Theories -the experiences and memories unique to the

individual that are not currently in, but are readily available to, the
Sigmund Freud (psychoanalytic theory) conscious mind.
-father of psychoanalysis
-according to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, personality develops  Collective conscious- this is a level of unconscious shared with
through a series of stages, each characterized by a certain internal other members of the human species comprising latent memories
psychological conflict. from our ancestral and evolutionary past.

*according to Freud, the job of the ego is to balance the Karen Horney (feminine psychology)
aggressive/pleasure-seeking drives of the id with the moral control of -she stressed basic anxiety arising from childhood insecurities that
the superego continue throughout life.

 Id- reservoir for the instincts and libido.  Real self- is who and what we actually are. This contains
-the most primitive of the 3 structures, is concerned w/ instant potential for growth, happiness, will power, gifts and for forth.
gratification of basic physical needs and urges. It operates entirely
unconsciously.  Ideal self- is the type of person we feel that we should be and is
Ex: “I want to do that now!” used as a model to assist us in developing our potential and
achieving self-actualization.
 Ego- rational master of personality
-secondary thought process Carl Rogers
-the ego is the rational, pragmatic part of our personality. It is -was a humanistic psychologist who agreed with the main assumptions
less primitive than the id and is partly conscious and partly unconscious. of Abraham Maslow, but added that for a person to “grow” they need an
-it’s what Freud considered to be the “self” and its job is to environment that provides them with genuineness, acceptance and
balance the demands of the id and superego in the practical context of empathy.
reality.
Ex: “maybe we can compromise.” Components of Self Concept:
 Self-worth or Self-esteem- what we think about ourselves and it
 Superego- internalization of parental and social values. develops in early childhood.
The superego is considered w/ social rules and morals. It develops as a  Self-image- how we see ourselves, which is important to good
child learns what their culture considers right and wrong. psychological health. Self-image includes the influence of our
Ex: “it’s not right to do that” body image on inner personality.
 Ideal self- this is the person who we would like to be. It consists
Carl Jung (analytical psychology) of our goals and ambitions in life and is dynamic.
-personality is an organized pattern of perception of the I or me that lies
in the heart of individuals experiences. Erik Erikson (developmental Theory/ Post Freudian Theory)
-he maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order, and
 Psyche- spirit of soul and the integration of all aspect of society. builds upon each previous stage. This is called the epigenetic principle.
-is the whole mind, including the conscious and the unconscious.
 Ego- “the acceptance of one’s one and only life cycle as
 Ego- center of consciousness and awareness of oneself. something that had to be” and later as “a sense of coherence and
-the hub of consciousness that forms all unrepressed perceptions, wholeness”
thoughts, feelings and memories.
 Body ego- experiences w/ our body. Satisfied/dissatisfied w/
 Personal conscious- contains temporality forgotten information our body.
and well as repressed memories.
  Ego ideal- represents the image we have of ourselves. Determining your weaknesses gives you the opportunity to know your
Responsible for being satisfied/ dissatisfied w/ our personal limitations or boundaries. You can identify situations where you have to
identity. say no.

 Ego identity- the image we have ourselves in the variety of the  You must develop your knowledge and skills through better
social roles we play. study habits, and develop positive attitudes in dealing with life’s
challenges.
William James
-the father of American psychology. Self-awareness starts w/ assessing yourself.
-he talks about self.
*introspection or your ability to reflect and think about your own
3 concepts: thoughts, feelings, and actions, is essential in understanding and
 Material self- about our body and material self. improving yourselves.
-consists of things that belong to a person or entities *aside from your self-assessment, you have to listen and accept
that a person belongs to. positively the feedback you get from others, as well as their opinions
about you.
 Social self- interaction w/ the society and reaction with others.
-are who we are in a given social situation. By becoming aware of yourself, you are more equipped to accept
yourself and be more open for self-improvement. Also, a deeper
 Spiritual self- intimate part of ourselves and the ability to argue understanding of who you are allows you to see your potential.
and discriminate of our moral sensibility and conscience.
-was who we are at our core. Awareness of your strength boosts your self-confidence. As your self-
awareness increases, so does your sense of security because you trust
Module 1: knowing Oneself yourself and you feel secure as to who you are.

Self is the union of elements, namely: body, thoughts, feelings or Module 2: Developing the Whole Person
emotions and sensation.
Adolescence
 The body constitutes your physical attributes, your health, and -latin word “adolescere” meaning “to grow up”
your posture and poise. -is considered as a transition from childhood to adulthood, a passage
 Your thoughts, the way you think, and how you perceive things from one stage to another.
around you.
 These emotions and sensations that you experience prompt Puberty
you to act and behave the way you do. -latin word “pubertas” means “adult”
 The union of these elements makes up your character or -body experiences matration.
personality and essentially distinguishes you from others.

