → 0

h (c) = cos c

So, h (x) = cos x is a continuous function.

It is known that for real valued functions g and h,such that (g o h) is defined at x = c, if g is continuous at x = c and if f is continuous at g (c), then (f o g) is continuous at x = c.

Therefore, is a continuous function.

Question:62
Find all the points of discontinuity of f defined by f (x) = | x | − | x + 1 |.
Solution:

Given:

The two functions, g and h, are defined as

Then, f = g − h

The continuity of g and h is examined first.

Clearly, g is defined for all real numbers.

Let c be a real number.

Case I:
So, g is continuous at all points x < 0.

Case II:

So, g is continuous at all points x > 0.

Case III:

So, g is continuous at x = 0

From the above three observations, it can be concluded that g is continuous at all points.

Clearly, h is defined for every real number.

Let c be a real number.

Case I:

So, h is continuous at all points x < −1.

Case II:

So, h is continuous at all points x > −1.

Case III:

So, h is continuous at x = −1

From the above three observations, it can be concluded that h is continuous at all points of the real line.

So, g and h are continuous functions.

Thus, f = g − h is also a continuous function.

Therefore, f has no point of discontinuity.

Question:63
Determine if fx=x2 sin1x ,x≠0 0 ,x=0is a continuous function?
Solution:

The given function f is

It is evident that f is defined at all points of the real line.

Let c be a real number.

Case I:

So, f is continuous at all points x ≠ 0

Case II:

limx→0-fx=limx→0-x2 sin 1x=limx→0x2 sin 1xIt is known that -1≤sin 1x≤1, x≠0.⇒-x2 ≤ x2 sin 1x ≤ x2⇒limx→0-x2 ≤ limx→0x2 sin 1x ≤ limx→0x2⇒0 ≤ limx→0x2 sin 1x ≤ 0⇒limx→0x2 sin 1x = 0⇒limx→0-fx = 0
Similarly, limx→0+fx =limx→0+x2 sin 1x =limx→0x2 sin 1x = 0
So, f is continuous at x = 0

From the above observations, it can be concluded that f is continuous at every point of the real line.

Thus, f is a continuous function.

Question:64
Given the function fx=1x+2. Find the points of discontinuity of the function f(f(x)).
Solution:
ffx=11x+2+2=x+22x+5
So, ffx is not defined at x+2=0 and 2x+5=0If x+2=, then x=-2If 2x+5=0, then x=-52
Hence, the function is discontinuous at x=-52 and -2

Question:65
Find all point of discontinuity of the function ft=1t2+t-2, where t=1x-1
Solution:
ft=1t2+t-2Now, let u=1x-1∴fu=1u2+2u-u-2=1u2+u-2=1u+2u-1So, fu is not defined at u=-2 and u=1If u=-2, then-2=1x-1⇒2x=1⇒x=12If u=1, then1=1x-1⇒x=2
Hence, the function is discontinuous at x=12, 2

Question:66
Define continuity of a function at a point.
Solution:
Continuity at a point:

A function fx is said to be continuous at a point x = a of its domain, iff limx→afx=fa.

Thus, fx is continuous at x=a.⇔limx→afx = fa ⇔limx→a-fx =limx→a+fx = fa

Question:67
What happens to a function f (x) at x = a, if limx→a f (x) = f (a)?
Solution:
If fx is a function defined in its domain such that limx→afx=fa, then fx becomes continuous at x=a.

Question:68
Find f 0, so that fx=x1-1-x becomes continuous at x = 0.
Solution:
If fxis continuous at x = 0, then limx→0fx=f0 ...1

Given: fx=x1-1-x

⇒fx = x1+1-x1-1-x1+1-x⇒fx = x1+1-x1-1-x⇒fx = 1+1-x

limx→01+1-x=f0 From eq. (1)

⇒f0=2

So, for f0=2, the function f(x) becomes continuous at x = 0.

Question:69
If fx=xsin 3x,x≠0 k ,x=0is continuous at x = 0, then write the value of k.
Solution:
If fx is continuous at x=0, then
limx→0fx=f0

⇒limx→0xsin 3x = k⇒limx→01sin 3xx = k⇒limx→013 sin 3x3x = k⇒131limx→0sin 3x3x = k⇒k = 13

Question:70
If the function fx=sin 10xx, x≠0 is continuous at x = 0, find f 0.
Solution:
Given: fx=sin 10xx, x≠0 is continuous at x=0.
limx→0fx=f0

⇒limx→0sin 10xx=f0

⇒limx→010 sin 10x10x=f0⇒10limx→0sin 10x10x=f0⇒f0=10

Question:71
If fx=x2-16x-4,if x≠4 k ,if x=4 is continuous at x = 4, find k.
Solution:
Given: fx=x2-16x-4, if x≠4k, if x=4

If fx is continuous at x=4, then

limx→4fx=f4

⇒limx→4x2-16x-4=k

⇒limx→4x+4x-4x-4=k⇒limx→4x+4=k⇒k=8

Question:72
Determine whether fx=sin x2x,x≠0 0 ,x=0 is continuous at x = 0 or not.
Solution:
Given: fx=sin x2x, x≠00, x=0

We have
limx→0fx=limx→0sin x2x =limx→0x sin x2x2 =limx→0sin x2x2 limx→0x =1×0 =0 =f0

∴ limx→0fx=f0

Hence, fx is continuous at x=0.

