Scribd
Upload
146 views28 pages

9 Photosynthesis PDF

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and algae convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in carbohydrates. It involves two phases - the light-dependent reactions where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon dioxide is fixed using ATP and NADPH to produce glucose and other carbohydrates. The main structures involved are the chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll and the thylakoid membranes where the light reactions take place, and the stroma where the Calvin cycle occurs.

Uploaded by

Auryn Astrawita HendroSaputri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
146 views28 pages

9 Photosynthesis PDF

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and algae convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in carbohydrates. It involves two phases - the light-dependent reactions where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon dioxide is fixed using ATP and NADPH to produce glucose and other carbohydrates. The main structures involved are the chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll and the thylakoid membranes where the light reactions take place, and the stroma where the Calvin cycle occurs.

Uploaded by

Auryn Astrawita HendroSaputri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

Chapter 2

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis

✴ the process by which plants and other


organisms (algae) take light energy
and convert it into chemical energy in
the form of carbohydrates.
How Are Plants Adapted
Structurally?
External Structure
✴ Leaf Arrangement on the stem
(Phyllotaxy)
✴ Alternate

✴ Opposite

✴ Whorled
How Are Plants Adapted
Structurally?
✴ Internal Structure
✴ Epidermis- outer layer of
cells, covered by a waxy
covering called the cuticle
which prevents water loss
✴ Stomata: pores that open
and close to let in CO2
✴ Mesophyll: contain the
vast majority of the
chloroplasts.
✴ Vascular bundles (veins):
also supply water and
minerals to the cells of the
mesophyll
– Xylem: transports water

Phloem: transports food
The Nature of Light
✴ As electromagnetic
energy, it travels in
waves. The distance
between peaks of
consecutive waves is
✴ Light – a part of the vast
continuous radiant energy, a wavelength.
exhibits particle and wave
properties. Light as a particle
consists of photons.
The Nature of Light
✴ Visible light is between 390 – 760 nanometers. Photosynthesis
uses only this portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
✴ This energy excites the cells without harming them

✴ Opaque objects reflect


light, Transparent ones
transmit light. Whatever
wavelength is reflected or
transmitted is seen as the
color of the object.
The Nature of Light
Radio
waves
Microw
aves
Infrared
Visible

Ultravi
olet
X-rays
Gamma
Rays
The Nature of Light

Visible
Light ?
Wavelength: Glass Prism
660nm

Wavelength:
450nm
a plant cell
Plastids
✴ Double-membrane organelles responsible
for storing pigments and starch molecules
✴ Classified in to 3: chloroplasts (green),
chromoplasts (carotenoids: yellow to purple),
and leucoplasts (colorless-amyloplasts)
✴ Some pigments are outside: anthocyanin -
red and violet pigments.
Chloroplasts

✴ an elongated or disc-
shaped organelle
containing chlorophyll.
✴ The site of photosynthesis.
✴ There are numerous
chloroplasts in the
mesophyll tissue of the
leaves.
Structure of a Chloroplast

Stroma - fluid that fills inside of chloroplast



Thylakoids - disk shaped interconnected sacs

Grana - piled stacks of thylakoids (sing. Granum)
Significance of
Chlorophyll

✴ Essential in the conversion


of radiant energy into
chemical energy.
✴ It absorbs Light at
wavelengths 400 – 500nm
(violet to blue) and
700nm(orange to red)
✴ The release of energy as a
reddish afterglow is called
fluorescence
Overview of Photosynthesis
STAGE 1 - THE LIGHT DEPENDENT
REACTIONS. Energy is Capture from Sunlight. Water is Split into
Hydrogen Ions, Electrons, and Oxygen (O2). The O2 Diffuses out of the
Chloroplasts (Byproduct).

✴ STAGE 2 - The Light Energy is Converted to Chemical Energy,


which is Temporarily Stored in ATP and NADPH.

