Essentials in Radio

Broadcasting:
Approaches and Strategies Made
Easy

Regional Training for School Paper Advisers

On Radio Broadcasting & Scriptwriting
Region IV-A
Training Program: Essentials in Radio Broadcasting:
Approaches & Strategies Made Easy

Objectives:

At the end of the program the participants must be able to:

1. Gain holistic understanding on the different elements and

approaches involved in radio broadcasting;

2. Identify the essential factors affecting a high quality

broadcast material; and

3. Apply the simplified strategies in broadcasting through a

five (5) minute production simulation
The Basic Contents of Audio Broadcast

I. Contents According to Category

A.) Live Material : produced out-right at the time of airing

B.) Canned Material : pre-produced or recorded material

II. Contents According to Classification

A.) Voice Material : refers to the human voice in diverse projections

B.) Music : usually it is the synthesizer of the production as it

sets the mood. The use of music must be
carefully considered and appropriated.

C.) Sound Effects : add the thrilling dramatic effect and creativity to
the production format. Just like music, the use of sound
effects must be timely and significantly.

D.) Spiel : refers to the uttered voice material that is either

spontaneous or scripted.

E.) Silence : appears to be a material sound effect that is

applied as a necessary demand of the
concept illustrated through the script, but
should not be used as an excuse to commit
“dead air”.

Criteria for Voice Material Selection:

I. Voice Quality 40%

Character Fitness 20%
Modulation Consistency 20%

II. Enunciation 40%

Articulation Fluency 10%
Phonemics 10%
Stressing & Phrasing 10%
Intonation Scheming 10%

III. Delivery Impact 20%

Convincing or Influencing Capability 10%
Associability or Novelty 10% _____
100%

Typical Radio Broadcast Crew Distribution and Functions

1.) Director : is the very person who takes full command of the
direction to ensure that the production is delivered as
scheduled though the proper designation and
coordination of the crews with all the contents of the
script carried out as planned.

2.) Assistant Director : is considered the time-keeper of the production. It

is the primary function of the AD to keep tract of the
every second of the production schedule. Reminding the
crews of the running time must be done from time to time
either through vocal announcements or hand signals.

3.) Floor Director : acts as the alter-ego of the Director. The FD assumes the
responsibility of relaying to the floor or the rest of
the crews and talents whatever the director so
instructs especially during the taping or airing time.
In conveying the instructions, the FD often use
hand signals.

4.) Technical Director : is in-charge of the tools and equipment necessary for the
production. It is the responsibility of the TD to
check, install, connect and pre-test all the tools and
equipment to ensure a quality broadcast out-put. The
TD must have the technical knowledge of the basic
audio tools and equipment as well as its related
functions.

5.) Spinner : is an assistant of the Technical Director. Primarily, the

spinner is the one who plays the canned or
taped materials on time. It is the duty of the spinner to
cue the canned material and ensure that such is aired
as scheduled and specified in the script.

6.) Production Assistant : assumes multiple tasks in the production. The PA may
sometimes take charge of the crafting of the script
and its proper distribution among the talents.
Sometimes the PA is called to assist the director,
technical director, spinner or talents.

7.) Info-Mercial Specialist : is responsible for the creation of a commercial whose

creativity to incorporate the use of a concept,
language, characterization and other elements to
deliver a strong values formative message within a
very limited span of time is highly regarded.
7.) Talents : refers to the front actors or actresses of the production.
They may appear as the dramatis personae
assuming the following roles:

Anchor Person : who has the most audible voice in the

production with his or his thick and quality voice
serving as the authority and ingenuity to synthesize
the news stories. He or she must have the capability to
create his or her own news story.

News Presenter : who has the capability to present and

deliver a news story in a profound and audible
manner. He or she must have the capability to create
his or her own news story.

Basic Crew Floor Distribution & Positioning

Talents

Director

Floor Director

Assistant Director

Technical Director/ Spinner

Common Terms for Directorial Instructions

Fade Up : refers to the gradual volume increase of the broadcast
content or material especially music or sound effects.

Fade Under : or sometimes Fade to Bed refers to the gradual volume

decrease of the broadcast content or material and it
being played in background level.

Fade Out : refers to the gradual volume decrease of the broadcast

content up to its cutting.

Establish : refers to the broadcast content being played at a steady

level for a period of time.

Cross-fade With : an example of a creative maneuver on music where the

second music material is played following the first
without immediately being noticed. Usually both
materials appear to be connected as both have almost
the same rhythm, melody, and acoustics.

