ABSTRACT BOOK

2019
INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS
ON ULTRASONICS
BRUGES, BELGIUM
3-6 September 2019
 Tuesday, September 3rd, 2019 (9:30 am)

Keynote session 1

Keynote Lecture by Mickael Tanter:

Breaking the Fundamental Spatio-temporal Barriers in Biomedical Ultrasound

Location: VIVES main auditorium

Chair: Jan D'hooge

2
 BREAKING THE FUNDAMENTAL SPATIO-TEMPORAL BARRIERS IN
BIOMEDICAL ULTRASOUND
Mickael Tanter1
1
Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, France

In the last twenty years, the introduction of plane or diverging wave transmissions rather than
line by line scanning focused beams broke the resolution limits of ultrasound imaging. By using
such large field of view transmissions, the frame rate reaches the theoretical limit of physics
dictated by the ultrasound speed and an ultrasonic map can be provided typically in tens of
micro-seconds (several thousands of frames per second). Interestingly, this leap in frame rate
is not only a technological breakthrough but it permits the advent of completely new ultrasound
imaging modes, including shear wave elastography [1,2], electromechanical wave imaging,
ultrafast Doppler, ultrafast contrast imaging, and even functional ultrasound imaging of brain
activity (fUS) introducing Ultrasound as an emerging full-fledged neuroimaging modality.

At ultrafast frame rates, it becomes possible to track in real time the transient vibrations –
known as shear waves – propagating through organs. Such "human body seismology"
provides quantitative maps of local tissue stiffness whose added value for diagnosis has been
recently demonstrated in many fields of radiology (breast, prostate and liver cancer,
cardiovascular imaging, ...).

For blood flow imaging, ultrafast Doppler permits high-precision characterization of complex
vascular and cardiac flows. It also gives ultrasound the ability to detect very subtle blood flow
in very small vessels. In the brain, such ultrasensitive Doppler paves the way for fUS
(functional ultrasound) imaging of brain activity with unprecedented spatial and temporal
resolution compared to fMRI. It provides the first modality for imaging of the whole brain activity
working on awake and freely moving animals with unprecedented resolutions [3-5].

Finally, in recent years a first non-invasive imaging modality at microscopic scales deep into
organs combined with contrast agents was demonstrated using Ultrasound by localizing the
position of millions of microbubbles at ultrafast frame rates. This ultrasound localization
microscopy technique solves for the first time the problem of in vivo imaging at microscopic
scale deep into organs. Beyond fundamental neuroscience or stroke diagnosis, it will certainly
provide new insights in the understanding of tumor angiogenesis.

Keywords
Biomedical Imaging, ultrafast imaging, superresolution, functional ultrasound, elastography, ultrasound
localization microscopy
References
[1]
Tanter et al, Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 34(9), 2008
[2]
M.E. Fernandez-Sanchez et al, Nature, July 2015
[3]
Mace et al., Nature Methods, Jun. 2011
[4]
Osmanski et al, Nature Comm., Oct. 2014
[5]
L.A. Sieu et al, Nature Methods, Jul. 2015
[6]
C.Errico et al, Nature, Dec. 2015

3
 Tuesday, September 3rd, 2019 (11:00 am)

IMA - Ultrasonic Motors and Actuators

IMA: Ultrasonic Motors and Actuators Location: VIVES room B302

Chair: Kentaro Nakamura

11:00 - 11:30 Lubricated ultrasonic motors: novel driving mechanism for achieving high-efficiency, high-torque,
and long-life ultrasonic motors Wei Qiu
11:30 - 11:45 Self-sensing mechanical impedance detection using piezoelectric manipulators
Yuichiro Orino, Kenta Suzuki, Sze Keat Chee, Takeshi Morita
11:45 - 12:00 Effect of physical properties of liquid crystal materials Marina Fukui, Yuki Harada, Daisuke Koyama,
on ultrasound variable-focus lenses Kentaro Nakamura, Mami Matsukawa
12:00 - 12:15 Excitation of high intensity surface acoustic waves Kentaro Nakamura, Sun Ce, Wu Jiang, Isamu Nagasawa,
on layered glass plate Yuu Stomodea, Tomohisa Ueda

4
 LUBRICATED ULTRASONIC MOTORS: NOVEL DRIVING MECHANISM FOR
ACHIEVING HIGH-EFFICIENCY, HIGH-TORQUE, AND LONG-LIFE ULTRASONIC
MOTORS
Wei Qiu1
1
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Ole Römers väg 3, 22363 Lund,
Sweden

Ultrasonic motors (USMs) are typically driven in dry condition, since the vibrational energy is
converted to the motor output force by the friction force between the stator and the rotor. This
driving mechanism inevitably produces friction loss and wear on the friction materials, resulting
in low motor efficiency and short life; therefore, the application of USMs is greatly limited to
the actuation tasks where neither high-efficiency nor long-life operation is required.
Considering the feature of lubrication described in the classic Stribeck curve [1], the author
initially applied lubricant to the contact interface of USMs. It is found that the motor efficiency
[2]
and torque [3] can be significantly enhanced after being lubricated, owing to the ideal
modulation of friction coefficient under the varying contact pressure and sliding velocity during
motor operation. In this invited talk, the working principle of lubricated USMs and their
characteristics will be introduced, following by the criteria for selecting friction materials [4] and
lubricants [5]. Most of the experimental results were obtained using hybrid transducer-type
ultrasonic motors (HTUSMs), but the lubricating effect in other types of USMs will also be
mentioned.

Figure 1: (a) Sketch and dimension of the HTUSM used in experiments. (b)-(c) Illustration of (b)
boundary lubrication regime and (c) mixed (or hydrodynamic) lubrication regime in HTUSM. (d)-(e)
Motor efficiency as a function of preload in (d) dry and (e) lubricated conditions. (f) Maximum torque as
a function of preload.

Keywords
Ultrasonic motors, lubrication, efficiency, torque
References
[1]
R. Stribeck, Zeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure, 46 1902, 1341-1348, 1432-1438, 1463-
1470.
[2]
W. Qiu, Y. Mizuno, D. Koyama, K. Nakamura, IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelec., Freq. Contr., 60
2013, 786-794.
[3]
W. Qiu, Y. Mizuno, M. Tabaru, K. Nakamura, Appl. Phys. Lett., 105 2014, 224102 1-4.
[4]
W. Qiu, Y. Mizuno, K. Nakamura, Wear, 352-353 2016, 188-195.
[5]
W. Qiu, Y. Mizuno, K. Adachi, K. Nakamura, Sens. Actuator A Phys., 282 2018, 183-191.

5
 SELF-SENSING MECHANICAL IMPEDANCE DETECTION USING
PIEZOELECTRIC MANIPULATORS
Yuichiro Orino1, Kenta Suzuki1, Sze Keat Chee2, Takeshi Morita1
1
Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5,
Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8563 Japan
2
Mechano Transformer Corporation, 3F Mikasa First Building, Kaji-cho 1-10-10,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0044 Japan

In micro-manipulation, it is necessary to sense a grasping force or gripping state in order to

avoid damage of handling objects. Moreover, in cell manipulation or robotic surgery, softness
or viscosity detection of the handling biotissue is useful for pathological diagnose; however, it
is difficult to measure elasticity or viscosity of objects by using conventional sensors such as
strain gauges. In addition, sensor attachment prevents miniaturization of manipulators.

In this study, we propose a self-sensing method for piezoelectric micro-manipulators, in which

the gripping motion drive and the sensing are simultaneously conducted by utilizing one
piezoelectric element. It is possible to detect gripping conditions and objects’ mechanical
properties from the electric characteristics of the piezoelectric material during operation.

The operation principle is shown in Fig. 1. AC voltage for sensing is superimposed on the
driving voltage. The amplitude of the sensing AC voltage has to be small enough not to affect
to the gripping motion. The current flowing to the piezoelectric element is measured by a
current probe and only the sensing frequency components is extracted by a lock-in amplifier.
From the amplitude or the phase of current at the sensing frequency, conditions at the tip of
manipulators can be detected.

The experiment of self-sensing contact condition was conducted by monitoring the admittance
at resonant frequency in free condition which was estimated based on permittivity detection
[1]
. The result shows that it is possible to detect whether the object is attached to the
manipulator tip or not by our proposed self-sensing method. In addition, the self-sensing
detection of the mechanical impedance while driving the actuator by DC voltage was
experimentally demonstrated for silicone rubbers.

Figure 1: Brief diagram of self-sensing piezoelectric manipulator

Keywords
Micro-manipulation, Piezoelectric actuator, Self-sensing, Mechanical impedance, Permittivity detection
References
[1]
A. Kawamata, Y. Kadota, H. Hosaka, T. Morita, Ferroelectrics, 368(1) 2008, 194-201.

6
 EFFECT OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUID CRYSTAL MATERIALS
ON ULTRASOUND VARIABLE-FOCUS LENSES
Marina Fukui1, Yuki Harada1, Daisuke Koyama1, Kentaro Nakamura2, Mami Matsukawa1
1
Doshisha University 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto, 610-0321 Japan
2
Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259-R2-26 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503
Japan

Liquid crystals exist in an intermediate state between liquid and solid and have both properties
from both states and crystalline material anisotropies. Nematic liquid crystals are widely used
in optical devices such as liquid crystal displays because the molecular orientations can be
controlled easily by electric field. In this report, we investigated a technique to control the
molecular orientation of nematic liquid crystals using ultrasound vibration[1] and its application
to a variable-focus lens. The lens consists of a liquid crystal layer with the thickness of 25 to
100 µm and a PZT ring transducer (Figure 1). And the effects of material properties of liquid
crystals on ultrasound variable-focus lenses were investigated. The optical image through the
lens was observed using a transmission optical microscope and the focal length was evaluated
by moving a test target along the optical axis between a polarizer and a light source.
(a) (b)
Glass plate (t = 0.7 mm)
LC layer
PZT (t = 1 mm)
5 mm LC 25 µm
5mm
50 µm
配向膜
15 mm molecules
(Vertical to 100 µm
substrates)
Glass plate (t =0.7 mm)
30 mm Oriented film
Glass plate (t = 0.7 mm)

100 µm
Figure 1: Configuration of the liquid crystal lens.
Figure 2: Optical images (a) without, (b) and with ultrasound excitation at the resonance frequency of
63.8 kHz with 4.5 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 .

Figure 2 shows the optical images through the lens without and with ultrasound excitation at
the resonance frequency of 63.8 kHz with 4.5 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 . The relationships between the change in
the focal length and the input voltage for the lenses with several thicknesses of the liquid
crystal layer were investigated. The focal length decreased with increase of the input voltage
and the liquid crystal lens acted as a convex lens. Thicker liquid crystal layer gave the larger
lens effect but the light transmission was decreased. This is because the incident light was
scattered by the liquid crystal molecules dynamically since the biding force to the molecules
by the orientational film decreased with increase of the thickness of the liquid crystal layer.
The experimental results indicated that the lens with the 50-µm-thick liquid crystal layer was
suitable to a variable-focus lens at the resonance frequency of 63.8 kHz (93.3 µm/ 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ). Low
viscosity of the liquid crystal material allowed the focus point to be controlled at low frequency.

Keywords
Nematic liquid crystal, ultrasound, variable-focus lens
Reference
[1]
S.Taniguchi, et al.,Appl.Phys.Lett.108(2016)101103.

7
EXCITATION OF HIGH INTENSITY SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVES ON LAYERED
GLASS PLATE
Kentaro Nakamura1, Sun Ce1, Wu Jiang1, Isamu Nagasawa2, Yuu Stomodea2,
Tomohisa Ueda2
1
Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503,
Japan
2
SUBARU corp., Ota 373-8555, Japan

Front view camera plays an important role in automatic driving system of vehicles. Obstacles
such as droplet, snow, slag and other objects on front shield glass are fatal problem for the
front view cameras equipped behind the shield glass. In this study, we test surface acoustic
wave (SAW) to remove water droplet on a glass plate because the vehicle's front shield is
triple-layered, where soft polymer material is sandwiched with two glass plate. Studies using
SAWs on piezoelectric substrate to actuate liquid have been reported since late 1980s [1]. We
utilize a wedge transducer instead of inter-digital transducer since SAW needs to be excited
on a glass as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Wedge transducer on a triple-layered glass plate.

A key of this study is the selection of material for the wedge because slower sound speed than
SAW on the glass and low attenuation are both required. We have chosen PPS
(Polyphenylene sulfide) being based on our previous experiments for lower frequency
vibrations [2]. The angle of the wedge was determined to 45 degrees from a simple calculation
of the matching of wave fronts between the longitudinal waves in the wedge and SAWs on the
glass. Thickness of the piezoelectric ceramic plates were changed to test three different
frequencies, 1.67, 2.00 and 2.50 MHz. The SAW wave lengths are less than the thickness of
the upper glass plate (2 mm). Water drops on the layered glass was successfully moved at
1.67 MHz as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Movement of droplets on an angled glass plate with SAW excitation.

Keywords
SAW, wedge transducer, high intensity
References
[1]
S. Shiokawa, Y. Matsui, T. Mori-izumi, Experimental study on liquid streaming by SAW, Proc. 9th
Symp. on Ultrasonic Electronics, Jap. J. Appl. Phys., Suppl. 28-1 1989, 126-128.
[1]
J. Wu, Y. Mizuno, M. Tabaru, K. Nakamura, Measurement of mechanical quality factors of polymers
in flexural vibration for high-power ultrasonic application, Ultrasonics 2016, 74-82.

8
 Tuesday, September 3rd, 2019 (11:00 am)

INA+ILU (1/2) - Laser ultrasonics Applications in industry and aeronautics

INA+ILU (1/2): Laser ultrasonics Applications in industry Location: VIVES room A306
and aeronautics Chair: Christ Glorieux and Helge Pfeiffer

11:00 - 11:30 Virtual wave concept for non-destructive evaluation Peter Burgholzer, Luca Pecoriello, Huu Kien Bui, Guillaume Wasselynck,
of anisotropic media Gerard Berthiau, Gregor Thummerer, Günther Mayr
11:30 - 11:45 Interface Quality Evaluation of Adhesive Joints
with Acoustic Microscopy Bengisu Yilmaz, Egidijus Zukauskas, Elena Jasiuniene
11:45 - 12:00 Investigation of delamination in carbon fiber reinforced plastic Tommaso Seresini, Peilong Yuan, Jürgen Gruber, Günther Mayr,
by means of pulse thermography, shearography and active thermography Peter Burgholzer, Luca Pecoriello, Helge Pfeiffer,
Martine Wevers, Christ Glorieux

9
 VIRTUAL WAVE CONCEPT FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF
ANISOTROPIC COMPOSITES
Peter Burgholzer1, Luca Pecoriello1, Huu Kien Bui2, Guillaume Wasselynck2, Gerard
Berthiau2, Gregor Thummerer3, Günther Mayr3
1
Research Center for Non Destructive Testing (RECENDT), 4040 Linz, Austria
2
Institute of Research in Electrical Energy of Nantes-Atlantique (IREENA), University of
Nantes, 44602 Saint-Nazaire Cedex, France
3
Josef Ressel Center for Thermal NDE of Composites, University of Applied Sciences Upper
Austria, 4600 Wels, Austria

For depth estimation and in some cases for the characterization of the thermal resistance
between the bulk material and the discontinuity a one-dimensional (1D) thermal model is
typically used as a state of the art thermal NDE method [1]. Burgholzer et al. [2] have published
a 3D thermographic imaging method using a virtual wave concept. A virtual ultrasound wave
is calculated by applying a local transformation to the measured temperature data of the
sample. The main advantage is that well developed 3D image reconstruction methods for
ultrasonic imaging (time reversal or Synthetic Aperture Focussing Technique - SAFT) can be
adopted for thermographic signals [3].

Figure 1: Anisotropic composite plate with internal heat sources at different depths. The heat
conductivity in the direction of the thickness is significantly less than parallel to the plate surface.

From the measured temperature distribution on the surface as a function of time in a first step,
a (virtual) ultrasound wave is calculated. For an anisotropic sample, this can be accomplished
by using a tensor for the heat diffusion. By comparison of the isotropic and anisotropic Green's
function a new length scale could be established, where the virtual wave concept can be
applied in the same way as for isotropic samples.

Keywords
Anisotropic heat diffusion, Virtual acoustic waves, FSAFT, Green's functions
References
[1]
V.P. Vavilov, D.D. Burleigh, Review of pulsed thermal NDT: Physical principles, theory and data
processing, NDT&E Int 73 2015, 28-52.
[2]
P. Burgholzer, M. Thor, J. Gruber, G. Mayr, Three-dimensional thermographic imaging using a virtual
wave concept, J. Appl. Phys 121(10) 2017, 10.1063/1.4978010.
[3]
K. Mayer, R. Marklein, K. J. Langenberg, T. Kreuter, Three dimensional imaging system based on
Fourier Transfrom Synthetic aperture focusing technique, Ultrasonics 28(4) 1990, 241-255.

10
 INTERFACE QUALITY EVALUATION OF ADHESIVE JOINTS WITH ACOUSTIC
MICROSCOPY
Bengisu Yilmaz1, Egidijus Zukauskas1, Elena Jasiuniene1,2
1
Prof. K. Barsauskas Ultrasound Research Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, K.
Barsausko St. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
2
Department of Electronics Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu St. 48,
LT-51367 Kaunas, Lithuania

The high demand in composite materials for industries such as aerospace and automotive
bring the attention to the improvement on joining technologies for composites. Even though
adhesive joints are superior to the traditional joining technologies such as mechanical
fasteners, their application is limited due to reliability issues in non-destructive evaluation of
adhesive interfaces. This study focuses on the interface quality evaluation with the high
frequency - high resolution acoustic microscope system built at the Ultrasound Research
Institute, KTU, Kaunas, where four different bonding quality has been evaluated. Carbon-fiber
reinforced epoxy single lap joints with perfect bond, artificial debonding with release film, brass
inclusion at the interface and oil contamination (weak bond) had been investigated by 50 MHz
focused acoustic microscope transducer. The irregularities of the interface reflections had
been analyzed by the shape based feature extractions in time and frequency domain. Namely,
time of flight, maximum amplitude change and curvature had been evaluated. The differences
of different bonding qualities including weak bond (oil contamination) had been reported.
Additionally, high resolution (pixel size = 140 nm x 30 nm) c-scan images had been saved. As
it was expected from numerical model study previously performed [1], the decrease in
ultrasonic amplitude, frequency amplitude and phase delay had been observed from A-scan
signals compared to perfect bond responses.

Figure 1: Gaussian filtered A-scan sample from the center of the defects / or in the same position for
four different bonding quality (color coded) on the left. Frequency response of the A-scan signals for
four different bonding quality (color coded) on the center. The acoustic microscopy C-scan image of
different bonding qualities: a) perfect bond, b) artificial debonding with release film, c) brass inclusion
at the interface, d) weak bond (oil contamination) on the right.

This research was funded by NDTonAIR project from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and
innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant No. 722134.

Keywords
Acoustic Microscopy, Adhesive Bonding, Composites
References
[1]
B. Yilmaz, E. Jasiuniene, L. Mazeika, Evaluation of bonding quality by using ultrasonic waves, vol.
12 ECNDT 2018, 2-4.

11
 INVESTIGATION OF DELAMINATION IN CARBON FIBER REINFORCED
PLASTIC BY MEANS OF PULSE THERMOGRAPHY, SHEAROGRAPHY AND
ACTIVE THERMOGRAPHY
Tommaso Seresini1, Peilong Yuan1, Jürgen Gruber2, Günther Mayr2, Peter Burgholzer3,
Luca Pecoriello3, Helge Pfeiffer4, Martine Wevers4, Christ Glorieux1
1
Department of Physics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
2
Josef Ressel Centre for Thermal NDE of Composites, University of Applied Sciences Upper
Austria, Wels, Austria
3
RECENDT - Research Centre for Nondestructive Testing, Linz, Austria
4
Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Carbon fiber reinforced plastic is a material widely used in manufacturing nowadays. Some
sectors, the aeronautics industry in the first place, demand components of high mechanical
performance, but also with high durability and reliability, hence the need for advanced health
assessing methods, to monitor the integrity of the components throughout their lifecycle. In
this work the focus lies on the non-destructive detection of barely visible impact damage, which
can occur as a result of low energy impact. Though such damage is often not visible from the
surface, it does go along with deeper delaminations and thus represents a serious peril. In this
work, in order to observe such defects, three established techniques have been used: pulse
thermography, shearography and vibrothermography. These three methods provide a full field
detection scheme and exploit different physical phenomena to detect the defect. By combining
the insight gained from the three different detection methods, we aim to better understand the
nature of the defect and to highlight the potential and limitations of each technique.

Keywords
Shearography, Thermography, NDT, composites

12
 Tuesday, September 3rd, 2019 (11:00 am)

MTD (1/2) - Biomedical Ultrasound for Therapy and Diagnosis

Location: VIVES room A207

MTD (1/2): Biomedical Ultrasound for Therapy and Diagnosis
Chair: Peter A. Lewin

11:00 - 11:15 FDTD simulation study on ultrasonic wave convergence in heterogeneous bone
Masaya Saeki, Leslie Bustamante, Yoshiki Nagatani, Ko Chiba, Mami Matsukawa
11:15 - 11:30 Transcranial focused ultrasound energy delivery at a deep brain structure with single element transducers
Timothy Van Renterghem, Mohammed Samoudi, Dick Botteldooren
11:30 - 12:0000 Assessment of low frequency (20 kHz), low intensity Michael Neidrauer, Alec Lafontant, Leonid Zubkov, Keyanna Bynum,
(<100 mW/cm^2) ultrasound wound therapy with Christine Wojciechowicz, Elizabeth Mintz, David Margolis,
diffuse optical methods Michael S. Weingarten, Rose Ann DiMaria-Ghalili, Peter A. Lewin
12:00 - 12:155 Soft-prior regularization for improved speed-of-sound imaging in CUTE
Patrick Stähli, Maju Kuriakose, Martin Frenz, Michael Jaeger

13
 FDTD SIMULATION STUDY ON ULTRASONIC WAVE CONVERGENCE IN
HETEROGENEOUS BONE
Masaya Saeki1, Leslie Bustmante1, Yoshiki Nagatani2, Ko Chiba3, Mami Matsukawa1
1
Doshisha University 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
2
Kobe City College of Technology, 8-3 Gakuenhigashi-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 651-
2194, Japan
3
Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8107, Japan

Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound (LIPUS) is used to reduce the healing time of bone fracture
[1]
. For more effective ultrasonic healing, we tried to focus the ultrasound on the fracture area.
A 3D ultrasound propagation simulation was performed by the elastic Finite-Difference Time-
Domain (FDTD) method using a 3D radius model made by the high resolution Computer
Tomography (HR-pQCT) data of 66 years old female. The model was anisotropic and
heterogeneous, and was surrounded by water (thickness 10 mm), which was mimicking the
soft tissue [2]. To achieve effective convergence, we have performed two simulations. In the
first simulation, we have transmitted ultrasonic wave (one cycle of sinusoidal wave at 1 MHz
with Hann window) from the virtual fracture site in bone. The wave was then received at the
two circular transducer arrays as shown in Fig.1 (a). Examples of observed waveforms are
shown in Fig. 1 (b). In the second simulation, ultrasound waves were re-radiated from the
transducer arrays, considering the arrival times and amplitudes of received waves in the first
simulation (Fig.1 (c)). Then, the stress changes in bone were investigated. The strongest
stress was observed around the virtual fracture site. Figure 1(d) shows the stress distribution
at the cross section including the fracture site at the time of wave convergence. When the re-
radiated waves amplitude were optimized considering the attenuation during propagation, the
convergence area decreased by 6%. These results show the possibility of ultrasound focusing
in bone for the effective ultrasonic healing.
Proximal Distal Density
Virtual fracture site（emitter） [kg/m3] (b) (c)
2000 A A
1500 B
(d)
B
Normalized pressure [a.u.]

500 C C
pressure [a.u.]

30 30
Detection plane D D
E E
C Virtual fracture site K Vacuum
（emitter）
D B L J F F

E A M I G G

F Water N P H H Convergence area

H
G 20 O (-3dB of the maximum value)
Unit : mm Time[µs] 2 Time[µs] 2

Figure 1 (a) 3D radius model and transducer arrays. (b) Observed waveforms at the left array
transducers. (c) Re-radiated waves from the left array transducer, considering the time delay. (d) Stress
distribution around the fracture site at the time of wave convergence.

Keywords
LIPUS, FDTD, HR-pQCT, 3D radius model
References
[1]
L. R. Duarte, Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surgery, 101 1983, 153-159.
[2]
T. H. Smit et al., J. Biomech., 35, Issue 6 2002, 829–835.

14
 TRANSCRANIAL FOCUSED ULTRASOUND ENERGY DELIVERY AT A DEEP
BRAIN STRUCTURE WITH SINGLE ELEMENT TRANSDUCERS
Timothy Van Renterghem, Mohammed Samoudi, Dick Botteldooren
Ghent University, Department of Information Technology, WAVES research group,
Technologiepark 126, 9052 Gent-Zwijnaarde, Belgium
Ultrasonic energy can be delivered transcranially with millimeter precision at any position in
the human brain. The intensity needed to reversibly provoke deep brain neuronal reactions
was shown before to be much lower than what is commonly used for ultrasound imaging
purposes. This opens possibilities to use commercially available semi-spherical single-
element focused transducers (SEFT) in a safe manner and at low cost. Ultrasound
propagation through a highly detailed skull-and-head model is numerically explored in this
work, relying on the weakly non-linear Westervelt-Lighthill equation. The deep brain structure
aimed at in this study is the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Such a transcranial focused
ultrasound (tFUS) SEFT application could be an interesting alternative for the surgical and
highly invasive procedure with implanted electrodes in the brain of advanced Parkinson
patients nowadays. The needed percentage of the STN to be sonicated can be achieved with
limited collateral energy deposition and in absence of tissue heating effects.1 In this study, the
use of two identical SEFTs is simulated to further approach the sonication goals set forward
by neuronal firing modelling of the STN in response to ultrasound2. The volume of the STN
present in the beam can be increased to 73% (i.e. the volume above half of the peak intensity);
in case of a single element this was 62%. Further optimization of the positioning of the
transducers and applying phase differences allow to reach even 80%. This setting further
increases the specificity as energy deposition in only 11% of the STN volume (about 15 mm3)
can be achieved.

Figure 1: (left) Multimodal Imaging-based and highly Detailed Anatomical (MIDA) head model with
indication of the targeted Subthalamic nucleus (STN); (right) Focusing performance in the sagittal plane
of two SEFTs positioned near both temporal bones.

Keywords
Deep brain stimulation, Transcranial focused ultrasound, ultrasound propagation, time-domain
numerical modelling, neuromodulation, subthalamic nucleus, Parkinson's disease
References
[1]
M. Samoudi, T. Van Renterghem, D. Botteldooren, Computational modeling of a single-element
transcranial focused ultrasound transducer for subthalamic nucleus stimulation, J. Neural Eng. 16,
2019, 026015.
[2]
T. Tarnaud, W. Joseph, L. Martens, E. Tanghe, Computational modeling of ultrasonic subthalamic
nucleus stimulation, IEEE Trans. Biomedical Eng., 2018 (doi: 10.1109/TBME.2018.2869042) (in press).

15
 ASSESSMENT OF LOW FREQUENCY (20 KHZ), LOW INTENSITY (<100
MW/CM^2) ULTRASOUND WOUND THERAPY WITH DIFFUSE OPTICAL
METHODS
Michael Neidrauer1, Alec Lafontant1, Leonid Zubkov1, Keyanna Bynum2, Christine
Wojciechowicz3, Elizabeth Mintz4, David Margolis5, Michael S. Weingarten6, Rose Ann
DiMaria-Ghalili2, Peter A. Lewin1
1
School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut
St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; 2College of Nursing and Health Professions, Drexel University,
1601 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; 3Department of Biology, College of Arts and
Sciences, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; 4Dornsife School of
Public Health, Drexel University, Nesbitt Hall, 3215 Market St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA;
5
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, 423 Guardian Drive, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; 6Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900
W. Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA

This report presents a preliminary analysis of data from an ongoing clinical trial to determine
the effects of low frequency (20kHz), low intensity (<100mW/cm^2) ultrasound on chronic
wound healing, blood flow, and quality of life. It is estimated that 2-3% of healthcare costs in
developed countries are related to chronic wounds[1]. The development of chronic wound
treatments that promote active healing and reduce the time to closure are expected to improve
patient quality of life and reduce healthcare costs. We have developed a wearable, non-
cavitational, non-thermal therapeutic ultrasound device that has accelerated wound healing in
pilot studies of venous ulcers (VUs, n=20) and diabetic ulcers (DUs, n=8)[2,3], and our ongoing
double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial aims to demonstrate the effects of this therapy
in 120 subjects. One hypothesized mechanism by which low frequency ultrasound may
accelerate healing is by modulating the development of microvessels within wound tissue.
Accordingly, we are monitoring changes in microcirculatory blood flow at depths of 2-10mm in
wound tissue throughout each subject's 16-week course of treatment using Diffuse Correlation
Spectroscopy (DCS). DCS is a non-invasive optical technology that provides information
about aggregate motion of blood cells in dermal and subcutaneous tissue. Our goal is to
determine whether changes in microcirculatory blood flow correlate to wound healing
outcomes, and at the conclusion of the clinical trial, to determine whether these changes are
influenced by the acoustic therapy. Here, we analyze DCS data from the first 28 enrolled
subjects. In DUs (n=6) and VUs (n=22), blood flow in wound tissue was significantly higher
(p<0.001) than in non-wound tissue. Blood flow values decreased systematically in healing
DUs and VUs as values approach those of non-wound tissue; these trends were not observed
in non-healing wounds. This suggests that microcirculatory blood flow may serve as an
indicator of healing trajectory for chronic wounds. Acknowledgements: Supported by NIH-
NINR grant 5R01NR015995; the contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do
not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH-NINR.

Keywords
Low frequency ultrasound, chronic wounds, diffuse correlation spectroscopy, microcirculatory blood
flow
References
[1]
Frykberg, R.G., et al., Advances in Wound Care, 2015, 4(9):560-582.
[2]
Samuels, J.A., et al., The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2013, 134(2):1541-1547.
[3]
Ngo, O., et al., IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 2018, doi:
10.1109/TUFFC.2018.2836311.

16
SOFT-PRIOR REGULARIZATION FOR IMPROVED SPEED-OF-SOUND IMAGING
IN CUTE
Patrick Stähli1, Maju Kuriakose1, Martin Frenz1, Michael Jaeger1
1
Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

Computed ultrasound tomography in echo mode (CUTE)[1] complements conventional

ultrasound by imaging the tissue's spatial distribution of speed-of-sound (SoS) using a single
handheld device, with promise for diagnosing e.g. liver disease. SoS is derived via a
regularized inversion of a forward model relating the spatial distribution of SoS to the phase-
shift of echoes when detected under varying transmit and receive steering angles.
In phantom studies, quantitative SoS images were achieved using a Tikhonov regularization
of the spatial gradient of SoS (SG). In-vivo, however, the SG regularization is of limited use:
Due to an increased phase noise caused by clutter and aberrations, SoS contrast resolution
is obtained at the cost of a low spatial resolution. As a result, sub-resolution superficial tissue
structures result in distortion of quantitative SoS values inside deeper tissue layers.
To solve this shortcoming we propose a novel soft-prior (SP) regularization, where spatial
information derived from B-mode US is encoded to regularize the SoS within pre-defined
regions but not across boundaries where SoS is a-priori known to vary strongly on a short
spatial scale.
Figure 1 represents an in-vivo result of imaging the abdomen: The conventional B-mode US
shows the anatomy used for segmentation of the different tissue types (a). In (b) the B-mode
image is fused with a SoS image based on SG regularization. Due to the low resolution
imposed by SG, the spatial distribution of reconstructed SoS deviates from the anatomy
(mostly in the thin part of the muscle), and unrealistic axial variations of SoS are observed
inside the liver. In contrast, SP regularization based on the segmentation in (a) leads to a
strongly improved image that perfectly reproduces the anatomy and shows nearly constant
SoS within each segment (c). This underlines the potential of the novel SP regularization in
CUTE as a crucial step towards quantitative in-vivo pulse-echo SoS imaging.

Figure 1: (a) Conventional B-mode US showing liver (L), post peritoneal fat (PF), muscle (M) and
subcutaneous fat (SF). The red dashed lines indicate the segmentation used for the SP regularization.
(b) SoS image based on SG regularization. (c) SoS image based on the novel SP regularization.

Keywords
Ultrasound tomography, speed of sound, pulse-echo ultrasound, soft-prior
References
[1]
M. Jaeger et al., Computed ultrasound tomography in echo mode for imaging speed of sound using
pulse-echo sonography: proof of principle, Ultrasound in medicine & biology 41.1 2015, 235-250.