Question:73
If fx=1-cos xx2,x≠0 k ,x=0is continuous at x = 0, find k.
Solution:
Given: fx=1-cos xx2, x≠0k, x=0
If fx is continuous at x=0, then
limx→0fx=f0

⇒limx→01-cos xx2=k⇒limx→02sin x224x22=k⇒12limx→0sinx22x22=k⇒1×12=k⇒k=12

Question:74
If fx=sin-1 xx,x≠0 k ,x=0is continuous at x = 0, write the value of k.
Solution:
Given, fx=sin-1xx, x≠0k, x=0

If fx is continuous at x=0, then

limx→0fx=f0

⇒limx→0sin-1xx=f0

⇒limx→0sin-1xx=k⇒k=1 ∵limx→0sin-1xx =1

Question:75
Write the value of b for which fx= 5x-40<x≤14x2+3bx1<x<2 is continuous at x = 1.
Solution:
Given: fx=5x-4, 0<x≤14x2+3bx, 1<x<2

If fx is continuous at x=1, then

limx→1-fx=limx→1+fx=f1 ...1

Now,
limx→1-fx=limh→0f1-h=limh→051-h-4=5-4=1

limx→1+fx=limh→0f1+h=limh→041+h2+3b1+h=4+3b

Also, f1=51-4=1

limx→1-fx =limx→1+fx = f1 From eq. (1)⇒1=4+3b=1

⇒1=4+3b⇒-3=3b⇒b=-1

Thus, for b=-1, the function fx is continuous at x=1.

Question:76
Determine the value of the constant 'k' so that function fx=kxx, if x < 0 3 ,if x ≥ 0 is continuous at x=0.
Solution:
Given, f(x)=kxx, if x<03, if x⩾0

Since the function is continuous at x = 0, therefore,

limx→0-f(x)=limx→0+f(x)=f(0)⇒limx→0-kxx=limx→03=3⇒-k=3⇒k=-3

Question:77
Find the value of k for which the function fx=x2+3x-10x-2,x≠2k,x=2is continuous at x = 2
Solution:
Given,
fx=x2+3x-10x-2,x≠2k,x=2
limx→2-x2+3x-10x-2=limx→2-x+5=7f2=klimx→2+x2+3x-10x-2=limx→2+x+5=7
If f(x) is continuous at x=2, then
limx→2-f(x)=f(2)=limx→2+f(x)
⇒k=7

Question:78
The function fx=4-x24x-x3
a discontinuous at only one point
b discontinuous exactly at two points
c discontinuous exactly at three points
d none of these
Solution:
C discontinuous exactly at three points

Given: fx=4-x24x-x3
⇒fx=4-x2x4-x2
⇒fx=1x, x≠0 and 4-x2≠0 or x≠0, ±2

Clearly, fx is defined and continuous for all real numbers except 0, ±2.

Therefore, fx is discontinuous exactly at three points.

Question:79
If f (x) = | x − a | ϕ (x), where ϕ (x) is continuous function, then
a f' (a+) = ϕ (a)
b f' (a−) = −ϕ (a)
c f' (a+) = f' (a−)
d none of these
Solution:

a f'a+=ϕa
b f'a-=-ϕa

Here, fx=x-a ϕx
f'a+ =limh→0fa+h-fah =limh→0h+a-aϕa+h-a-aϕah =limh→0h ϕa+hh=limh→0ϕa+h=ϕa

Also,

f'a- =limh→0fa-h-fah=limh→0a-h-a ϕa-h-a-a ϕah=limh→0-h ϕa-hh=limh→0-ϕa-h=-ϕa

Question:80
If fx=log10 x, then at x = 1
a f (x) is continuous and f' (1+) = log10 e
b f (x) is continuous and f' (1+) = log10 e
c f (x) is continuous and f' (1−) = log10 e
d f (x) is continuous and f' (1−) = −log10 e
Solution:

a f (x) is continuous and f' (1+) = log10e

d f (x) is continuous and f' (1−) = −log10e

Given: fx = log10 x=loge xloge 10=loge x×log10 e=log10 e loge x

⇒f'1+=limh→0f1+h-f1h= limh→0log10 e loge1+h-log10 e loge 1h=log10 elimh→0loge 1+hh=log10e×1=log10 e

Also,

f'1-=limh→0f1-h-f1h=limh→0log10 e loge 1-h-log10 e loge 1h=-log10 elimh→0loge 1-h-h=-log10 e×1=-log10 e

Question:81
If fx=36x-9x-4x+12-1+cos x,x≠0 k ,x=0is continuous at x = 0, then k equals
a 162 log 2 log 3
b 162 ln 6
c 162 ln 2 ln 3
d none of these
Solution:

c 162 ln2 ln3

Given: fx=36x-9x-4x+12-1+cosx, x≠0k, x=0

If fx is continuous at x=0, then
limx→0fx=f0

⇒limx→036x-9x-4x+12-1+cos x=k⇒limx→09x4x-9x-4x+12-1+cos x=k⇒limx→09x4x-1-14x-12-1+cos x=k⇒limx→09x-14x-12-1+cos x=k⇒limx→09x-14x-12-2cos x2=k⇒limx→09x-14x-121-cos x2=k⇒limx→09

⇒limx→089x-14x-1162x2sin2x4x2=k⇒limx→089x-14x-12x2sin2x4x216=k⇒82limx→09x-14x-1x2sin2x4x42=k⇒82limx→09x-1x limx→04x-1xlimx→0sin x4x42=k⇒82×ln 9×ln 41=k ∵ limx→0ax-1x=a⇒
⇒322×ln 3 ln 21=k⇒3222×ln 3 ln 21=k⇒k=162 ln 2 ln 3

Question:82
If f (x) defined by fx=x2-xx2-x,x≠0, 1 1 ,x=0 -1 ,x=1 then f (x) is continuous for all
ax
b x except at x = 0
c x except at x = 1
d x except at x = 0 and x = 1.
Solution:
d x except at x = 0 and x = 1.