Segue To : contrary to cross-fading, this technique is using the

second material to establish a different scene or
perspective.

Sneak In : another example of a creative maneuver where a material

is being played to steal attention or emphasize a
particular scene.

Off-Mike : intentionally done as a creative maneuver to elicit an

impression of being far from the scene.

Taping Time : refers to the actual airing or production time where

the audience are expected to observe utmost silence so
as not to disrupt, destroy, or destabilize the
production concept.

Cueing : is the preparation of the canned materials prior to taping

time so as to ensure that it is being played as
scheduled.

Dead Air : is the silent gap of more than three (3) seconds not
necessary or required by the script.

Pinning the meter: means excessive volume level.

FUNDAMENTAL SCRIPT PARTS & FORMAT : RIPPLE FORCE “Live Wire
Patrol”
5 Minute News Broadcast
DXRA 92.7 AM
December 8, 2013
Page 1 of 6
_____________________________________________________________________________________
1 NEWS THEME MUSIC FADE UP…ESTAB…FADE UNDER FOR

2 ANCHOR : Good morning Philippines! Good morning Iloilo.

3 : Bringing you the latest news around the world;

4 : this is Juan Carlo your Live Wire Patrol

5 : In the headline:

6 : China is rigged by massive nuclear power explosion

7 : About a million Chinese are feared to be exposed to radiation;

8 SNEAK –IN SFX: LASER BEAM

9 : The largest nuclear power plant of China located within the

10 : province of Guandong exploded early this morning. Residents

of

11 : the industrial city of Shenzen were awakened past five o’ clock

by

12 : the loud explosion of the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant. The
said

13 : plant is considered as China’s largest and is believed to be the

14 : world’s second largest after Krasminov in Vladivostok, Russia.

15 : Just into its third year of operations, experts are puzzled as to
what

16 : could have caused the explosion. The plant is among the

17 : seventeen nuclear installations operating in China which uses

one

18 : of the latest technological advances.

19 : Initial statement released by China National Nuclear

Corporation

20 : or CNNC, the owner and operator of the ill-fated plant said, a

21 : mechanical malfunction in Fusion Plant Reactor Number 3

“Live Wire Patrol”

5 Minute News Broadcast
DXRA 92.7 AM
December 8, 2013
Page 2 of 6
_____________________________________________________________________________________
1 : may have caused the explosion. Authorities are still in the
process

2 : of determining and verifying the number of possible casualties

3 : as there are estimated three hundred employees reporting on

4 : duty within the compound of the Daya Bay Nuclear Complex

5 : when the explosion happened.

6 : Meanwhile, Chinese President Xi Jin Ping orders a 75 kilometer

7 : radius total closedown; security is heightened within both

8 : inland and along coastal towns. Correspondent Baja Taha has

the

9 : story.

10 SNEAK –IN SFX: LASER BEAM

11 BAJA TAHA : Due to the extent of the explosion and the possible expanse of

12 : damage which may be brought by radiation exposure, Chinese

13 : President Xi Jin Ping immediately ordered for a 75 kilometer
radius

14 : total close down of Guandong province and other neighboring

15 : areas. Within an hour after the explosion, additional police and

16 : military forces were dispatched in the area to secure all

possible

17 : entrance and exit points all over Guandong. Moving out from

18 : and going into the province is now totally suspended. As of

press

19 : time, only authorized experts wearing anti-radiation gears are

20 : allowed limited entry and exit to the city of Shenzen to avoid

the

21 : hazards of radioactive contamination.

“Live Wire Patrol”

5 Minute News Broadcast
DXRA 92.7 AM
December 8, 2013
Page 3 of 6
_____________________________________________________________________________________
1 : This is Baja Taha, your Live Wire Patrol.

2 SNEAK –IN SFX: LASER BEAM

3 ANCHOR : The explosion is presently the worst in Chinese nuclear

history;

4 : Five provinces are under Level 4 Radiation Exposure Advisory

5 : More of this, after this break.

6 INFOMERCIAL :”Ala-ala” (PAGE 4)

 “Ala-ala”
1 Minute Infomercial
DXRA 92.7 AM
December 8, 2013
Page 4 of 6
_____________________________________________________________________________________

1MUSIC: MALAMIG ANG SIMOY NG HANGIN FADE UP THEN FADE TO BED

FOR

2 CHILD : Its Christmas time na naman. I should not forget sino ang tatawagan.

3 : Wala man akong regalo. At least I can say hello.