17
 Tuesday, September 3rd, 2019 (11:00 am)

PIP (1/2) - Inverse problems in Ultrasonics

Location: VIVES room B303

PIP (1/2): Inverse problems in Ultrasonics
Chair: Bernd Henning

11:00 - 11:15 A sensitivity-based optimisation procedure

for the characterisation of piezoelectric discs Nadine Feldmann, Benjamin Jurgelucks, Leander Claes, Bernd Henning
11:15 - 11:30 Accurate experimental determination of the complex elastic tensor Philippe Guy, Benoît Mascaro, Michel Darmon,
of anisotropic materials of unknown orientation using ultrasonic Nicolas Leymarie, Bastien Clausse
transmitted bulk waves
11:30 - 11:45 Validation of an ultrasonic characterization technique for anisotropic Michel Darmon, Bastien Clausse, Benoit Mascaro,
materials: comparison of experiments Déborah Elbaz, Nicolas Leymarie, Philippe Guy, Sylvain Chatillon
with beam propagation modelling
11:45 - 12:00 Shear-wave characterization of viscoelastic solids Alverède Simon, Régis Wunenburger, Tony Valier-Brasier
12:00 - 12:15 3D Simulations of a Phased Array Ultrasonic Polar Scan Jannes Daemen, Arvid Martens, Mathias Kersemans,
Steven Delrue, Erik Verboven, Wim Van Paepegem, Koen Van Den Abeele
12:15 - 12:30 Numerical simulation of 3D laser ultrasonic tomography Vasily Zarubin, Anton Bychkov, Sergey Mantsevich,
of temperature field in paratellurite acousto-optic cells Sergey Chizhikov, Konstantin Yushkov,
Alexander Karabutov, Elena Cherepetskaya

18
 A SENSITIVITY-BASED OPTIMISATION PROCEDURE FOR THE
CHARACTERISATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC DISCS
Nadine Feldmann1, Benjamin Jurgelucks2, Leander Claes1, Bernd Henning1
1
Measurement Engineering Group, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098
Paderborn, Germany
2
Mathematics and its Applications, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098
Paderborn, Germany

Simulation-driven design processes of ultrasonic sensors ask for a consistent and complete
set of material parameters. The state-of-the-art procedure for determining these parameters
includes several specimen [1] that can lead to inconsistencies in the resulting parameter set
due to the slightly different processing of each individual specimen. Thus, an inverse
measurement set-up to estimate a full set of material parameters using a single specimen is
presented. Furthermore, only easily to obtain electrical impedance measurement are to be
used for the fitting of a FEM-Model.

The typically rather simple shapes of piezoceramics that

are used in applications (e.g. disc-shaped samples) lead
to a lack of sensitivity for certain material parameters
caused by the specimen's symmetry.[2] In order to
calculate the full set of material parameters, the sensitivity
regarding all parameters at once is increased by a triple-
ring electrode structure.[3] Disc-shaped piezoceramic with
triple-ring electrodes.
Using this set-up, an estimation of all relevant material
parameters is now possible, but prone to cross-sensitivities. Thus, an optimisation using
certain subsets of the material parameters successively on selected frequency ranges is
applied. This leads to a convergent optimisation process for typical sets of material
parameters. For the optimisation process, a local gradient-based optimisation strategy is
chosen since close-to-the-minimum initial values are assumed.[4] Furthermore, each
optimisation step uses a 2D FEM simulation of the piezoceramic disc which rules out global
optimisation strategies due to computation time. Different possibilities for calculating the
Jacobian matrix using Finite Differences (FD) and Algorithmic Differentiation (AD) are
examined.
The presented optimisation strategies for matching the electric impedance of piezoceramics
discs with triple-ring electrodes are applied to and evaluated for simulated as well as measured
data.

Keywords
Piezoceramics, Material parameter characterisation, Inverse Problem
References
[1]
American National Standards Institute, “IEEE Standard on Piezoelectricity,” 1987.
[2]
N. Pérez, F. Buiochi, M. A. Brizzotti Andrade, and J. C. Adamowski, Numerical Characterization of
Piezoceramics Using Resonance Curves, Materials vol. 9 no. 2, 2016.
[3]
N. Feldmann, B. Jurgelucks, L. Claes, V. Schulze, B. Henning, A. Walther, An inverse approach to
the characterisation of material parameters of piezoelectric discs with triple-ring-electrodes,
Technisches Messen, 2018.
[4]
N. Feldmann, B. Henning, Efficient optimisation of initial values for characterising piezoelectric
material parameters, Fortschritte der Akustik, 2018, 1275-1278.

19
 ACCURATE EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE COMPLEX ELASTIC
TENSOR OF ANISOTROPIC MATERIALS OF UNKNOWN ORIENTATION USING
ULTRASONIC TRANSMITTED BULK WAVES
P. Guy1, B. Mascaro1, M. Darmon2, N. Leymarie2, B. Clausse3
1
LVA, INSA Lyon, 25 bis av. Jean Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne cedex, France
2
CEA LIST, Department of Imaging & Simulation for Non-destructive Testing, CEA-Saclay,
DIGITEO LABs, bat 565, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
3
EXTENDE S.A., 14 Avenue Carnot, 91300 Massy, France

French regulation enforces a volumetric inspection of welded components of nuclear

equipments, and to qualify the inspection method. For the latter, the procedure consists in
evaluating the defects detection and characterization performance on a Technical
Qualification (QT) mockup containing calibrated defects, without accounting for the geometry
effects. In this approach, much use is made of simulation and imaging tools. As described in
previous papers[1], because of anisotropy and heterogeneity of the austenitic welds, the
simulation codes require very accurate inputs, such as the elastic moduli and ultrasonic
attenuation. The MUSCAD project funded by the ANR (French National Research Agency)
aims at improving 3D UT simulation tools based on CIVA and ATHENA codes, for the study
and analysis of welded components inspection data, and find a compromise between precision
and calculation cost.

This paper describes the experimental setup and protocol that have been specifically
developed in the framework of MUSCAD, to retrieve the complex elastic tensor of an
orthotropic material with unknown orientation. The device allows to acquire transmitted signals
for any 3D incidence and then to determine their time of flight and amplitude. From these raw
data the velocities and attenuations are deduced and the complex elastic tensor is determined
through an metaheuristic optimization method.

This method is somehow classic, but there is few results in the litterature for unknown
orientation anisotropic materials, and almost no discussion of the influence of the Euler angles
that have to be added to the unknowns to be assessed from the set of experimental data.
For validation of the obtained material parameters, several samples have been cutted in a
weld mockup, for five different orientation. So the elastic tensors of these samples are
supposed to be the same but their orientation Euler angle should be different according to the
cutting.
The recovered elastic tensors and orientations will be compared and the associated errors will
be quantified and discussed in relation with the experimental setups.
The main causes of error as well as the technical choices to reduce them are described.

Keywords
Characterization, anisotropic materials, ultrasonic measurements, Inverse problems
References
[1]
B. Chassignole, P. Recolin, N. Leymarie, C. Gueudré, P. Guy, D. Elbaz, Study of ultrasonic
characterization and propagation in austenitic welds: The MOSAICS project, in: AIP Conference
Proceedings, AIP Publishing, 2015: pp. 1486–1495. doi:10.1063/1.4914766.
Acknowledgement
This work as been supported by ANR (ANR-16-CE08-0028)

20
 VALIDATION OF AN ULTRASONIC CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUE FOR
ANISOTROPIC MATERIALS: COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTS WITH BEAM
PROPAGATION MODELLING
Michel Darmon1, Bastien Clausse2, Benoit Mascaro3, Déborah Elbaz2, Nicolas Leymarie1,
Philippe Guy3, Sylvain Chatillon1
1
CEA LIST, Department of Imaging & Simulation for Non-destructive Testing, CEA-Saclay,
DIGITEO LABs, bat 565, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
2
EXTENDE S.A., 14 Avenue Carnot, 91300 Massy, France
3
LVA, INSA Lyon, 25 bis av. Jean Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne cedex, France

Non Destructive Evaluation (NDE) by ultrasonic testing (UT) is a common technique to ensure
the structural integrity of safety-related components. The inspection of the various austenitic
welds encountered on thick components of the primary circuit of nuclear reactors is very
challenging. Austenitic welds are highly anisotropic and heterogeneous materials due to their
dendritic structure produced by the cooling process during welding. Ultrasonic beam
propagation through such a component may be deviated, split and attenuated, depending on
local grain orientation. A precise knowledge of these specific material properties is one of the
key points to obtain reliable results with UT simulation codes and imaging tools. In this context,
the characterization by ultrasonic wave propagation techniques of the anisotropy and damping
in such media is of great interest.
In the framework of the MUSCAD project in collaboration with Electricity de France a
measurement-based characterization method developed by the INSA lab has been improved
to obtain in a non-destructive way the orthotropic tensor of the material [1]. The used
experimental device allows to carry out ultrasonic velocity measurements in transmission
mode through a sample immersed in water for various 3D incidences; an optimization
algorithm using both these measurements and a plane wave propagation model is then
employed to evaluate the complex elastic constants of the material.
In order to validate the complete characterization procedure i.e. both the measurement system
and the inversion technique, we compare experimental data to simulations performed using
the inversed parameters. Simulations are computed using both a plane wave propagation
model and the CIVA software beam simulation tool [2] which models the realistic and finite
width beam radiated by the emitter. This experimental validation has been carried by steps on
materials of gradual complexity: firstly on a non-attenuating isotropic material (aluminum), an
attenuating isotropic material (Plexiglas) and an attenuating anisotropic steel with different
disorientations of the crystal lattice in the sample frame. For all the tested materials the
inversion-based simulations reproduce in their well-known validity range with a very good
agreement the experimental signals concluding to a very satisfying validation of the
characterization procedure.

Keywords
Characterization, anisotropic materials, validation, ultrasonic simulation
References
[1]
P. A. Bodian, Propagation des ultrasons en milieu hétérogène et anisotrope : application à l’évaluation
des propriétés d’élasticité et d’atténuation d’aciers moules par centrifugation et de soudures en Inconel.
PhD Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2011.
[2]
N. Gengembre and A. Lhémery, “Pencil method in elastodynamics: application to ultrasonic field
computation,” Ultrasonics, vol. 38, no. 1–8, pp. 495–499, Mar. 2000.

21
 SHEAR-WAVE CHARACTERIZATION OF VISCOELASTIC SOLIDS
Alverède Simon1, Régis Wunenburger1, Tony Valier-Brasier1
1
Institut Jean Le Rond d’Alembert, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris,
France

Although widely used for example in medical imaging, only few quantitative measurement
methods exist for shear waves. The necessary addition of a highly viscous fluid coupling
material to transmit shear waves from a source in a solid medium makes difficult to perform
absolute measurements. This requires on one hand to perform a coupling in a reproducible
manner, and on the other hand to characterize the rheological properties of the coupling
material.

The set up of an experiment to measure the reflection and transmission coefficient of unknown
viscous fluid [1] have answered these issues. This method is based on Fabry-Pérot
interferences in a three layer medium made of two delay lines coupled with two transducers
and a layer of the unknown material. The thickness of this layer is controlled with spacers in a
reproducible manner. Thank to this bench, the commercial shear wave couplant (SWC-2) by
Olympus has been fully characterized over a wide frequency range for shear and
compressional waves.

Since the couplant is a known material, we can adapt the previous experiment to characterize
viscoelastic solids. The set up is now a five layer medium, made of the two delay lines, two
thin layers of couplant and the unknown material. Measurements on several PMMA samples
of different thicknesses have been proceed for shear and compressional waves and the
experimental data are fitted with a five layers Fabry-Pérot model. The PMMA is then fully
characterized on a wide frequency range and is shown to have a good agreements with a
Zener's rheology. Other experiments have been performed on home made sample of epoxy
resin. The results are however less good because of the manufacturing protocol.

Figure 1: Reflection (R) and Transmission (T) coefficients of a 5mm PMMA sample. Blue line: left R,
orange line: right R, green line: T, black dashed line: R and T coefficient obtained with Fabry-Pérot
model and Zener’s rheology.

Keywords
Shear waves, characterization, viscoelastic
References
[1]
Lefebvre G., Wunenburger R., Valier-Brasier T., Ultrasonic Rheology of visco-elastic materials
using shear and longitudinal waves, Applied Physics Letters, 112 (24), June 2018

22
 3D SIMULATIONS OF A PHASED ARRAY ULTRASONIC POLAR SCAN
Jannes Daemen1, Arvid Martens1, Mathias Kersemans2, Steven Delrue1, Erik Verboven2,
Wim Van Paepegem2, Koen Van Den Abeele1
1
Department of Physics, University of Leuven Campus Kulak, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500
Kortrijk, Belgium
2
Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University,
Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium

The Ultrasonic Polar Scan (UPS) is a novel technique which is used to infer the full viscoelastic
tensor of composite materials. The concept of UPS is to insonify a specific material spot from
multiple incident angles Ψ(𝜃𝜃, 𝜙𝜙) using an ultrasonic transducer, and to collect either the
reflected or transmitted signals from which the angular dependent reflection 𝑅𝑅(𝜃𝜃, 𝜙𝜙) and
transmission 𝑇𝑇(𝜃𝜃, 𝜙𝜙) coefficients of the material can be deduced. These data can be used in
inversion algorithms to determine the viscoelastic properties of the sample. While the current
mechanically controlled UPS setup yields excellent laboratory results, it is too bulky and slow
to find widespread use in industry. Alternatively, the use of an ultrasonic phased array system
is proposed to both electronically control the angle and shape of the incident beams, and to
capture the full reflected field.

In a previous study, 2D finite element simulations confirmed that plane wave reflection
coefficients can be retrieved by filtering out bounded beam effects via the synthetic plane wave
technique, drastically improving the interpretation of the data. However, due to the 2D nature
of the simulation, this could only be verified along the axes of orthotropy for which it is known
that the induced guided wave does not leak its energy outside the insonification plane. New
3D simulations have now shown that the synthetic plane wave technique can no longer be
used if significant out-of-plane components are present in the reflected beam. As an
alternative, we propose to retrieve the angle dependent plane wave reflection coefficients by
examining the ( 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 , 𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦 ) -components via a discrete Fourier Transform. In the present
contribution, it is shown that this approach indeed bears improved results, provided that the
full reflected field can be captured. Furthermore, this post-processing technique beneficially
allows to retrieve the 𝑅𝑅(𝜃𝜃, 𝜙𝜙 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐) dependence for a constant in-plane angle using a single
excitation beam if its angular content is large enough. This allows to further downscale the
system by employing a sparse array whilst still retrieving plane wave results as input for
viscoelastic tensor inversion routines.

Keywords
Ultrasonic Polar Scan, Ultrasonic Phased Array, Simulation Study

23
 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF 3D LASER ULTRASONIC TOMOGRAPHY OF
TEMPERATURE FIELD IN PARATELLURITE ACOUSTO-OPTIC CELLS
Vasily Zarubin1, Anton Bychkov1, Sergey Mantsevich2, Sergey Chizhikov1,
Konstantin Yushkov1, Alexander Karabutov1, Elena Cherepetskaya1
1
National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, Leninskiy ave., 4, 119991,
Moscow, Russia
2
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 119234, Moscow, Russia

The continuous development of acousto-optic devices is approaching theoretical limits, which

are defined by characteristics of crystals and physics of acousto-optic interaction. Hence, it is
required to consider fine effects affecting their performance, e.g. heterogeneous distribution
of temperature inside the crystal due to electric losses and acoustic attenuation [1]. Laser
ultrasonic probing was applied [2] to the paratellurite cell to obtain 2D maps of temperature by
contact scanning of a crystal with accuracy of 1-2 K and spatial resolution of 1 mm (Fig. 1).
The probing is based on the time-of-flight measurement of speed of sound inside crystal and
known dependence of this speed on temperature. Benefit of laser ultrasonics is the increased
precision of measurements of speed of sound, which approaches 0.1-0.5%. However, 2D
maps provide only mean temperature of the crystal along path of the probe beam.

Figure 1: Experimentally measured temperature maps in a quasicollinear paratellurite cell at different

RF driver frequencies: (a) f = 115 MHz, (b) f = 160 MHz [2].

In the present talk the results of the numerical studies of the possibility of 3D tomography of
temperature distribution inside an anisotropic crystal by means of laser ultrasonic probing will
be presented. These simulations are based on calculation of 3D acoustic field structure [3],
which is then used to obtain distribution of thermal sources inside the crystal and to solve
stationary heat conduction problem with FEM. The numerical temperature distribution allows
calculating times of flight according to experimental studies and use them to solve the inverse
problem of reconstruction of the temperature distribution by model-based algorithm.

Acknowledgements: Increase competitiveness program of NUST ”MISIS” (K2-2017-079, K2-

2019-004); RFBR (18-07-00672).

Keywords
Tomography of temperature, inverse scattering problem, acousto-optic cell, laser ultrasound, numerical
simulation.
References
[1]
P. Maak, T. Takacs, A. Barocsi, E. Kollar, P. Richter al. Ultrasonics. 51, 2011, 441-451.
[2]
V. P. Zarubin, K. B. Yushkov, A. I. Chizhikov, et al., NDT & E International 98, 2018, 171-176.
[3]
S. Mantsevich, V. Molchanov, K. Yushkov, V. Khorkin, M. Kupreychik, Ultrasonics 78, 2017, 175-
184.

24
 Tuesday, September 3rd, 2019 (11:00 am)

PNL (1/4) - Nonlinear Acoustics and ultrasonics

Location: VIVES room A303

PNL (1/4): Nonlinear Acoustics and ultrasonics
Chair: Marco Scalerandi and Igor Solodov

11:00 - 11:30 Nonlinear waves in solids with softening:

a continuum approach Harold Berjamin, Guillaume Chiavassa, Nicolas Favrie, Bruno Lombard
11:30 - 12:00 Experimental study of damping and velocity during Mauro Tortello, Angelo Di Bella, Antonio Gliozzi,
conditioning and relaxation in diverse media Charfeddine Mechri, Mourad Bentahar, Marco Scalerandi
12:00 - 12:15 MMD-FEM 3D: a numerical method for the modeling of Vladislav Aleshin, Anton Pylypenko, Marina Terzi, Kevin Truyaert,
acoustic wave propagation and vibration in materials Steven Delrue, Koen Van Den Abeele
with contact acoustic nonlinearity
12:15 - 12:30 Acoustic emission to monitor nonlinear hysteretic
behavior of complex materials Xiaoyang Yu, Mourad Bentahar, Silvio Montrésor, Charfeddine Mechri

25
 NONLINEAR WAVES IN SOLIDS WITH SOFTENING: A CONTINUUM
APPROACH
Harold Berjamin1, Guillaume Chiavassa2, Nicolas Favrie3, Bruno Lombard 4
1
Aix-Marseille Univ. CNRS, Centrale Marseille, LMA Marseille, France
2
Centrale Marseille, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Univ., M2P2 Marseille, France
3
Aix-Marseille Univ. CNRS, Centrale Marseille, IUSTI Marseille, France

Wave propagation in damaged media, such as rocks and concrete, exhibits a strong nonlinear
behavior. Besides the classical nonlinearity, it is observed that the speed of sound diminishes
slowly under a dynamic loading. To reproduce this non-classical behavior, an internal-variable
model of continuum is developed, including a constitutive law for the stress in finite
deformation (for instance of Murnaghan’s type), and an evolution equation for the internal
variable [1,2,4]. A finite-volume method is developed to solve the equations of motion.
Simulation results are compared with experimental results of nonlinear acoustics [3].

Keywords
Nonlinear acoustics, softening, waves in continuum media, numerical methods
References
[1]
H. Berjamin, N. Favrie, B. Lombard, G. Chiavassa, Nonlinear waves in solids with slow dynamics: an
internal-variable model, Proceedings Royal Society London A 473 2017, 20170024.
[2]
H. Berjamin, B. Lombard, G. Chiavassa, N. Favrie, Modeling longitudinal wave propagation in
nonlinear viscoelastic solids with softening, International Journal of Solids and Structures 141-142
2018, 35-44.
[3]
H. Berjamin, B. Lombard, G. Chiavassa, N. Favrie, A finite-volume approach to 1D nonlinear elastic
waves: application to slow dynamics, Acta Acustica united with Acustica, 104 2018, 561-570.
[4]
H. Berjamin, B. Lombard, G. Chiavassa, N. Favrie, Plane-strain waves in nonlinear elastic solids with
softening, submitted to Wave Motion 2019.

26
 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DAMPING AND VELOCITY DURING
CONDITIONING AND RELAXATION IN DIVERSE MEDIA
Mauro Tortello1, Angelo Di Bella1, Antonio Gliozzi1, Charfeddine Mechri2,3, Mourad
Bentahar2,4, Marco Scalerandi1
1
Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia - DISAT - Politecnico di Torino, Cso Duca
degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
2
LAUM UMR CNRS 6613, Le Mans Université, France
3
CTTM, 20 Rue Thalis de Milet, Le Mans, France
4
ENSIM, Le Mans Université, Le Mans, France

Nonlinear ultrasound measurements are very sensitive to the presence of small changes in
the microstructure of diverse materials. Specifically, in nonlinear mesoscopic materials, fast-
and slow-dynamics effects [1-3] are usually occurring simultaneously. The former is an
instantaneous nonlinear phenomenon due to the explicit strain dependence of velocity and
damping. Slow dynamics, on the other hand, is a non-equilibrium effect, governed by the
dependence of the linear modulus and Q-factor on the dynamic strain level: when excited at
constant strain, the sample properties vary in time ("conditioning") until they reach a new
equilibrium state. When excitation is removed, the system recovers, again slowly in time, its
original viscoelastic properties ("relaxation").

We used an approach [4,5] which allowed us to quantify fast- and slow-dynamics (during both
conditioning and relaxation) almost in real time. Nonlinear and nonequilibrium parameters
were extracted from the measurements and studied as a function of conditioning amplitude
and conditioning time. Moreover, the functional dependence of velocity and damping was
investigated from the very beginning of the conditioning process (early stages) to the
equilibrium state.

Results are presented for different materials (mortar and concrete, also affected by damage)
and compared with each other, in view of supporting modelling efforts, focused on specific
physical phenomena and with the aim of proposing Ultrasonic Nonlinear Nondestructive
Techniques able to discriminate different damage sources.

Keywords
Nonlinear elasticity, non-equilibrium effects, conditioning, mesoscopic materials.
References
[1]
M.Scalerandi, A.S.Gliozzi, C.L.E.Bruno, P.Antonaci, Phys. Rev. B 81, 2010, 104114.
[2]
J.A. TenCate, J.A., D. Pasqualini, S. Habib, K. Heitmann, D. Higdon, and P.A. Johnson, Phys. Rev.
Lett. 93, 2004, 065501.
[3]
M.Remillieux et al., Phys.Rev.Lett. 116, 2016, 115501.
4]
C. Mechri, M. Scalerandi, M. Bentahar, submitted to Phys. Rev. Appl.
[5]
M. Scalerandi, C. Mechri, M. Bentahar, A. Di Bella, A.S.Gliozzi, M.Tortello, to be submitted.

27
 MMD-FEM 3D: A NUMERICAL METHOD FOR THE MODELING OF ACOUSTIC
WAVE PROPAGATION AND VIBRATION IN MATERIALS WITH CONTACT
ACOUSTIC NONLINEARITY
Vladislav Aleshin1, Anton Pylypenko1,2, Marina Terzi1, Kevin Truyaert2, Steven Delrue2, Koen
Van Den Abeele2
1
Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnologies, UMR CNRS 8520,
Villeneuve d’Ascq and Valenciennes, France
2
Wave Propagation and Signal Processing Research Group, University of Leuven Campus
Kulak, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium

In this communication, we present a numerical modeling tool for engineering applications

related to materials and systems having internal frictional contacts in their structure. The
technique is based on a semi-analytical method for simulating contact mechanical problems,
called the Method of Memory Diagrams (MMD) [1,3], which is able to calculate hysteretic
frictional contact responses. In particular, MMD is applicable for any axisymmetric contact
system excited by an arbitrarily changing (static or dynamic) force of deformation in 3D [2], and
can be extended to the case of contact between globally plane surfaces with isotropic
roughness. MMD uses some assumptions and does not provide the full functionality of purely
numerical contact modeling. On the contrary, the method is computationally much more
efficient. This quantitative gain in performance results gives MMD a significant advantage over
other methods when acoustic or random excitation signals containing a large number of
oscillations (e.g. MHz frequencies) have to be considered.

The integration of the MMD contact model in a finite element (FEM) environment [4] allows to
simulate acoustic wave propagation and vibration, and the coupled thermal effects in
structures or materials containing cracks or other hidden frictional interfaces (e.g. loose joints).
We will present modeling results in a geometry corresponding to a real sample with a crack,
and discuss various aspects of the crack-wave interaction, including the propagation of linear
and induced nonlinear wave components, the influence of prestress, normal and tangential
contact reactions, etc. A qualitative comparison to available experimental data will also be
presented.

Keywords
contact acoustic nonlinearity, friction, acoustic modeling
References
[1]
V. Aleshin, O. Bou Matar, K. Van Den Abeele. Method of memory diagrams for mechanical frictional
contacts subject to arbitrary 2D loading. Int. J. Sol. Struct., Vol. 60-61 2015, 84-95.
[2]
V. V. Aleshin, O. Bou Matar. Solution to the frictional contact problem via the method of memory
diagrams for general 3D loading histories. Physical Mesomechanics, Vol. 19 2016, 130-135.
[3]
V.V. Aleshin, S. Delrue, A. Trifonov, O. Bou Matar, K. Van Den Abeele. Two dimensional modeling
of elastic wave propagation in solids containing cracks with rough surfaces and friction - Part I:
Theoretical background. Ultrasonics, Vol. 82 2018 11-18.
[4]
S. Delrue, V.V. Aleshin, K. Truyaert, O. Bou Matar, K. Van Den Abeele. Two dimensional modeling
of elastic wave propagation in solids containing cracks with rough surfaces and friction – Part II:
Numerical implementation. Ultrasonics, Vol. 82 2018, 19-30.

28
ACOUSTIC EMISSION TO MONITOR NONLINEAR HYSTERETIC BEHAVIOR OF
COMPLEX MATERIALS
Xiaoyang Yu1, Mourad Bentahar1, Silvio Montrésor1, Charfeddine Mechri 1,2

1
Laboratoire d’Acoustique de l’Université du Mans UMR CNRS 6613, Avenue Olivier
Messiæn 72085 Le Mans Cedex 09, France
2
Centre de Transferts de Technologie du Mans, 20 Rue de Thalès de Milet 72000, Le Mans,
France

Complex materials such as microcracked polymer or cement composites are known to have
a nonlinear hysteretic elastic behavior. The latter can be followed during slow dynamic
experiments using different parameters during conditioning and/or relaxation of the
abovementioned materials. In this contribution, we propose the use of acoustic emission (AE)
as a tool to quantify slow dynamics. The performed experiments aim at highlighting the existing
correlation between the recorded AE events during the “conditioning” or “relaxation” of
materials under test. Materials are tested at initial and microcracked states around their
resonances modes. Recorded AE hits exhibit a frequency content orders of magnitudes higher
than the excited resonances, which makes easier the separation between AE activity and the
low frequency vibrations. This contribution, compares the AE hits recorded during the
nonlinear experiments and the ones obtained during the mechanical tests that created
microcracks. Results show the existence of interesting similarities between both AE data
which offer a good opportunity to link macroscopic and microscopic experimental
observations.

Keywords
Nonlinear hysteretic elasticity, complex materials, acoustic emission, concrete

29
 Tuesday, September 3rd, 2019 (11:00 am)

PSP (1/3) - Ultrasonic signal processing and instrumentation

Location: VIVES room A304

PSP (1/3): Ultrasonic signal processing and instrumentation
Chair: Linas Svilainis

11:00 - 11:30 Sparse signal processing and deep learning for guided waves NDT and SHM Luca De Marchi
11:30 - 11:45 Improvement of degradation due to echo distortion of ultrasound Nguyen Chi Hai, Jing Zhu, Norio Tagawa,
range super-resolution imaging with carrier frequency sweep Masasumi Yoshizawa, Takasuke Irie
11:45 - 12:00 Ultrasonic investigation of artificial solid materials Andres Felipe Arciniegas, Pascal Griesmar, Vincent Gauthier,
based on agar gel and marble powder Magalie Michiel, Jean-Yves Le Huerou, Nicolas Wilkie-Chancellier, Stéphane Serfaty
12:00 - 12:15 Non-Destructive Weld Inspection during the Welding Process Frank Schubert, Beatrice Bendjus, Ulana Cikalova,
– Possibilities and Limitations of an Inline Monitoring Approach Mareike Stephan, Raffael Hipp, Eberhard Schulze,
Martin Barth, Zsolt Bor, Henning Heuer
12:15 - 12:30 Ultrasonic ferroelectret transducer excitation study Andrius Chaziachmetovas, Linas Svilainis, Tomas Gomez Alvarez-Arenas

30
 SPARSE SIGNAL PROCESSING AND DEEP LEARNING FOR GUIDED WAVES
NDT AND SHM
Luca De Marchi1
1
Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering, University of Bologna,
Viale del Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy

The use of ultrasonic guided waves (GWs) for structural health monitoring (SHM) has
interested many researchers [1]. Nevertheless, Lamb-wave testing for SHM is complicated by
the dispersive nature of wave modes, which deteriorates the wave spatial resolution and
makes the experimental data hard to interpret. To tackle this problem, methods which analyze
the dispersive signals in the domain spanned by time-frequency representations (TFRs) have
been proposed[2]. An infinite number of TFRs and processing tools can be obtained by using
unitary transformations. Unitary operators such as the Warped Frequency Transform (WFT)
are particularly suited for the analysis of GWs. Indeed, WFT-based analysis methods are
capable to achieve sparse representations of GW signals. These methods naturally lead to
super-resolved and artifact-free representations, even in noisy environments, and are
particularly effective to extract the information on the wave distance of propagation.

The concept of sparse representations is also the basis of the so-called compressive sensing
(CS) theory, which offers an intriguing alternative with respect to the classical process of
acquiring signals according to the Shannon–Nyquist paradigm [3]. CS theory proves that a
signal which is sparse in a given representation can be compressed directly at the sampling
stage. In this paper, a CS framework for Lamb wave field acquisitions with air-coupled probes
or laser-Doppler vibrometers will be reviewed. The proposed framework is intended to
minimize the number of ultrasonic scan point locations over the surface of the inspected
structure. The implemented procedure is based on the selection of suitable sparsity-promoting
TFR domains and on dedicated sample-point distribution strategies, achieving highly effective
recovery results while starting from highly incomplete wave-field data. Finally, it will be shown
how the capability to restore high-resolution details from CS input images can be improved
dramatically by recent breakthroughs in deep learning and convolutional neural networks.

Keywords
Guided Waves, Compressive sensing, Deep Learning
References
[1]
M Mitra, S Gopalakrishnan, Smart Materials and Structures, 25(5) 2016, 053001.
[2]
L. De Marchi, A. Marzani, S. Caporale, N. Speciale, IEEE Trans Ultras. Fer. Freq. Cont.., 56(10)
2009, 2232-2240.
[3]
D.Donoho, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 52(4) 2006, 1289–1306.

31
 IMPROVEMENT OF DEGRADATION DUE TO ECHO DISTORTION OF
ULTRASOUND RANGE SUPER-RESOLUTION IMAGING WITH CARRIER
FREQUENCY SWEEP
Nguyen Chi Hai1, Jing Zhu1, Norio Tagawa1, Masasumi Yoshizawa2, Takasuke Irie1,3
1
Graduate School of System Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
2
Monozukuri Department, Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology, Tokyo,
Japan
3
Research and Development, Microsonic Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan

We have proposed the SCM (Super resolution FM-Chirp correlation Method) which realizes
range super-resolution based on carrier frequency sweep [1]. However, since the distortion of
the echo waveform due to scattering and attenuation causes performance degradation.
In the SCM, the presence of reflection at each sampling position is quantified line by line using
echo signal corresponding to single scatterer at each position called steering vector.
Conventionally, the steering vector was ideally defined by a transmission pulse signal obtained
by adding a time delay corresponding to each position. In this study, we propose the Adaptive
SCM. Echoes from multiple points with different depths are measured in advance, and by
interpolating them, a steering vector that matches the actual echo is generated and used for
SCM calculation. Furthermore, by applying this method to harmonics with large echo distortion
due to attenuation, we explore the possibility of further high resolution. To strengthen harmonic
echoes, short pulses with large amplitude are used instead of chirp waves as transmission
signals.
FEM simulations was carried out using a cylinder with a diameter of 1.5 mm as a target.
Adaptive SCM was applied to the obtained echoes by performing transmission and reception
15 times while randomly changing the carrier frequency from 3.25 MHz to 4.25 MHz. Figure
1(a) is a simulation model. Figure 1(b) shows the A-mode indication corresponding to the line
including the target for the fundamental echo. In the figure, the broken line is the envelope of
the echo, the blue line is the result of the conventional SCM, and the red line is the result of
the Adaptive SCM. Figure 1(c) shows the results for harmonic echoes as well.
For both fundamental echo and harmonic echo, high resolution was realized by considering
echo distortion. Especially in harmonic echoes, the signal from the front of the target is very
thin. However, the signal corresponding to the rear face of the target at the harmonic has a
small amplitude and a wide width. It is thought that the echo to be processed becomes too
weak. The solution of this problem is an important future issue.