✴ STAGE 3 – THE LIGHT INDEPENDENT


REACTIONS(THE CALVIN CYCLE). The
Chemical Energy Stored in ATP and NADPH powers the formation of
Organic Compounds (Sugars), Using Carbon Dioxide, CO2.
✴ occurs in the chloroplast
✴ light reactions (thylakoid)
✴ Calvin cycle (stroma)
The Light Dependent Reaction
The Light Dependent
Reaction

✴ Chlorophyll Activation
– chlorophyll is hit by
light, the electrons
inside it is elevated to a
higher energy level (it
is "excited"),

the excited electron is
then passed
The Light Dependent
Reaction
✴ Photolysis (hydrolysis of water)
✴ photons split water molecules (producing
H2 and O2),and 4 electrons, electrons
produced from the split are used to return
the excited Chl. Or from the electrons they
released.

2H2O 4H + 4e + O2
The Light Dependent
Reaction
✴ Photophosphorylation
✴ Transfer of absorbed light
energy to molecules of
ATP, the energy currency
of the cell.
✴ The process of adding a
phosphate grp. to ADP
The Light Dependent
Reaction
Production of ATP

✴ Electrons from the excited Chl


pass thru several molecules
called electron acceptor
molecules.
✴ In a group, they are called
electron transport chain.
✴ NADP is a hydrogen carrier and
electron acceptor, stores energy
from Chl becoming NADPH.
✴ The energy the electrons carry, is
used to from ATP
Products of Light - Phase

✴ Oxygen gas from


water
✴ NADPH (with Hydrogen and
electrons from Chl.)
✴ ATP
Light Independent Reaction (The
Calvin Cycle)
✴ *This pathway produces Organic
Compounds (carbohydrates), using the
energy stored in ATP and NADPH during
the Light Reactions.

✴ The Calvin Cycle is named after Melvin


Calvin (1911-1997), the American scientist
who worked out the details of the pathway.
Light Independent Reaction
(The Calvin Cycle)
✴ * It begins with Carbon ✴ Each (unstable) 6 carbon
Fixation - which is simply the molecules splits into 2 (3
binding of carbon from CO2 to a Carbon compounds) known as
useable form. phosphoglyceric acid (PGA)

✴ During this phase, carbon ✴ ATP and NADPH are used to


dioxide is "fixed" or attached to convert PGA to PGAL
a 5-carbon sugar called RUBP (phosphoglyceraldehyde)
(ribulose biphosphate) ,
producing a 6-carbon sugar
similar to the sugar glucose. ✴ PGAL can be removed from the
cycle and used for the formation
of larger carbohydrates such
✴ *it is catalyzed by the enzyme as glucose, sucrose and
Rubisco starch or formation of RUBP
again in the cycle.

*More ATP than NADPH is used in this cycle, thus creating the need for the
cyclic pathway of the light reaction
Light Independent Reaction (The Calvin Cycle)
6

6
12

RuBP
PGA

6 12

12
6
12

BPGA

12
10

12
PGAL 12

PGAL
2

PGAL

GLUCOSE
Products of Photosynthesis
✴ Production of sucrose (a double sugar of
glucose)

✴ It may be converted to starch and stored for


future use of the plant.

✴ As raw materials for the synthesis of other


organic substances

✴ Used in cellular respiration, major source of


energy for various life processes.
Learning Log
I. Answer the ff. 4. Which of the ff are not
exactly matched:
1. The gaseous by-product O2 photolysis:granum
is produced during ______. Water transport:phloem
Carbon fixation:stroma
2. The ff. are needed during the Photosynthesis:chloroplast
light phase of
photosynthesis except ____ 5. When is carbohydrate
a. Light b. chlorophyll (CH2O) produced? ____
c. Water d. CO2
II. Construct a concept map of
3. The products of light phase photosynthesis. Show the
that are needed in the Calvin key events, raw materials
Cycle ________. and products produced.

You might also like