4 SOUND EFFECTS: PHONE RING TONE SNEAK IN

5 GRANDMA : Hello.

6 CHILD : Hello lola! Kumusta ka? Miss na miss na kita.

7 GRANDMA : Mabuti naman at napatawag ka. I thought you have forgotten

me na.

8 CHILD : Ang lola talaga. How could I ever forget you? Sobrang miss nga kita.

9 GRANDMA : Naku! Ako pay bolahen ba…..

10 OFF MIKE CONTINUING CONVERSATION (GIGGLING AND LAUGHTER)

11 V.O. : We may be busy with so many things this yuletide season.

12 : But a simple call may bring real happiness to a person.

13 : Tawag na. Usap na. Gawing maligaya ang bawat isa.

14 1MUSIC: MALAMIG ANG SIMOY NG HANGIN FADE UP THEN FADE OUT

“Live Wire Patrol”

5 Minute News Broadcast
DXRA 92.7 AM
December 8, 2013
Page 5 of 6
_____________________________________________________________________________________
1 NEWS THEME MUSIC FADE UP…ESTAB…FADE UNDER FOR

2 ANCHOR : Now we’re back. The explosion is presently the worst in

Chinese

3 : nuclear history. Five provinces are under Level 4 Radiation

4 : Exposure Advisory. More of this from correspondent Mario Rio.

5 SNEAK –IN SFX: LASER BEAM

6 MARIO RIO : According to the National Nuclear Safety Administration

or NNSA,

7 : the disaster in Daya Bay could be the worst in all of Chinese

8 : nuclear program history. Apprehensions are raised that about

one

9 : million Chinese from the province of Guandong and nearby

10 : provinces shall be subjected to radiation exposure. Within an

hour
11 : after the explosion, the NNSA released Radiation Exposure
Alert

12 : Level 4 advisory covering the provinces of Fujian, Jiangxi,

Hunan,

13 : Guizhou and Guangxi. Under this advisory, residents are

strongly

14 : encouraged to take extra precautionary measures against

15 : exposure to radio-active materials and not to go out without

16 : wearing protective gears. Experts believe the lingering and

17 : debilitating effects of radiation could take as long as 75

harrowing

18 : years.

19 : This is Mario Rio, your Live Wire Patrol.

20 SNEAK –IN SFX: LASER BEAM

“Live Wire Patrol”

5 Minute News Broadcast
DXRA 92.7 AM
December 8, 2013
Page 6 of 6
_____________________________________________________________________________________
1 ANCHOR : As China is reeling from the tragic explosion;

2 : The United Nations is calling for cooperation.

3 : Baja Taha is back with the story.

4 SNEAK –IN SFX: LASER BEAM

5 BAJA TAHA : Stunned by the expanse of the damages and the

impending

6 : threats posed by the tragic Daya Bay Nuclear Plant explosion,

7 : the United Nations has expressed deep concern and calls for

8 : cooperation. In an official statement released by the office of

9 : the UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon, the agency is calling for

10 : cooperation from among countries with nuclear programs to

11 : extend any possible help to China in giving relief and solution

for

12 : the possible threats being posed by the tragedy. The statement

13 : also encourages the people of China to take a stronger resolve

14 : in facing the tragic incident that has taken their country by

15 : surprise.

16 THEME MUSIC FADE UP THEN FADE UNDER FOR

17 ANCHOR : And that’s the top of the hour news. Broadcasting from Live
Wire

18 : Patrol news center, this is John Carlo saying:

19 : “Only he who can see the invisible can do the impossible!”

20 : Philippines thank you and good morning.

21 THEME MUSIC FADE UP THEN FADE OUT

“Balita Numero Uno”

5 Minute News Broadcast
DXRA 92.7 AM
November 28, 2013
Page 1 of 6
_____________________________________________________________________________________
1 THEME MUSIC FADE UP…ESTAB…FADE UNDER FOR

2 ANCHOR : Magandang umaga Pilipinas! Magandang umaga Naga!

3 : Mula sa bulwagang pambalitaan ng Radyo Alerto

4 : Ito po si Juan Carlo para sa “Balita Numero Uno”

5 : Sa ulo ng mga nagbabagang balita:

6 : Niyanig ng intensity 8.2 na lindol ang Amerika ngayung umaga;

7 : Ilang sandali lamang, isang higanteng tsunami sumunod pa!