Figure 1: Simulation. (a) model; results for (b) fundamental echo and for (c) harmonics

Keywords
Range super resolution, Frequency sweep, Echo distortion, Harmonics
References
[1]
M. Fujiwara et al. A Novel Technique for High Resolution Ultrasound Imaging Super Resolution FM-
Chirp Correlation Method (SCM). IEEE IUS. 2009;2390-2393.

32
ULTRASONIC INVESTIGATION OF ARTIFICIAL SOLID MATERIALS BASED ON
AGAR GEL AND MARBLE POWDER
Andres Felipe Arciniegas1, Pascal Griesmar1, Vincent Gauthier1, Magalie Michiel1,
Jean-Yves Le Huerou1, Nicolas Wilkie-Chancellier1, Stéphane Serfaty1
1
Laboratoire SATIE – UMR 8029, Université de Cergy-Pontoise,
5 mail Gay Lussac, 95031 Neuville sur Oise, FRANCE

Gel mixtures are widely used in practical applications such as food products or mimicking soft
tissues. Furthermore, current research on medical and industrial fields include the
development of bio-compatible materials to produce artificial bones or engineered stones. In
this work, we focus on restoration of rocks in cultural heritage applications. Therefore, we
hereby investigate ultrasonic properties of agar gels incorporating a mineral filler in order to
understand how elastic and viscous properties are tuned in soft solids composites.

The samples were prepared from agar gels of 3% (w/w) concentration subjected to different
proportions of marble powder used as filler (0 to 20%). The mixtures were prepared setting a
homogeneous distribution of filler in the matrix.

Two ultrasonic techniques were used to characterize and monitor the viscoelastic properties
of the samples at different investigation scales. The mixtures were studied firstly using a 1
MHz contact transducer in pulse echo mode to measure the compression wave velocity
(millimeter scale). Secondly, using Thickness Shear Mode (TSM) transducer allowing high
frequency ultrasonic rheology and thus the estimation of viscoelastic parameters in the 15 –
35 MHz range (micrometer scale). The ultrasonic measurements were performed using
thermostated cells at 25°C. Thus, the viscoelastic properties were monitored as function of
time and mass fraction of the filler.

For agar gels samples without filler (used as reference), ultrasonic properties were found in
agreement with literature values and viscoelastic properties at high frequencies are reported.
The composite samples were then compared to the reference in order to evaluate how are
modified the elasticity (related to the compression wave velocity and shear storage modulus
G’) and the viscosity (related to the shear loss modulus G”).

The combination of ultrasonic techniques and multi-scale investigation approach may allow to
determine the mineral filler proportion in agar gel matrix needed to adjust desired properties
of the final soft solid composite.

Keywords
Agar gel, mineral filler, pulse echo, high frequency ultrasonic rheology

33
 NON-DESTRUCTIVE WELD INSPECTION DURING THE WELDING PROCESS -
POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF AN INLINE MONITORING APPROACH
Frank Schubert1, Beatrice Bendjus1, Ulana Cikalova1, Mareike Stephan1, Raffael Hipp1,
Eberhard Schulze1, Martin Barth1, Zsolt Bor1, Henning Heuer1
1
Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS,
Branch Materials Diagnostics, Maria-Reiche-Str. 2, 01109 Dresden, Germany

Welded joints are usually inspected by ultrasonic non-destructive testing (UT) after completion
of the weld. However, such a conventional offline NDT approach is inefficient in case of
complex welding techniques, large structural components or expensive materials. If
structurally relevant defects are found, a repair is no longer possible and the whole component
has to be rejected. For a better identification of defects during the welding process, a
temperature-resistant inline monitoring approach is necessary. In the present contribution we
describe a multi-method approach based on three different techniques: Phased Array
Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT), Acoustic Emission Testing (AET) and Laser Speckle Photometry
(LSP). We present results of inline measurements during Laser-Multi-Pass-Narrow-Gap-
Welding of Nickel super alloys and compare the results with ultrasonic immersion testing and
metallographic micrographs.

Figure 1: Rotational B-Scan (on the left) and corresponding polar plot (on the right) of a PAUT
measurement obtained at a circumferential narrow-gap weld of a Nickel super alloy.

Keywords
Ultrasonics, Phased Array, Weld Inspection, Inline Measurement, High Temperatures

34
 ULTRASONIC FERROELECTRET TRANSDUCER EXCITATION STUDY
Andrius Chaziachmetovas1, Linas Svilainis1, Tomas Gomez Alvarez-Arenas 2
1
Department of Electronics Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu g. 50 -
340, 51368 Kaunas, Lithuania
2
Institute for Physical and Information Technologies, Spanish National Research Council
(CSIC), Serrano 144, 28006, Madrid, Spain

Investigation of the new type ferroelectret transducer excitation is presented. The conventional
ultrasonic transducers made from piezoelectric ceramics, but the power efficiency change to
mechanical efficiency is limited, furthermore the acoustic impedance is not compatible with
the test medium. These drawbacks can be avoided using ferroelectret transducers. It should
be noted that the efficiency of ferroelectret transducers increases significantly when the
excitation voltage exceeds 500-1000 V. However, such excitation voltages are difficult to
achieve: conventional active components (transistors) can only withstand a voltage up to
1700 V; when required excitation voltage is up to 2000 V active component voltage can go
beyond therefore switch should be capable to withstanding beyond 2 kV. New technology high
voltage transistors have high channel resistance and maximum current can be insufficient: for
these reasons the leading edge duration could become too slow, i.e. maximum working
frequency can be limited. High voltage MOSFETs are prone for dV/dt unintentional channel
turn on in push-pull topology. The investigation of high voltage (up to 2 kV) excitation of
ferroelectret transducers is presented. Electronics for high voltage push-pull excitation was
developed and pulser interaction with ferroelectret transducer were investigated. Spectrum of
the signals generated, transduction efficiency dependence on applied voltage and its' polarity
were studied. An analysis of the spatial pressure distribution for both single-element and multi-
element transducers is presented.

This work was supported by ECERES grant from Lithuanian Research Council and grant
DPI2016-78876-R-AEI/FEDER, UE from the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) and the
European Regional Development Fund (ERDF/FEDER).

Keywords
Ferroelectret transducers, high voltage pulser, ultrasound excitation, air-coupled ultrasound

35
 Tuesday, September 3rd, 2019 (1:30 pm)

Keynote session 2

Keynote Lecture by Peer Fischer:

The acoustic hologram gets ultrasound into shape

Location: VIVES main auditorium

Chair: Christ Glorieux

36
 THE ACOUSTIC HOLOGRAM GETS ULTRASOUND INTO SHAPE
Peer Fischer1,2
1
Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
2
Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart,
Germany

The acoustic hologram is an acoustic analog to the optical kinoform – a diffractive element
that defines the phase of a passing wave at each point across its wavefront. Theoretically it is
possible to achieve up to 100% diffraction efficiency. The desired ultrasound field must be
encoded in a phase and/or amplitude distribution to obtain an arbitrary target field [1].

Figure 1: Comparison of different sound shaping strategies and achievable degrees of

freedom (DOF). Higher DOF permits more complex sound patterns. From left to right: Single
transducer with natural focus (DOF=1), Phased array transducer with steerable focal point but
limited DOF<1000, whereas a single transducer with hologram achieves ultrasound images
with DOF>10,000.

We showed that commercial 3D printers can be used for the rapid fabrication of acoustic
holograms, which means that they can be easily and cheaply made [1]. The ultrasound fields
can also be used to manipulate matter, which promises new approaches in the assembly and
fabrication of structures with acoustic fields [1,2]. Creating complex acoustic fields also needs
a means to experimentally validate the fields by measurement. The conventional method
works by scanning a hydrophone point-by-point through the region of interest and therefore
scales badly to obtain full 3D pressure maps. We therefore also developed a very fast method
for mapping 3D sound fields using a thin membrane that is continuously observed by a thermal
camera [3]. The evolution of its surface temperature can provide the pressure map of large
volumes – orders of magnitude faster than what is possible with a hydrophone. This talk will
present our work on establishing the acoustic hologram as well as ongoing work in developing
it as a tool in ultrasonics.

Keywords
Ultrasonics, Physical Acoustics, Acoustic Hologram, Ultrasound Field Mapping, Ultrasound
Manipulation
References
[1]
K. Melde, A. G. Mark, T. Qiu, P. Fischer, Nature 537 (7621) 2016, 518-522.
[2]
K. Melde, E. Choi, Z. Wu, S. Palagi, T. Qiu, P. Fischer, Adv. Mat. 30 (3) 2018, 1704507.
[3]
K. Melde, T. Qiu, P. Fischer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 113 (13) 2018, 133503.

37
 Tuesday, September 3rd, 2019 (2:30 pm)

MDD (1/2) - Targeted and Accelerated Drug Delivery by Ultrasound

MDD (1/2): Targeted and Accelerated Drug Delivery by Location: VIVES room A207
Ultrasound Chair: Guillaume Lajoinie and Caroline Harder Hovgesen

14:30 - 15:00 Passive Acoustic Mapping of Cavitation-Enhanced Christophoros Mannaris, Prateek Katti, Cameron Smith, Cliff Rowe,
Oncological Drug Delivery Michael Gray, Christian Coviello, Joanna Hester, Robert Carlisle, Constantin Coussios
15:00 - 15:15 Liposome-loaded microbubbles and ultrasound enhance
drug delivery in a 3D tumor spheroid Silke Roovers, Guillaume Lajoinie, Michel Versluis, Stefaan De Smedt, Ine Lentacker
15:15 - 15:30 3D Tumor Spheroid model for in-vivo therapeutic predictions of Sonochemotherapy Rahul Misra, Raffi Karshafian

38
 PASSIVE ACOUSTIC MAPPING OF CAVITATION-ENHANCED ONCOLOGICAL
DRUG DELIVERY
Christophoros Mannaris1, Prateek Katti1,2,3, Cameron Smith1, Cliff Rowe4, Michael Gray1 ,
Christian Coviello4, Joanna Hester3, Robert Carlisle1, Constantin Coussios1
1
Biomedical Ultrasonics, Biotherapy & Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory (BUBBL), Institute of
Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ , UK
2
Center for Interventional Oncology, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive,
Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
3
Nuffield Department of Surgical Science, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital,
Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
4
OxSonics Ltd, The Magdalen Centre, Oxford Science Park, Robert Robinson Avenue,
Oxford OX4 4GA, UK

Tumour physiology presents a formidable barrier to the delivery of current and emerging
anticancer therapeutics, by virtue of the elevated intratumoural pressure, sparse vasculature
and dense extracellular matrix. Several recent studies have demonstrated that ultrasound-
mediated cavitation occurring simultaneously with the intratumoural or intravenous
administration of therapeutic agents can significantly enhance their delivery, penetration and
distribution throughout the tumour.
Building on these recent advances, we investigate the impact that the nature, intensity,
persistence and spatial distribution of cavitation activity mediated both by microbubbles and
by sub-micron gas-stabilizing solid particles [1] has on the safety and delivery enhancement
achieved across emerging therapeutic classes, including oncolytic viruses, therapeutic
antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates and mRNA.
A dual-transducer setup was developed for in vivo investigations, consisting of two orthogonal
0.5 MHz therapeutic ultrasound transducers (Sonic Concepts, USA), each embedding a
coaxial 128-element diagnostic array (L11-4, Verasonics, USA). Real-time implementation of
Passive Acoustic Mapping (PAM) using the Robust Capon Beamformer [2] made it possible
to map the nature, intensity, location and extent of cavitation activity within tumours in real
time. Following ultrasound exposure, drug delivery was quantified using an IVIS Spectrum
Imaging system (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). Both H&E and immunohistochemistry
staining were used to ascertain the safety of the ultrasound intervention and the extent of drug
delivery close to and far away from blood vessels.
Across several tumour models and macromolecular therapeutic classes, sustained inertial
cavitation caused by sub-micron cavitation nuclei was found to enhance the intratumoural
dose by at least 4-fold, and to enable the penetration of therapeutics to more than 200 microns
from the nearest blood vessel. The recent development of these new types of cavitation
nucleation agents and of more sophisticated techniques for spatiotemporal characterization of
cavitation activity now makes it possible to modulate, monitor and control cavitation activity
within tumours during oncological drug delivery, which can have a significant impact on their
therapeutic effiacy.

Keywords
Inertial Cavitation, Passive Acoustic Mapping, Drug Delivery, Oncology, Focused Ultrasound (FUS).
References
[1]
J. J. Kwan et al., Small, volume 11 2015, 5305-5314.
[2]
C. Coviello et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am., volume 137 2015, 2573-2585.

39
 LIPOSOME-LOADED MICROBUBBLES AND ULTRASOUND ENHANCE DRUG
DELIVERY IN A 3D TUMOR SPHEROID
Silke Roovers1, Guillaume Lajoinie2, Michel Versluis2, Stefaan De Smedt1, Ine Lentacker1
1
Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
2
MIRA institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

Drug-loaded microbubbles have proven very promising for drug delivery purposes since they
not only allow localized drug release but can also enhance the delivery of the drugs into the
tissue[1]. However, these encouraging results have been mostly based upon in vitro and animal
models that do not match the human tumor environment. Therefore, we aim to bridge this gap
by using 3D multicellular tumor models that mimic the in vivo situation more closely, while
maintaining the controlled environment of an in vitro study[2].

In this work, we evaluated the drug delivery potential of ultrasonic radiation in combination
with microbubbles that have doxorubicin-loaded liposomes coupled onto their surface, in a 3D
multicellular co-spheroid model consisting of both breast cancer cells and fibroblasts. We have
found that compared to the control samples consisting of liposomes alone (fig 1A) and
liposomes co-administered with microbubbles and ultrasound (fig 1B), liposome-loaded
microbubbles and ultrasound could strongly increase the liposomal delivery to the tumor
spheroid cells, that seemed mostly present in the outer layers of the spheroid (fig 1C).
However, when doxorubicin was released from the liposomes, the whole tumor spheroid could
be penetrated by the small doxorubicin molecule and increased tumor killing was achieved in
this way.

Figure 1: 3D Z-stacks of multicellular spheroids treated with (A) DiD-labeled liposomes alone; (B) DiD-
labeled liposomes co-administered with microbubbles and ultrasound; (C) DiD-labeled liposomes
coupled to the microbubble surface and ultrasound.

In conclusion, although complete tissue penetration of the drug-carrying liposomes could not
be achieved in this co-spheroid model, the results show that the this combination of liposome-
loaded microbubbles and ultrasound causes an enhanced delivery of drug-loaded liposomes
on the outer layers. This can provide a depot system in close proximity of the tumor tissue
from which the drug can leak out, which could be a promising delivery strategy for
chemotherapeutics such as doxorubicin, that have the correct biophysical characteristics to
reach the target site when leaking out of the liposomes.

Keywords
Drug delivery, cell-microbubble interactions, 3D culture
References
[1]
Lentacker I. et al., Molecular Therapy, 2010, 101-108.
[2]
Alemany-Ribes M. et al., ADDR, 2014, 40-49.

40
3D TUMOR SPHEROID MODEL FOR IN-VIVO THERAPEUTIC PREDICTIONS OF
SONOCHEMOTHERAPY
Rahul Misra1, Raffi Karshafian1
1
Institute of Bioengineering science & Technology (iBEST), Keenan Research Centre, St.
Michael’s Hospital, Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Corresponding author: [email protected]

Delivering chemotherapeutic agents with the use of microbubble-assisted ultrasound (USMB)

is also referred as "sonochemotherapy". Microbubbles can be locally activated by a targeted
ultrasound beam, which can result in several bio-effects, increasing vascular- and plasma
membrane permeability for facilitating drug extravasation and the cellular uptake of drugs in
the treated region, respectively. 3D cell cultures possess several in vivo features of tumors
like cell-cell interaction, hypoxia, drug penetration, response and resistance, and
production/deposition of extracellular matrix and could fill the gap between conventional 2D in
vitro testing and animal models.

To develop a robust spheroid model for USMB studies, it is crucial to monitor the growth, size
mortality and metabolic activity of the spheroid structure. Using Geltrex as extracellular matrix,
MDA-MB-231 cells are grown in “Ultra-low Attachment” microplate. Different conditioning
regimens of Geltrex (0-6%) and cell density (5000-10,000 cells/well) were tested to optimise
the cell aggregation (scattered, loose or compact aggregates) and to develop spheroids of
different sizes (200-800 µm) with real-time monitoring of growth & proliferation of each
spheroid through high content imaging system.. Metabolic activity was monitored by
Live/Dead® Viability kit and colorimetric resazurin assay. The in-vitro drug uptake and
penetration was investigated by 3D confocol imaging of spheroids. The spheroid model was
developed such that it resembles the heterogeneity of real tumors with complex hypoxic
regions. Using Image-iT Green Hypoxia Reagent, USMB+drug treated spheroids was studied
for hypoxic analysis using confocal imaging. 200-800µm size of tumour spheroids (MDA-MB-
231) was developed and monitored for their metabolic activity.

These spheroids show well developed hypoxic core, observed with high content imaging
system. The drug uptake in USMB treated spheroids was significantly increased (4-5 fold).
Using confocal microscopy, it was observed that the fluorescent drug molecules of Doxorubcin
was diffused through the inner regions of spheroids by USMB treatment.The 3D clonogenic
cytotoxicity and survival was investigated and it was observed that the post USMB treatment
the growth of tumor spheroids was stopped representing the loss of clonogenicity. 3D
Spheroid model found to be relevant for predicting the behavior of USMB therapeutic
treatments in xenografts. This present spehroid model show the potential of USMB for
delivering drugs and how effectively and deep these drug molecules can penetrate the tumors.
This can provide better understanding of clinical complications of sonochemotherapy and
helpful in optimising the USMB parameters for treating xenografts and getting maximum
therapeutic benefits.

Keywords
Spheroid, cell culture, ultrasound, microbubbles, chemotherapy

41
 Tuesday, September 3rd, 2019 (2:30 pm)

NGW (1/4) - Guided Waves and their Applications in NDT & SHM

Location: VIVES room A306

NGW (1/4): Guided Waves and their Applications in NDT & SHM
Chair: Xiuming Wang and Mathias Kersemans

14:30 - 15:00 Excitation efficiency analysis and mode selection

on ultrasonic guided wave mixing Qi-An Wang, Wujun Zhu, Yanxun Xiang, Mingxi Deng, Fu-Zhen Xuan
15:00 - 15:15 Using zero-group-velocity Lamb waves to determine Clemens M. Grünsteidl, Thomas P. Berer,
thickness and bulk sound velocities of isotropic plates Istvan A. Veres, Mike Hettich
15:15 - 15:30 Attenuation of a slow guided A0 mode Lamb wave Rymantas Kazys, Reimondas Sliteris,
in thin plastic films Liudas Mazeika, Olgirdas Tumsys, Egidijus Zukauskas

42
 EXCITATION EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND MODE SELECTION ON
ULTRASONIC GUIDED WAVE MIXING
Qi-An Wang1, Wujun Zhu1, Yanxun Xiang*1, Mingxi Deng2, Fu-Zhen Xuan1
1
Key Laboratory of Pressure Systems and Safety, MOE. School of Mechanical and Power
Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
2
College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China

Wave mixing of ultrasonic guided wave has attracted considerable attention because of its
potential for localizing micro-damage in plate-like structures[1][2][3]. Non-zero power flux and
phase-velocity matching are regarded as the necessary conditions for generating cumulative
harmonics [4]. However, selecting a high-efficiency Lamb mode with obvious difference or sum
harmonics remains problematic in practice.

Figure 1: Normalized excitation efficiency of different mode pairs

Figure 2: Experiment results of two triplets in frequency domain
In this paper, experiment and numerical simulations have been performed to investigate the
excitation efficiency of mode pairs that satisfy resonance conditions. Properties of
fundamental waves have influence on generation efficiency and mixing center of the sum
harmonics. Therefore the highest acoustic nonlinear parameter β within the mixing zone is
considered to be the evaluation criterion of excitation efficiency. Two S modes are excited by
imposing longitudinal displacements at opposite ends of the plate with 20-cycle Hanning-
windowed sinusoidal tone bursts at different frequencies, respectively. The result shown that
a mode pair (S0 mode at 1.2MHz and S0 mode at 3.0MHz can generate the S2 mode at
4.2MHz) has more obvious harmonics than other mode pairs in figure 1. The experiments of
above mode pair and another one (S0 mode at 1.27MHz and S1 mode at 2.04MHz can
generate S3 mode at 3.31MHz) are conducted to verify the simulation results. So we could
find that the potential of the excitation efficiency simulation on selecting mode pairs with
obviously harmonics.

This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant
No. 2018YFC0808800) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11622430
and 11774090).

Keywords
Guided wave mixing, Excitation efficiency, Mode selection
References
[1]
M. Sun, Y. Xiang, M. Deng, B. Tang, W. Zhu, F. Xuan Applied Physics Letters, vol114 2019.
[2]
W. Li, M. Deng, N. Hu, Y. Xiang Journal of Applied Physics, vol124 2018.
[3]
Y. Xiang, M. Deng, F. Z. Xuan Journal of Applied Physics, vol115 2014.
[4] M. Hasanian, C J. Lissenden Journal of Applied Physics, vol122 2017.

43
 USING ZERO-GROUP-VELOCITY LAMB WAVES TO DETERMINE THICKNESS
AND BULK SOUND VELOCITIES OF ISOTROPIC PLATES
Clemens Grünsteidl1, Thomas Berer 2, István Veres 2, Mike Hettich 1
1
Research Center for Non Destructive Testing GmbH, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz,
Austria
2
Qorvo Inc., Apopka, Florida

We report on an ultrasound method to simultaneously determine the thickness of an isotropic

plate, together with the longitudinal and shear elastic wave velocities of its material. It does
not require assumptions or a priori knowledge of the plate thickness or the sound velocities,
which are usually required to obtain the other quantity from time of flight measurements. Our
approach is to measure the frequencies of two zero-group-velocity (ZGV) Lamb modes and
one respective wavenumber (see Fig. 1). ZGV Lamb waves are resonant waves which appear
at multiple defined angular frequencies ω and wavenumbers k in the Rayleigh-Lamb
dispersion spectrum of plates, where the group velocity cG= dω/dk becomes zero [1,2,3]. We
use this relation, which depends on the elastic properties, the mass density and the thickness
of the plate in an inverse problem to obtain the properties of the plate.
Experimentally, the frequencies of ZGV points can be obtained at high precision by measuring
the elastic response spectrum of a plate, using laser-ultrasound techniques. By shaping the
excitation laser spot with a spatial light modulator, we extend this to enable measurements of
the corresponding wavenumber. The introduced method is demonstrated for a tungsten and
an aluminium plate.
The research was supported by the strategic economic- and research program ”Innovative
Upper Austria 2020” of the province of Upper Austria and the Austrian Science Fund (FWF),
project number P 26162-N20.

Figure 1: Measured elastic response spectrum of a 127µm thick tungsten plate to focused laser
excitation, results in fZGV1 and fZGV2; B: Elastic response of a plate at fZGV1 to annular excitation laser
spot with radius R0, results in kZGV1(RZGV1); C: Measurement principle for annular excitation

Keywords
Lamb Waves, Zero Group Velocity, Characterization of plates, Laser Ultrasound
References
[1]
C Prada, O. Balogun, T.W. Murray, Laser-based ultrasonic generation and detection of zero-group
velocity Lamb waves in thin plates, Appl Phys Lett. 87(19) 2005, 1–3.
[2]
C. Grünsteidl, T.W. Murray, T. Berer, I.A. Veres, Inverse characterization of plates using zero group
velocity Lamb modes, Ultrasonics 65 2016, 1–4.
[3]
F. Bruno, J. Laurent, P. Jehanno, D. Royer, C. Prada, Laser beam shaping for enhanced Zero-Group
Velocity Lamb modes generation. J Acoust Soc Am. 140(4) 2016, 2829–38.

44
ATTENUATION OF A SLOW GUIDED A0 MODE LAMB WAVE IN THIN PLASTIC
FILMS
Rymantas Kazys1, Reimondas Sliteris1, Liudas Mazeika1, Olgirdas Tumsys1, Egidijus
Zukauskas1
1
Ultrasound Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Barsausko st. 59, LT- 51423,
Kaunas, Lithuania

Ultrasonic guided waves are already widely used for non- destructive evaluation. In the case
of air- coupled excitation an A0 Lamb wave mode is used. At low frequencies (<100 kHz)
velocity of this mode in plastic materials can become slower than the ultrasound velocity in air
and its propagation in films is accompanied only by an evanescent wave in air. Because there
are no losses due to a leaky wave, the propagation losses should be lower and it should be
attractive for non- destructive evaluation purposes. However, until now information about
attenuation of the slow A0 mode is contradictory. The objective of this investigation was
measurement of the attenuation of the slow A0 mode in thin plastic films.
Usually the attenuation coefficient is found from amplitudes of a plane ultrasonic wave
measured at two different distances. At such low frequencies (<100 kHz) it is unrealistic to
excite a plane A0 mode wave. Therefore, measurement of the attenuation of A0 mode wave
was based on collection of waveforms of normal displacement signals at different distances
from the exciting ultrasonic transducer and comparing them with the calculated amplitude
versus distance dependencies made under assumption that the wave is excited by a point
type source.
For measurements, a thin polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film with lateral dimensions 210×297 mm2
and 0.135 mm thickness was chosen. For excitation of the A0 Lamb wave mode a rectangular
strip- like PMN-32%PT piezoelectric crystal with dimensions 15×5×1 mm3 excited in the
transverse- extension mode at the lowest resonance frequency f=44 kHz was exploited. For
radiation, the tip of the piezoelectric strip with rectangular aperture 5×1 mm2 was used. Such
source of ultrasonic wave may be considered as close to a point type source. It allowed to
eliminate amplitude reduction due to field spreading and to measure the attenuation coefficient
of the A0 mode.
For attenuation measurements, normal displacements of the film versus distances along two
directions perpendicular to the long and short sides of the rectangular aperture 5×1 mm2 were
measured by the Polytec laser interferometer OFV-5000. The attenuation of A0 mode was
evaluated at the fixed selected frequency 44 kHz. For this purpose, the spectra of the
measured waveforms were calculated and the amplitude dependences versus two orthogonal
directions were obtained. The attenuation coefficient calculated from those curves along both
directions is 2±0.2 dB/cm.

Keywords
Guided ultrasonic waves, attenuation of slow A0 mode, evanescent ultrasonic wave

45
 Tuesday, September 3rd, 2019 (2:30 pm)

NWI+NAI+NAM (1/2) - Ultrasonic Wavefield Imaging, Beamforming and Microscopy

NWI+NAI+NAM (1/2): Ultrasonic Wavefield Imaging, Location: VIVES room C201

Beamforming and Microscopy Chair: Nico Declercq

14:30 - 14:45 Bubble flow imaging using ultrasound tomography William Cailly, Henri Walaszek, Philippe Lasaygues
14:45 - 15:00 Laplacian Wavenumber Filtering for Improving Damage Yasamin Keshmiri Esfandabadi, Patrice Masson,
Visualization in Fast Non-contact Inspections Alessandro Marzani, Luca De Marchi
15:00 - 15:15 Research on Multi-mode Wavefield Imaging of Ultrasonic Array
for Thin-wall Welded Structure Zhenggan Zhou, Wentao Li, Yang Li
15:15 - 15:30 Diffraction of an Elastodynamic field in multilayered Aditya Krishna, Marc Deschamps, Eric Ducasse, Samuel Rodrigues
tubular structures by a point size defect

46
 BUBBLE FLOW IMAGING USING ULTRASOUND TOMOGRAPHY
William Cailly1,2, Henri Walaszek1, Philippe Lasaygues2
1
Technical Centre for Mechanical Industry, Senlis, France
2
Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, LMA, Marseille, France

Several imaging techniques can be used for industrial process monitoring: optical imaging,
electrical tomography, MRI, X-ray tomography, ultrasound imaging[1]. Ultrasonic waves are
known to perform imaging through opaque layers. Notably, ultrasound techniques can
overcome the penetration limitation in metallic structures of other cited techniques. Recent
publications dealt with the application of fan-beam ultrasound tomography to two-phase flow
imaging[2,3,4]. Yet, imaging small bubbles through metallic pipe is challenging. Indeed,
impedance mismatching between pipe wall and liquid causes perturbation phenomena that
should be considered into the direct model: circumferential wave propagation, reverberation,
transducer diffraction (fig 1a). In the work reported here, we consider both metallic and plastic
pipes of diameter 150 mm and thicknesses from 3 mm to 6 mm. We assume small scatterer
concentration and small flow velocity. Firstly, using a 2D numerical model, time-reversal
reconstruction allows to figure out the inherent degradation of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with
distance of scatterers to the center. Secondly, using an experimental setup, tests have been
carried out on different pipes and target scatterers acting as bubbles. The spurious echoes
coming from circumferential propagation in the pipe wall can be filtered using an adaptive local
cross correlation based on empty pipe signals leading to consistent images with high SNR (fig
1b). However, in the case of low information content, there exists a performance limitation
demonstrated by a degradation of SNR (fig 1c).

Figure 1: (a) 2D Numerical model, example of time-domain computation of ultrasonic field at 1 MHz in
a 5mm thick plastic pipe ; Experimental results for a 150mm diameter 3mm thick aluminum pipe at 0.5
MHz containing a 6mm diameter calibrated metal rod located at 24mm (b) and 48mm (c) from the
center.

Keywords
Ultrasound tomography,two-phase flow, fan-beam imaging
References
[1]
R.A. Williams. Introduction an overview of process applications of tomographic techniques. In Mi
Wang, editor, Industrial Tomography, Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials,
2015, xix-xxvii.
[2]
M. Yang, H. I. Schlaberg, B. S. Hoyle, M. S. Beck, and C. Lenn. Parallel Image Reconstruction in
Real-Time Ultrasound Process Tomography for Two-phased Flow Measurements. Real-time Imaging
3(4), 1997, 295-303.
[3]
M. H. F. Rahiman, R. A. Rahim, H. A. Rahim, R. G. Green, Z. Zakaria, E. J. Mohamad, and S. Z. M.
Muji. An evaluation of single plane ultrasonic tomography sensor to reconstruct three-dimensional
profiles in chemical bubble column. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 246, 2016, 18-27.
[4]
S. Langener, M. Vogt, H. Ermert, and T. Musch. A real-time ultrasound process tomography system
using a reflection-mode reconstruction technique. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 53, 2017,
107-115.

47
 LAPLACIAN WAVENUMBER FILTERING FOR IMPROVING DAMAGE
VISUALIZATION IN FAST NON-CONTACT INSPECTIONS

Yasamin Keshmiri Esfandabadi1, Patrice Masson2, Alessandro Marzani1, Luca De Marchi1

1
Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems (ARCES), University of Bologna,
Bologna, Italy
2
GAUS, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
Full acoustic wavefield data acquired over large areas may provide a unique insight about the
presence of defects in the monitoring of shells and plates. However, full wavefield imaging
techniques have some limitations, including slow data acquisition and lack of accuracy. This
research addresses both of these challenges and presents a fast and robust non-contact
wavefield imaging method based on the Compressive Sensing (CS) approach [1], as a mean
to speed up the acquisition process through a random spatial undersampling [2], and a novel
analysis tool to process recovered wavefield data in the wavenumber/frequency domain. The
proposed strategy is based on the removal of the injected wave from the overall response, in
order to highlight the presence of reflections associated with damage. This strategy is based
on the application of the 3D discrete Fourier transform (3DFT) to the CS reconstructed
wavefields to produce the frequency wavenumber representation. The frequency-
wavenumber coefficients are then thresholded, and, finally, a Laplacian filter is applied to
enhance the discontinuities.

Figure 1: Snapshot of a wavefield acquired with compressing sensing procedures and damage map
obtained after Laplacian filtering in a composite plate scanned with a Laser-Doppler Vibrometer (a);
Wavefield and damage map obtained by Laplacian filtering a scan related to an the epoxy plate and
acquired with Ultrasonic air-probes (b).

This concept was tested with multiple experiments with 15 different panels. In the experiments,
full wavefield measurements were obtained using a Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometer
(SLDV) or an air-coupled probe mounted on a CNC machine for horizontal and vertical
scanning. Then, compressed wavefields were extracted and used to detect and classify
damage using damage identification techniques. Tests were performed on aluminum, epoxy
and composite plates and the defect was simulated with an attached mass. The results
demonstrate that the technique is very effective in localizing damage with potential for
improving damage detection technique.