Given: fx=x2-xx2-x, x≠0, 11 , x=0-1 , x=1

⇒fx=x x-1xx-1, x≠0, 11 , x=0-1 , x=1

⇒fx=1, x>11, x<0-1, 0<x<11, x=0-1, x=1

⇒fx=1, x>11, x≤0-1, 0<x≤1

So,

limx→0-fx=limh→0f-h=1

Also,

limx→0+fx=limh→0fh=-1

⇒limx→0+fx≠limx→0-fx

Thus, fx is discontinuous at x=0.

Now,

limx→1-fx=limh→0f1-h=-1

limx→1+fx=limh→0f1+h=1

⇒limx→1+fx≠limx→1-fx

So, fx is discontinuous at x=1.

Hence, fx is continuous for all x except at x=0 and x = 1.

Question:83
If fx=1-sin xπ-2x2.log sin xlog1+π2-4πx+4x2,x≠π2 k ,x=π2
is continuous at x = π/2, then k =
a -116

b -132

c -164

d -128
Solution:
c -164

If fx is continuous at x=π2, then

limx→π2fx=fπ2If π2-x=t, then⇒limt→0 fπ2-t=fπ2⇒limt→01-sin π2-t4t2×log sin π2-tlog1+π2-4ππ2-t+4π2-t2=k⇒limt→01-cos t4t2×log cos tlog1+π2-2π2+4πt+4π24+t2-πt=k⇒limt→01-cos t4t2×log cos tlog1-π2+
⇒limt→01-cos t4t2×log cos tlog 1+4t2=k⇒limt→02 sin2 t216×t24×log cos tlog 1+4t2=k⇒216limt→0sin2 t2t24×log cos t4t2 log 1+4t24t2=k⇒18limt→0sin2 t2t22×log cos t4t2log 1+4t24t2=k⇒18limt→0sin2 t2t2
⇒18limt→0sin2t2t22×log1-sin2t8t2log1+4t24t2=k⇒164limt→0sin2t2t22×log1-sin2tt2log1+4t24t2=k⇒164lim t→0sint2t22×limt→0log1-sin2tt2limt→0log1+4t24t2=k⇒1641×limt→0-sin2t log 1-sin2tt2-sin2t=k⇒-1
⇒-164limt→0sintt2limt→0log 1-sin2t-sin2t=k⇒-164limt→0sintt2limt→0log1-sin2t-sin2t=k ⇒k=-164 ∵ lim x→0log1-xx=1

Question:84
If f (x) = (x + 1)cot x be continuous at x = 0, then f 0 is equal to
a0
b 1/e
ce
d none of these
Solution:

ce

Suppose fx is continuous at x=0.

Given: fx=x+1cotx

log fx=cot x log x+1 Taking log on both sides⇒limx→0log fx=limx→0cot x log x+1⇒limx→0log fx=limx→0log x+1tan x⇒limx→0log fx=limx→0log x+1xtan xx⇒limx→0log fx=limx→0log x+1xlimx→0tan xx⇒log
⇒log limx→0fx=1⇒limx→0fx=e⇒f0=e ∵ fx is continuous at x=0

Question:85
If fx=log1+ax-log1-bxx,x≠0 k ,x=0
and f (x) is continuous at x = 0, then the value of k is
aa−b
ba+b
c log a + log b
d none of these
Solution:
b a+b

Given: fx=log1+ax-log1-bxx, x≠0k, x=0

If f(x) is continuous at x = 0, then

limx→0fx=f0

⇒limx→0log1+ax-log1-bxx=k

⇒limx→0alog1+axax-blog1-bxbx=k⇒alimx→0log1+axax-blimx→0log1-bxbx=k⇒alimx→0log1+axax+blimx→0log1-bx-bx=k⇒a×1+b×1=k ∵ limx→0log1+xx=1⇒k=a+b

Question:86
The function fx=e1/x-1e1/x+1,x≠0 0 ,x=0
a is continuous at x = 0
b is not continuous at x = 0
c is not continuous at x = 0, but can be made continuous at x = 0
d none of these
Solution:
b is not continuous at x = 0

Given: fx=e1x-1e1x+1, x≠00, x=0

We have
limx→0fx=limx→0e1x-1e1x+1

If e1x=t, then
x→0, t→∞

limx→0fx=limt→∞t-1t+1=limt→∞1-1t1+1t=1-01+0=1
Also, f0=0

∴ limx→0fx≠f0

Hence, fx is discontinuous at x=0.

Question:87
Let fx=x-4x-4+a,x<4 a+b ,x=4x-4x-4+b,x>4.
Then, f (x) is continuous at x = 4 when
a a = 0, b = 0
b a = 1, b = 1
c a = −1, b = 1
d a = 1, b = −1.
Solution:
d a = 1, b = −1.