In knowing your strength, you are more empowered to do emotional

change
physical
change
developmental task. These task includes your capacity to establish
mature relationships w/ others, emotional independence, and your
capacity to demonstrate responsible behaviors. mental
change
intellectual
change

You are equipped w/ skills essential in making wise decision in

life.
You are able to analyze complex situations logically.
 Male Female  Conflicting thoughts
Broader shoulder Widening of waist  Mood swings
Change in voice Change in voice  Feeling conscious about self
-starts deepening (low pitch) -less deep (high pitch)  Getting attracted w/ opposite sex

Girls start their growth spurt earlier than boys, but boys eventually grow Erik Erikson
taller than girls, so that after adolescence, boys are usually physically -identity vs role confusion
stronger than girls.

Male Female good

morals
Enlargement of the testes and Sudden growth
scrotum elderly
guide
Growth of pubic hair Appearance of pubic hair
Increase in the size of penis Development of breast, hips and
right
direction

growth of the hair in the armpits

Sudden physical growth Development of the uterus, vagina,
labia and clitoris
Growth of the larynx, deepening of Rapid growth and slight Module 3: Developmental Stages in Middle and Late
voice pigmentation of pubic hair
Hair above the upper lip Beginning of the nipple According to Robert Havighurst, one of the pioneers in human
pigmentation and increase in the development studies, these developmental tasks refer to the specific
size of the areola knowledge, skills, attitudes and functions that a person needs to acquire
Ejection of semen during sleep High growth spurt followed by and, in turn, be able to demonstrate at particular periods in his or her
growth decline life.
Enlargement of the prostate gland Occurrence of menarche
Production of sperm becomes Thickening of pubic hair Havighurst’s developmental task:
sufficient to allow fertility  Achieving new and more mature relations with age mates of both
sexes.
Decrease in growth rate happens End of sterility, possibility of
 Achieving a masculine or feminine social role
conception
 Accepting one’s physique and using one’s body effectively
 Achieving emotional independence from parents and other
Menarche, marks a girl’s sexual maturity and is indicative of her
adults.
capacity to be pregnant.
 Preparing for marriage and family life.
 Preparing for an economic career
Androgens & Estrogen are hormones or chemical substances produced
 Acquiring a set of values and an ethical system as a guide to
by endocrine glands that actively affect physical growth and
behavior-developing ideology
development.
 Desiring, accepting, and achieving socially responsible behavior.
Testosterone is an androgen that is strongly associated in the physical
3 stages in the adolescence period:
maturation of boys.
1. Early adolescence (12-13 years old)
Social emotional changes during puberty:
-at this stage, you experience rapid growth and various changes.
It involves adapting to biological and mental development.
 Feeling overly sensitive
 Looking for an identity
 Learn by trial and error
 Feeling uncertain
 Question authority figure and social norms
 Peer pressure’
 Begin creating abstract ideas
 Pitfalls and Challenges of Adolescents
2. Middle adolescence (14-16 years old)
-it suggests that you need to be physically self-reliant and *using and abusing drugs
psychologically independent from your parents, which is not that *being addicted to computer games
easy. *running away from home
-the primary tasks of a teenager are achieving new and more *being sexually promiscuous
mature relations with age mates of both sexes achieving a *becoming a teenage parent
masculine or feminine social role, and achieving emotional *being depressed and committing suicide
independence dorm parents and other adults.
-another task during this stage is becoming more adept in social 9 symptoms represent a change in the individual’s functioning
settings and more capable of establishing intimate relationship.
*depressed mood most of the day
 Organized thinking *markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all
 Questions more extensively *significant weight loss or weight gain
 Formulate own norms *insomnia or hypersomnia
*feelings of worthlessness
3. Late adolescence (17 years old) *diminished ability to think
-you should have already formed attitudes, learned skills and *fatigue or loss of energy
established relationships. *recurrent thoughts of death
-you have shown a sense of consistency in your personal identity
in relation to the people around you. Suicide is usually associated w/ depression. It is closely related with a
sense of hopelessness, low self-esteem, and high self-blame.
 Understand consequences
 Focuses on possible career-path Strategies to cope with challenges:

*late adolescents should be focused on planning and preparing  Learn to accept what you feel
for marriage and family life.  Identify your vulnerabilities
 Develop your talents and interest
Module 4: the Challenges of Middle and Late Adolescence  Become more involved with others
 Seek help when needed
Biological or physical factors such as genes, puberty, hormones, and
brain development cause challenges that adolescents need to face. Module 5: Coping w/ Stress in Middle and Late Adolescence
Hormonal changes that teenagers go through during puberty have been
linked to higher rates of depression and heightened sex drives. Cognitive symptoms:

o One of the most difficult challenges that you encounter as a *having memory problems.
teenager is finding a sense of identity. *being unable to concentrate
o The absence of concrete self-identity causes heightened *having poor judgment
emotionality that usually causes problem. *seeing only the negative
*being anxious
who influences us? *worrying constantly

 Family Emotional symptoms:

 Friends
 Teachers *moodiness
 Celebrities *irritability or short temper
*agitation
*being overwhelmed
*sense of loneliness
*depression

Physical symptoms:

*body aches
*diarrhea
*dizziness
*chest pain
*rapid heartbeat
*frequent colds

Behavioral symptoms:

*eating more or less

*sleeping too much
*isolating yourself
*procrastinating
*neglecting responsibilities
*having nervous habits

Indicators that you have successfully handled stress:

 Emotional stability
 Being tactful
 Doing well in school
 Learning to say “no”