Keywords
Ultrasonic wavefield imaging, Guided waves, compressive sensing, laser Doppler vibrometer
References
[1]
Donoho, David L. "Compressed sensing." IEEE Transactions on information theory 52.4 2006, 1289-
1306.
[2]
T. Di Ianni et al, Compressive sensing of full wave field data for structural health monitoring
applications, IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control 2015, 1373–1383.

48
RESEARCH ON MULTI-MODE WAVEFIELD IMAGING OF ULTRASONIC ARRAY
FOR THIN-WALL WELDED STRUCTURE
Zhenggan Zhou1, Wentao Li1, Yang Li1
1
School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100083,
China
Accurate evaluation of pore and crack defects in thin-wall welded structures has always been
a difficult problem in ultrasonic testing. This is due to the detection results of the thin-walled
structures are more susceptible to the influence of acoustic near-field, resulting in poor
detection quality. Aiming at the friction stir welding structures of aluminum alloy with thickness
of 3 mm and 6 mm in the aerospace field, multi-mode ultrasonic wavefield imaging methods
(UWI) based on the phase control and full matrix data of ultrasonic array were proposed and
analyzed. Firstly, a full coverage detection scheme of the weld based on phase control was
designed by combining direct transmission and primary reflection of the shear wave, the
imaging results are validated used an ultrasonic array transducer with frequency of 5 MHz.
Then, in order to further realize the quantitative analysis of the micro defects in the thin-wall
welded structure, a full matrix data acquisition of the weld area of aluminum alloy specimen
was carried out, and the imaging algorithms of total focusing method (TFM) of different
acoustic path modes were studied. In addition, based on the finite difference time domain
(FDTD) method, a TFM imaging model was established to simulate the imaging results of
typical defects with different wave pattern, reflection time and coupling condition. Simulation
analysis shows that the detection results of wedge coupling method have much higher signal
to noise ratio (SNR) than the conventional direct contact methods. Finally, the imaging
performances of the artificial defects embedded in aluminum plane specimen with different
multi-mode methods are experimented and discussed. The results show that the multi-mode
TFM imaging method can accurately identify the circular-hole defects with a diameter of 0.35
mm and the groove defects with a depth of 0.35 mm. According to the results, the optimal
ultrasonic array multi-mode imaging method of pore and crack defects in the specimen are
determined respectively, which provides a basis for quantitative characterization of micro-
defects in thin-wall welded structures.

S
S S S
S S
S
S
SS-S SSS-SS

(a) (b)
Figure 1: Wedge coupling TFM imaging results of rectangular defects at different positions

Keywords
Ultrasonic array, Multi-mode imaging, Thin-walled structure, Total focusing method
References
[1]
V. Felice, A. Velichko, D. Wilcox, accurate depth measurement of small surface breaking cracks
using
an ultrasonic array post-processing technique, 68 2014,105-112.
[2]
M. Weston, P. Mudge, C. Davis, time efficient auto-focusing algorithms for ultrasonic inspection of
dual-layered media using full matrix capture, 47 2012,43-50.
[3]
J. Zhang, B. Drinkwater, P. Wilcox, efficient immersion imaging of components with nonplanar
surfaces, 61 2014,1284-1295.

49
 DIFFRACTION OF AN ELASTODYNAMIC FIELD IN MULTILAYERED TUBULAR
STRUCTURES BY A POINT SIZE DEFECT
Aditya Krishna1, 4, Marc Deschamps2, Eric Ducasse3, Samuel Rodrigues1
1
Univ. Bordeaux, I(2)M-APy, UMR 5295, F-33400 Talence, France.
2
CNRS, I(2)M-APy, UMR 5295, F-33400 Talence, France
3
Arts et Metiers ParisTech, I(2)M-APy, UMR 5295, F-33400 Talence, France
4
CEA Grenoble - 17, Avenue des Martyrs - 38054 Grenoble, France

This work deals with the problem of the propagation of an elastodynamic field radiated by a
source in a cylindrical layered medium which interacts with and is diffracted by a defect. At
low frequencies, where the defect size is much smaller than the wavelength, this interaction
can be approximated by a point source, located at the defect position. This secondary source
is expressed by the Green function and its derivatives. The Green function, which describes
the response of an undamaged cylinder, is calculated using the canonical form of the wave
equation initially expressed as a function of the spatial and temporal variables. Performing the
Laplace transform in time and Fourier transform for the spatial variables, this equation is
written as an ordinary differential equation with respect to the radial position. The solution for
the transversely isotropic case is obtained by adopting the partial wave formulation, expressed
as a combination of the modified Bessel's functions of the first and second kind. Having
assembled the layers, numerical inverse transforms are performed to obtain the real wave
fields. This technique allows for reduced computational costs, faster calculation times and
could be used for the non destructive testing of embedded pipes and tubes. Finally, numerical
and experimental defect localization is performed by the method of Topological Imaging.

Keywords
Guided Waves, Transient field, Defect modelling, Defect imaging
References
[1]
A ,Krishna., M, Deschamps., E, Ducasse., S, Rodriguez. (2018, July 16-19). Topological Imaging of
Tubular Structures using Ultrasonic Guided waves. Presented at the 45th Review of Progress in
Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (QNDE), Burlington, Vermont, USA

50
 Tuesday, September 3rd, 2019 (2:30 pm)

PIP (2/2) - Inverse problems in Ultrasonics

Location: VIVES room B303

PIP (2/2): Inverse problems in Ultrasonics
Chair: Bernd Henning

14:30 - 14:45 Comparison of analytic and algebraic reconstruction in ultrasound

tomography with arbitrary detector geometries - a simulation study Marc Fournelle, Wolfgang Bost
14:45 - 15:00 Simulation Study: Parameter Optimization for Compressed Sensing in 3D Ultrasound Imaging
Marcel Windpassinger, Marc Fournelle, Steffen Tretbar
15:00 - 15:15 Random frequency picking for waveform inversion Ernest Janssen, Ulas Taskin, Koen W. A. van Dongen
15:15 - 15:30 Full Waveform Inversion with crosstalk-free source encoding Etienne Bachmann, Jeroen Tromp

51
 COMPARISON OF ANALYTIC AND ALGEBRAIC RECONSTRUCTION IN
ULTRASOUND TOMOGRAPHY WITH ARBITRARY DETECTOR GEOMETRIES -
A SIMULATION STUDY
Marc Fournelle1, Wolfgang Bost1
1
Main Department Ultrasound, Fraunhofer IBMT, Ensheimer Str 48, D-66386 Sankt Ingbert,
Germany

Systems for ultrasound time of flight (TOF) tomography have been reported in the medical
field, e.g. in breast imaging, but are even more common in NDT applications. While breast
tomography is performed in immersion in a water tank with transducers in a regular detector
geometry, tomography in the NDT context is performed with transducers directly in contact
with the object under investigation. This can be performed by manually placing the transducer
at different locations on the surface of the object or by integrating several transducers in a
regular grid and thereby forming a detector matrix. In any case, the knowledge of the position
information is required for reconstruction. Furthermore, unless the transducers are placed in
a defined geometry (e.g. circle), algebraic reconstruction techniques are more suitable than
analytic tomographic reconstruction based on backprojection.

While technical structures (e.g. pillars) can present

regular geometries, this is not the case in art objects
with undefined geometries. With a view to ultrasound
TOF tomography of art objects, we evaluated the
suitability of algebraic and analytic reconstruction
algorithms in combination with arbitrary transducer
positions. This requires to prepare the sinogram data
before analytic reconstruction. Our approach is based
on spatial resampling of arbitrary detector sinogram
data as input for the backprojection algorithm. We
evaluated the approach with different transducer
numbers (16, 32, 64, 128) on synthetic arbitrary
shaped phantoms and compared algebraic methods
(ART, SIRT, Kaczmarz) with backprojection. We Figure 2: Phantom with different inclusions
reconstructed with corrupted position
introduced different metrics for comparison of the information (max 20 mm error)
results such as inclusion size and sound velocity or
standard deviation of the reconstructed sound velocity in the homogeneous part of the
phantom. The results suggest that backprojection and ART outperform SIRT and Kaczmarz
with respect to image fidelity. A 10 cm inclusion was reconstructed to 11 cm, 9 cm and 6 cm
respectively with backprojection, ART and SIRT/Kaczmarz using 32 transducers and to 10,1
cm, 9,8 cm and 11,1 cm with 64 transducers.

We further evaluated the effect of corrupted input data (noisy position and time of flight
information) on the reconstruction result. The backprojection algorithm showed the highest
stability since it allowed to reconstruct slices with high image fidelity even when a random
position error up to 2 cm in each dimension was applied to the input data (figure 1).

Keywords
TOF tomography, reconstruction algorithm, arbitrary geometry, analytic, algebraic

52
 SIMULATION STUDY: PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION FOR COMPRESSED
SENSING IN 3D ULTRASOUND IMAGING
Marcel Windpassinger1, Marc Fournelle1, Steffen Tretbar1
1
Main Department Ultrasound, Fraunhofer IBMT, Ensheimer Str 48,
D-66386 Sankt Ingbert, Germany
We are exploring a new method for 3D
ultrasonic imaging that, contrary to
conventional approaches, does not employ a
large system of sensors. Instead, a single
ultrasound transducer coupled with a height-
varying coding aperture is used. The acoustic
field of this setup is enriched by spatial
inhomogeneities. As a result, it is possible to
distinguish different pixels of equal distance
by comparing the signal form of their echo
responses. All spatial information is
compressed into a single time scan
Figure 1: Cross-correlation between signal
measurement. Recovery of the image data responses wrt. surface geometry.
lies in the domain of Compressed Sensing[1],
as it is achieved by means of solving an ill-posed, inverse problem. The feasibility of this
approach has already been demonstrated in optics[2], and in ultrasound imaging[3] just
recently.

A vitally important component of successful arbitrary image reconstruction is dissimilarity

between signal responses of different locations, which is a function of emitted signal form and
phase mask geometry. With this in mind, we implemented a GPU-powered point source
synthesis method that allows us to simulate acoustic fields for arbitrary surface geometries of
random masks. Through parallel execution, we gain a 10-20x speedup compared to sequential
(CPU) computation.Our aim, by help of this tool, is to identify parameters for mask geometry
and emitted signal form that maximize signal response incoherence, while also maintaining
enough acoustic energy in the region of interest.
In Figure 1, we simulated a square transducer (Ø: 3cm) emitting a linear chirp (1-3MHz), and
compared a flat surface to random, uniformly-distributed masks (max. heights: 2.4/4.8mm).
We measured their acoustic fields on a 3cm-line (Nx=100), perpendicular and centered at
distance z=10cm, and computed the cross-correlation between all pixel signals. As can be
seen, source geometries of randomly varying heights are capable of greatly improving signal
incoherence.

Keywords
Compressed Sensing, 3D Imaging, Ultrasound Imaging, Inverse Problems, Image Reconstruction,
Parameter Optimization
References
[1]
D.L. Donoho, Compressed sensing, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 52(4), 2006, pp. 1289-
1306.
[2]
D. Takhar et al., A New Compressive Imaging Camera Architecture using Optical-Domain
Compression, Proc. IS&T/SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging, 2006, DOI: 10.1117/12.659602.
[3]
P. Kruizinga et al., Compressive 3D ultrasound imaging using a single sensor, Science Advances
3(12), 2017, e1701423.

53
 RANDOM FREQUENCY PICKING FOR WAVEFORM INVERSION
Ernest Janssen1, Ulas Taskin1, Koen W. A. van Dongen1
1
Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628CJ
Delft, the Netherlands

Water bath scanning systems are gaining interest for breast cancer detection as they can scan
the breast simultaneously from all sides. By applying (full) waveform inversion on the
measured data a speed of sound map of the breast can be reconstructed. In the past it has
been shown that these inversion algorithms yield superior results compared to ray based
methods[1]. However, the downside of inversion is that it needs longer computation times.

Various frequency domain inversion algorithms are already used for breast ultrasound. With
these algorithms, it is common to reduce computation time by decreasing the number of
frequency components. Unfortunately, reducing the number of frequencies often leads to
"aliasing" artefacts in the resulting image. In this work, we propose a solution to this problem.
Instead of selecting the reduced number of frequencies out of a small frequency domain, we
randomly pick them out of the entire available frequency domain. In addition, each source-
receiver combination uses a different set of frequency components.

Figure 1: Reconstruction obtained with Born inversion using (Left) all frequency components, (Middle)
the same set of 10 successive frequency components for all source-receiver combinations, (Right) a
different set of 10 randomly selected frequency components for each source-receiver combination.

The proposed methods is tested with Born inversion applied to measured reflection data.
Figure 1 shows the reconstructions obtained using (left) all 180 frequencies in the range from
0.6 to 2.4 MHz; (middle) 10 frequencies in the range from 1.3 to 1.4 MHz; (right) the proposed
random frequency picking approach covering the range from 0.6 to 2.4 MHz. With the
proposed approach the boundaries of the object are clearly visible. The noise in the
background can easily be suppressed using standard techniques[2].

In conclusion, by randomly picking the frequency components for each source-receiver

combination separately we reduce computation time without introducing "aliasing" artifacts in
the reconstruction.

Keywords
Breast ultrasound, waveform inversion, Born
References
[1]
N. Ozmen, R. Dapp, M. Zapf, H. Gemmeke, N. Ruiter, K. W. A. van Dongen, Comparing Different
Ultrasound Imaging Methods for Breast Cancer Detection, IEEE TUFFC 62(4) 2015, 407-414.
[2]
A. Ramirez, K. W. A. van Dongen, Sparsity constrained contrast source inversion, JASA 40(3) 2016,
1749-1757.

54
FULL WAVEFORM INVERSION WITH CROSSTALK-FREE SOURCE ENCODING
Etienne Bachmann1, Jeroen Tromp1,2
1
Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Guyot Hall, Princeton, 08544 New
Jersey, USA
2
Program in Applied & Computational Mathematics, Princeton University, Fine Hall,
Washington Road, Princeton, 08544 New Jersey, USA

In the context of wavespeed and attenuation maps reconstruction using Full Waveform
Inversion with explicit time domain solvers, we developed a cross-talk free source encoding
method. This enables image computations within minutes while data from hundreds of
different sources are assimilated. Instead of involving a wave simulation number proportional
to the number of sources at each iteration, the proposed method only requires two "super"
wave simulations per iteration. Our source encoding method consists of capturing
simultaneously the monochromatic behavior of different sources at specific frequencies. This
is achieved by running a "super" wave simulation until it reaches steady state. Individual
contributions of each source to the "super" steady wavefield can then be deblended by taking
advantage of trigonometric orthogonality. Rather than capturing the behavior of the full
spectrum of a given source, only a few frequencies per source are considered. Thanks to
frequency redundancy, this decimation does not dramatically affect sensitivity kernel quality.
On the other hand, assimilation of data coming from numerous different sources dramatically
improves the resulting kernel, which translates into significantly faster convergence. Another
benefit is the statistical reduction of the impact on convergence of data noise. We show how
to build measurements based on the Fourier coefficients of the full data time series, such as
waveform, phase and amplitude. We evaluate the relative convergence of each associated
cost function, in their standard or in their double difference formulation. 2D and 3D results of
wavespeed and attenuation reconstructions are presented.

Keywords
Full Waveform Inversion, Source Encoding, Inverse Problem, Quantitative Imaging

55
 Tuesday, September 3rd, 2019 (2:30 pm)

PRA+PTA - Thermoacoustics and Resonators

Location: VIVES room A303

PRA+PTA: Thermoacoustics and Resonators
Chair: Olivier Bou Matar

14:30 - 15:00 Thermoacoustic sound generation model Pierre Guiraud, Stefano Giordano, Olivier Bou-Matar,
in porous nanomaterials Raphael Lardat, Philippe Pernod
15:00 - 15:15 Influence of Elastic Stress on THz-frequency Oscillations in Antiferromagnets Pavel Popov, Ansar Safin, Sergey Nikitov
15:15 - 15:30 Super-resonances in dielectric mesoscale sphere immersed in water: effects in extreme field localization
of acoustic wave Igor V. Minin, Oleg V. Minin, Constanza Rubio, Antonio Uris

56
 THERMOACOUSTIC SOUND GENERATION MODEL IN POROUS
NANOMATERIALS
Pierre Guiraud1,2,3, Stefano Giordano1, Olivier Bou-Matar1, Raphael Lardat2, Philippe
Pernod1
1
Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology - Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale
Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520 - IEMN, LIA LICS, F-59000 Lille, France; 2Thales
DMS France - UWS France, Sophia Antipolis, 525 Route de Dolines, F-06560 Valbonne,
France; 3CNRS-International NTU Thales Research Alliance (CINTRA) UMI 3288, Research
Techno Plaza, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553
Traditional sound generation transducers are using a magnet/coil/membrane system to induce
a particle velocity boundary condition to move the air in order to produce sound. Piezoelectric
devices are also electromechanical transducer that are also used for sound generation in
cases where common loudspeakers fail to perform (underwater sound generation, high
frequency sound generation...) However, both devices share the same limits being having a
non-flexible design and no broad band sound generation (resonant behavior).
The thermoacoustic principle is a novel way of generating sound. When an alternative current
is applied to a nanomaterials having a high thermal conductivity and low thermal capacity, the
heat profile of the material will follow accurately the electrical one. The air in the vicinity of the
sample will compress and dilate due to the rapid heating and cooling, thus creating a pressure
boundary condition, as opposed to a velocity one, generating a sound wave. Theoretically this
principal is independent of the geometry of the sample and is broadband, ranging from a few
Hertz to several Mega Hertz.
This principle was known for more than a hundred years[1] but has recently gained interest
due to new technologies improving the ease of fabrication and access of certain
nanomaterials. In the last two decades many nanomaterials have been tested as potential
thermophone sources[2] like suspended metal wires (carbon, gold, aluminum…) or carbon
based material in different shapes (laser scribed, paper, sponge, nanotube forest, foam…).
Nevertheless, due to the only recently gained momentum of the field and of the complex
geometry of most thermophones, there is no current global theory about thermoacoustic
generation. Models are approximated on a case by case basis and focus mostly on the
acoustical hearing range in air. This paper will propose a novel broadband model that takes
into account the complex geometry of 3D thermophones, and most specifically, foam like
material. The thermal equilibrium is assumed to not be achieved inside the sample and a two
temperature method will be used to analyse the 1D response of a thermophone in free field.
The model’s equations are based on the conservation of mass, momentum, energy in the fluid
and the conservation of energy in the solid. This model will then be compared to the solution
provided by one of the most recent approach for thermoacoustic generation[3] (based on a one
temperature model), assuming a continuous thermophone but considering the sound
propagation in the solid.

Keywords
Thermoacoustic - Thermophone - Porous Material - Two Temperature Model
References
[1]
H.D. Arnold, I.B. Crandall, The thermophone as a precision source of sound, Phys.Rev 10, 1917, 22-
38.
[2]
A.E. Aliev, N.K. Mayo, M.J. de Andrade, R.O. Robles, S. Fang, R.H. Baughman, M. Zhang, Y. Chen,
J.A. Lee, S.J. Kim, Alternative nanostructures for thermophones, ACS Nano 9, 2015, 4743-4756.
[3]
P. Guiraud, S. Giordano, O. Bou-Matar, P. Pernod, R. Lardat, Multilayer modelling of thermoacoustic
sound generation for thermophone, analysis and design, 2019, Submitted.

57
 INFLUENCE OF ELASTIC STRESS ON THZ-FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS IN
ANTIFERROMAGNETS

Pavel Popov1,2, Ansar Safin1,3, Sergey Nikitov1,2,4

1
Kotel'nikov Institute of Radio-engineering and Electronics of RAS, 11-7 Mokhovaya Street,
Moscow 125009, Russia
2
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Instituskij pereulok, Dolgoprudny 141701,
Moscow Region, Russia
3
National Research University "Moscow Power Engineering Institute",
14 Krasnokazarmennaya, Moscow, 111250 Russia
4
Laboratory Metamaterials, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya street, Saratov
410012, Russia

We present results of investigations of elastic stress influence onto possible THz-frequency

signal generation from antiferromagnetic (AFM) materials. Such possibility was recently
studied and reported in [1]. However, as it was shown, intensity of radiated power is
restricted, in particular, by high electric current power, subjected to AFM and required for
THz-frequency radiation. We propose that static deformations of AFM can strongly influence
THz-frequency generation and magnetization dynamics. We study theoretically (Fig.1) the
influence of static deformations and exerted pressure on the anisotropy fields of AFM and
magnetization dynamics, and investigate two different cases of oscillations in AFM, realized
under different strains and electric currents.

Figure 1: (a) Studied three-layered structure of Pt substrate, layer of biaxial antiferromagnetic film (e.g.
NiO) and piezoelectric layer (PZ). Spin-polarized current from Pt layer transfers spin torque into AFM,
thus causing oscillations of magnetization, which can be detected back in Pt; pressure, exerted on
AFM through PZ, changes anisotropy fields of AMF and thus influence magnetization oscillations. (b)
Dependence of the oscillation frequency in AFM from exerted pressure (expressed in EPZ — the
electric field, applied to the PZ layer) under different currents.
Our findings indicate a possibility of tuning oscillations in AFM by the external force. Fig.
1(b) shows that at specific conditions small changes in AFM strain can greatly affect the
oscillation frequency and even change the type of oscillations - from damping oscillations
to auto-oscillations and vice versa; it also influences other characteristics of oscillation,
e.g. their amplitude. Found tuning method also expands the range of AFM materials which
can be used in considered structure.

Financial support from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Project No.
18-29-27018 MK) and the grant of the President of the Russian Federation for state
support of young Russian scientists No. MK-3607.2019.9 is acknowledged.

Keywords
Magnetoelasticity, Spintronics, THz oscillator
References
[1] R. Khymyn, I. Lisenkov , V. Tiberkevich, B. A. Ivanov, A. Slavin, Antiferromagnetic THz-frequency
Josephson-like Oscillator Driven by Spin Current, Scientific reports 2017, 7, 43705.
58
 SUPER-RESONANCES IN DIELECTRIC MESOSCALE SPHERE IMMERSED IN
WATER: EFFECTS IN EXTREME FIELD LOCALIZATION OF ACOUSTIC WAVE
Igor V. Minin1, Oleg V. Minin1, Constanza Rubio2, Antonio Uris2
1
Siberian state university of geosystems and technologies, Novosibirsk, Russia
2
Centro de Tecnologías Físicas, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain

For investigation of resonant scattering of ultrasound in dielectric spherical cavity immersed

in water as a material we have selected Rexolite© that closely match the impedance of water
[1]. The main parameters of Rexolite© are: sound velocity 2337 m/s, density 1.04 g/cm3.
According to [2] the initial parameters of the particle near Whispering-Gallery-Modes (WGM)
resonance were selected as: radius of particle R=4λ (at frequency of 1 MHz in water), relative
density contrast is 1.0402 and the speed of sound contrast is 1.570.

Figure 1: Resonant scattering on Rexolite© sphere immersed in water. In the inserts the structure of
“hot spot” at the resonant frequency is shown. Maximal field intensity at the points 1-4 are: 325 (1),
2500 (2), 325000 (3), 1000 (4).

From Fig.1 it is followed that for spherical particle with q=25.132766 and ℓ = 33 multipole at
the super resonance condition (q is size (Mie) parameter defined as q=2πR/λ and ℓ the mode
number which corresponds to node numbers on spherical surface). The enhancement factor
can be extremely large at these “hot spots”, reaching the order of 104 -107. It could be noted
that at the super-resonance condition the hotspot spots has a super resolution about of 0.21-
0.23λ, which exceeds solid immersion resolution limit (λ/2n) of acoustojet.
In this work, it was shown that the giant localization of the field and the super-resolution mode
could be excited in a mesoscale sphere submerged under water under certain conditions of
resonance. This effect is observed in the parameter area, next to those characteristic of an
acoustojet.

Keywords
Ultrasonic, super-resonance, spherical particle
References
[1]
O.V. Minin and I.V. Minin. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 49 2017, 54.
[2]
I.V. Minin, O.V. Minin and I.S. Tseplyaev. IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series, 881
2017 012025.

59
 Tuesday, September 3rd, 2019 (2:30 pm)

PUA (1/2) - Ultrasound in Air

Location: VIVES room A304

PUA (1/2): Ultrasound in Air
Chair: Tomas Gomez Alvarez-Arenas

14:30 - 15:00 Holographic Acoustic Tweezers: Applications in Mid-air Assembly Asier Marzo, Marco Andrade, Tatsuki Fushimi,
and Acoustophoretic Displays Tom Hill, Bruce Drinkwater
15:00 - 15:15 Airborne ultrasound surface motion camera (AUSMC): Antoine Aminot, Pavel Shirkovskiy, Marie-Cécile Nierat,
an alternative approach for non-contact 2D vibrometry Pierantonia Laveneziana, Thomas Similowski, Mathias Fink, Ros-Kiri Ing
15:15 - 15:30 The design of flexural ultrasonic transducers for high pressure environments Andrew Feeney, Lei Kang, Steve Dixon

60
 HOLOGRAPHIC ACOUSTIC TWEEZERS: APPLICATIONS IN MID-AIR
ASSEMBLY AND ACOUSTOPHORETIC DISPLAYS
Asier Marzo1, Marco A.B. Andrade2, Tatsuki Fushimi3, Tom Hill3, Bruce W. Drinkwater3
1
UpnaLab, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona 31006, Navarre, Spain
2
Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
3
Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Holographic Acoustic Tweezers[1] (HAT) have the capability of trapping and manipulating
multiple particles individually. They are the counterpart of the well-established Holographic
Optical Tweezers but are based on acoustic radiation forces instead. Using acoustic radiation
forces presents several advantages that were unattainable with optical tweezers. For
example, the trapped particles can range from the micrometer to the centimeter scale and be
made of a wide range of materials (i.e. liquid, gases, metals, plastics or even living things).
Furthermore, Acoustic Tweezers can be realized using cheaper equipment and, in general,
are safer.
We demonstrate a HAT system operating in mid-air at 40-kHz, it was implemented using two
opposing 16x16 phased-arrays with transducers of 1cm diameter. We individually manipulate
up to 25 millimetric particles simultaneously. The trapping forces on the particles decrease
linearly with the number of simultaneous traps that the system generates. We also show that
for obtaining the maximum trapping forces the emitters do not need be smaller than half-
wavelength or have more than π/8 radians of phase emission resolution; these findings can
be used to guide the design of future HAT systems.
The unique features of Holographic Acoustic Tweezers are enabling applications such as
acoustophoretic displays, in which several particles [Fig. 1(a)] or a fast-moving one [Fig. 1(b)]
form visible objects in mid-air. On the other hand, small parts can be assembled without
physical contact [Fig. 1(c)] controlling not only their position but also their orientation due to
the capability of generating multiple trapping points.
(a) (a) (b) (c)
(c)

Figure 1: a) two opposed arrays of 16x16 ultrasonic transducers trapping 6 particles forming a triangle.
b) A single fast-moving particle was synchronized with LED illumination to create the figure. c) The
"stick-man" was assembled by translating and orientating sticks using holographic acoustic tweezers.

Keywords
Holographic Acoustic Tweezers, Acoustophoretic Displays, Acoustic Radiation Forces, Mid-air
Assembly
References
[1]
A. Marzo, B. W. Drinkwater, Holographic acoustic tweezers. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences, 116(1) 2019, 84-89.

61
 AIRBORNE ULTRASOUND SURFACE MOTION CAMERA (AUSMC): AN
ALTERNATIVE APPROACH FOR NON-CONTACT 2D VIBROMETRY
Antoine Aminot1, Pavel Shirkovskiy1, Marie-Cécile Nierat2, Pierantonio Laveneziana2, 3,
Thomas Similowski2, 4, Mathias Fink1, Ros-Kiri Ing1
1
Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS UMR 7587, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, F-
75005 Paris, France
2
Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale
et Clinique, F-75005 Paris, France
3
AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Service des Explorations
Fonctionnelles de la Respiration, de la Dyspnée, et de l'Exercice, Département R3S, F-
75013 Paris, France
4
AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Service de Pneumologie,
Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Département R3S, F-75013 Paris, France

The focusing of ultrasonic waves is a fundamental feature of most medical applications of

ultrasound and is used for significant improvement in image quality giving potential contrast
and resolution enhancement in images. We present here an advanced signal processing
technics with application to acoustic non-contact vibration imaging in air, using 2D multi-
element airborne ultrasound emission and receiver arrays, a synthetic aperture
implementation, and pulsed-waves. An advanced processing algorithm allowing the
transducers array to be focused at every point of the region of interest (ROI) without knowing
the emitter elements positions is implemented. Applications and advantages in capability to
acquire without contact 2D surface motion maps of nonplanar surfaces are shown.

An alternative approach is presented: the full matrix of time domain signals from every
transmitter–receiver pair is captured and post-processed using time reversal and reciprocity
principles in order to obtain 2D surface motion maps. The developed post-processing
beamforming process is repeated in a loop for all focusing points covered the imaging surface
and results in an acoustic signals for each point of ROI for consecutive time points. Through
successive cross correlation of the beamformed acoustic signals for the same pixels at
different time points the surface motion is determined.

The study presents the results that support the capability of the non-contact imaging technics
to be applied on three various AUSMC systems working at different operating frequencies (40,
300, 500 kHz). Each AUSMC system works in specular reflection mode and provides surface
motion measurements with high framerate, good focusing dynamic and a reasonable spatial
resolution. Our approach offers significant performance advantages for 2D non-contact
vibration imaging applications with non-stationary array or with big size aperture array where
the precision in elements position, spacing and arrangement can't be well controlled.
The applications are demonstrated at 40 kHz for breathing monitoring and asynchronism of
the respiratory movement detection, at 300 kHz for imaging of surface waves in different
phantoms in order to their elasticity estimation. The preliminary results of non-contact method
to cornea elasticity reconstruction using air-coupled ultrasound waves at 500 kHz are
presented.

Keywords
Non-contact ultrasonic imaging, airborne ultrasound vibrometry, surface motion, surface
acoustic wave elastography

62
 THE DESIGN OF FLEXURAL ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS FOR HIGH
PRESSURE ENVIRONMENTS
Andrew Feeney1, Lei Kang1, Steve Dixon1
1
Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom

The conventional flexural ultrasonic transducer is composed of a circumferentially-clamped

metallic disc to which an active driving element such as a piezoelectric ceramic is mechanically
coupled. The normal modes of the disc are exploited to generate the desired ultrasound wave.
The flexural ultrasonic transducer has traditionally been a popular device for ultrasonic
proximity sensing and industrial metrology, primarily due to its relatively straightforward
composition and ability to couple to different media without the need for matching layers.
Although the flexural ultrasonic transducer has been successfully employed for a selected
range of proximity and metrology systems, it is severely restricted by its unsuitability for
operation in hostile environments, notably those of high pressure levels. In particular, the cap
which incorporates the metallic disc is susceptible to irreversible deformation above ambient
environmental pressure. In this study, a new class of flexural ultrasonic transducer is
presented, the high pressure flexural ultrasonic transducer. This transducer can operate
effectively in environments with pressure levels toward 200 bar. There are different strategies
which can be undertaken in the design and fabrication of flexural ultrasonic transducers for
operation in high pressure environments. An example composition of a high pressure flexural
ultrasonic transducer is illustrated in Figure 1 and compared with the general design schematic
of a conventional flexural ultrasonic transducer.

Figure 1: Simplified demonstrative schematics of a conventional flexural ultrasonic transducer (left), and
a transducer modified for operation in environments of high pressure (right)

In this research, an overview of selected design principles is presented and a candidate design
is proposed. The high pressure flexural ultrasonic transducer is fabricated after which its
dynamic performance is monitored in air at different environmental pressure levels towards
200 bar. The response of the transducer is compared with that of a conventional and
commercially-available flexural ultrasonic transducer operated in similar conditions. A
transmit-receive configuration is adopted for ultrasound measurement.

This research demonstrates a new class of flexural ultrasonic transducer suitable for
application in high pressure environments, constituting a significant development in ultrasonic
technology for a range of challenging industrial measurement applications.