Given: fx=x-4x-4+a, if x<4a+b, if x=4x-4x-4+b, if x>4

We have
(LHL at x = 4) = limx→4-fx=limh→0f4-h

=limh→04-h-44-h-4+a=limh→0-h-h+a=a-1
(RHL at x = 4) = limx→4+fx=limh→0f4+h

=limh→04+h-44+h-4+b=limh→0hh+b=b+1

Also,
f4=a+b

If f(x) is continuous at x = 4, then

limx→4-fx=limx→4+fx=f4

⇒a-1=b+1=a+b
⇒a-1=a+b and b+1=a+b
⇒b=-1 and a=1

Question:88
If the function fx=cos x1/x,x≠0 k ,x=0 is continuous at x = 0, then the value of k is
a0
b1
c −1
d e.
Solution:
b
Given: fx=cosx1xk, x=0, x≠0

Iffx is continuous at x=0, then

limx→0fx=f0

⇒limx→0cos x1x=kIf limx→afx=1 and limx→agx=0, then limx→afxgx=elimx→afx-1×gx⇒elimx→0cos x-1x= k⇒e0=k ∵ limx→0cos x-1x=0⇒k=1

Question:89
Let f (x) = | x | + | x − 1|, then
a f (x) is continuous at x = 0, as well as at x = 1
b f (x) is continuous at x = 0, but not at x = 1
c f (x) is continuous at x = 1, but not at x = 0
d none of these
Solution:

a f (x) is continuous at x = 0, as well as at x = 1

Since modulus function is everywhere continuous , x and x-1 are also everywhere continuous.

Also,
It is known that if f and g are continuous functions, then f + g will also be continuous.

Thus, ​ ​x+x-1 is everywhere continuous.

Hence, fx is continuous at x=0 and x=1.

Question:90
Let fx=x4-5x2+4x-1 x-2,x≠1, 2 6 ,x=1 12 ,x=2. Then, f (x) is continuous on the set
aR
b R − {1}
c R − {2}
d R − {1, 2}
Solution:

d R − {1, 2}

Given: fx=x4-5x2+4x-1x-2, x≠1, 26, x=112, x=2

Now,x4-5x2+4=x4-x2-4x2+4=x2x2-1-4x2-1=x2-1x2-4=x-1x+1x-2x+2⇒fx=x-1x+1x-2x+2x-2x-1, x≠1, 26, x=112, x=2

⇒fx=x+1x+2, x<1-x+1x+2, 1<x<2x+1x+2, x>26, x=112, x=2

So,

limx→1-fx=limh→0f1-h=limh→01-h+11-h+2=2×3=6

limx→1+fx=limh→0f1+h=-limh→01+h+11+h+2=-2×3=-6

Also,

limx→2-fx=limh→0f2-h=-limh→02-h+12-h+2=-12

limx→2+fx=limh→0f2+h=limh→02+h+12+h+2=12

Thus, limx→1+fx≠limx→1-fx andlimx→2+fx≠limx→2-fx

Therefore, the only points of discontinuities of the function fx are x=1 and x=2 .

Hence, the given function is continuous on the set R − {1, 2}.

.

Question:91
If fx=sin (a+1) x+sin xx ,x<0 c ,x=0 x+bx2-xbxx ,x>0is continuous at x = 0, then
a a = -32, b = 0, c = 12
b a = -32, b = 1, c = -12
c a = -32, b ∈ R − {0}, c = 12
d none of these
Solution:

c a = -32 , b ∈ R − {0}, c = 12
The given function can be rewritten as

fx=sin a+1 x+x sin xx, for x<0c , for x=0x+bx2-xbx32 , for x>0

⇒fx=sin a+1x+ sin xx, for x<0c , for x=01+bx-1bx , for x>0

We have
(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx =limh→0f0-h =limh→0f-h

=limh→0-sin a+1h- sin -hh=limh→0-sin a+1hh-sin hh

=-a+1limh→0sin a+1ha+1h-lim h→0sin hh=-a-1

(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx=limh→0f0+h=limh→0fh

=limh→01+bh-1bh=limh→0bhbh1+bh+1=limh→011+bh+1=12

Also, f0=c

If fx is continuous at x = 0, then
​limx→0-fx=limx→0+fx=f0

⇒-a-1 = 12=c
⇒-a-1 = 12 and c=12
⇒a=-32, c=12

Now, 1+bx-1bx exists only if bx≠0⇒b≠0.

Thus, b∈R-0.

Question:92
If fx=mx+1 ,x≤π2sin x+n,x>π2is continuous at x=π2, then
a m = 1, n = 0

b m=nπ2+1

c n=mπ2

d m=n=π2
Solution:
c n=mπ2

Here,

fπ2=mπ2+1

We have
(LHL at x=π2) = lim x→π2- fx =lim h→0fπ2-h=lim h→0mπ2-h+1=mπ2+1

(RHL at x=π2) = lim x→π2+ fx =lim h→0fπ2+h=lim h→0sinπ2+h+n=n+1

Thus,
If fx is continuous at x=π2, then
lim x→π2- fx =lim x→π2+ fx

⇒mπ2+1=n+1⇒mπ2=n

Question:93
The value of f 0, so that the function
fx=a2-ax+x2-a2+ax+x2a+x-a-x becomes continuous for all x, given by
a a3/2
b a1/2
c −a1/2
d −a3/2
Solution:
c -a12

Given: fx=a2-ax+x2-a2+ax+x2a+x-a-x

⇒ fx=a2-ax+x2-a2+ax+x2a2-ax+x2+a2+ax+x2a+x-a-xa2-ax+x2+a2+ax+x2⇒ fx=a2-ax+x2-a2+ax+x2a+x-a-xa2-ax+x2+a2+ax+x2⇒ fx=-2axa+x+a-xa+x-a-xa2-ax+x2+a2+ax+x2a+x+a-x⇒ fx=-2axa+x+a-xa+x-

⇒ fx=-2axa+x+a-x2xa2-ax+x2+a2+ax+x2⇒ fx=-aa+x+a-xa2-ax+x2+a2+ax+x2
If fx is continuous for all x, then it will be continuous at x = 0 as well.