8 SNEAK –IN SFX: LASER BEAM

9 : Aerial Inspection agarang ginawa ni Pangulong Obama;

10 : Mula sa himpapawid, tindi ng pagkawasak kanyang nakita.

11 SNEAK –IN SFX: LASER BEAM

12 : Bilang ng mga namatay umabot na sa mahigit sampung libo;

13 : halaga ng mga nasirang ari-arian patuloy na lumulobo. At;

14 SNEAK –IN SFX: LASER BEAM

15 : Mga bansang nakapaligid sa Pasipiko,

16 : pinaghahanda sa tsunami at inaasahang maging alerto.

17 THEME MUSIC FADE UP THEN FADE UNDER FOR

18 ANCHOR : At ngayon para sa mga detalye:

19 : Niyanig ng isang napakalakas na lindol ang America kaninang

20 : umaga ganap na las 8:45. Tinamaan ng lindol ang estado ng

21 : California. Ayon sa National Volcanology and Seismology

“Balita Numero Uno”

5 Minute News Broadcast
DXRA 92.7 AM
November 28, 2013
Page 2 of 6
_____________________________________________________________________________________
1 : Administration o (NVSA) isang magnitude 8.2 sa Richter scale
ang

2 : naturang lindol. Tinukoy nito na ang epicenter ay nasa ilalim ng

3 : dagat ng San Francisco Bay, mga anim-napung kilometro

4 : lamang ang layo mula sa baybayin ng naturang lungsod.

Naram-

5 : daman din ang pagyanig sa Hawaii sa lakas na 6.2, at 5.4

naman

6 : sa bansang Mexico, samantalang 4.0 naman sa bansang Brazil.

7 : Wala pang tatlumpong minuto matapos ang lindol, sumunod

8 : naman ang nakakapangilabot na tsunami na may taas na
mahi-

9 : git animnapung talampakan. Hinambalos nito ang mga

10 : bayan at lungsod malapit sa baybayin ng California. Kabilang

sa

11 : unang matinding tinamaan nito ay ang mga lungsod ng Los

12 : Angeles, San Diego at San Francisco. Samantala;

13 : Aerial Inspection agarang ginawa ni Pangulong Obama;

14 : Para sa mga detalye, narito si Baha Taja.

15 SNEAK –IN SFX: LASER BEAM

16 BAHA TAJA : Lulan ng eroplanong Air Force One, agad na nagsagawa ng

17 : aerial inspection si Pangulong Barrack Obama upang personal

18 : na makita ang lawak ng pinsalang dulot ng lindol na sinundan

19 : pa ng tsunami. Kita niya mula sa himpapawid ang mga

napatag

20 : na mga gusali, gumuhong ospital, nasirang simbahan at

nawasak

21 : na mga daungan at paliparan. Sa mga oras na ito, paralisado

“Balita Numero Uno”
5 Minute News Broadcast
DXRA 92.7 AM
November 28, 2013
Page 3 of 6
_____________________________________________________________________________________
1 : pa rin ang galaw ng transportasyon at maging komunikasyon
sa

2 : buong estado dahil sa mga gumuhong tulay, nagbitakang mga

3 : hi-ways, nagsitumbahang mga poste at nagsibagsakang linya

4 : ng mga telepono. Agad namang iniutos ng pangulo ang pagsa-

5 : gawa ng maagap na search and rescue operations na pangu-

6 : ngunahan ng sandatahang lakas ng Estados Unidos kasama na

7 : ang US Airforce at US Navy.

8 : Para sa Balita Numero Uno, ito po si Baha Taja nag-uulat.

9 ANCHOR : Maraming salamat Baha Taja.

10 : Magbabalik kami makalipas lamang ang patalastas.

11 THEME MUSIC FADE UP THEN FADE UNDER FOR

12 INFO-MERCIAL :” IT-NOK” SNEAK IN (PAGE 6)

“Balita Numero Uno”

5 Minute News Broadcast
DXRA 92.7 AM
November 28, 2013
Page 4 of 6
_____________________________________________________________________________________
1 THEME MUSIC FADE UP THEN FADE UNDER FOR

2 ANCHOR : Nagbabalik ang Balita Numero Uno:

3 : Bilang ng mga namatay umabot na sa mahigit sampung libo;

4 : halaga ng mga nasirang ari-arian patuloy na lumulobo.