Keywords
Flexural ultrasonic transducer, high pressure, transducer design

63
 Tuesday, September 3rd, 2019 (2:30 pm)

PUS (1/6) - Ultrasonic Scattering

Location: VIVES room B302

PUS (1/6): Ultrasonic Scattering
Chair: Sigrun Hirsekorn and Christopher Kube

14:30 - 15:00 Predictions of Ultrasound Propagation using Synthetic Musa Norouzian, Nathanial Matz,
Three-Dimensional Polycrystals Showmic Islam, Joseph Alan Turner
15:00 - 15:15 Statistical theory of ultrasonic backscatter signals Yongfeng Song, Joseph A. Turner,
and its applications in flaw testing Christopher M. Kube, Zuoxiang Peng, Xiongbing Li
15:15 - 15:30 Ultrasonic Scattering for Microstructure Characterization
and Enhanced Defect Detection in Additively Manufactured Components Samantha McGuigan, Andrea P. Arguelles

64
 PREDICTIONS OF ULTRASOUND PROPAGATION USING SYNTHETIC THREE-
DIMENSIONAL POLYCRYSTALS
Musa Norouzian, Nathanial Matz, Showmic Islam, Joseph A. Turner
Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska,
68588, USA

Ultrasonic nondestructive testing has been increasingly used to characterize heterogeneities

of polycrystalline materials. With such techniques, the interactions of coherent ultrasonic
waves with grain boundaries result in scattering. Such scattered waves carry information
regarding the physical properties of the scatterer. Therefore, microstructural information can
be obtained by quantifying the scattered response. Current diffuse ultrasonic backscatter
models include several assumptions about the macroscopic and microscopic properties of the
polycrystals. In this presentation, the sensitivity of grain size characterization to such
assumptions is investigated using simulated microstructures. Several polycrystals with cubic
crystal symmetry and randomly oriented equiaxed grains are created using DREAM.3D. This
study applies the single scattering model in which the longitudinal-to-longitudinal configuration
is considered for the incident and the scattered waves and limited to the weakly-scattering
regime. In this configuration, the results based on traditional models for microstructures are
compared with results based on the synthetic volumes. The results demonstrate distinct
differences between the two cases. For example, the theoretical scattering cross section for a
Voigt-averaged nickel polycrystal at 15 MHz based on exponential two-point statistics is found
to be about three times larger than the value based on the DREAM.3D microstructure. This
difference is found to be primarily related to the two-point spatial correlation function. Finally,
the influence of grain size distribution on the ultrasonic models is discussed. [This work was
supported by the Air Force Research Laboratory under prime contract FA8650-15-D-5231 and
was completed utilizing the Holland Computing Center of the University of Nebraska, which
receives support from the Nebraska Research Initiative.]
1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
μm

Figure 1: Two-point spatial correlation functions obtained from an exponential form given by 𝜂𝜂(𝑟𝑟) =
𝑒𝑒 −𝑟𝑟/𝐿𝐿 and a synthetic volume with 29 µm mean grain diameter and a standard deviation of 3.6 µm. A
correlation length of L = 14.5 µm is used for the exponential.

Keywords
ultrasonic attenuation, digital microstructure, scattering theory

65
 STATISTICAL THEORY OF ULTRASONIC BACKSCATTER SIGNALS AND ITS
APPLICATIONS IN FLAW TESTING

Yongfeng Song1, Joseph A. Turner2, Christopher M. Kube3, Zuoxiang Peng4, Xiongbing Li1
1
School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha,
Hunan 410075, China
2
Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588,
USA
3
Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University,
212 Earth and Engineering Science Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
4
School of Mathematics and Statistics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.

Ultrasound is a prominent nondestructive testing modality for the detection, localization, and
sizing of defects in engineering materials. Often, inspectors analyze ultrasonic waveforms to
determine if echoes, which stem from the scattering of ultrasound from a defect, exceed a
threshold value. In turn, the initial selection of the threshold value is critical. In this
presentation, variable time-dependent thresholds or upper bounds are developed based on
the inherent microstructural scattering. Unique thresholds are developed depending on the
chosen signal type (RF, full rectification, envelope). The connection between the thresholds
and the microstructural scattering is achieved through application of statistical extreme value
theory. The utility of the time-dependent threshold is demonstrated using experiments
conducted on artificial defects smaller than an ultrasonic wavelength. The results show clear
benefits of using the present threshold for each of the signal types. This work presents an
opportunity to enhance current ultrasonic nondestructive inspection practices.

66
 ULTRASONIC SCATTERING FOR MICROSTRUCTURE CHARACTERIZATION
AND ENHANCED DEFECT DETECTION IN ADDITIVELY MANUFACTURED
COMPONENTS
Samantha McGuigan, Andrea P. Arguelles
Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University,
212 Earth-Engineering Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802 USA

Advances in manufacturing science toward optimum material behavior have left a wide gap in
qualification approaches. In particular, methods that qualify parts by simultaneously
accounting for localized defects (like pores or cracks) and metallurgical differences between
conventional and additively manufactured components are lacking. A nondestructive
technique that covers these two bases would not only enable wider adoption of advanced
manufacturing methods by guaranteeing structurally sound parts, but also contribute to
advancements in the effort to create defect-free, application-specific components. This
presentation focuses on the use of ultrasonic scattering for nondestructive microstructure
characterization and enhanced defect detection. The technique is potentially suitable across
various manufacturing processes, including directed energy deposition (DED), powder-bed
fusion (PBF), among others, given its sensitivity to microstructural features. Using analytical
models of the interaction between the propagating wave and the underlying microstructure,[1,2]
parameters pertaining to grain morphology can be obtained experimentally. Microstructural
information is then used to optimize defect detection of pores and cracks. The approach was
further investigated by testing Ti-6Al-4V components manufactured using DED with varying
laser powers and post-processing conditions. Flat-bottom holes were introduced to evaluate
the effectiveness of improved defect detection and localization. Comparisons to destructive
characterization techniques, such as optical micrographs, and nondestructive methods, such
as X-ray CT, are also presented.

Keywords
Microstructure characterization, additive manufacturing, ultrasonic scattering
References
[1]
A.P. Arguelles, J.A. Turner, Ultrasonic attenuation of polycrystalline materials with a distribution of
grain sizes, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 141(6) 2017, 4347-4353.
[2]
A.P. Arguelles, C.M. Kube, P. Hu, J.A. Turner, Mode-converted ultrasonic scattering in polycrystals
with elongated grains, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 140(3), 2016, 1570-1580.

67
 Tuesday, September 3rd, 2019 (4:00 pm)

MAC (1/2) - Cellular and antibubble acoustics

Location: VIVES room A203

MAC (1/2): Cellular and antibubble acoustics
Chair: Michiel Postema and David Rubin

16:00 - 16:30 Endoskeletal Drops for Applications in Ultrasonics Mark Borden, Gazendra Shakya, Xiaoyun Ding
16:30 - 16:45 Cellular and antibubble acoustics Michiel Postema, David M. Rubin
16:45 - 17:00 This is not a bubble; physics of the antibubble Stephane Dorbolo, Youen Vitry, Laurent Maquet, Benoit Scheid
17:00 - 17:15 Stable micron-sized antibubbles and their use for ultrasound-triggered drug delivery Albert Thijs Poortinga
17:15 - 17:30 What really governs the lifetime of antibubbles? Youen Vitry, Stéphane Dorbolo, Jan Vermant, Benoit Scheid
17:30 - 17:50 Membrane bound gases in the living cell and in life Eitan Kimmel

68
 ENDOSKELETAL DROPS FOR APPLICATIONS IN ULTRASONICS
Mark Borden1, Gazendra Shakya1, Xiaoyun Ding1
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA

Here we describe the synthesis and characterization of a novel class of nanodroplets for
applications in ultrasonics. The drops comprise a surfactant-stabilized liquid droplet of
fluorocarbon with a coexisting internal solid skeletal phase of fluorocarbon or hydrocarbon.
We will present theory and experimental results that show how the internal solid phase
modulates the vaporization temperature of the liquid fluorocarbon. The resulting vaporized
drops (microbubbles) are highly echogenic under ultrasound imaging. The results will be
discussed in the context of potential applications of ultrasonics in imaging and therapy.

Figure 1: A) synthesis of endoskeletal drops; B) photomicrographs of the endoskeletal drops; C) size

distribtuion of the endoskeltal drops.

Keywords
Acoustic droplet vaporization, nanodrops, thermodynamics, phase behavior

69
 CELLULAR AND ANTIBUBBLE ACOUSTICS
Michiel Postema1, David M. Rubin1
1
School of Electrical and Information Engineering,
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,
1 Jan Smuts Laan, Braamfontein 2050, South Africa

Biological cells and microscopic antibubbles have got so much in common under sonication,
that we thought it justified to organise a dedicated session on this topic.

Since the first photographic observation of antibubbles, it has been speculated that the
antibubble core droplet can be loaded with therapeutics, which is to be released inside a
tumour with the aid of ultrasound. Nowadays, antibubbles are commercially available and their
sizes are on the order of those of ultrasound contrast agent microbubbles. Consequently, the
first studies have been published on loading liquids inside the acoustic bubbles. Furthermore,
a multitude of studies has been undertaken, both theoretically and experimentally, to predict
the dynamics of antibubbles, with special focus on disruption thresholds.

This is where red blood cells come in: Although the acoustic regime, i.e., natural frequency
and oscillation amplitude, is quite different from that of our everyday antibubble, both red blood
cell and antibubble express expansion-only behaviour in a sound field.[1]

For both, the incompressible liquid contents prevent contraction of the oscillating entitiy. The
expansion-only behaviour of either antibubbles or red blood cells created a distinctive acoustic
signature. In this presentation, we are providing optical experimental results of antibubbles
and red blood cells under sonication at diagnostic ultrasonic settings. We show disruptive
behaviour and interaction owing to radiation forces.

Furthermore, we demonstrate that antibubbles and red blood cells are interesting tracers in
harmonic imaging.

Keywords
Antibubbles, harmonics, cellular acoustics, expansion-only behaviour
References
[1]
D.M. Rubin, N. Anderton, C. Smalberger, J. Polliack, M. Nathan, M. Postema. On the behaviour of
living cells under the influence of ultrasound, Fluids, 3, 82 2018, 1-19.

70
 THIS IS NOT A BUBBLE; PHYSICS OF THE ANTIBUBBLE
Stéphane Dorbolo1, Youen Vitry2, Laurent Maquet1, Benoit Scheid2,
1
Departement de Physique, B5, Université de Liège,4000 Liège, Belgique
2
TIPs, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 165/67, Bruxelles, Belgique

An antibubble is a liquid droplet wrapped by a thin layer of gas, inside a bulk usually of the
same liquid. The antibubble is ephemeral; no stability. The lifetime
of an antibubble is governed by the drainage of the gas between
the two liquid-gas interfaces.

We will show different kinds of antibubbles found in the literature

and discuss how to obtain such objects. The surfactant
antibubbles can be obtained according to different methods:
impact of a liquid flow, impact of a droplet, soap film assisted…
We will then approach antibubbles without surfactant. At the end,
the different factors influencing the lifetime of the antibubble will
be listed. The observations will be then rationalized in the next talk
by B. Scheid.

Figure 1: image of an antibubble

Keywords
Antibubble, bubble, air film
References
[1]
B. Scheid, S. Dorbolo, L. Arriaga, and E. Rio, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 264502.

71
STABLE MICRON-SIZED ANTIBUBBLES AND THEIR USE FOR ULTRASOUND-
TRIGGERED DRUG DELIVERY
AlbertThijs Poortinga1
1
Polymer Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

We present a new kind of microbubbles in which the bubbles contain one or more liquid cores
and the use of these microbubbles for ultrasound-triggered drug release. Bubbles, generally
with a size in the mm range, containing a liquid core have been discovered already in 1932
and are referred to as antibubbles or inverse bubbles [1]. Antibubbles are poorly stabilized by
surfactants and hence their lifetime is generally short, in the order of several minutes. Recently
we produced antibubbles with orders of magnitude longer lifetime of at least days by stabilizing
the interfaces of the antibubbles with adsorbed particles, so-called Pickering stabilization [2].
Using Pickering stabilization we also managed to produce antibubbles in the micron-size
range through the use of a double emulsions template [3]. This opens up the use of
antibubbles for several applications, such as ultrasound-triggered drug release e.g. for cancer
treatment. Ultrasound-triggered release using microbubbles has frequently been studied. In
this case, the drug to be released is generally loaded at the interface of the microbubbles but
this leads to a low loading an also means that the drug is poorly shielded from the environment.
On the contrary, antibubbles will allow a high loading of drugs that are not in direct contact
with the surroundings. Here we describe the development of clean, model drug-loaded
antibubbles with a mean diameter of 4.3±2.1μm, mimicking the sizes of commercial clinically
approved microbubbles. In vitro these antibubbles were detectable, responded acoustically
and could release the model drug on demand upon clinically diagnostic ultrasound exposure,
and enhanced incorporation of therapeutic agent intracellularly 2x compared to when
commercial microbubbles were used. Following in vitro injection of the antibubbles into mice
and rat, no acute or chronic toxicity was observed but they were stable and detectable.

Keywords
Drug delivery, therapy, ultrasound contrast agents, microbubbles
References
[1]
W. Hughes, A. R. Hughes, Nature 129 1932 59–59.
[2]
A.T. Poortinga, Langmuir 27 2011 2138-2141.
[3]
J.E. Silpe, J.K. Nunes, A.T. Poortinga, H.A. Stone, Langmuir 29 2013 8782−8787.

72
 WHAT REALLY GOVERNS THE LIFETIME OF ANTIBUBBLES?
Youen Vitry1, Stéphane Dorbolo2, Jan Vermant3, Benoit Scheid1

1
TIPS C.P.165/67, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Av. F. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels,
Belgium
2
GRASP, Institute of Physics, Building B5a, Sart-Tilman, University of Liège, B4000
Liège, Belgium
3
ETH Zürich, Dept. of materials, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
An antibubble is a liquid droplet wrapped by a thin layer of gas, inside a bulk usually of the
same liquid. The lifetime of an antibubble is governed by the drainage of the gas between the
two liquid-gas interfaces populated by surfactants. Depending on the relative magnitude of
surface viscosity and elasticity properties, which directly depend or are determined by the
nature of surfactants, the lifetime of an antibubble may vary a lot, from few seconds to few
minutes [1]. While experimental lifetimes are comparable whatever the dominating property,
intrinsic differences exist as revealed by modeling. Nevertheless, these differences were not
observed experimentally in previous studies, due to important sources of dispersion. In this
work, the main sources of dispersion have been identified, such as (i) the initial amount of gas
embedded in the antibubble, (ii) the level of saturation of gas in the bulk liquid [2], (iii) the
presence of dust particles (< 0.5 µm) in the gas, and (iv) three-dimensional flow effects. By
accounting for these various effects, the dependence of the antibubble radius on its lifetime is
clarified together with the role of surface rheology. Results thus demonstrate that controlling
the size and lifetime of antibubbles is achievable.

Figure 1: Time sequence of antibubble formation using our in-house antibubble generator

Keywords
Antibubbles, Drainage, Surface Rheology
References
[1]
B. Scheid, S. Dorbolo, L.R. Arriaga, E. Rio, Antibubble Dynamics: The Drainage of an Air Film with
Viscous Interfaces, 109 2012, 264502
[2]
B. Scheid, J. Zawala, S. Dorbolo, Gas dissolution in antibubble dynamics, 10 2014, 7096-7102

73
 MEMBRANE BOUND GASES IN THE LIVING CELL AND IN LIFE
Eitan Kimmel
Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel

Few developments regarding the Bilayer Sonophore (BLS) model for intramembrane
cavitation as the main mechanism for ultrasound to affect cells are described. The BLS model
was modified to explain neuromodulation induced by ultrasound. Different approach to the
BLS model with respect to molecular dynamics (MD) simulations will be discussed. The
leading theory of a spherical bubble and BLS dynamics stems from variations of the Rayleigh
Plesset (RP) energy conservation equation. This equation defies the second law of
thermodynamics as the system with a bubble becomes more organized. Yet, experimental
observations support the RP equation. The only solution for this discrepancy is that external
energy is supplied to the system to allow the bubble to inflate and deflate while the surrounding
pressure is oscillating. External energy is also required to resolve similar discrepancy in the
functioning of the outer hair cells in the mammalian hearing system.

A novel unifying theory that identify a new source of energy will be presented. The theory
suggests that nanobubbles are actually nano clusters of gases packed in an extremely high
density. We call these nanobubbles 'Chions'. The Chions are formed when the gas-filled
microbubbles collapse under a slight pressure rise in the surrounding liquid. A pressure drop
will induce a backward transition of the Chion into a microbubble. The oscillation between the
two states (Chion-microbubble) adds nuclear energy to the system. This nuclear energy
enables chemical reactions in the near vicinity of the microbubble, and at the same time
generates mechanical load associated with a rapid explosion of the Chion.

The easy transition between the two states and the addition of nuclear energy is not limited to
exposure of living tissue to ultrasound. It is much beyond that. Once the Chion-microbubble
resides within the bilayer membrane, it becomes an essential element for the beginning of life,
for photosynthesis in plants and for biochemical reactions. Any movement in the living body is
a direct result of the Chion-microbubble transition that magnifies the power generated by
metabolites and ATP/ADP reaction. The inherent instability of the Chion-microbubble might
explain blast-induced traumatic brain injury and other enigmatic bioeffects generated in the
soft tissues exposed to a short pressure pulse. Examples of predicted response to sudden
decompression, fierce mechanical impact in car accidents, boxing, football tackling will be
discussed, as well as possible hazards of ultrasound imaging

Keywords
Intramembrane cavitation, microbubble, nuclear energy, nanobubble.

74
 Tuesday, September 3rd, 2019 (4:00 pm)

MTD (2/2) - Biomedical Ultrasound for Therapy and Diagnosis

Location: VIVES room A207

MTD (2/2): Biomedical Ultrasound for Therapy and Diagnosis
Chair: Peter A. Lewin

16:00 - 16:15 Ultrasonic Imaging of Radial Artery Reactive Response Andrzej Nowicki, Barbara Gambin, Zbigniew Trawinski,
Wojciech Secomski, Michal Szubielski, Ryszard Tymkiewicz, Robert Olszewski
16:15 - 16:30 High intensity focused ultrasound power measurement Guangzhen Xing, Minda Dai,
based on cross-spectral density technique Ping Yang, Longbiao He, Yuebing Wang
16:30 - 16:45 Numerical and experimental research of mouse thorax Zhao Yun, Zeng Xinwu, Gao Dongbao,
resonance subjected to high intensity sound waves Zhou Hefeng, Tian Zhangfu, Guan Chengyu
16:45 - 17:00 Retrospective analysis and theoretical simulation for the first Guo Chengbin, Li Chenghai, Liu Huan,
coagulative necrosis point of HIFU treatment of isointense uterine fibroids on MRI Huang Haoran, Li Faqi
17:00 - 17:15 Ultrasound-guided breast biopsy of ultrasound Anton Nikolaev, Hendrik H. G. Hansen, Leon de Jong,
occult lesions using multimodality image co-registration Eleonora Tagliague, Bogdan Maris,
and tissue displacement tracking Vincent Groenhuis, Chris L. de Korte
17:15 - 17:30 Evaluation of cell concentration from ultrasound Alba Fernández, Alberto Ibáñez, Monserrat Parrilla,
backscattering signals using envelope statistics analysis Javier Jiménez, Quique Bassat, Luis Elvira
17:30 - 17:45 Investigation of Echogenic Surface Enhancements for Improved Caroline Harder Hovgesen, Jens E. Wilhjelm,
Needle Visualization in Ultrasonography: Peter Vilmann, Evangelos Kalaitzakis
A PRISMA Systematic Review Supplemented by Modelling

75
 ULTRASONIC IMAGING OF RADIAL ARTERY REACTIVE RESPONSE
Andrzej Nowicki1, Barbara Gambin1, Wojciech Secomski1 , Zbigniew Trawinski1,
Michał Szubielski2, Ryszard Tymkiewicz1, Robert Olszewski1
1
Institute of the Fundamental Technological Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences,
Warsaw, Poland
2
Mazovia Regional Hospital in Siedlce, Poland.

Endothelial monolayer plays important role in anti-inflammatory and vasoregulatory functions.

It has been shown in numerous studies the increase of vessel dilation after sudden increase
of blood flow/ shear stress in the vessel after several minutes hyperemia, so after mechanical
stimulation of the endothelium. Most of the reported research experiments were conducted on
the brachial artery. We are proposing measuring of the flow mediated dilation FMD and shear
rate SR in the radial artery exhibiting higher FMD than the one in the brachial artery.

The precision of artery diameter measurements depends directly on the resolution of the
applied US scanner. The axial resolution of the standard US scanners working at 7.5–12 MHz
is limited to about 0.2 - 0.3 mm, which is close to the expected dilation of the brachial or radial
arteries and thus severely biasing the results. We propose the modification of the
imaging/Doppler system by adding the single element 20 MHz pulse Doppler to the 20 MHz
linear array transducer. The experiments proved over three times better resolution of the high
frequency 20 MHz scanner over the 7 MHz one. The sensitivity of the external single
transducer 20 MHz pulse Doppler proved to be over 20 dB better than the pulse Doppler
incorporated into linear 7 MHz linear array.

The usefulness of the system was evaluated in vivo in two groups of subjects. The degree of
radial artery FMD an SR was evaluated in 14 healthy volunteers and 12 patients with chronic
coronary artery disease CAD. Statistically significant differences in FMD and SR between the
two groups were confirmed by a Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. In group I of 14 healthy
volunteers, FMD was 15 ± 4.8%, and in group II of 12 CAD patients, FMD was significantly
less at 4.6 ± 4%. A similar difference in tests groups was observed after normalizing FMD to
account for the effect of time integral of shear rate. Specifically, the ratio FMD/SR, was equal
to 5.36 ± 4.83·10–4 in group I and 1.3 ± 0.89·10–4 in group II.

The areas under ROC’s curves for FMD and FMD/SR for the prediction of CAD had the values
of 0.99 and 0.97, respectively.

The results confirm the usefulness of the proposed measurements of radial artery FMD and
SR in differentiation of normal subjects from those with chronic CAD.

Keywords
Flow mediated dilation, Shear rate, Axial resolution, Elevation resolution, Pulsed Doppler, Ultrasonic
imaging.

76
 HIGH INTENSITY FOCUSED ULTRASOUND POWER MEASUREMENT BASED
ON CROSS-SPECTRAL DENSITY TECHNIQUE
Guangzhen Xing1, Minda Dai2, Ping Yang1, Longbiao He1, Yuebing Wang2
1
Division of Mechanics and Acoustics, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029,
P.R.China
2
College of Metrological Technology and Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou,
310018, P.R.China

High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is gaining a wider usage among the spectrum of
therapeutic options to combat cancer. HIFU has been approved for the clinical use for the
treatment of organs like the liver, the prostate and the uterus. The metrology of the applied
high ultrasonic power has vital importance for patient’s safety, nevertheless, still remains a
challenge. Among the measurement methods, most frequently used are radiation force
balance and the buoyancy based on calorimetry, where the heating transmission of the target
and drift of the balance will induce a large uncertainty budget. Besides, it is not comprehensive
to obtain a single power indicator for the judgement of HIFU. In this paper, an alternative
method for determining ultrasonic power is described. Instead of using a balance, the method
relies on scanning the ultrasound field in two parallel plane using a hydrophone before the
focusing area, which avoids the hydrophone being destroyed by the high intensities. Despite
of the single ultrasonic power indicator, the instantaneous intensity could also be determined.
In HIFU fields, the nonlinear effects will inevitably occur, the deconvolution to hydrophone
measurements is used to account for the pressure pulse distortion caused by the non-uniform
sensitivity. The principles and theory behind the cross-spectral density technique are laid out
and the results of validation tests are presented. The uncertainties of the technique mainly lie
on the sensitivity of hydrophone, with the potential to reduce these further.

Keywords
Ultrasonic power, Cross-spectral density, Deconvolution, HIFU

77
 NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF MOUSE THORAX
RESONANCE SUBJECTED TO HIGH INTENSITY SOUND WAVES
Zhao Yun, Zeng Xinwu, Gao Dongbao, Zhou Hefeng, Tian Zhangfu, Guan Chengyu
College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology,
Changsha, Hunan 410073, P.R.China
Strong noise generated by aerospace and industrial production has serious harm to living
organisms. Experiments have shown that short-term exposure can cause serious damage to
the cavity organs such as the lungs [1][2], but there is little study on the sensitive frequency and
related damage mechanisms. In this paper, the rat thoracic cavity is equivalent to a resonator,
and its acoustic response is numerically simulated and experimentally studied.

Figure 1: High intensity sound exposure system based on an air modulated speaker and a standing
wave tube with abrupt section
Firstly, based on the acoustic-solid coupling method, the mechanical and acoustical
responses of animal thoracic are predicted by a theoretical model of spherical shell under
plane wave incident condition. The vibration of the shell and the internal acoustic field is
analyzed under different sound frequencies. Model structure, material parameters and
boundary support conditions are proved to be important factors. Secondly, a high intensity
sound exposure system is constructed based on variable-section standing wave tubes and
broadband pneumatic source (figure 1). The source is stimulated by a linear sweep signal,
and the thoracic resonance frequency and the equivalent model parameters are extracted
from the chest wall displacement and the scattered pressure data. Test results of resonance
frequency are basically consistent with theoretical predictions.
In the testing results, there are significant peaks or ranges in the frequency response of chest
wall displacement and scattered pressure caused by strong acoustic waves. There are
considerable diversity in the resonant frequencies between individuals with different weights
and sizes. Since the equivalent sound velocity of the lung tissue is much smaller than that of
the surrounding medium, most of the acoustic energy is concentrated on the lung in the
resonance state. If the lung tissue has a large size, the assumption of the lumped parameter
system is no longer satisfied, the sound field inside the chest exhibits a certain distribution,
and high order resonance appears in the frequency range. The experimental results show that
the lung damage (including pulmonary congestion, hemorrhage and edema) gets serious with
the increase of sound intensity. The sound frequency is also a key factor. When the intensity
is unchanged, the damage generated is more serious at the resonant frequency.

Keywords
Biological effect, High intensity sound wave, Lung damage
References
[1]
J. S. Martin, P. H. Rogers, E. A. Cudahy, Measurement of the depth-dependent resonance of water-
loaded human lungs, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117 (4), Pt. 1, 2005, 2291-2300.
[2]
D. Dalecki, Response of Biological Tissues to Low Frequency Underwater Sound, J. Acoust. Soc.
Am. 63 (4), 2002, 210-215.

78
 RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS AND THEORETICAL SIMULATION FOR THE
FIRST COAGULATIVE NECROSIS POINT OF HIFU TREATMENT OF
ISOINTENSE UTERINE FIBROIDS ON MRI
Guo Chengbin1, Li Chenghai1, Liu Huan1, Huang Haoran1, Li Faqi1,2
1
State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-founded by Chongqing and
the Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in
Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical
University, 400016, Chongqing, China
2
National Engineering Research Center of Ultrasound Medicine, 401121, Chongqing, China

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) was a safe and effective non-invasive new technique
for the treatment of uterine fibroids [1]. Uterine fibroids were classified into different types based
on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI-T2WI) signal intensities and the HIFU
treatment effect was different [2]. However, how to select irradiation dose (acoustic power,
irradiation time, interval time, and irradiation times) to achieve the coagulative necrosis at the
first treatment point is a major problem in HIFU treatment. Currently, it relied on the experience
of doctor because of the lacks of the evidence for dose delivery. Therefore, we retrospectively
analyzed the irradiation dose and the range of coagulative necrosis (corresponding to the
hyperechoic area on the ultrasound image) at the first HIFU treatment point of 111 cases of
isointense uterine fibroids on MRI-T2WI, and then simulated the corresponding range of
coagulative necrosis under each irradiation dose. The layered media model (degassed water,
skin, fat, rectus abdominis, bladder, uterine fibroid) was used in simulation, and the thickness
of each layer was measured through the B-mode ultrasound image. KZK equation and Pennes
biological heat conduction equation were combined to calculate the temperature distribution
within the tissue. Thermal dose in tissue was calculated with the equivalent thermal dose
model, and threshold of thermal lesion was set at 240EM.The results showed that the area of
coagulative necrosis under the theoretical simulation of the first treatment point of 111 cases
of isointense uterine fibroids on MRI T2WI was 3.406 mm2 ~ 248.844 mm2, and the area of
the hyperechoic area on the ultrasound image was 12.994 mm2 ~ 204.24 mm2. The sperman
correlation coefficient of the two groups was 0.8232 (p=0.000).The results indicated that the
theoretical simulation can provide a reference for the radiation dose of the HIFU treatment of
isointense uterine fibroids on MRI T2WI.

Keywords
High-intensity focused ultrasound, isointense uterine fibroids on MRI T2WI, Hyperechoic area,
Theoretical simulation
References
[1]
Chen J , Li Y , Wang Z , Evaluation of high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation for uterine fibroids:
an IDEAL prospective exploration study,125(3) 2018,354-364.
[2]
Zhao W P , Zhang J , Han Z Y , A clinical investigation treating different types of fibroids
identified by MRI-T2WI imaging with ultrasound guided high intensity focused ultrasound ,7(1)
2017,10812.

79
 ULTRASOUND-GUIDED BREAST BIOPSY OF ULTRASOUND OCCULT
LESIONS USING MULTIMODALITY IMAGE CO-REGISTRATION AND TISSUE
DISPLACEMENT TRACKING
Anton V. Nikolaev1, Hendrik H.G. Hansen1, Leon de Jong1, Eleonora Tagliague2, Bogdan
Maris2, Vincent Groenhuis3, Chris L. de Korte1,3
1
Medical UltraSound Imaging Center (MUSIC), Department of Radiology, Radboud
University Nijmegen Medical Center, Gert-Grooteplien 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, The
Netherlands
2
Department of Computer Science, Università degli Studi di Verona, Via S. Francesco, 22,
37129 Verona VR, Italië
3
University of Twente, 5, Drienerlolaan, 7522 NB Enschede

Fusion-based ultrasound (US) guided biopsy in breast is challenging due to the high flexibility
of the tissue combined with the fact that the breast is usually differently deformed for CT, MR,
and US acquisition which makes registration difficult.
Nevertheless, this phantom study demonstrates the feasibility of a fusion-based ultrasound-
guided method for breast biopsy. 3D US and MRI data were acquired using dedicated imaging
setups of a breast phantom freely hanging in prone position with a lesion. The 3D breast MRI
set up was available. For the US a dedicated breast scanning set up was developed consisting
of a cone-shaped revolving water tank with a 152mm length US transducer mounted in its wall
and an aperture for needle insertion. With this setup, volumetric breast US data
(0.5x0.5x0.5mm3 voxel size) can be collected and reconstructed within 2 minutes. Based on
the lesion segmentation on MRI data and by rigid registration the lesion was localized in the
US data. After lesion localization, the tank rotates the transducer until the lesion is in the US
plane. Since the lesion was visible on ultrasound, the performance of the registration was
validated.
To facilitate guided biopsy, the lesion motion, induced by needle insertion, is estimated using
cross-correlation-based speckle tracking and the tracked lesion visualized in the US image at
an update frequency of 10 Hz.
The method was validated by biopsying 8 stained lesions in the phantom. All biopsy samples
contained the lesion samples.
Thus, in conclusion a fusion-based ultrasound-guided method was introduced which enables
ultrasound-guided biopsy in breast that is applicable also for ultrasound occult lesions.

Keywords
Ultrasound guided biopsy, speckle tracking, breast biopsy, 3D US, image fusion

80
 EVALUATION OF CELL CONCENTRATION FROM ULTRASOUND
BACKSCATTERING SIGNALS USING ENVELOPE STATISTICS ANALYSIS
Alba Fernández1, Alberto Ibáñez1, Monserrat Parrilla1, Javier Jiménez2, Quique Bassat3,4,5,6,
Luis Elvira1
1
Instituto de Tecnologías Físicas y de la Información, CSIC, Serrano 144, Madrid 28006,
Spain
2
New Born Solutions, Barcelona Scientific Park, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
3
ISGlobal, Hospital Clinic -Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
4
Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique.
5
ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
6
Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu
(University of Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain

This work deals with the evaluation of cell concentration from ultrasound backscattering
signals. Anomalies in the cell concentration of biological tissues or fluids can be related to
infections, cancerous processes and other health problems. Bacterial meningitis is an
aggressive infection responsible of 165 newborn deaths every day and leaves severe
sequelae among 30% of survivors. As a result of meningitis, certain amount of leukocytes
reaches the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which is almost free of cells in healthy conditions. In
such scenario, evaluation of leukocyte concentration in the CSF using ultrasound may provide
a rapid screening tool for bacterial meningitis.
This work proposes the use of envelope statistics to estimate the cell concentration in CSF
from the echo envelope of ultrasound backscattering signals. This technique has been used
to analyze and quantify the microstructure of different materials including biological soft
tissues. It is one of the Quantitative Ultrasound Techniques (QUS) which is receiving an
increasing attention from the medical field.
When ultrasound propagates through a suspension of cells, backscattering waves are
generated from these cells. Several statistical distributions have been proposed to model the
distribution of the amplitudes of the echo envelope. One of the most versatile models is the
Homodyned K distribution, which characterizes a typical scattering medium, even if the
concentration is low and if a coherent component exists due to periodically located scatterers.
The analysis of this distribution provides a parameter (µ) which is directly related with the
density of scatterers in the media. An algorithm which calculates that parameter µ from these
backscattering signals was developed.
The efficiency of the algorithm was evaluated and the relation between the µ parameter and
the concentration was studied. For this purpose, waves reflected by cell suspensions were
simulated. Cell concentrations in the range between 1 and 100 particles/µl were considered
as being relevant for the meningitis screening application mentioned above. The influence of
noise over the algorithm performance was also analyzed. A linear relation between the
concentration and the µ parameter was obtained and, therefore, these results show that
envelope statistics constitutes a promising tool to estimate the concentration from the
ultrasound backscattered by cell suspensions.