So, if fx is continuous at x = 0, then

limx→0fx=f0

⇒ limx→0-aa+x+a-xa2-ax+x2+a2+ax+x2=f0⇒ -2aaa2+a2=f0⇒ -2aaa+a=f0⇒ f0=-a

Question:94
The function
fx= 1 ,x≥11n2 ,1n<x<1n-1, n=2,3, ... 0 ,x=0
a is discontinuous at finitely many points
b is continuous everywhere
c is discontinuous only at x=±1n, n ∈ Z − {0} and x = 0
d none of these
Solution:

Given: fx=1, x≥11n2, 1n<x<1n-10, x=0

⇒fx=1, -1≤x≤11n2, 1n<x<1n-10, x=0

Case 1: x>1 or x<-1 and x>1

Here,
fx=1, which is the constant function
So, fx is continuous for all x≥1 or x≤-1 and x≥1.

Case 2: 1n<x<1n-1, n=2, 3, 4, ...

Here,
fx=1n2, n=2, 3, 4, ... fx=1n2, n=2, 3, 4, ..., which is also a constant function.

So, fx is continuous for all 1n<x<1n-1, n=2, 3, 4, ....

Case 3: Consider the points x = -1 and x = 1.

We have
LHL at x=-1=limx→-1-fx=limx→-1-1=1RHL at x=-1=limx→-1+fx=limx→-1+14=14 ∵ fx=14 for -1<x<12, when n=2Clearly, limx→-1-fx≠limx→-1+fx at x=-1So, fx is discontinuous at x=-1.

Similarly, f(x) is discontinuous at x = 1.

Case 4: Consider the point x = 0.

We have
limx→0-fx=limh→0f1n-h=limh→0f1n-h=1n-12

limx→0+fx=limh→0f1n+h=limh→0f1n+h=1n2

limx→0+fx≠limx→0-fx

Thus, fx is discontinuous at x=0.

At x = 0, we have
limx→0-fx≠0=f0

So, fx is discontinuous at x=0.

Case 5: Consider the point x=1n, n=2, 3, 4, ...

We have
limx→1n-fx=limh→0f1n-h=limh→0f1n-h=1n-12

limx→1n+fx=limh→0f1n+h=limh→0f1n+h=1n2

limx→1n+fx≠limx→1n-fx

Hence, fx is discontinuous only at x=±1n, n∈Z-0 and x=0.

Question:95
The value of f 0, so that the function
fx=27-2x1/3-39-3 243+5x1/5x≠0 is continuous, is given by
a 23
b6
c2
d4
Solution:
c2

For f(x) to be continuous at x = 0, we must have

limx→0fx=f0⇒f0= limx→0fx=limx→027-2x13-39-3243+5x15⇒f0=limx→027-2x13-2713324315-243+5x15=13limx→027-2x13-2713x24315-243+5x15x=-13limx→027-2x13-2713x243+5x15-24315x=215limx→
=215limx→027-2x13-271327-2x-27243+5x15-24315243+5x-243=215×13×27-2315×243-45=215×13×1272315×124345=2

Question:96
The value of f 0 so that the function
fx=2-256-7x1/85x+321/5-2, x ≠ 0 is continuous everywhere, is given by
a −1
b1
c 26
d none of these
Solution:
d none of these

Given: fx=2-256-7x185x+3215-2
For fx to be continuous at x = 0, we must have
limx→0fx=f0
⇒f0=limx→0fx=limx→02-256-7x185x+3215-2⇒f0=limx→025618-256-7x185x+3215-3215=-limx→0256-7x18-25618x5x+3215-3215x=-75limx→0256-7x18-256187x5x+3215-32155x=75limx→0256-7x18-256
=75×18×256-7815×32-45=75×18×2415×27=764

Question:97
fx=1+px-1-pxx,-1≤x<02x+1x-2 ,0≤x≤1
is continuous in the interval −1, 1, then p is equal to
a −1
b −1/2
c 1/2
d1
Solution:
b -12
Given: fx=1+px-1-pxx, if -1≤x<02x+1x-2, if 0≤x≤1

If fx is continuous at x = 0, then
limx→0-fx=limx→0+fx

⇒ limh→0f-h=limh→0fh ⇒limh→01-ph-1+ph-h=limh→02h+1h-2⇒limh→01-ph-1+ph1-ph+1+ph-h1-ph+1+ph=limh→02h+1h-2⇒limh→01-ph-1-ph-h1-ph+1+ph=limh→02h+1h-2⇒limh→0-2ph-h1-ph+1+ph=limh
⇒limh→02p1-ph+1+ph=limh→02h+1h-2⇒2p2=1-2⇒p=-12

Question:98
The function fx=x2/a ,0≤x<1 a ,1≤x<22b2-4bx2,2≤x<∞
is continuous for 0 ≤ x < ∞, then the most suitable values of a and b are
a a = 1, b = −1
b a = −1, b = 1 + 2
c a = −1, b = 1
d none of these
Solution:

c a = -1, b = 1

Given: fx is continuous for 0 ≤ x < ∞.

This means that fx is continuous for x=1, 2.