5 : Para sa mga detalye, narito si Mario Rio.

6 SNEAK –IN SFX: LASER BEAM

7 MARIO RIO : Sa lungsod ng San Francisco pa lamang, tinatayang

mahigit
8 : sampung libo na ang kumpirmadong patay. Ayon sa ulat ng

9 : Department of Home-land Security, karamihan sa mga

namatay

10 : ay nabagsakan ng mga gumuhong istruktura o di kaya ay

11 : nalunod dahil sa tsunami. Inaasahan namang tataas pa ang

12 : bilang na ito oras na papasok na ang ulat mula sa iba pang

13 : mga apektadong lugar. Umaabot naman sa mahigit sampung

14 : bilyong dolyar na ang halaga ng mga napinsala.

15 : Para sa Balita Numero Uno, ito po si Mario Rio.

16 ANCHOR : Maraming salamat Mario Rio. Sa kabilang dako:

17 : Mga bansang nakapaligid sa Pasipiko,

18 : pinaghahanda sa tsunami at inaasahang maging alerto.

19 : Magbabalik si Mario Rio.

20 SNEAK –IN SFX: LASER BEAM

“Balita Numero Uno”

5 Minute News Broadcast
DXRA 92.7 AM
November 28, 2013
Page 5 of 6
_____________________________________________________________________________________
1 MARIO RIO : Limang minuto lamang matapos mamonitor ang
naturang lindol

2 : ng Japanese Meteorology and Seismology Center, ay agad

itong

3 : nagpalabas ng Pacific-wide tsunami warning advisory para sa

4 : mga bansang nakapaligid sa karagatang Pasipiko na maaaring

5 : tamaan ng tsunami. Kabilang dito ang mga bansang Argentina,

6 : Brazil, Chile, HongKong, Mexico, Micronesia, New Zealand,

Papua
7 : New Guinea, Pilipinas, Russia at Taiwan.

8 : Pinaniniwalaang isang tectonic plate ang sanhi ng naturang

9 : lindol dahil sa paggalaw ng Juan de Fuca Plate at Pacific Plate.

10 : Naitala na hindi bababa sa isang daan at labing dalawang

11 : malalakas na pagyanig pa o aftershocks ang sumunod.

12 THEME MUSIC FADE UP THEN FADE UNDER FOR

13 ANCHOR : At yan ang kabuuan ng ating mga nagbabagang balita sa

14 : oras na ito. Sa muli, ito po ang inyong lingkod Juan Carlo na

15 : nagsasabing:

16 : Ang bayang Malaya, ay bayang pinagpala!

17 : Magandang umaga. Pilipinas, mabuhay ka!

18 THEME MUSIC FADE UP THEN FADE OUT.

FUNDAMENTAL SCRIPT PARTS & FORMAT: INVERTED PYRAMID “Live Wire

Patrol”
5 Minute News Broadcast
DXRA 92.7 AM
Intro December 8, 2013
Page 1 of ____
_____________________________________________________________________________________
1 THEME MUSIC FADE UP…ESTAB…FADE UNDER FOR

2 VOICE OVER : Good morning Philippines! Good morning Tacloban!

3 : Broadcasting live from Radyo Alerto news center

4 : this is Juan Carlo for your Seven O’clock news update.

5 : In the headlines:

6 : President Arroyo declares state of emergency;

7 : In sports:

8 : Over two million sports enthusiasts are expected to attend

9 : the Beijing Olympics;

10 : In business:

11 : Philippine peso gains its all time high

12 THEME MUSIC FADE UP…ESTAB… FADE UNDER FOR

13 VOICE OVER : Now for the head -lines:

14 : President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo declares a state of

15 : emergency in the midst of speculations that there would be

16 : rice shortage if hoarding goes unabated. Riza Rizal files this

17 : report…

18 SNEAK IN RIZA RIZAL’S REPORT

“Live Wire Patrol”

Extro 5 Minute News Broadcast
DXRA 92.7 AM
December 8, 2013
Page 1 of _____

_____________________________________________________________________________________
1 THEME MUSIC FADE UP…ESTAB…FADE UNDER FOR

2 VOICE OVER : That concludes our Seven O’clock news update. With Riza

3 : Rizal, Mario Rio and Baha Taja this is Juan Carlo saying:

4 : “To them that much is given, much is required”

5 : Philippines thank you and good morning!

6 THEME MUSIC FADE UP THEN FADE OUT

END