Keywords
Ultrasonics, envelope statistics, homodyned K distribution, cell concentration.

81
 INVESTIGATION OF ECHOGENIC SURFACE ENHANCEMENTS FOR
IMPROVED NEEDLE VISUALIZATION IN ULTRASONOGRAPHY: A PRISMA
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW SUPPLEMENTED BY MODELLING
Caroline Harder Hovgesen1, Jens E. Wilhjelm1, Peter Vilmann2, Evangelos Kalaitzakis2
1
Biomedical Engineering, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of
Denmark, Ørsteds Pl. building 348, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
2
Department of Clinical Medicine, Herlev University Hospital, Denmark, Herlev Ringvej 75,
2730 Herlev, Denmark
Background: Optimal visualization of needles in clinical ultrasound (US) imaging is challenging
and important. Echogenic surface enhancements (examples in Fig 1) hold the potential to
increase needle visualization compared to standard needles. This systematic review attempts
to identify possible outstanding echogenic surface enhancements and to compare computer
simulations of echoes from needle surface topographies. Method: A systematic literature
search was performed in five major databases. 24 papers were identified with vast
heterogeneity in study conditions including differences in types of needles (standard, coated,
or non-coated), gauge (18G-25G), US scanners and transducers, scanning mediums
(artificial, “ex vivo”, and “in vivo”), and angle of insertion (10°-90°). This precluded a direct
quantitative comparison across studies. Instead, needles were ranked based on mean
echogenicity values. Results: Echogenic needles ranked higher than standard needles,
particularly at steep angles of insertion. Echogenic surface enhancements, which stood out,
include coatings which entrap microbubbles of air, dimples, and corner cube reflectors
(CCR®). Discussion: At steep angles, the visualization of standard smooth-surfaced needles
is likely to be poor because the echoes of the needle are being directed partly away from the
transducer as well as phase cancellations on the surface of the individual transducer crystals.
Any approach to increase the apparent US roughness of the needle surface without sacrificing
reflectivity will help increase the echogenicity independently of angle and thereby increasing
needle visibility even in an environment of strong speckle. Thus, the aforementioned
echogenic surface enhancements all hold the potential to decrease the angle-dependency
and thereby increasing needle visibility. Due to the vast heterogeneity across studies, it is
attempted to simulate needle surface
topography and subsequently calculate
echogenicity values from synthetic
ultrasound images using an ultrasound
simulation program. Pros and cons of this
approach will be discussed. Conclusion:
Due to limited and inconsistent data
between papers, it was not possible to Figure 1: Examples of various echogenic needle
make an unambiguous comparison to surface enhancements and a standard needle. A)
reveal which needle was best visualized. 18G needle with glass blasted echogenic area, B)
21G needle with dimples in echogenic area, and C)
Likewise, simulation approaches hold 21G standard needle. Subscripts a1 and b1 with
restrictions as to applicability. There is a associated double-arrowed lines match the
need for more summative studies echogenic areas.
comparing both standard, coated, and
non-coated needles using identical set-ups.

Keywords: ultrasound; echogenic; needle; visualization; PRISMA systematic review.

82
 Tuesday, September 3rd, 2019 (4:00 pm)

NGW (2/4) - Guided Waves and their Applications in NDT & SHM

Location: VIVES room A306

NGW (2/4): Guided Waves and their Applications in NDT & SHM
Chair: Xiuming Wang and Mathias Kersemans

16:00 - 16:15 Comparison of full wave field signal processing Joost Segers, Saeid Hedayatrasa, Erik Verboven,
techniques for NDT of composites Gaétan Poelman, Wim Van Paepegem, Mathias Kersemans
16:15 - 16:30 Analysis of Non-linear Disbond Effects on Guided
Wave Propagation in a Stiffened Composite Structure Shirsendu Sikdar, Mathias Kersemans, Wiesław Ostachowicz
16:30 - 16:45 Structural Health Monitoring of Defects in Plate-like Structures
Based on SH Wave Transducers Sparse Array and Phased Array Faxin Li, Qiang Huan
16:45 - 17:00 Application of self-focusing Lamb waves to damage detection Jakub Spytek, Łukasz Pieczonka, Marcel Remillieux,
in anisotropic media Carly Donahue, Łukasz Ambroziński
17:00 - 17:15 Guided wave scattering resonance phenomena in plate-like Artem Eremin, Evgeny Glushkov,
structures with local defects Natalia Glushkova, Rolf Lammering

83
 COMPARISON OF FULL WAVE FIELD SIGNAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
FOR NDT OF COMPOSITES
Joost Segers1, Saeid Hedayatrasa1,2, Erik Verboven1, Gaétan Poelman1,2, Wim Van
Paepegem1, Mathias Kersemans1
1
Mechanics of Materials and Structures (UGent-MMS), Department of Materials, Textiles
and Chemical Engineering (MaTCh), Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46,
9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
2
SIM Program M3 DETECT-IV, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, B-9052 Zwijnaarde,
Belgium
Composite materials (e.g. carbon fiber reinforced polymer CFRP) are increasingly used for
critical components in several industrial sectors (e.g. aerospace, automotive,…). A major
challenge is the detection of internal damages in these composites which may have occurred
during manufacturing or during operational life.
One possibility for damage detection in thin-walled composite structures is to analyze the
elastic wave propagation (typical frequencies are in the 100 kHz range) measured on the
surface. The elastic waves are bounded by the structure’s surfaces and referred to as Lamb
waves. Many different wave actuation and sensing configurations are possible combined with
advanced data processing methods. In this study, a single piezoelectric actuator is used for
excitation combined with a 3D scanning laser Doppler vibrometer to measure the resulting full
wave field. Experiments are conducted for CFRP plates with flat bottom holes and barely
visible impact damage.
Multiple data processing strategies are used to convert the measured wave field to a damage
map. The strategies are based on methods available in literature and include both wave
filtering techniques (reflection filtering, mode filtering, wavenumber filtering, …) and damage
identification techniques (weighted root mean square calculation, local wavenumber
spectroscopy, …). For each processing technique, the damage identification and localization
performance is critically evaluated. For illustration, Figure 1 shows the detection of flat bottom
hole in a CFRP plate by calculation of the root mean square of the wave field signal over time.

Figure 1: Illustration of full wave field processing for detection of a flat bottom hole in a CFRP plate.

Acknowledgments
Joost Segers is a PhD fellow of the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO, Grant no. 1148018N). The
authors further acknowledge FWO (through grants 12T5418N) and the SBO project DETECT-IV (Grant
no. 160455), which fits in the SIM research program MacroModelMat (M3) coordinated by Siemens
(Siemens PLM software, Belgium) and funded by SIM (Strategic Initiative Materials in Flanders) and
VLAIO (Flemish government agency Flanders Innovation & Entrepreneurship).
Keywords
Guided waves, Composites, NDT, 3D scanning laser Doppler vibrometer.

84
 ANALYSIS OF NON-LINEAR DISBOND EFFECTS ON GUIDED WAVE
PROPAGATION IN A STIFFENED COMPOSITE STRUCTURE
Shirsendu Sikdar1, Mathias Kersemans2, Wiesław Ostachowicz3
1,3
Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, 14 Fiszera Street, Gdansk
80-231, Poland
2
Mechanics of Materials and Structures (UGent-MMS), Technologiepark 903, B-9052
Zwijnaarde (Gent), Belgium

Carbon-fibre reinforced stiffened composite structures are widely used in the Aerospace,
Marine and Automobile industries due to their high energy-absorption capacity, fire-resistance,
effective acoustic-insulation, construction flexibilities, high stiffness-to-weight ratio, and
lightweight advantages [1]. However, due to repeated loading, ageing, and improper handling,
disbonds (both non-linear and linear type) can occur at the bonded junctions which may lead
to a sudden structural failure [1]. Hence, it is important to identify these debonding regions in
such bonded structures effectively. This study is focused on the guided wave propagation
based non-linear disbond response analysis for the stiffened composite structure. Towards
this, a coordinated numerical and experimental analysis is carried out for a sample structure.
A global-matrix method based two-dimensional semi-analytical model is prepared for
dispersion analysis of propagating guided waves in a healthy sample structure. A series of
finite element method based numerical simulations are then carried out in ABAQUS for the
stiffened composite sample in presence of a plate-stiffener disbond region and the obtained
simulation results are verified with experiments. Significant influences on the propagating
guided wave signals are observed due to the presence of non-linearity at the disbond region
in terms of the generation of higher harmonics.

Figure 1: Experimental setup for the guided wave propagation the sample structure using PZTs

A probabilistic disbond-detection algorithm based online monitoring strategy is prepared to

effectively locate such hidden non-linear disbond source in the structure. In the process, the
identified differential changes in selected higher-harmonics magnitudes are calculated from
the registered signals obtained from the predefined network of PZT sensors on the surface of
the target structure.

Keywords
Disbond; Dispersion; Guided wave; Non-linearity; Piezoelectric transducer; Stiffened Composite
Structure
References
[1]
S. Sikdar, S. Banerjee, Structural Health Monitoring of Advanced Composites Using Guided Waves,
LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, ISBN 978-620-2-02697-0 2017.

85
 STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING OF DEFECTS IN PLATE-LIKE
STRUCTURES BASED ON SH WAVE TRANSDUCERS SPARSE ARRAY AND
PHASED ARRAY
Faxin Li1, Qiang Huan1
1
Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking
University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China

Guided wave based structural health monitoring (SHM) has been regarded as an effective tool
to detect the early damage in large structures and thus avoid the catastrophic failure. In recent
years, Lamb wave based SHM technology had been intensively investigated while the inherent
multi-mode and dispersive characteristic of Lamb waves limits its further applications. In
comparison, the fundamental shear horizontal (SH) wave is totally non-dispersive and thus
more promising for defect detecting. However, SH wave based SHM has not been investigated
yet because of the lack of omni-directional SH piezoelectric transducers (OSH-PT).

In this work, we firstly proposed an OSH-PT based on thickness poled, thickness-shear (d15)
PZT ring consisting of several elements. Circumferential electric field is applied to the PZT
ring thus the ring can generate omni-directional torsional deformation. Both finite element
simulations and experimental testing were conducted to examine the performances of the
OSH-PT in generation and reception of SH wave. Results show that both the 12-element OSH-
PT and the two half-ring based OSH-PT show very good omni-directivity. The excited SH0
wave to Lamb wave ratio is about 26 dB for the former and above 20dB for the latter. Then,
four 12-element OSH-PTs were used to construct a sparse array SHM system and its
performance in defect detection was examined. It can detect a 4mm hole (λ/8 for the 90kHz
case) using the baseline subtraction method with the localization error of about 12mm. Finally,
the OSH-PT based on two half-ring was selected to serve as transducers in practical SHM
applications due to its simple structure and good performances. A phased array system
consisting of nine half-ring based OSH-PTs were built and its performance was carefully
examined in detection of surface defects and through-thickness defects. This baseline-free
phased array system can detect a 2mm hole with the localization error of only 7mm. Both
proposed SH wave based SHM systems can work at varied frequencies typically from about
90kHz to 180kHz. This work may greatly promote the applications of SH wave based SHM.

Figure 1: The imaging results for a large aluminum plate containing through-thickness holes with the
diameter of (a)2mm, (b) 4mm and (c) 6mm using the phased array SH wave SHM system at 145 kHz

Keywords
Structural health monitoring, guided wave, SH wave, piezoelectric transducer, phased array

86
 APPLICATION OF SELF-FOCUSING LAMB WAVES TO DAMAGE DETECTION
IN ANISOTROPIC MEDIA
Jakub Spytek1, Łukasz Pieczonka1, Marcel Remillieux2, Carly Donahue2, Łukasz
Ambroziński1
1
Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, AGH University of Science and Technology,
Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
2
Geophysics Group (EES-17), Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM 87545, USA

Ultrasonic phased arrays are popular examination tools, used mainly in the fields of medical
imaging and nondestructive testing (NDT). A typical application in NDT involves the detection
of subsurface defects using bulk ultrasonic waves. Phased arrays are also suitable for damage
detection in plate-like structures using guided waves. In anisotropic structures, however, wave
focusing with use of phased arrays becomes problematic due to the angular dependency of
wave velocities. To solve this issue, the time-reversal technique can be employed to perform
the self-focusing of ultrasonic waves without the prior knowledge of the velocity profile.

In this work, we study the efficiency of the Decomposition of the Time-Reversal Operator
(DORT) algorithm for damage detection in anisotropic plate structures. In the first step, the
numerical simulations were used in order to test the performance of DORT in localizing wave
scatterers in a multi-layered carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) plate. Numerical
analyses were performed to obtain the emit-receive impulse responses in the assumed
transducer locations. The eigenvalue decomposition of the response matrix was used to obtain
the phase shifts allowing the focusing on the individual scatterers during the subsequent
backpropagation steps. It has been shown that this process resulted in accurate focusing on
the damaged locations.

This approach was then recreated experimentally on an equivalent anisotropic multi-layered

CFRP plate. The phased array was realized using a number of piezoelectric transducers
operating in the transmit-receive cycle. Wave scatterers were simulated with concentrated
masses attached to the plate. Correctness of the beamforming was verified using a scanning
laser Doppler Vibrometer (SLDV). Also in this case, the procedure resulted in a precise
focusing on the scatterers, confirming the feasibility of the proposed approach.

0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400

Dimension X [mm] Dimension X [mm]

Figure: Images of the self-steered beamforming obtained from the application of the DORT algorithm.
Focusing on defects in front of the array (left image) and in the upper-left corner (right image).

Keywords
ultrasonics, DORT, Time Reversal, Phased Arrays

87
 GUIDED WAVE SCATTERING RESONANCE PHENOMENA IN PLATE-LIKE
STRUCTURES WITH LOCAL DEFECTS
Artem Eremin1, Evgeny Glushkov1, Natalia Glushkova1, Rolf Lammering2
1
Institute for Mathematics, Mechanics and Informatics, Kuban State University,
Stavropolskaya st. 149, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
2
Institute of Mechanics, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces,
Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, Germany

The interaction of elastic guided waves (GWs) with local inhomogeneities in elongated thin-
walled structures can be accompanied by the resonance scattering phenomena. They are
manifested by the prolonged wave localization at the defect’s location in the form of weakly
decaying standing waves. The spectra of the localized waves are concentrated at the
corresponding resonant frequencies [1,2]. These frequencies strongly depend on the type,
shape, and location of the defect; therefore, they could provide essential information for
damage identification. Mathematically, they are complex spectral points of the corresponding
diffraction boundary value problem with small imaginary parts. In order to use the resonance
phenomena within the structural health monitoring concept, which operates only with data
obtained from a sparse sensor network, it is important to investigate if and how resonance
motion is pronounced far away from the damaged area and whether it could be detected by
distributed surface-mounted sensors.

In the current talk, this problem is considered by the example of deep flat-bottom holes (FBH)
which model pitting corrosion in metallic structures. Computer simulation is performed using
semi-analytical and mesh-based numerical tools, while experimental validation is achieved
with surface mounted piezoactuators and laser Doppler vibrometry. First, the existence of
nearly real diffraction eigenfrequencies and their strong dependence on the damage geometry
are shown, and the presence of intense GW re-emission from the damaged area at resonant
frequencies is revealed. The intensity of re-emission is controlled by the imaginary part of the
corresponding complex eigenfrequency while the patterns of resonance scattering and
localization are determined by the associated eigensolutions.

Experimental investigations performed for circular and elliptical FBH confirm the values of the
computed eigenfrequencies and eigenform patterns. The predicted prolonged GW re-
emission, its directivity, and dependence of its intensity from damage severity are clearly
observed in the transient wavefields not only at the obstacle but also at remote measurement
locations. The peculiarities of resonant frequency estimation from the data collected at remote
measurement points via the spectral and time-frequency analysis and their further application
for damage geometry characterization are also discussed.

Keywords
Elastic guided waves, resonance scattering, damage characterization
References
[1]
E. Glushkov, et.al, Wave energy trapping and localization in a plate with a delamination, Smart Mater.
Struct. 21 2012, 125001 (12pp).
[1]
E. Glushkov, et.al, Trapped mode effects in notched plate-like structures, J. Sound. Vib. 358 2015,
142-151.

88
 Tuesday, September 3rd, 2019 (4:00 pm)

NNA (1/2) - Applications of Nonlinear Acoustics to Measurements and Imaging of

defects

NNA (1/2): Applications of Nonlinear Acoustics to Measurements Location: VIVES room A303
and Imaging of defects Chair: Yoshikazu Ohara and Steven Delrue

16:00 - 16:30 Resonant localized nonlinearity for efficient diagnostic imaging in composite materials Igor Solodov
16:30 - 17:00 Nonlinear interactions of elastic waves with rough interfaces: an integrated
experimental, numerical and data-driven investigation Jiang Jin, Jacques Riviere, Parisa Shokouhi
17:00 - 17:15 Understanding “Breathing” Crack-induced Contact Acoustic Nonlinearity:
from Analytical Modeling to Quantitative Evaluation of Fatigue Crackss Kai WANG, Zhongqing SU
17:15 - 17:30 Study of Laser-based Nonlinear Ultrasonic Wave for Detecting Micro Cracks Cuixiang Pei
17:30 - 17:45 Ambient noise monitoring of nonlinear defects on elastic plates Maxime Farin, Claire Prada, Julien de Rosny
17:45 - 18:00 Nonlinear ultrasonic technique for real-time detection Seonghun Im, Won-Suk Ohm,
of cracks and delamination in multilayer ceramic capacitors Heungkil Park, Guwon Ji, Taehoon Kim

89
 RESONANT LOCALIZED NONLINEARITY FOR EFFICIENT DIAGNOSTIC
IMAGING IN COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Igor Solodov
Institute for Polymer Technology (IKT-ZfP), University of Stuttgart, Germany

A low efficiency of conversion from the fundamental frequency to the nonlinear components
has been a bottleneck problem for nonlinear sonic and ultrasonic applications for years. For
this reason, they are traditionally based on the wave propagation concept with accumulation
of the nonlinear response along the propagation distance. The alternative approach is
concerned with activation of mechanical resonance in localized inclusions and defects: Local
Defect Resonance (LDR). The benefit of the LDR approach is primarily usable in nonlinear
ultrasonic methodology: the high amplitude vibrations developed locally in the damage area
manifest pronounced nonlinearity even at moderate ultrasonic excitation level. Unlike
conventional nonlinear inspection concerned with the nonlinear wave propagation the LDR-
based methodology shifts to nonlinear vibration effects in particular isolated areas of a
nonlinearly inhomogeneous material.

In this paper, the vibration approach is used for the study and applications of the LDR
nonlinearity in planar defects in composite materials. The nonlinear effects to be analyzed are
structured as classical (higher harmonic and combination frequencies at moderate excitation
level) and non-classical (subharmonics, sub- and superharmonic resonances) modes. In the
former case, the drastic rise in efficiency of the higher harmonic generation is obtained for the
LDR normal mode frequency to be selected as an integer multiple of the excitation frequency.
The higher harmonic matching with various order resonances raises the second order
nonlinear factors by more that an order of magnitude while the nonlinearity parameter for the
third harmonic increases by about three orders.

At higher levels of excitation, in strongly nonlinear and resonant defects, a combined effect of
LDR and nonlinearity results in a parametric resonance accompanied by a step-wise instable
growth of the nonlinear vibration components. The resonant nonlinear defects demonstrate
threshold dynamics of instable vibrations, hysteresis, super- and subharmonic resonances.
Beyond the threshold, the instability ceases and the vibration returns to stability via a dramatic
rise of nonlinear frequency up-conversion. The energy of the fundamental frequency vibration
is converted efficiently into the higher harmonic components and the nonlinear depletion
results in the decay (nonlinear collapse) of the fundamental resonance of damage. This
proposes nonlinear LDR application as an extremely efficient and sensitive mode for nonlinear
imaging and NDT. Multiple case studies to be considered include resonant imaging of various
defects in composite materials in the classical and non-classical nonlinear modes.

Keywords
Local defect resonance, nonlinear resonance, nonlinear defect imaging

90
 NONLINEAR INTERACTIONS OF ELASTIC WAVES WITH ROUGH
INTERFACES:
AN INTEGRATED EXPERIMENTAL, NUMERICAL AND DATA-DRIVEN
INVESTIGATION
Jiang Jin1, Jacques Riviere2 , Parisa Shokouhi2
1
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, PA 16802, USA
2
Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, PA 16802, USA

Nonlinearity of elastic waves propagating across discontinuities such as cracks and fractures
is dictated by the roughness characteristics of the interface. This talk describes an integrated
experimental and modeling effort to understand the cross-scale correspondence between
crack micro-geometry and nonlinear acoustic response. Dynamic Acousto-Elastic Testing
(DAET) with a Rayleigh surface wave probe is used to measure the near-surface nonlinearity
at a number of locations along fatigue cracks in Aluminum samples. This specific test
configuration provides an opportunity to directly study the measured nonlinearity signatures
with reference to crack microscopic features that are extracted from high-resolution Scanning
Electron Microscopy (SEM) images [1]. In addition, the opening and closing of the crack
aperture during dynamic activation is measured using a 3D laser Doppler vibrometer. We use
both analytical and data-driven modeling (regression analysis) to build quantitative
relationships between the measured nonlinearity and extracted microstructural features of
contact interfaces. The simulated results will be compared to the experimental data and the
physical interpretation of the regression model will be discussed. The outcome of the study is
used to predict the nonlinear acoustic response rock fractures with different microstructural
characteristics.

Figure 1: A comparison between the DAET results (two left panels) for two samples at a corresponding
location (close to the notch as marked on the figure) in light of the microscopic features of the crack.

Keywords
Nonlinear ultrasonics, Dynamic Acousto-Elastic Testing (DAET), Fatigue cracks, Fractures,
Microstructure
References
[1]
J. Jin, J. Rivière, Y. Ohara, P. Shokouhi, Dynamic acousto-elastic response of single fatigue cracks
with different microstructural features: an experimental investigation, Journal of Applied Physics, 124(7)
2018, 075303.

91
 UNDERSTANDING “BREATHING” CRACK-INDUCED CONTACT ACOUSTIC
NONLINEARITY:
FROM ANALYTICAL MODELING TO QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF
FATIGUE CRACKS
Kai Wang, Zhongqing Su
Department of Mechanical Engineering
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR

Aimed at characterizing fatigue cracks in their embryonic stage, preferably in a quantitative

manner, an analytical model is developed in this study. By scrutinizing the modulation
mechanism of a “breathing” crack on propagation characteristics of guided ultrasonic waves
(GUWs), the model well interprets the contact acoustic nonlinearity (CAN) induced by the
“breathing” effect of the crack when GUWs traversing. Based on the interpretation, a
quantitative correlation between CAN embodied in acquired GUWs and the key crack
parameters (e.g., location, orientation and severity) is obtained, which argues that the
magnitude of CAN is monotonically linked to the crack severity, and the unique scattering
pattern of CAN-induced GUWs can be related with the crack slant [1]. With such a quantitative
correlation, a set of damage indices is proposed, which facilitates accurate determination of
the crack orientation and quantitative evaluation of its severity. As validation, the severity and
principal orientation of an initial fatigue crack are assessed using the analytical model, finite
element-based simulation and experiment, respectively, with results shown in Figure 1. Good
and quantitative match among results has demonstrated the accuracy and effectiveness of
the developed analytical model in interpreting “breathing” crack-induced CAN, and spotlighted
its application to quantitative characterization of fatigue damage.

Figure 1: (a) Wave scattering pattern linked to crack orientation (results from analytical model,
simulation and experiment); and (b) CAN-associated nonlinearity index vs. fatigue cycle number

Keywords
Guided ultrasonic waves, contact acoustic nonlinearity, analytical modeling, crack orientation,
quantitative NDE
References
[1]
K. Wang, Z. Fan, Z. Su, Smart Materials and Structures, 27.9 2018, 09LT01.

92
STUDY OF LASER-BASED NONLINEAR ULTRASONIC WAVE FOR DETECTING
MICRO CRACKS
Cuixiang Pei
State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, China

Micro cracks on or near a material surface can susceptibly occur in metallic structures due to
fatigue loads or stress corrosion. The generated micro cracks can grow and combine into a
significant macro crack in a short period, which subsequently lead to structural failure.
Therefore, it is of crucial importance to develop various non-destructive testing (NDT) methods
to detect and evaluate surface cracks at early fracture stage for ensuring the integrity and
safety of metallic structures. Ultrasonic testing is one of the most used NDT methods,
however, it is well known that traditional linear ultrasonic methods are not capable of detecting
closed micro cracks. On the other hand, many studies have demonstrated that nonlinear
ultrasonic waves are effective for detecting and evaluating early material degradation and
micro crack initiation. However, the ultrasonic nonlinearity is usually very low and difficult to
be measured precisely and stably by the standard ultrasonic techniques. Because the contact
piezoelectric transducers requires a liquid medium with a high nonlinear efficiency as the
coupling medium [1]. Besides, the nonlinearity of front-end ultrasonic equipment would also
affect the reliability of the testing results.

To overcome these limitations, the use of laser to generate and detect ultrasonic wave without
contacting to the specimen could be a more effective way to realizing a nonlinear ultrasonic
system. In this paper, as shown in Fig. 1 (a), a spatially modulated laser illumination on the
specimen surface with using a mask and optical lens is used to generate significant narrow-
band ultrasonic waves for the closed micro cracks detection with nonlinear ultrasonic method.
A probe laser is used to detect the nonlinear ultrasonic surface wave induced by the micro
crack. The simulated time-domain laser ultrasonic signal and its frequency spectrum is shown
in Fig. 1 (b) and (c), respectively. It can be seen that the ultrasonic surface wave generated
by the spatial modulated laser has a very narrow band. The second harmonic ultrasonic signal
component is used for the micro crack detection and evaluation.

Figure 1: Spatially modulated laser to generate and detect narrow-band ultrasonic wave for micro crack
detection with nonlinear ultrasonic method: (a) measurement setup, (b) simulated time-domain laser
ultrasonic signal, (c) frequency spectrum of the laser ultrasonic signal

Keywords
Laser ultrasonics, nonlinear ultrasonic wave, micro crack
References
[1]
S. Guo, S. Chen, L. Zhang, Y. Chen, K. Yao, IEEE TUFFC, 65(1) 2018, 95-101.

93
 AMBIENT NOISE MONITORING OF NONLINEAR DEFECTS ON ELASTIC
PLATES
Maxime Farin1, Claire Prada1, Julien de Rosny1
1
ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institut Langevin, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005
Paris

When solicited by low-frequency (LF) vibrations, nonlinear defects generate acoustic signals
with higher frequencies than the original excitation frequencies, due, for example, to friction or
clapping between two surfaces in contact. Detection of nonlinear behaviour of structural
damages has attracted attention of researchers in nondestructive testing because the
nonlinear behaviour of a damaged area under mechanical LF sollicitation is directly related to
the extent of the material degradation. Therefore, periodic estimation of the nonlinearity level
could allow an efficient monitoring of a damage apparition and evolution.

Recent work has shown that passive methods (e.g. noise correlation) taking advantage of the
vibration of the structures induced by the ambient noise can be used to localize linear
defects[1]. The main advantage of these methods is that they are less power consuming than
active methods. The goal of this work is to monitor nonlinear defects evolution on plate-like
structures using the high-frequency noise generated by the defects excited by ambient noise
surrounding the structures.

Our experimental setup is composed of a thin aluminium plate on which different kinds of non-
linear defects are created (e.g., unbolted screw, Hertzian frictional contact, crack). The
aluminium plate eigenmodes are excited by a shaker vibrating at low frequencies (< 500 Hz).
The high-frequency acoustic signals generated by the defects are recorded by a network of
piezoelectric sensors glued on the plate.

We present different signal processing techniques applied on this high-frequency content to

detect and localize the defects. The influence of the sensor network geometry and of the type
of nonlinear defect on the detection are discussed.

Figure 1: (a) Picture of the experimental setup. (b) Localization of a nonlinear defect (unbolted screw,
indicated by a red square) using noise correlation and beamforming.

Keywords
Nonlinear, nondestructive evaluation, ambient noise
References
[1]
L. Chehami, J. de Rosny, C. Prada, E. Moulin, J. Assaad, Experimental study of passive defect
localization in plates using ambient noise, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control. 2015, 1544-
1553.

94
 NONLINEAR ULTRASONIC TECHNIQUE FOR REAL-TIME DETECTION OF
CRACKS AND DELAMINATION IN MULTILAYER CERAMIC CAPACITORS
Seonghun Im1, Won-Suk Ohm1, Heungkil Park2, Guwon Ji2, Taehoon Kim2
1
School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul
03772, South Korea
2
Samsung Electro-Mechanics, 150 Maeyeong-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do,
16674, South Korea

Cracks and delamination in multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) degrade their electrical
performance, leading to unstable operation and even failure of electronic devices. These
defects commonly occur in the manufacturing process because of the brittleness of ceramics
in MLCCs. Since some miniature MLCCs are smaller in size than the thickness of a hair,
detection of micro-cracks and delamination poses a significant challenge in terms of high
spatial resolution if a conventional ultrasonic NDE method is to be used. In this talk, we present
a nonlinear ultrasonic technique for real-time screening of defective MLCCs. The technique
employs an array of air-coupled ultrasonic transducers, which listens to nonlinear acoustic
emissions from defects and locates the corresponding defective MLCCs through
beamforming. Because of its economy, accuracy, and speed, the technique can be
implemented in production lines for the quality assurance of MLCCs.

Acknowledgement
This study was supported by Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., Ltd.
Keywords
Nondestructive evaluation, Nonlinear, Ultrasonic, Multilayer ceramic capacitor, Crack, Delamination

95
 Tuesday, September 3rd, 2019 (4:00 pm)

NWI+NAI+NAM (2/2) - Ultrasonic Wavefield Imaging, Beamforming and Microscopy

NWI+NAI+NAM (2/2): Ultrasonic Wavefield Imaging, Location: VIVES room C201

Beamforming and Microscopy Chair: Nico Declercq

16:00 - 16:15 Statistical beamformer for Synthetic Aperture imaging Oscar Martinez-Graullera, Virginia Yagüe-Jiménez,
based on rician distribution Montserrat Parrilla Romero, Alberto Ibáñez Rodríguez
16:15 - 16:30 Inspecting the material texture of as-deposited rough surface additive Rikesh Patel, Paul Dryburgh, Don Pieris, Wenqi Li,
manufactured parts using spatially resolved acoustic spectroscopy Richard Smith, Adam Clare, Matt Clark
16:30 - 16:45 Spatially resolved acoustic spectroscopy (SRAS): a NDE technique Wenqi Li, Rikesh Patel, Paul Dryburgh,
for materials characterisation based on laser ultrasonic Don Milesh Pieris, Richard Smith, Matt Clark
16:45 - 17:00 Three-dimensional imaging of fiber waviness in CFRP Kazuyuki Nakahata, Kazuki Karakawa,
using photoacoustic microscopy Koichi Mizukami, Keiji Ogi
17:00 - 17:15 Remote acoustic imaging in liquids through a bundle Suren A. Petrosyan, Sergey A. Tsysar,
of a rod waveguides Victor D. Svet, Oleg A. Sapozhnikov
17:15 - 17:30 Focused ultrasonic pulse interaction with a plane solid object Vadim Levin, Yulia Petronyuk, Sergey Titov
17:30 - 17:45 Pulse Compression based Phased Array Ultrasonic Inspection: Muhammad Khalid Rizwan, Stefano Laureti,
Optimization of the system and the code selection Pietro Burrascano, Matteo Giovannetti, Andrea Cellai, Marco Ricci
17:45 - 18:00 Ultrasonic imaging of multi-material components fabricated
with additive manufacturing using elastic reverse time migration Jing Rao, Zheng Fan, Ernst Rank

96
 STATISTICAL BEAMFORMER FOR SYNTHETIC APERTURE IMAGING BASED
ON RICIAN DISTRIBUTION
Óscar Martínez-Graullera1, Virginia Yagüe-Jiménez1, Montserrat Parrilla Romero1, Alberto
Ibáñez Rodríguez1
1
ITEFI, National Spanish Research Council C/Serrano 144, Madrid 28035, Spain

In ultrasonic NDT applications, where the reflections produced by structural elements or

defects are high, reflections and diffraction introduce artifacts in the images that can made
very complex the interpretation of the results. Although the conventional beamformer, based
on Delay-and-Sum, provides a robust measure of reflectivity, the quality that it is able to
generate in the image is limited.