Now,

If fx is continuous at x = 1, then
limx→1-fx=f1⇒limh→0f1-h=a⇒1-h2a=a⇒1a=a⇒a2=1⇒a=±1

If fx is continuous at x = 2, then​

limx→2-fx=f2⇒limh→0f2-h=2b2-4b2⇒limh→0a=b2-2b⇒a=b2-2b⇒b2-2b-a=0

∴ For a = 1, we have

b2-2b-1=0⇒b=2±4-4-12=1±2

Also,
For a = −1, we have

b2-2b+1=0⇒b-12=0⇒b=1

Thus, a=-1 and b=1

Question:99
If fx=1-sin xπ-2x2, when x ≠ π/2 and f π/2 = λ, then f (x) will be continuous function at x = π/2, where λ =
a 1/8
b 1/4
c 1/2
d none of these
Solution:
a 18

If fx is continuous at x=π2, then

limx→π2fx=fπ2

limx→π21-sin xπ-2x2=fπ2 ...1

Suppose π2-x=t, then

limt→01-sin π2-t2t2=fπ2 From eq. (1)⇒limt→01-cos t4t2=fπ2⇒14limt→02 sin2 t2t2=fπ2⇒14limt→024 sin2 t2t24=fπ2⇒18limt→0sin2 t2t24=fπ2⇒18limt→0sin t2t22=fπ2⇒fπ2=λ=18

Question:100
The value of a for which the function
fx=4x-13sinx/a log 1+x2/3,x≠012log 43 ,x=0may be continuous at x = 0 is
a1
b2
c3
d none of these
Solution:
d none of these

For f(x) to be continuous at x=0, we must have

limx→0fx=f0

limx→04x-13sinxa log1+x23=12log 43

⇒limx→04x-13x3sinxalog1+x23x3=12log 43⇒limx→0a4x-1x3sinxaxalog1+x23x2=12log 43⇒3alimx→04x-1x3sinxaxalog1+x23x23=12log 43⇒3alimx→04x-1x3limx→0sinxaxalimx→0log1+x23x23=12log 43

⇒3alog 43=12log 43 ∵ limx→0ax-1x=log a, limx→0log1+xx=1 andlimx→0sin xx=1⇒a=4
Question:101
The function f (x) = tan x is discontinuous on the set
a {n π : n ∈ Z}
b {2n π : n ∈ Z}
c 2n+1π2: n ∈ Z
d nπ2: n ∈ Z
Solution:
c 2n+1π2: n∈Z

When tan2n+1π2= tannπ+π2=-cotnπ, it is not defined at the integral points. n∈Z

Hence, fx is discontinuous on the set 2n+1π2: n∈Z.

Question:102
The function fx=sin 3xx,x≠0 k2 ,x=0 is continuous at x = 0, then k =
a3
b6
c9
d 12
Solution:

b6

Given: fx=sin 3xxk2, x=0, x≠0

If fx is continuous at x=0, then

limx→0fx=f0

⇒limx→0sin 3xx=f0⇒3limx→0sin 3x3x=k2⇒3×1=k2⇒k2=3⇒k=6

Question:103
If the function
fx=2x-sin-1 x2x+tan-1 x
is continuous at each point of its domain, then the value of f 0 is
a2

b 13

c -13

d 23
Solution:

b 13

Given: fx=2x-sin-1x2x+tan-1x

If f(x) is continuous at x = 0, then

limx→0fx=f0⇒limx→02x-sin-1x2x+tan-1x=f0⇒limx→0x2-sin-1xxx2+tan-1xx=f0⇒limx→02-sin-1xx2+tan-1xx=f0⇒2-limx→0sin-1xx2+limx→0tan-1xx=f0⇒2-12+1=f0⇒f0=13

Question:104
The value of b for which the function
fx=5x-4 ,0<x≤14x2+3bx ,1<x<2is continuous at every point of its domain, is
a −1

b0

c 133

d1
Solution:

a −1

Given: fx is continuous at every point of its domain. So, it is continuous at x=1.

⇒limx→1+fx=f1⇒limh→0f1+h=f1⇒limh→041+h2+3b1+h=51-4⇒4+3b=1⇒-3=3b⇒b=-1

Question:105
If fx=11-x, then the set of points discontinuity of the function f (f(f(x))) is
a {1}
b {0, 1}
c {−1, 1}
d none of these
Solution:

b {0, 1}

Given: fx=11-x

Clearly, f:R-1→R

Now,
ffx=f11-x=11-11-x=1-x-x=x-1x
∴ fof:R-0, 1→R

Now,

fffx=fx-1x=11-x-1x=x

∴ fofof:R-0, 1→R
Thus, ​fffx is not defined at x=0, 1.

Hence, ​fffx is discontinuous at {0, 1}.

Question:106
Let fx=tanπ4-xcot 2x, x≠π4. The value which should be assigned to f (x) at x=π4, so that it is continuous everywhere is
a1
b 1/2
c2
d none of these
Solution:

b 12

If fx is continuous at x=π4, then

limx→π4fx=fπ4

⇒limx→π4tan π4-xcot 2x=fπ4

If π4-x=y, then x→π4 and y→0.

∴ limy→0tan ycot 2π4-y=fπ4⇒limy→0tanycotπ2-2y=fπ4⇒limy→0tan ytan 2y=fπ4⇒limy→0tan yytan 2yy=fπ4⇒limy→0tan yy2 tan 2y2y=fπ4⇒12limy→0tan yytan 2y2y=fπ4⇒12limy→0tan yylimy→0tan 2y2y=fπ4
⇒1211=fπ4⇒fπ4=12

Question:107
The function fx=x3+x2-16x+20x-2 is not defined for x = 2. In order to make f (x) continuous at x = 2, Here f 2 should be defined as
a0
b1
c2
d3
Solution:

Here,

x3+x2-16x+20=x3-2x2+3x2-6x-10x+20=x2x-2+3xx-2-10x-2=x-2x2+3x-10=x-2x-2x+5=x-22 x+5

So, the given function can be rewritten as

fx=x-22x+5x-2

⇒fx=x-2x+5

If fx is continuous at x=2, then

limx→2fx=f2

⇒limx→2x-2x+5=f2⇒f2=0

Hence, in order to make fx continuous at x=2, f2 should be defined as 0.

Question:108
If fx=a sinπ2x+1,x≤0tan x-sin xx3,x>0is continuous at x = 0, then a equals
a 12

b 13

c 14

d 16
Solution:

a 12

Given: fx=a sin π2x+1 , x≤0tan x-sin xx3 , x>0

We have

(LHL at x = 0) = limx→0-fx=limh→0f0-h=limh→0f-h=limh→0a sin π2-h+1=a sin π2=a

(RHL at x = 0) = limx→0+fx=limh→0f0+h=limh→0fh=limh→0tan h-sin hh3

=limh→0sin hcos h-sin hh3=limh→0sin hcos h1-cos hh3=limh→01-cos h tan hh3=limh→02 sin2 h2 tan h4×h24×h=24limh→0sin2 h2 tan hh24×h=12limh→0sin h2h22×limh→0tanhh=12×1×1=12

If fx is continuous at x=0, thenlimx→0-fx=limx→0+fx⇒a=12

Question:109
If fx=ax2+b ,0≤x<1 4 ,x=1x+3 ,1<x≤2,
then the value of (a, b) for which f (x) cannot be continuous at x = 1, is
a 2, 2
b 3, 1
c 4, 0
d 5, 2
Solution:

d 5, 2

If f(x) is continuous at x = 1, then

limx→1-fx=f1

⇒limh→0f1-h=4 ∵ f1=4⇒limh→0a1-h2+b=4 ⇒a+b=4

Thus, the possible values of (a, b) can be 2, 2, 3, 1, 4, 0. But a, b≠5, 2.

Hence, for a, b=5, 2, fx cannot be continuous at x = 1.

Disclaimer: The question in the book has some error. The solution here is created according to the question given in the book.

Question:110
If the function f (x) defined by
fx=log 1+3x-log 1-2xx,x≠0 k ,x=0is continuous at x = 0, then k =
a1
b5
c −1
d none of these
Solution:

b5

Given: fx=log 1+3x-log 1-2xx, x≠0k, x=0

If f(x) is continuous at x = 0, then​limx→0fx=f0.

⇒limx→0log1+3x-log1-2xx=k

⇒limx→03 log 1+3x3x-2 log 1-2x2x=k⇒3limx→0log 1+3x3x-2limx→0log 1-2x2x=k⇒3limx→0log 1+3x3x+2limx→0log 1-2x-2x=k⇒3×1+2×1=k ∵ limx→0log 1+xx=1⇒k=3+2=5

Question:111
If fx=1-cos 10xx2 , x<0 a ,x=0x625+x-25,x>0
then the value of a so that f (x) may be continuous at x = 0, is
a 25
b 50
c −25
d none of these
Solution:

b 50

If fx is continuous at x=0, then

limx→0-fx=f0

⇒limh→0f-h=f0

⇒limh→01-cos -10h-h2=f0⇒limh→01-cos 10hh2=f0⇒limh→02 sin2 5hh2=a⇒limh→02×25sin2 5h25h2=a⇒50limh→0sin2 5h5h2=a⇒50limh→0sin 5h5h2=a⇒a=50

Question:112
If fx=x sin1x, x≠0, then the value of the function at x = 0, so that the function is continuous at x = 0, is
a0
b −1
c1
d indeterminate
Solution:

a0

Given: fx=x sin1x, x≠0

Here,
limx→0x sin 1x=limx→0x limx→0sin1x=0×limx→0sin1x=0

If f(x) is continuous at x = 0, thenlimx→0fx=f0.

⇒f0=0

Question:113
The value of k which makes
fx=sin1x,x≠0 k ,x=0continuous at x = 0, is
a8
b1
c −1
d none of these
Solution:

d none of these

If fx is continuous at x=0, then

limx→0fx=f0⇒limx→0sin1x=kBut limx→0sin1x does not exist. Thus, there does not exist any k that makes fx a continuous function.

Question:114
The values of the constants a, b and c for which the function
fx=1+ax1/x ,x<0 b ,x=0x+c1/3-1x+11/2-1,x>0may be continuous at x = 0, are

a a=loge23, b=-23, c=1

b a=loge23, b=23, c=-1

c a=loge23, b=23, c=1

d none of these
Solution:
c a=log23, b=23, c=1

Given: fx=1+ax1x, x<0b, x=0x+c13-1x+112-1, x>0

If fx is continuous at x=0, then

limx→0-fx=limx→0+fx =f0

⇒limx→0-fx=f0⇒limh→0f-h=f0⇒limh→01-ah-1h=f0⇒limh→0alog 1-ah-ah=log b⇒a×1=log b ∵limx→0log 1+xx=1⇒a=log b

Also,
limx→0+fx =f0

⇒limx→0+fx=f0⇒limh→0fh=f0⇒limh→0h+c13-1h+112-1=f0⇒limh→0h+c13-1h+112-1×h+112+1h+112+1=f0⇒limh→0h+c13-1h×h+112+1=b⇒limh→0h+c13-1h×limh→0h+112+1=b⇒limh→0h+c13-1h×2=b⇒lim
⇒c13-13=b2 ∵ limx→axn-anx-a=nan-1, where c=1⇒13=b2⇒23=b∴ a=log23

Question:115
The points of discontinuity of the function
fx=2x ,0≤x≤14-2x ,1<x<522x-7 ,52≤x≤4is are

a x = 1, x=52

b x=52

c x=1,52,4

d x = 0, 4
Solution:

b x=52

If 0≤x≤1, then fx=2x.

Since fx=2x is a polynomial function, it is continuous.

Thus, fx is continuous for every 0≤x≤1.