The Synthetic Aperture techniques offer the possibility to obtain higher quality image, if the
Full Matrix Capture signal set is analyzed under the coarray framework[1]. Therefore, the value
of the reflected energy is determined by a DC component that in fact is poorly represented by
the mean-value.

In this work, in order to determine a more accurate value of this offset, an alternative statistical
approach has been considered. Due to the nature of this bias, it is possible to obtain a set of
estimations representative of this reflectivity from the mean-values obtained of different partial
configurations of the coarray.

The scenario generated by this set corresponds to a rician distribution[2] and the descriptive
parameters of this distribution are intimately related to the desired value. The results of this
analysis show that it is possible to eliminate the more significant artifacts, improve the lateral
resolution and in consequence the image quality (see figure).

Figure 1: Ultrasonic image of aluminum part under test (128 elements@5MHz). a) DAS image; b) Image
resulting of the Rician beamformer.

Keywords
Beamforming, Ultrasonic imaging, Mean of Means.
References
[1]
R. T. Hoctor and S. A. Kassam, The unifying role of the coarray in aperture synthesis for coherent
and incoherent, 78-4 1990, 735-752.
[2]
S. O. Rice. Statistical properties of a sine wave plus random noise, 27 1948, 109-147.
Acknowledgements
The Spanish Government supported this research under grant DPI 2016-80239-R (AEI/FEDER, UE).

97
INSPECTING THE MATERIAL TEXTURE OF AS-DEPOSITED ROUGH SURFACE
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURED PARTS USING SPATIALLY RESOLVED
ACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY
Rikesh Patel, Paul Dryburgh, Don Pieris, Wenqi Li, Richard Smith, Adam Clare, Matt Clark
Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a production technique where material is accumulated to

create a 3D structure, often through added layers. Advantages of AM include creating unique
and complex parts that traditional manufacturing processes cannot. Current AM systems
however produce parts that contain structural defects (e.g., cracks and pores) making them
unusable in in many high value sectors. The potentially complex AM part also increases the
difficulty of using many non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques to inspect.

Uniquely, an opportunity is afforded to interrogate a part during the production process using
a rapid surface based inspection technique - an in-situ inspection system could be used to
create a 3D map of detected defects.

Spatially resolved acoustic spectroscopy (SRAS) is a laser ultrasound inspection technique

used to image material microstructure of metals and alloys. SRAS generates ‘controlled’
surface acoustic waves (SAWs) and detects the velocity of wave at the point of generation
which is dependent on the material properties. The technique is also sensitive to surface and
subsurface voids. Work until now has been on imaging the texture polished samples - the
challenge for performing laser ultrasonics in-process is measuring waves on the rough
surfaces present on as-deposited parts.

This work presented shows the results of a prototype SRAS system[1] , developed using the
rough surface ultrasound detector known as the speckle knife edge detector (SKED)—texture
images using this setup of an as-deposited Ti64 SLM sample.

Keywords
Laser ultrasonics, microstructure imaging, additive manufacturing, rough surface imaging
References
[1]
R. Patel, M. Hirsch, P. Dryburgh, D. Pieris, S. Achamfuo-Yeboah, R. Smith, R. Light, S. Sharples, A.
Clare, M. Clark, Imaging Material Texture of As-Deposited Selective Laser Melted Parts Using Spatially
Resolved Acoustic Spectroscopy, 8, 2018, 1991.

98
 SPATIALLY RESOLVED ACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY (SRAS): A NDE
TECHNIQUE FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERISATION BASED ON LASER
ULTRASONIC
Wenqi Li, Rikesh Patel, Paul Dryburgh, Don Milesh Pieris, Richard Smith and Matt Clark
Optics & Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK

Material characteristics such as strength, stiffness and fracture resistance are strongly related
to the underlying microstructure. In order to predict the mechanical behaviour of industrial
materials such as titanium, nickel and their alloys -- made by conventional techniques or
additive manufacturing -- detailed knowledge about their texture is required. A robust
measurement tool is introduced which can be used to determine texture, grain orientation.

This is achieved by using a laser ultrasonic technique known as spatially resolved acoustic
spectroscopy (SRAS) [1]. In SRAS, a SAW excitation pattern is generated by projecting a
grating pattern of laser light. By using a broadband laser in combination with a fixed grating,
the local velocity v can be calculated, through v = fλ, where f is the frequency of the detected
signal and λ is the grating period.

The velocity map measured by SRAS reveals the grain size and texture of a material. For
crystallographic orientation determination, a SAW velocity model is calculated from the
material's elastic constants and mass density; a search algorithm termed the overlap function
is used to compare the SRAS data to the model to determine the crystallographic orientation
[2]. Comparisons between SRAS and other techniques including electron backscattered
diffraction and X-ray diffraction are presented. This is an innovative and all-purpose NDT
technique for materials manufacture monitoring and quality control.

Figure 1: Crystallographic orientation maps of an Inconel samples by EBSD (left) and SRAS (right)
techniques

Keywords
Ultrasonics, Bruges, Laser Ultrasonics, Crystallographic Orientation, Material Microstructure
References
[1]
R. J. Smith, W. Li, J. Coulson, M. Clark and Michael G. Somekh, S. D. Sharples, Spatially Resolved
Acoustic Spectroscopy for Rapid Imaging of Material Microstructure and Grain Orientation, Meas. Sci.
Technol. 25 055902, 2014. [DOI:10.1088/0957-0233/25/5/055902]
[2]
W. Li, S. D. Sharples, R.J. Smith, M. Clark, and M. G. Somekh, Determination of Crystallographic
Orientation of Large Grain Metals with Surface Acoustic Waves, Journal of the Acoustical Society of
America.

99
 THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING OF FIBER WAVINESS IN CFRP USING
PHOTOACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY
Kazuyuki Nakahata1, Kazuki Karakawa1, Koichi Mizukami2, Keiji Ogi2
1
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo,
Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo,
Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan

Ultrasonic wave generated by interaction of the material with short pulsed lasers is known to
photoacoustic (PA) wave. Here, the PA is applied to the nondestructive imaging in for carbon
fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP). This study focuses on imaging of the localized fiber waviness
in CFRP. The fiber waviness is one of the process-induced defects that causes significant
reduction in compressive strength. Here we develop a PA microscopy (PAM) to reconstruct
the three-dimensional (3D) shape of the fiber waviness. The PAM employs a confocal
arrangement[1] of optical and acoustic lens to maximize the intensity of generated PA waves.
To enhance the lateral resolution of the image, we introduce the synthetic aperture focusing
technique (SAFT). In the SAFT, direction-dependent group velocities due to the strong
anisotropy in CFRP are considered.
The performance of the PA imaging combined with the SAFT is checked with in-plane and
out-of-plane waviness in unidirectional CFRP specimens. Since the PA wave has a wide
frequency band, the SAFT imaging with PA wave is shown to provide clear indications of the
fiber waviness.

Figure 1: Distribution of group velocity in a CFRP specimen.

Figure 2: (a) Cross-sectional view of out-of plane waviness with SAFT imaging, (b) 3D view of the
waviness.

Keywords
Photoacoustic wave, Microscopy, CFRP, fiber waviness, SAFT
References
[1]
H.F. Zhang, K. Maslov, G.Stolca, L.V. Wang, Functional photoacoustic microscopy for high-resolution
and noninvasive in vivo imaging, Nat. Biotechnol., 24(7), 2006, pp.848-851.

100
 REMOTE ACOUSTIC IMAGING IN LIQUIDS THROUGH A BUNDLE OF A ROD
WAVEGUIDES
Suren A. Petrosyan1, Sergey A. Tsysar1, Victor D. Svet2, Oleg A. Sapozhnikov1
1
Physics Faculty, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
2
N.N. Andreyev Acoustics Institute, Shvernika st. 4, 117036 Moscow, Russia

Visualizing objects in opaque or aggressive liquids is a complex task in which ultrasound

techniques can be very suitable. There are already several methods that allow obtaining
images and detecting objects immersed in such liquids using acoustic waves [1-3]. When
imaging at great depths and in aggressive liquids, these approaches have several limitations,
such as low sensitivity and narrow viewing angle. This study examines the detection and
visualization of objects using two-dimensional pulse-echo detection through acoustic
waveguides in the form of solid rods. In order to irradiate the region of interest a short
ultrasonic pulse is generated outside the aggressive fluid and transmitted to the depth through
a metal rod, so that its distal end acts as a point source, generating a probe acoustic pulse
that propagates into the fluid. To detect the ultrasonic echo from the imaging object a
multichannel waveguide in the form of a bundle of metal rods is used, which allows the echo
signals to be detected using an efficient two-dimensional array represented by the distal ends
of the rods, which are located close to the object and thus provide a wide viewing angle, i.e.,
high resolution. In the case of rods with a diameter smaller than the wavelength, the
waveguide will conduct only three modes — a fast quasi-longitudinal mode, slow flexural and
torsional modes. For a sufficiently short probe pulse, these modes can be separated in time.
Cross-talk can be minimized by proper positioning of the waveguides in the frame and
selecting spacer material with the necessary properties.

The signal processing method is based on the holographic approach [4], which provides a
complete spatio-temporal reconstruction of the incident acoustic field received by the
waveguide system. In the current work, numerical simulation performed in COMSOL has been
compared to experimental images of scatterers immersed in water. Acoustic waveguide array
consisted of 32×32 stainless-steel rods, which were placed in a 3D-printed plastic housing.
Experimental images of mm-sized objects in water have demonstrated good imaging ability of
the proposed system. Work supported by RSF 17-72-10284.

Keywords
imaging array, acoustic waveguides, rods
References
[1]
Kazys R., Voleisis A., et al, IEEE Sensor J. 6(5), 2006, 1134-1143.
[2]
Baque F., Nucl. Tech. 150(1), 2005, 67-78.
[3]
Bond L.J., Doctor S.R., et al, Advanced Nuclear Fuel Cycles and Systems (GLOBAL 2007), 2007,
1274-1279.
[4]
Sapozhnikov O.A., Tsysar S.A., Khokhlova V.A., and Kreider W., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 138(3), 2015,
1515–1532.

101
 FOCUSED ULTRASONIC PULSE INTERACTION WITH A PLANE SOLID
OBJECT
Vadim Levin1, Yulia Petronyuk1,2, Sergey Titov1,2
1
N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences,
4 Kosygin st., Moscow, 119334, Russian Federation
2
Scientific and Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation, Russian Academy of
Sciences,15 Butlerov st., Moscow, 117342, Russian Federation
Interaction of focused ultrasound with a plane solid object is a basic problem for any ultrasonic
visualization technique. It is especially topical for the scanning impulse acoustic microscopy
(SIAM), in which short probe pulses of HF focused ultrasound is applied to recover 3D
microstructure inside solids. For imaging it is topical to know a sequence in initiation of
reflected echo signals and modification of their relative positions as the probe beam focus
moves in immersion toward the immersion-object interface, then crosses it and goes on its
shifting from the interface inside the object volume. The ultra-short probe pulses have been
employed experimentally for studying dynamics of echo pulses formation and transformation.
Echo signal reception has been performed with the same ultrasonic focusing system that has
been in use for probe pulse generation. The echo signal patterns (Fig.1) received for different
positions of the beam focus with respect the object face (a – focal position: b – shifted by 5.6
mm and c – by 7.7 mm inside the specimen bulk) demonstrate permanent occurrence of the
echo VD from the front object surface and echo signals VL, VLT and VT formed by reflection
of longitudinal (L) and transverse (T) probe signals from the bottom as well as by mode
conversion (LT) while this reflection. Fig.2 gives traces of time-delay position (tV – tD)
dependence on the focus shift z from the object face (V(z, t)-curves) for all signals V relative
to the referent VD. Reflection of a focused beam could be interpreted as superposition of
contributions of all reflected rays for the incident beam. The reflection at the front interface
results from contributions the central and edge rays; it is non-symmetrical. For positive z (the
focus moves from the interface, Fig.2) the pulse VD is spitted into 2 echo signals from the
central rays (VD1) and periphery rays (VD1). Traces for the other echo signals also include
fine specific features of their (z, t)-dependence – small inclination and weak splitting of traces.
Experimental results have been supported by theoretical analyses and modeling calculations.
Work is supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant 18-29-17039).

Figure 1 Echo patterns from a solid plate at diverse focus positions (left). vD - pulse reflected at front
side, vL - for longitudinal waves from back sides and vLT - combination with transverse waves from
back side. Traces of echo pulses in the z,t plane while the probe beam focused at different position to
object face z = -10, -5, 0, 5, 10 (right): FD, FL, FLT - focus position for different echoes.

Keywords
Ultrasonics, focused beam, pulse acoustic microscopy

102
 PULSE COMPRESSION BASED PHASED ARRAY ULTRASONIC INSPECTION:
OPTIMIZATION OF THE SYSTEM AND THE CODE SELECTION

M. K. Rizwan1, S. Laureti1, P. Burrascano1, M. Giovannetti2, A. Cellai2, M. Ricci3

1
Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
2
X-Phase s.r.l. - via Madonna del Piano, 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
3
Dipartimento DIMES, Università della Calabria, Rende CS, Italy

When inspecting highly attenuating materials used in the aerospace industry (e.g. Inconel and
other special alloys, glass and carbon fiber polymer composites), the resultant signal-to-noise
ratio (SNR) cannot be enough to allow a full exploitation of the inspection and imaging
capabilities of ultrasonic inspection (UT). For instance, the resulting value of the minimum
detectable defect (MDD) can be larger than that required by safety standards or the sensitivity
not enough to evaluate the structural integrity of the sample under test (SUT). Hardware and
software solutions were developed in the last decades to increase the sensitivity of the
techniques. Among the various strategies reported in literature, phased-array (PA) technology
is probably the most relevant one from the hardware side. By using PA, the sensitivity of the
inspection setup can be improved by properly steering and focusing the ultrasound beam
inside the SUT. From the software side, pulse-compression (PuC) applied to UT demonstrated
to be very effective and of easy usage with the actual digital technology [1]. In this work, we
combined these two approaches to achieve high sensitivity and resolution of the UT
inspection, finalized to improving the overall imaging capabilities. To accomplish this goal, a
PA system for signal general and acquisition with unique features is needed. In medical
ultrasound, the arrangement has shown better spatial resolution and better penetration dept
[2]
than standard equipment based on pulsed excitation strategies. In this work, PuC-PA is
implemented by using two 16-element linear-array transducers and by applying a linear chirp
signal as the excitation pulse. A reference steel sample with known defects, side drill holes
was inspected with the setup by steering the incident beam from +30 to -30 degrees with
respect to the normal incidence. An acquired B-scan image of the sample is shown in Fig.1.
In the full paper various imaging techniques will be proposed to be associated to both standard
PA beam steering and focusing and to Full-Matrix-Capture approaches.

Defects

Backwall Echo

Figure:1 B-scan image of a steel sample, using pulse compression together with linear array
transducers

Keywords
Phased-Array, Pulse Compress, SNR, minimum detectable defect (MDD)
References
[1]
T. Misaridis, J. A. Jensen. Use of modulated excitation signals in medical ultrasound. Part I: Basic
concepts and expected benefits. IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency
control 52.2 (2005), 177-191.
[2]
A. Ramalli, F. Guidi, E. Boni, P. Tortoli. A real-time chirp-coded imaging system with tissue
attenuation compensation. Ultrasonics 60 (2015), 65-75.

103
 ULTRASONIC IMAGING OF MULTI-MATERIAL COMPONENTS FABRICATED
WITH ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING USING ELASTIC REVERSE TIME
MIGRATION

Jing Rao1, Zheng Fan2 and Ernst Rank1,3

1
Chair for Computation in Engineering, Technical University of Munich,
Arcisstr. 21, 80333, Munich, Germany
2
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University,
50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore
1,3
Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 2a, 85748
Garching, Germany

Additively manufactured components are gaining increasing popularity in aerospace and

automotive engineering applications. Additive manufacturing (AM) can offer tremendous cost
advantages compared with traditional manufacturing methods. However, interlayer and
intralayer defects are often observed in AM parts, along with porosity and lack of fusion. The
lack of non-destructive testing methods for assessing structural integrity limits the use of AM
components, despite several functional advantages they have to offer. In this paper, a multi-
component ultrasonic imaging technique based on elastic reverse time migration (ERTM) is
developed to characterize defects. The ERTM algorithm can observe the correct physics to
handle multi-component data and migrate different wave modes to their correct positions. The
performance of the ERTM algorithm is tested with the simulated and experimental data. The
experimental results show a good consistency with the simulated results. It is shown that the
ERTM algorithm can generate high quality images to provide a good detection of defects in
multiple materials parts fabricated with selective laser melting AM.

Keywords
Ultrasonic imaging, additivity manufacturing, elastic reverse time migration.

104
 Tuesday, September 3rd, 2019 (4:00 pm)

PAT (1/2) - Acoustic Tweezers and Particle Manipulation

Location: VIVES room B303

PAT (1/2): Acoustic Tweezers and Particle Manipulation
Chair: Xiaozhou Liu and Jiehui Liu

16:00 - 16:30 Mechanical phenotyping during differentiation and morphogenesis Cheri Deng, Zhenzhen Fan,
of human embryonic stem cells using acoustic tweezing cytometry Xufeng Xue, Agata Exner, Jianping Fu
16:30 - 17:00 Small particles assembly using cylindrical Bessel vortices in two dimension Zhixiong Gong, Michael Baudoin
17:00 - 17:15 Acoustic Tweezing Cytometry Induces Rapid Differentiation Cheri Deng, Tugba Topal, Xiaowei Hong, Zhenzhen Fan,
of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Jianping Fu, Paul Krebsbach
17:15 - 17:30 Acoustic particle manipulation inside microscale droplets
for highly efficient separation Michael Gerlt, Alexandre Ratschat, Jürg Dual
17:30 - 17:45 Study of the position stability of levitated droplets in single-axis Soichiro Tsujino, Michal Kepa, Takashi Tomizaki,
ultrasonic acoustic levitator for X-ray protein crystallography applications Yohei Sato, Yasushi Takeda
17:45 - 18:00 Ring-shaped assembly of tissue spheroids Alisa A. Krokhmal, Oleg A. Sapozhnikov, Elizaveta V. Koudan,
in a magneto-acoustic field Sergey A. Tsysar, Yusef D. Khesuani, Vladislav A. Parfenov

105
 MECHANICAL PHENOTYPING DURING DIFFERENTIATION AND
MORPHOGENESIS OF
HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS USING ACOUSTIC TWEEZING
CYTOMETRY
Cheri X. Deng1,2, Zhenzhen Fan1, Xufeng Xue2, Agata A. Exner3, Jianping Fu1,2
1
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
2
Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA

Early human embryogenesis is a dynamic developmental process, involving continuous and

concomitant changes in gene expression, structural reorganization, and cellular mechanics.
However, lack of investigation methods has limited our understanding of how cellular
mechanical property changes during early human embryogenesis. In this study, ultrasound
actuation of functionalized microbubbles targeted to integrin (acoustic tweezing cytometry,
ATC) is employed for in situ measurement of cell stiffness during human embryonic stem cell
(hESC) differentiation and morphogenesis. Cell stiffness, which is regulated by cytoskeleton
structure, remains unchanged in undifferentiated hESCs, but significantly increases during
neural differentiation. Further, using our recently established in vitro 3D embryogenesis
models, ATC measurements reveals that cells continue to stiffen while maintaining
pluripotency during epiblast cyst formation. In contrast, during amniotic cyst formation, cells
first become stiffer during luminal cavity formation, but softens significantly when cells
differentiate to form amniotic cysts. These results suggest that cell stiffness changes not only
due to 3D spatial organization, but also with cell fate change. ATC therefore provides a
versatile platform for in situ measurement of cellular mechanical property, and cell stiffness
may be used as a mechanical biomarker for cell lineage diversification and cell fate
specification during
embryogenesis [1].

Figure 1: ATC for measuring cellular mechanical property. A. Experimental setup. B. Schematic of ATC.
C. Epiblast cyst formation. D. OCT4 of hESCs from day 1 to day 3 during epiblast cyst formation. E.
Bubble displacement during ATC. F. p-MYOSIN and ACTIN. G. Cellular stiffness.

Keywords
Acoustic tweezing cytometry, microbubbles, human embryonic stem cells, mechanical phenotyping
References
[1]
Z. Fan Z, X. Xu, R. Perera, S. N. Esfahani, A. A. Exner, J. Fu, C. X. Deng. Acoustic actuation of
integrin-bound microbubbles for mechanical phenotyping during differentiation and morphogenesis of
human embryonic stem cells. Small. 2018. 14(50):1803137.

106
 SMALL PARTICLES ASSEMBLY USING CYLINDRICAL BESSEL VORTICES IN
TWO DIMENSION
Zhixiong Gong, Michael Baudoin
Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520, International
Laboratory LEMAC/LICS - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
Corresponding author: [email protected]
http://films-lab.univlille1.fr/michael/michael/home.html

Two cylindrical vortex beams of Bessel profile have been demonstrated theoretically to
assembly separate small particles into one trapping in the Rayleigh limit. A single vortex beam
could be used to trap small particles for the potential well in the center, whereas will repel
other particles outside the bright ring of maximum pressure amplitude [1]. However, the
interference will happen during two synchronized vortex beams leading to a question: Is it
possible to use one vortex beam to send particles into the other vortex core for particles
assembly? The acoustic intensity along the line of the vortex cores of the two beams have
been studied theoretically for both in and out of phase between the two vortices as well as the
Gor’kov force in the core-core direction. The critical velocity of the moving tweezers could be
determined by assume the balance between drag forces in the viscous fluids and the Gor’kov
forces. Typical elastic materials of particles and fluids with viscosity in fields of microfluidics
and ultrasound medical application are also discussed. The present work demonstrates the
availability of particles assembly in synchronized vortices and may pioneer the way for
particles enrichment, selection, and patterns with miniaturized multitweezers in experiments
and applications.

Keywords
Synchronized acoustic tweezers, Gor'kov potential, Particle assembly, Ultrasonics
References
[1]
M. Baudoin, J.C. Gerbedoen, O.B. Matar, N. Smagin, A. Riaud and J.L. Thomas, Folding a focalized
acoustical vortex on a flat holographic transducer: miniaturized selective acoustical tweezers, Science
Advances (accepted), 2019.

107
 ACOUSTIC TWEEZING CYTOMETRY INDUCES RAPID DIFFERENTIATION
OF HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS
Cheri X. Deng1,2, Tuğba Topal1,3, Xiaowei Hong1, Zhenzhen Fan1, Jianping Fu2, Paul H.
Krebsbach1,3,4
1
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard,
Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 49109, USA
3
Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
48109, USA
4
School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA

Mechanical forces play critical roles in human embryonic stem cell (hESC) fate. However, it
remains largely uncharacterized how local mechanical forces can influence hESC behaviors
in vitro. Here, we used an ultrasound (US) technique, acoustic tweezing cytometry (ATC), to
apply targeted cyclic subcellular forces to hESCs via integrin-bound microbubbles (MBs). We
found that ATC-mediated cyclic forces applied for 30 min to the hESCs induced immediate
global responses in the colony, suggesting the important role of cell-cell connection in the
mechanoresponsiveness of hESCs to ATC-applied forces. ATC application generated
increased contractile force, enhanced calcium activity, as well as decreased expression of
pluripotency transcription factors Oct4 and Nanog, leading to rapid initiation of hESC
differentiation and characteristic epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) events that depend
on focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation and cytoskeleton (CSK) tension. These results
reveal a unique, rapid mechanoresponsiveness and community behavior of hESCs to integrin-
targeted cyclic forces. [1]

Furthermore, we employed ATC to investigate the impact of dynamic mechanical forces on

neural induction of hESCs. Accelerated neural induction of hESCs was demonstrated as the
result of combined action of ATC and neural induction medium (NIM). Specifically, application
of ATC for 30 min followed by culture in NIM upregulated neuroecdoderm markers Pax6 and
Sox1 as early as 6 hours after ATC, and induced neural tube-like rosette formation at 48 hours
after ATC. In contrast, no changes were observed in hESCs cultured in NIM without ATC
treatment. In the absence of NIM, ATC application decreased Oct4, but did not increase Pax6
and Sox1 expression, nor did it induce neural rossette formation. The effects of ATC were
abolished by inhibition of FAK, myosin activity, and RhoA/ROCK signaling. Taken together,
our results reveal a synergistic action of ATC and NIM as an integrated mechanobiology
mechanism that required both integrin-targeted cyclic forces and chemical factors for
accelerated neural induction of hESCs.

Keywords
Acoustic tweezing cytometry, human embryonic stem cells, mechanotransduction, microbubbles
References
[1]
T. Topal, X. Hong, X. Xue, Z. Fan, N. Kanetkar, J. Nguyen, J. Fu, C. X. Deng, P. H. Krebsbach.
Acoustic Tweezing Cytometry Induces Rapid Initiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation.
Scientific Reports. 2018; 8:12977.

108
ACOUSTIC PARTICLE MANIPULATION INSIDE MICROSCALE DROPLETS FOR
HIGHLY EFFICIENT SEPARATION
Michael Gerlt1, Dominik Haidas2, Alexandre Ratschat1, Philipp Suter1, Petra Dittrich2, Jürg
Dual1
1
Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich,
Tannenstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; 2Bioanalytics Group, Department of Biosystems
Science and Engeneering, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland

For various applications in droplet microfluidics (e.g. single cell analysis, liquid solid
separation, affinity measurements) it is necessary to manipulate particles inside droplets. In
case of single cell analysis, the cell needs to be separated from its secretome in a small
volume. A possible procedure could be as follows: Enclosing cells inside microscale droplets
(diameter < 300 μm) and introduction/production of the droplets into/inside a microfluidic
system (e.g. etched Silicon wafer). In this system, the cells need to be dragged to the desired
trajectory followed by splitting of the droplets to separate the cells from their secretome and
finally ejecting the droplets to analyze their content. Various research groups have presented
the feasibility of the aforementioned procedure.[1] However, the system designs are often very
complicated, not robust, lack in throughput or separation efficiency.
In this work, we present a very simple design based on acoustophoresis and hydrodynamic
forces, that is fulfilling the demands of cell secretome separation, see Fig. 1. Particle
containing droplets are produced with highly reproducible sizes inside the device. The particles
inside the droplets are dragged into the center of the channel by acoustic forces. Thereafter,
the droplets are split at a bifurcation, while the particles are still held in position by the acoustic
forces counteracting the strong recirculation zones inside the droplet. In preliminary
experiments it has been shown, that the separation efficiency can well exceed 99% depending
on the initial particle concentration and flow speed.

Figure 1: Sketch of the simple design for cell secretome separation inside microscale droplets. The
picture on the bottom shows a microscope picture of the particle separation in the acoustofluidic device.

Keywords
Acoustophoresis, Droplet microfluidics, Particle manipulation, cell secretome analysis
References
[1] M. Tenje, A. Fornell, M. Ohlin, and J. Nilsson, “Particle manipulation methods in droplet microfluidics” Anal. Chem. vol. 90
no. 3 2018,1434–1443.

109
 STUDY OF THE POSITION STABILITY OF LEVITATED DROPLETS IN SINGLE-
AXIS ULTRASONIC ACOUSTIC LEVITATOR FOR X-RAY PROTEIN
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY APPLICATIONS
Soichiro Tsujino1, Michal Kepa1, Takashi Tomizaki1, Yohei Sato2, Yasushi Takeda3
1
Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
2
Department of Nuclear Energy and Safety, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI,
Switzerland
3
Inst. Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland

We are developing the ultrasonic acoustic levitation diffractometer (ALD) to realize a high-
throughput protein crystallography method at room temperature, combining a high-brilliance
X-ray source and a high-framerate X-ray image detector with the acoustic levitation of droplets
containing single-protein crystal samples therein[1], see Figure 1. Recent experiments
demonstrated the data collection within a few seconds at the frame rate up to 1-3 kHz to solve
the atomic structure of the protein crystals and their binding with small molecules[2].

Figure 1: Overview of the Acoustic Levitation Diffractometer (ALD). Single crystal sample in droplet is
levitated in air by the acoustic levitation force of the ultrasonic standing wave, as imaged by the
Schlieren method, and irradiated by a high brilliance X-ray beam to acquire diffraction images. Fast
rotation of the crystal by the acoustic streaming and the high frame rate of the X-ray image detector
allows for the acquisition of dataset (~3000 images) from various crystal orientations within a few
seconds.

To study and establish the position stability of the levitated droplets, that is important for such
precision applications, we have conducted a series of experiments to probe the motion and
oscillation resonances in the single-axis levitator, and found that, droplets larger than 0.1-0.3
mm were stable within 0.02 mm, showing the applicability of the method for crystals down to
~50 µm. This work was partially supported by Innosuisse in a project No.18726.1 in
collaboration with leadXpro AG.

Keywords
Ultrasonics, Levitation, Droplet, Protein crystallography, X-ray
References
[1]
S. Tsujino, T. Tomizaki, Ultrasonic acoustic levitation for fast frame rate X-ray protein crystallography
at room temperature , Scientific Reports, 6 2016, 25558.
[2]
T. Tomizaki, A. Shinoda, S. Tsujino, Single crystal time-lapse measurement using ultrasonic acoustic
levitation, AIP Conference Proceedings 2054, 2019, 060072.

111
 RING-SHAPED ASSEMBLY OF TISSUE SPHEROIDS IN A MAGNETO-
ACOUSTIC FIELD
Alisa A. Krokhmal1,2, Oleg A. Sapozhnikov1, Elizaveta V. Koudan2, Sergey A. Tsysar1,
Yusef D. Khesuani2, Vladislav A. Parfenov2
1
Physics Faculty, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
2
3D Bioprinting Solutions, 68/2 Kashirskoye Highway, Moscow 115409, Russia
The lack of donor organs is a major problem in modern medicine. A promising solution to this
problem is the fabrication of human tissues and organs using 3D bioprinting. Most existing
biofabrication methods use scaffolds made from biomaterials or nanomaterials. Recently, an
innovative method of biofabrication was proposed, in which 3D tissue constructs were
fabricated using scaffold-, nozzle- and label-free magnetic levitation assembly in a non-toxic
paramagnetic fluid [1]. The biofabrication building blocks are tissue spheroids – tightly packed
aggregates of living cells, having a spherical shape with a typical diameter of 0.2 mm.
Collected together in a magnetic trap, tissue spheroids are in contact with each other and thus
fuse to form a 3D tissue construct. The magnetic levitation makes it possible to fabricate
structures of only simple shape, whereas real organs contain blood vessels. Therefore, it is
desirable to form tissue constructs with some internal channels. As a first step in solving this
problem, this paper presents the method of magneto-acoustic biofabrication. To create the
proper trap, we combined magnetic and acoustic fields. The magnetic system was made of
two oppositely oriented magnets with an empty space between them. A cylindrical ultrasonic
transducer was placed into this space, and a plastic container with tissue spheroids was
placed inside the piezoceramic cylinder.

Figure 1: (left) The magneto-acoustic setup with cylindrical 750 kHz ultrasonic transducer, (right) Fusion
of tissue spheroids into a ring in 18 hours. The external diameter of the ring is 2 mm

The construct was formed in the region, where the gravity was compensated by the
magnetophoretic forces in the vertical direction, and due to the magnetic gradient in the
horizontal plane the tissue spheroids moved towards each other, levitating above the bottom
of the container. The piezoelectric transducer created standing cylindrical ultrasonic waves.
The acoustic radiation force [2] acted from the antinode to the node, forming a ring of tissue
spheroids. Holding them in such a trap for 18–20 hours led to the merging of spheroids into a
solid ring-shaped living construct. A change in the frequency and amplitude of the wave made
it possible to manipulate the size and width of the resulting tissue ring.

The work was supported by RFBR 18-29-11076.

Keywords
Acoustic radiation force, acoustical levitation, magnetic levitation, tissue spheroids
References
[1]
Parfenov, V.A., et al., Biofabrication, 2018, 10(3), 034104.
[2]
Sapozhnikov, O.A., and Bailey, M.R. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 2013, 133(2), 661-676.