If 1<x<52, then fx=4-2x. Since 2x is a polynomial function and 4 is a constant function, both of them are continuous. So, their difference will also be continuous.
Thus, fx is continuous for every 1<x<52.

If 52≤x≤4, then fx=2x-7. Since 2x is a polynomial function and 7 is continuous function, their difference will also be continuous.
Thus, fx is continuous for every 52≤x≤4.

Now,
Consider the point x=1. Here,

limx→1-fx=limh→0f1-h=limh→021-h=2

limx→1+fx=limh→0f1+h=limh→04-21+h=2

Also, f1=21=2

⇒limx→1-fx=limx→1+fx=f1

Thus, fx is continuous at x=1.

Now,
Consider the point x=52. Here,

limx→52-fx=limh→0f52-h=limh→04-252-h=-1

limx→52+fx=limh→0f52+h=limh→0252-h-7=-2

⇒limx→52+fx ≠limx→52-fx

Thus, fx is discontinuous at x=52.

Question:116
If fx=1-sin2 x3 cos2 x ,x<π2 a ,x=π2b 1-sin xπ-2x2,x>π2. Then, f (x) is continuous at x=π2, if
a a=13, b = 2

b a=13, b=83

c a=23, b=83

d none of these
Solution:

b a=13 , b=83

Given: fx=1-sin2x3cos2x, if x<π2a, if x=π2b1-sinxπ-2x2, if x>π2

We have
(LHL at x = π2) = limx→π2-fx=limh→0fπ2-h

=limh→01-sin2 π2-h3 cos2 π2-h=limh→01-cos2 h3 sin2 h=13limh→0 sin2 h sin2 h=13

(RHL at x = π2) = limx→π2+fx=limh→0fπ2+h

=limh→0b1-sin π2+hπ-2π2+h2=limh→0b1-cos h-2h2=limh→02b sin2h24h2=limh→02b sin2h216h24=b8limh→0sinh2h22=b8×1=b8

Also, fπ2=a

If f(x) is continuous at x = π2, then

​limx→π2-fx =lim x→π2+fx=fπ2

⇒13 =b8 = a

⇒a=13 and b=83

Question:117
The points of discontinuity of the function
fx=152x2+3 ,x≤16-5x ,1<x<3x-3 ,x≥3is are
ax=1
bx=3
c x = 1, 3
d none of these
Solution:
bx=3

If x≤1, then fx=152x2+3.

Since 2x2+3 is a polynomial function and 15 is a constant function, both of them are continuous. So, their product will also be continuous.
Thus, fx is continuous at x≤1.

If 1<x<3, then fx=6-5x.

Since 5x is a polynomial function and 6 is a constant function, both of them are continuous. So, their difference will also be continuous.
Thus, fx is continuous for every 1<x<3.

If x≥3, then fx=x-3.

Since x-3 is a polynomial function, it is continuous. So, fx is continuous for every x≥3.

Now,
Consider the point x=1. Here,

limx→1-fx=limh→0f1-h=limh→01521-h2+3=1

limx→1+fx=limh→0f1+h=limh→06-51+h=1

Also,
f1=15212+3=1

Thus,
limx→1-fx=limx→1+fx=f1

Hence, fx is continuous at x=1.

Now,
Consider the point x=3. Here,

limx→3-fx=limh→0f3-h=limh→06-53-h=-9

limx→3+fx=limh→0f3+h=limh→03+h-3=0

Also,
f1=15212+3=1

Thus,
limx→3-fx≠limx→3+fx

Hence, fx is discontinuous at x=3.

So, the only point of discontinuity of fx is x=3.

Question:118
The value of a for which the function
fx=5x-4 ,if 0<x≤14x2+3ax,if 1<x<2is continuous at every point of its domain, is

a 133
b1
c0
d −1
Solution:
d −1

Given: fx=5x-4, if 0<x≤14x2+3ax, if 1<x<2

If fx is continuous in its domain, then it will be continuous at x=1.

Now,
limx→1-fx=limh→0f1-h=limh→051-h-4=5-4=1limx→1+fx=limh→0f1+h=limh→041+h2+3a1+h=4+3a

Since fx is continuous at x = 1,
limx→1-fx=limx→1+fx

⇒4+3a=1⇒3a=-3⇒a=-1
Question:119
If fx=sin cos x-cos xπ-2x2,x≠π2 k ,x=π2is continuous at x = π/2, then k is equal to
a0
b 12
c1
d −1
Solution:
a0

Given: fx=sincos x-cos xπ-2x2, x≠π2k, x=π2

If f(x) is continuous at x=π2, then

limx→π2fx=fπ2

⇒limx→π2sincos x-cos xπ-2x2=k

Now,
π2-x=y
⇒π-2x=2y

Also, x→π2, y→0

⇒limy→0sincosπ2-y-cosπ2-y4y2=k

⇒limy→0sinsin y-siny4y2=k
Processing math: 21%
⇒limy→02 sinsin y-y2 cossin y+y24y2=k ∵ sin C - sin D=2 sinC-D2 cosC+D2⇒12limy→0sinsin y-y2 ycossin y+y2y=k⇒12limy→0sin y-y2 sinsin y-y2 ysin y-y2cossin y+y2y=k⇒12limy→0sin y-y2ysinsin
Contrib
⇒12limy→0sin y-y2ylimy→0sinsin y-y2sin y-y2limy→0cossin y+y2y=k⇒14limy→0sin yy-1limy→0sinsin y-y2sin y-y2limy→0cossin y+y2y=k⇒14×0×1×limy→0cossin y+y2y=k⇒0=k​
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