112
 Tuesday, September 3rd, 2019 (4:00 pm)

PUA (2/2) - Ultrasound in Air

Location: VIVES room A304

PUA (2/2): Ultrasound in Air
Chair: Tomas Gomez Alvarez-Arenas

16:00 - 16:30 Advances in air-coupled ultrasonic transducers for non-destructive testing Mate Gaal, Daniel Kotschate, Klaas Bente
16:30 - 16:45 Reference radius in Fresnel Zone Plates Constanza Rubio, Daniel Tarrazó-Serrano,
to control ultrasound beamforming Sergio Castiñeira-Ibáñez, Oleg V. Minin, Pilar Candelas, Igor V. Minin
16:45 - 17:00 Focusing airborne ultrasonic helical wavefronts Joao L. Ealo, Fernando A. Quiceno, John F. Pazos-Ospina,
using single-element transducers Rubén D. Muelas-Hurtado, David A Collazos-Burbano
17:00 - 17:15 Air-coupled ultrasonic testing with Lamb waves Ander Dominguez-Macaya, Mate Gaal, Tomás Enrique Gómez Álvarez-Arenas,
for straight and curved GFRP plates Jon Aurrekoetxea, Aitzol Iturrospe
17:15 - 17:30 The nonlinear dynamics of flexural ultrasonic transducers Andrew Feeney, Lei Kang, Steve Dixon
17:30 - 17:45 Development of a flexible large-area array based on printed Paul van Neer, Arno Volker, Arthur Berkhoff, Hylke Akkerman,
polymer transducers for mid-air haptic feedback Thijs Schrama, Albert van Breemen, Laurens Peters,
Jan-Laurens van der Steen, Gerwin Gelinck
17:45 - 18:00 Airborne ultrasounds for damaged cementitous characterization Jorge Gosalbez, Alicia Carrion, Santiago Vazquez,
Carles Gallardo, Vicente Genovés, Jordi Paya

113
 ADVANCES IN AIR-COUPLED ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS FOR NON-
DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
Mate Gaal, Daniel Kotschate, Klaas Bente
Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin

Conventional ultrasonic testing involves the application of a fluid couplant for impedance
matching. Increasing use of lightweight structures, composite materials and adhesive joints
mostly in aerospace and automotive industry created an increasing interest in air-coupled
ultrasonic testing methods, to protect sensitive surfaces and simplify maintenance.
Commercially available air-coupled transducers consist of a piezocomposite material and
matching layers to reduce the impedance mismatch between the transducer and air. This
contribution is an overview of innovative approaches using new piezoelectric materials and
other physical principles to transmit and receive an ultrasonic pulse in air.

Capacitive and piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs and PMUTs)

produce high pressure levels, but they exhibit a very narrow bandwidth. Optical laser-based
methods for transmitting and receiving ultrasound promise a higher bandwidth, but do not
achieve the same sensitivity as conventional air-coupled transducers. Ferroelectrets are
charged cellular polymers exhibiting piezoelectric properties, having a very small acoustic
impedance well matched to air. Ferroelectret transducers achieve about the same bandwidth
as the most broadband conventional air-coupled transducers, having a higher sensitivity [1].
Thermoacoustic transducers use heat to initiate an acoustic wave, acting as transmitters in
ultrasonic range. Thermoacoustic transducers enable excitation of extremely broadband
pulses while producing high pressure levels, which opens new possibilities for advanced signal
processing [2]. The youngest member of the family of air-coupled ultrasonic transmitters is the
plasma-based transducer, using both the thermoacoustic effect and the movements of the
ions (so called ionic wind) to create acoustic waves [3].

Figure 1: Sound field of a focusing ferroelectret transducer recorded as a C-Scan using a pulse-echo
measurement with a reflection on a rod. Aperture 19 mm, frequency 250 kHz, measured focal size 2.5
mm.

Keywords
Air-coupled transducers, non-destructive testing, ferroelectret, thermoacoustics, plasma
References
[1]
J. Döring, V. Bovtun, M. Gaal, J. Bartusch, A. Erhard, M. Kreutzbruck, and Y. Yakymenko,
“Piezoelectric and electrostrictive effects in ferroelectret ultrasonic transducers,” J. Appl. Phys. vol. 112,
no. 8 2012.
[2]
M. Daschewski, R. Boehm, J. Prager, M. Kreutzbruck, A. Harrer, "Physics of thermo-acoustic sound
generation", J. Appl. Phys. vol. 114, 2013, 114903.
[3]
D. Kotschate, M. Gaal, H. Kersten, "Acoustic emission by self-organising effects of micro-hollow
cathode discharges", Appl. Phys. Lett. vol. 112, 2018, 154102.

114
 REFERENCE RADIUS IN FRESNEL ZONE PLATES TO CONTROL
ULTRASOUND BEAMFORMING
Constanza Rubio1, Daniel Tarrazó-Serrano1, Sergio Castiñeira-Ibáñez1, Oleg V. Minin2, Pilar
Candelas1, Igor V. Minin2
1
Centro de Tecnologías Físicas, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
2
Siberian state university of geosystems and technologies, Novosibirsk, Russia

Fresnel Zone Plate lenses present a high capacity to generate several focus spots. In
acoustics, these ultrasound lenses can be used in both HIFU and imaging systems. One of
the limitations of classical Fresnel Zone Plates is the difficulty to control either the lateral lobes
or the length of the focus. These focal geometric parameters are directly related to lateral
resolution and depth of focus, respectively. In this work, we study the introduction of a new
free parameter in the design of Fresnel lenses called reference radius/reference phase [1-2],
which in some cases is equivalent to the introduction of a pupil mask in the lens. The
ultrasound beamforming can be manipulated by means of this free parameter. The election of
the appropriate value for the reference radius allows the lateral resolution improvement by
reducing the lateral lobes or the expansion of the focus. This last effect is achieved through
the generation of quasi-Bessel beams due to transformation of spherical waves into quasi-
conic waves by means of apodization of the central part of the lens [3-5]. Therefore, the
characteristics of the focus can be modified without changing the topology of the lens by using
a pupil mask. In this work, the theoretical analysis is validated using numerical models based
on finite elements and experimental data obtained with a high precision immersion ultrasonic
measurement system.

Keywords
Pupil mask, beamforming, Fresnel Zone Plates, ultrasound
References
[1]
I.V.Minin, O.V. Minin, Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 20 1990, 198.
[2]
I.V. Minin, O.V. Minin, J. Infrared Millim.Terahertz Waves, 32 2011, 801.
[3]
Daniel Tarrazó-Serrano, Constanza Rubio, Oleg V. Minin, Pilar Candelas, Igor V. Minin.
Ultrasonics 91 2019, 237.
[4]
Daniel Tarrazó-Serrano, Sergio Castiñeira-Ibáñez, Oleg V. Minin, Constanza Rubio, and
Igor V. Minin. Sensors & Actuators: A. Physical, 286 2019, 183.
[5]
Daniel Tarrazó-Serrano, Sergio Castiñeira-Ibáñez, Oleg V. Minin, Constanza Rubio, Pilar
Candelas and Igor V. Minin. Sensors 19 2019, 378.

115
FOCUSING AIRBORNE ULTRASONIC HELICAL WAVEFRONTS USING SINGLE-
ELEMENT TRANSDUCERS
Joao L. Ealo1,2, Fernando A. Quiceno1, Jhon F. Pazos-Ospina1, Ruben Muelas-Hurtado,
David A. Collazos-Burbano1,2

1
School of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad del Valle, Ciudad Universitaria Meléndez,
Cali, Colombia.
2
Centre for Bioinformatics and Photonics, Universidad del Valle, Ciudad Universitaria
Meléndez, Cali, Colombia.

The feasibility to easily generate a focused airborne ultrasonic helical wavefront (HW) is
demonstrated. Vortex beams of great quality are obtained by gluing an electroactive
ferroelectret film on an oblique open helical surface. The resultant radiant surface of the device
resembles that obtained by moving a skew line along a circular helix, i.e. a helico-conical
surface.

Figure 1. Left:Time evolution of the helical wavefront generated at 70 kHz using the proposed vortex
beam focalizer. Plotted dots correspond to the points with constant phase measured on a grid covering
the plane (X, Y, 35 mm). Rigth: Corresponding experimental pressure field (Magnitude and Phase).

The resultant acoustic source combines two main features: a) An in-phase motion of its
continuous radiating surface which allow for the HW generation [1] and b) A concave conical
structure of constant slope which concentrate the acoustic beam.

Figure 1 shows experimental results obtained using a transducer prototype with outer diameter
of 40 mm, inner diameter of 4 mm and inclination/focalization angle of 70° with respect to the
principal axis. The lead of the helix is 4.9 mm. In this work, experimental characterization
results are contrasted with simulations. Also, the dependency of the structure of the resultant
HW on the geometrical parameters of the new device, along with a discussion of its potential
of use, are included.

Keywords
Helical wavefront, vortex beam, airborne ultrasound, helico-conical surface
References
[1]
J.L. Ealo, J.C. Prieto, F. Seco, Airborne Ultrasonic Vortex Generation using Flexible Ferroelectrets,
58 2011, 1651-1657.

116
 AIR-COUPLED ULTRASONIC TESTING WITH LAMB WAVES FOR STRAIGHT
AND CURVED GFRP PLATES
Ander Dominguez-Macaya1, Mate Gaal2, Tomás Enrique Gómez Álvarez-Arenas3, Jon
Aurrekoetxea4, Aitzol Iturrospe1
1
Department of Electronics and Computing, Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Loramendi 4, 20500
Mondragon, Spain
2
Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205
Berlin, Germany
3
Department of Ultrasonic Signals, Systems and Technologies, Centro Superior de
Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Serrano 144, 28006, Madrid, Spain
4
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Production, Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Loramendi
4, 20500 Mondragon, Spain

The use of composite materials has been steadily growing during the last decades, as well as
the requirements on quality, mechanical properties and geometries of the parts. Some
processes, like the 3D UV pultrusion process [1], manufacture parts that are long and thin,
whilst having a varying curvature radius along the same part or even no curvature at all.
Studying their mechanical properties along the main fiber direction, which is of foremost
interest, is not an easy task nor efficient with most nondestructive methods. The use of air-
coupled ultrasonics to evaluate the properties of composite materials has been widely proved
by several authors [2-3], mainly using guided waves that provide information on the orthotropic
properties of this kind of materials. Most of this work has focused on analyzing straight plate-
like geometries, due to the simplicity to generate desired modes in the plate and analyze the
behavior of guided waves inside the plate. In our contribution, the differences in the
propagation of Lamb waves for straight and curved geometry glass fiber reinforced polymers
(GFRP) have been analyzed. A GFRP test sample cured with UV light with one straight and
one curved area has been evaluated. The responses of the generated Lamb wave modes for
the straight and curved geometries have been compared, accounting for variations in the
transducer characteristics, e.g. resonance behavior and focusing.

Keywords
Air-Coupled Ultrasonics, Lamb waves, Composite, Curved geometries
References
[1]
I. Tena, M. Sarrionandia, J. Torre, J. Aurrekoetxea, Composites Part B: Engineering, 89 2016, 9-17.
[2]
B. Hosten, M. Castaings, H. Tretout, H. Voillaume, AIP Conference Proceedings, 557 2001, 1023-
1030.
[3]
D.E. Chimenti, Ultrasonics, 54 2014, 1804-1816.

117
 THE NONLINEAR DYNAMICS OF FLEXURAL ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS
Andrew Feeney1, Lei Kang1, Steve Dixon1
1
Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom

In dynamics, nonlinearity can manifest as changes in characteristic properties of a vibrating

system in response to variations in excitation. This study investigates the nonlinearity in the
vibration response of a common class of ultrasound device, the flexural ultrasonic transducer.
This device is typically employed for industrial measurement in ambient conditions, but there
is little published research showing the influence of changes in excitation on the dynamics of
the transducer in standard operating conditions. In general, the resonance frequency of an
ultrasonic device is known to shift as excitation amplitude is increased, where an increase in
resonance frequency is associated with hardening nonlinear behaviour, and a reduction is
characteristic of nonlinear softening. In typical operating conditions, the vibration response of
the flexural ultrasonic transducer has been found to be weakly nonlinear, similar to that shown
in Figure 1[1].

Figure 1: A typical relationship between output amplitude and drive frequency as a function of excitation
amplitude which constitutes a softening-type nonlinear behaviour, adapted from real experimental
data[1]

Different physical mechanisms can cause nonlinear behaviour, including structural

configuration, the elastic response of components such as the transducer membrane, and
thermomechanical properties inherent in piezoelectric materials. The nonlinear behaviour of
flexural ultrasonic transducers is shown in the context of typical operation in practical
application. This provides some insights into how dynamic nonlinearity affects real ultrasound
measurement, including consequences for efficiency and stability. Mechanisms inducing
nonlinearity are proposed, and the measurement of nonlinearity in the vibration response of
different transducers through laser Doppler vibrometry is conducted, supported with
fundamental mathematical analysis.

The results show the existence of nonlinear behaviour for different types of flexural ultrasonic
transducer for modest changes in excitation amplitude, around 20 V (peak-to-peak). The
results are supported by a robust set of mathematical relationships and show that the influence
of nonlinearity should be considered in the practical application of flexural ultrasonic
transducers.

Keywords
Dynamic nonlinearity, flexural ultrasonic transducer, air-coupled ultrasound
References
[1]
A. Feeney, L. Kang, S. Dixon, Nonlinearity in the dynamic response of flexural ultrasonic transducers,
IEEE Sensors Letters 2 2018, 1-4.

118
 DEVELOPMENT OF A FLEXIBLE LARGE-AREA ARRAY BASED ON PRINTED
POLYMER TRANSDUCERS FOR MID-AIR HAPTIC FEEDBACK
P.L.M.J. van Neer1,2, A.W.F. Volker1, A.P. Berkhoff1, H.B. Akkerman3, T. Schrama1, A. van
Breemen3, L.C.J.M Peters3, J.L.P.J. van der Steen3, G.H. Gelinck3
1
Department of Acoustics and Sonar, TNO, Oude Waalsdorperweg 63, 2597 AK the Hague,
the Netherlands
2
Acoustical Wavefield Imaging, ImPhys, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628
CJ Delft, the Netherlands
3
Holst Centre, TNO, High Tech Campus 31, 5656 AE Eindhoven, the Netherlands
Ultrasound based mid-air haptic feedback devices can produce tactile sensations at any time
and position without restricting human motion. This is useful for augmented and virtual reality,
feedback buttons and virtual user interfaces. The haptic feedback mechanism is caused by
acoustic radiation force and streaming. Typical solutions to induce haptic feedback reported
in literature use arrays made up of 'standard' single element transducers and are heavy, rigid
and bulky. A novel alternative uses printed polymer transducers (PPTs), which consist of
piezomembranes created using a printing process. PPTs are light, fully flexible, have a
thickness < 0.25 mm and can easily be integrated in curved surfaces. However, as the
piezoelectric charge coefficients of P(VDF-TrFE) are lower than those of regular PZT5A/H,
higher excitation Voltages are needed to achieve the sound pressures required for haptic
feedback. In this work we report on the development of flexible large-area arrays based on
PPTs for mid-air haptic feedback.
The performance (transfer
functions, crosstalk, acoustic
far field response) of PPTs
with varying geometries and
materials was modeled in air
using finite element and
analytical models. PPTs were
built separately and in arrays
with diameters 0.5 - 12 mm.
Laser vibrometer and
microphone setups were used
to measure the PPTs' out-of- Figure: A) Image of test arrays made of printed polymer transducers.
plane surface displacements B) Snapshot of the measured out-of-plane displacement at the 67
kHz resonance of the encircled annular array.
and the acoustical responses,
respectively.
The sound pressure level at a 30 cm axial distance in air of the first symmetric resonance of
a 6 mm diameter PPT was modeled to be 17 dB re. 20 μPa at 3.2 kHz and measured to be
17 dB re. 20 μPa at 3.7 kHz. Figure 1 shows a picture (A) and laser vibrometer measurements
(B) of the encircled annular array. All ring elements were excited at resonance (67 kHz) using
a 200 V chirp producing a peak displacement of 242 nm. We calculated that the peak pressure
produced by the full size array (40 kHz, aperture 30x30 cm2) would result in a radiation force
of 2.7 mN, which is much larger than the tactile radiation force threshold of 0.3 mN reported
in literature.

Keywords
Mid-air haptic feedback, Radiation force, Flexible ultrasound arrays

119
 AIRBORNE ULTRASOUNDS FOR DAMAGED CEMENTITOUS
CHARACTERIZATION
J. Gosalbez1, A. Carrion1, C. Gallardo1, S. Vazquez1, V. Genovés2, J. Paya2
1
Instituto de Telecomunicaciones y Aplicaciones Multimedia, Universidad Politécnica de
Valencia, Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
2
Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología del Hormigón, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia,
Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain

Due to its good performance against high temperatures, concrete is one of the most used
materials in fire-resistant structures in civil and building engineering. Despite the goodness of
this material, the cement paste that binds the sand particles and coarse aggregates losses
stiffness and adhesion capacity when the temperature is significantly high. Because of the
multiple causes that can affect the integrity of concrete under thermal damage, the
development of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) techniques may help to evaluate the internal
state of concrete and becomes a hot-spot. The more recent airborne non-contact ultrasounds
(ANC-US) technique is commonly discarded due to the large losses that occur in the
boundaries.
The scope of this paper is to demonstrate the capability of ANC-US to assess thermal damage
on normalized mortar specimens at different temperatures. For this purpose, contact
ultrasounds (C-US) and ANC-US are compared.

A normalized dosage mortar was carried out to obtain standardized and stabilized mortar
specimens of 4 x 4 x 16 cm. Then, they were measured by ANC-US and C-US. Afterwards,
they were thermal damaged (400º C) and they were measured again. For both NDT
techniques, ultrasound velocity and frequency attenuation were estimated. As expected,
damaged samples show lower velocities (Figure 1a) and higher attenuations (Figure 1b) than
sound samples. It is remarkable how the attenuation keeps constant for frequencies bellow
100kHz and increases due to the sensitivity of higher frequencies to thermal cracking.
5000 5.5

4500 5

4000
4.5

3500
4

3000
3.5
(f) [dB/cm]
Velocity [m/s]

2500
3
2000

2.5
1500

2
1000 C-US / Sound samples
C-US / Damaged samples
500 1.5 ANC-US / Sound samples
ANC-US / Damaged samples
0 1
2A - Sound 2B - Sound 2A - Damaged 2B - Damaged 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Samples Frequency [kHz]

Figure 1: Ultrasonic characterization of sound and thermal damaged cement mortars a) Velocity b)
Frequency attenuation

Although ANC-US do not require any coupling media as C-US do, it requires additional
calibration and theoretical model to compensate propagation through the air and boundary
attenuation due to undamaged and damaged material differences. Considering these terms,
both techniques offer consistent results and the capability of ANC-US technique for damage
characterization in cementitious systems is proved.

Keywords
Airborne ultrasounds, material characterization, mortar, signal processing, thermal damage

120
 Wednesday, September 4th, 2019 (8:30 am)

Keynote session 3

Keynote Lecture by Vincent Tournat

Control of elastic waves by granular crystals and nonlinear flexible metamaterials

Location: VIVES main auditorium

Chair: Koen Van Den Abeele

121
CONTROL OF ELASTIC WAVES BY GRANULAR CRYSTALS AND NONLINEAR
FLEXIBLE METAMATERIALS
Vincent Tournat
LAUM UMR 6613, CNRS, Le Mans Université, Av. O. Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France

This talk will review a selection of our recent achievements on elastic wave propagation in
mechanical metamaterials, belonging mainly to two distinct families: granular crystals and
flexible architected structures.
Granular crystals are arrangements of spherical elastic beads, interacting through their
contacts via shear, longitudinal, bending and torsional stiffnesses and each possessing 6
degrees of freedom. These features enrich the elastic wave propagation possibilities through
various coupled modes with specific dispersion properties. Managing these dispersion
properties by tuning the system parameters can lead to the prediction of Dirac cones, edge
waves, topological interface waves, zero group velocity modes… Thanks to the use of
external magnetic fields, making these "magneto-granular crystals" relatively easy to configure
and test, such predictions have been observed in experiments and will be presented [1-4].
Flexible architected structures are soft and highly deformable systems, able to bear large
dynamic deformations (see pictures below). Structures consisting of masses connected by
soft hinges such as the "rotating square structure", or systems of rotating LEGO crosses
connected by soft beams, have been more specifically studied. They exhibit a geometrical
nonlinearity for the propagating waves, that
can be tuned rationally via the design
parameters of the architecture, enabling to
manage the nonlinearity, e.g. from quadratic to
cubic. Models and experiments showing the
propagation of solitary waves will be presented
as well as several possibilities of manipulating
these large amplitude pulses [5-9].
Figure 1: illustrations of the studied systems
Keywords
Control of elastic waves, Granular crystals, Flexible architected solids, Management of nonlinearity
References
[1] F. Allein, V. Tournat, V. E. Gusev, G. Theocharis, Tunable magneto-granular phononic crystals,
Appl. Phys. Lett. 108, 161903 (2016).
[2] F. Allein, V. Tournat, V. Gusev, G. Theocharis, Transversal-rotational and zero group velocity
modes in tunable magneto-granular phononic crystals, Extreme Mechanics Letters 12, 65-70 (2017).
[3] L.-Y. Zheng, V. Tournat, V. Gusev, Zero-frequency and extremely slow elastic edge waves in
mechanical granular graphene, Extreme Mechanics Letters 12, 55-64 (2017).
[4] L.-Y. Zheng, G. Theocharis, V. Tournat, V. Gusev, Quasitopological rotational waves in mechanical
granular graphene, Phys. Rev. B 97, 060101(R) (2018).
[5] B. Deng, V. Tournat, P. Wang, K. Bertoldi, Anomalous collisions of elastic vector solitons in
mechanical metamaterial, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 044101 (2018).
[6] B. Deng, V. Tournat, K. Bertoldi, Effect of predeformation on the propagation of vector solitons in
flexible mechanical metamaterials, Phys. Rev. E 98, 053001 (2018).
[7] B. Deng, P. Wang. Q. He, V. Tournat, K. Bertoldi, Metamaterials with amplitude gaps for elastic
solitons, Nature Communications 9, 3410 (2018).
[8] X. Guo, V.E. Gusev, K. Bertoldi, V. Tournat, Manipulating acoustic wave reflexion by a nonlinear
elastic metasurface, J. App. Phys. 123(12), 124901 (2018).
[9] B. Deng, J.R. Raney, V. Tournat, K. Bertoldi, Elastic vector solitons in soft architected materials,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 118(20), 204102 (2017).

122
 Wednesday, September 4th, 2019 (9:30 am)

Poster session 1

POSTERNUMBER TITLE PRESENTING AUTHOR

1 Non-destructive non-contact concrete evaluation by sound and ultrasound using an Bogdan Piwakowski
automated surface wave scanner
2 Ultrasonic Propelled nanorobot for theranostics Tianlong Li
3 Numerical simulation of coal cleat effects on ultrasonic wave induced mechanical Qian Zhao
vibration and wave energy propagation
4 Transducer’s effect on characteristics of sound beam based on the Gaussian-beam Peifeng Ji
expansion technique
5 Ultrasonic and Spectroscopic characterization of Antipsychotic drugs loaded PEG Omprakash Pandurang
microparticle suspension Chimankar
6 Elastic Anisotropy of Non-centrosymmetric Cubic Crystals Farkhad R. Akhmedzhanov

7 Optimize Ultrasound Condition for Cell Death Induction by Coiled-up Space Metamaterial Mincheol Park
8 Acoustic properties of periodic ceramic micro-architectures Martin Sevcik
9 Properties of multiple one-dimensional acoustic diffraction gratings with finite length Dongbao Gao
10 Effect of ultrasound treatments on bubble size profile under microwave Yusuke Asakuma

11 Inactivation of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae by ultrasonic cavitation Yuko Hashimoto
12 Observation of sonoluminescence during sonication to destruct microcapsules Ayaka Inui
13 Effects of primary linear alcohol addition and in-situ-formed dissolved gaseous products Kota Shiba
on multibubble sonoluminescence
14 Ultrasonic Degradation of Methylene Blue in the Presence of Dimethyl Sulfoxide Daisuke Kobayashi

15 Attenuation effects with numerical aperture on time-resolved Brillouin scattering Fernando Perez-Cota
16 Time-range controllable asynchronous picosecond ultrasonics with titanium-sapphire pulse Akira Nagakubo
lasers
17 The acoustic properties of single strained Si(1−X)Ge(X) / Si (10% < X < 32%) layer Andrey Klokov
in subterahertz frequency range
18 Scattering of surface acoustic waves by coherent and incoherent twinning systems in Andrey Klokov
crystalline CdZnTe
19 Off axis Acoustic radiation force on cylindrical particle in plane traveling wave Haibin Wang
20 Acoustic radiation force on a rigid microsphere in a fluid-filled cylindrical cavity Jingyao Shi
with a Helmholtz resonator end
21 Increase bandwidth of piezoceramic transducers coupled to water and air using an Carlos Burbano Reyna
atypical geometry and material distribution in the backing
22 Airborne ultrasonic technique to measure phase velocities of leaky Lamb waves with Jorge Gosalbez
narrowband and low-frequency excitation
23 Experiments on the Relationship between the Structural Parameters of the Huijuan Dong
Contraposition Transducer Array and the Acoustic Levitation Transmission Trajectory
24 Experiments on the Vibration of Particles Levitating in a Standing Wave Acoustic Field Guanyu Mu
25 Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy Characterization of Elasticity of Ni-Mn-Ga(CoCu) Alloys Lucie Bodnárová
26 Acoustic characterization of hidden thin (adhesive) layers Sebastian Wöckel
27 Using time reversal on a digital twin model to classify experimental sources Jan Kober
28 On The Effect of Time Delay Interference in Acoustic Data Transmission System for Active Noise Ziying Yu
Control
29 Multiple scattering theory for heterogeneous elastic continua with strong property Huijing He
fluctuation: theoretical fundamentals and applications
30 On the weakness of a Multiple Scattering Theory for Weak Scattering Media Huijing He

123
31 A Scalar Radiative Transfer Model Including the Coupling Between Surface and Body Ludovic Margerin
Waves
32 Wave propagation in laminated structures with imperfect contact between sublayers: spring Olga Doroshenko
boundary conditions and experimental validation
33 A bottom-up approach to modeling wave propagation and scattering in polycrystalline Anubhav Roy
materials
34 Parameters that influence the quality of holographic ultrasound fields Zhichao Ma
35 Magnetic field detection on high Q-microspheres on a ferromagnetic substrate. Martin Colombano Sosa
36 AOTF-based hyperspectral imaging system for unmanned aerial vehicles Vladislav Batshev
37 Quality assessment of stereoscopic spectral images obtained by means of acousto-optic Vladislav Batshev
diffraction in a single TeO2 crystal
38 The use of electromagnetic and surface acoustic waves resonators for the development of Ivan Veremeev
reconfigurable filters
39 Acoustic Power Measurement of Focusing Transducer Based on a PVDF Pyroelectric Yonggang Cao
Sensor
40 Comparison of needle, membrane and fiber-optic hydrophones for quantifying HIFU pulses Guangzhen Xing
41 Acoustic nonlinearity parameter B/A determined for ionic liquids as function of pressure and Edward Zorebski
temperature by means of thermodynamic method
42 A Study on Guided Wave Propagation Analysis in a bend pipe Junpil Park

124
 NON DESTRUCTIVE NON CONTACT CONCRETE EVALUATION BY SOUND
AND ULTRASOUND USING AN AUTOMATED SURFACE WAVE SCANNER
Bogdan Piwakowski1,Radoslaw Drelich2, Charles Ciccarone1, Ji Li1, Jean-Marie Henault3,
Vincent Garnier4
1
Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 8520 - IEMN F-59651 Lille, France
2
Institute of Mechanics and Applied Computer Science, Kazimierz Wielki University,
Bydgoszcz, Poland
3
EDF-R&D-STEP, 6 Quai Watier, BP 49, 78401 Chatou, France
4
Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, LMA, Marseille, IUT, 13625 Aix

In recent decades, considerable efforts have been made to develop air-coupled ultrasonic
transducers for the purposes of radiating/receiving ultrasonic signals directly into/from air. This
enables the development of so called non-contact ultrasonic testing methods which do not
require any physical contact with the tested object (i.e. using air as a coupling medium). They
are of particular interest for fast scanning applications, where coupling (physical contact)
between the ultrasonic transducers and tested materials must be avoided [1],[2].

The paper presents the automated scanner designed for the non destructive control of
concrete using ultrasonic surface or plate waves. The measurement consists in signal
recording by means of the non contact receiver moving along measured sample. The signal
is radiated by a non contact emitter and can cover the sonic and ultrasonic frequency band,
ranging from 5 to 50 kHz, just assuring the surface wave penetration in concrete between 5 to
25 cm.

Because of the relatively high damping in concrete and because of very low transmission
coefficient between air and concrete, in order to improve the signal /noise ratio, the chirp
technique is used. The scanner is, portable and can be used in a laboratory and as well as in
site.

The acquired multi-channel spatio-temporal signal is processed in order to obtain the

ultrasonic group velocity, the velocity dispersion characteristics and the ultrasonic attenuation
versus frequency.

The potential possibilities of this approach are shown at an example of in situ measurements
carried out in the frame of the French ENDE research project aiming in the concrete wall
characterisation, stress monitoring and in the cracks detection [3].

Keywords
Automated NDT, Concrete, Surface waves, Air-coupled ultrasonics, Crack detection, Stress monitoring,
References
[1] O. Abraham, B. Piwakowski, G. Villain, O. Durand “Non-contact, automated surface wave
measurements for the mechanical characterization of concrete” in Construction and Building Materials,
Volume 37,December 2012, pages 904-915,
[2] I JI LI, Bogdan Piwakowski, « Time domain model and experimental validation of non-contact surface

wave scanner” Ultrasonics 92(2019)

[3] V Garnier and all “Non Destructive Evaluation for containment monitoring” TINCE 2018 –

Technological Innovations in Nuclear Civil Engineering France, Paris-Saclay – 2018, August 29

125
 ULTRASONIC PROPELLED NANOROBOT FOR THERANOSTICS
Tianlong Li1,2, Mu Li1, Guanyu Mu1, Zhiguang Wu1
1
State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin
150001, China
2
Department of Analytical, Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy,
Sechenov University, Moscow 119991, Russia
3
Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University,
Harbin 150086, China

Precise manipulation of synthetic and biological microscale objects in complex environments

is essential for many practical biochip and microfluidic applications. Inspired by the motor-like
properties of a myriad of biomolecules and organisms, considerable efforts have been devoted
to the development of artificial nanomotors powered by different propulsion mechanisms
owing to their great promise for diverse applications. Here, we demonstrated an ultrasonic
propelled biomimetic nanorobot for theranostics. The biomimetic motor sponge is constructed
by the fusion of biocompatible gold nanowire motors and RBC nanovesicles. The motor
sponge possesses a high coverage of RBC vesicles, which remain totally functional due to its
exclusively oriented extracellular functional portion on the surfaces of motor sponge. These
biomimetic motors display efficient acoustical propulsion, including controlled movement in
undiluted whole blood. The RBC vesicles on the motor sponge remain highly stable during the
propulsion process, conferring thus the ability to absorb membrane-damaging toxins and
allowing the motor sponge to be used as efficient toxin decoys. The efficient propulsion of the
motor sponges under an ultrasound field results in accelerated neutralization of the
membrane-damaging toxins. Such motor sponges connect artificial nanomotors with biological
entities and hold great promise for treating a variety of injuries and diseases caused by
membrane-damaging toxins.

Keywords
Ultrasonics, micro-/nanorobot, theranostics
References
[1]
Z. Wu, T. Li, J. Li, W. Gao, T. Xu, C. Christianson, W. Gao, M. Galarnyk, Q. He, L. Zhang and J.
Wang, ACS Nano,12, 2014, 12041
[2]
Z. Wu, T. Li, W. Gao, T. Xu, B. Jurado-Sanchez, J. Li, W. Gao, Q. He, L. Zhang and J. Wang,
Advanced Functional Materials, 25, 2015, 3881

126
 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF COAL CLEAT EFFECTS ON ULTRASONIC
WAVE INDUCED MECHANICAL VIBRATION AND WAVE ENERGY
PROPAGATION
Qian Zhao1, Huilin Xing2
1,2
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia,
Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia

Laboratory studies show ultrasonic wave stimulation is an effective method to improve

permeability of reservoirs which can enhance the production of oil and gas in unconventional
reservoirs. However, the basic mechanism of the effect of ultrasonic wave on micro-scale
structures (e.g. pores, cleats and interfaces between different media) is poorly understood at
present. In this paper, the effects of the incident angles of ultrasonic wave, the sharpness of
coal cleat structures and the roughness of cleat interfaces on mechanical vibration and energy
propagation under ultrasonic wave stimulation are studied.

Different physical attributes between various media lead to mechanical vibration in wave field.
When cleats are filled with gas, cleats can trap energy at the interfaces of cleats for longer
time. From the aspect of wave energy at interfaces, the results indicate when ultrasonic wave
is stimulated with larger incident angles, the maximum wave energy at cleat interfaces, the
maximum of difference of wave energy between two-side interfaces, the hold time of positive
value of the difference of wave energy between two-side interfaces and the accumulation
wave energy during the overall simulation period is larger. From the aspect of cleat width,
wave stimulated with larger incident angles to the orientation of cleats contributes more to the
increasing trend of cleat width and permeability enhancement.

Coal cleats are of complicated structures and shapes. The sharpness of structures affects the
propagation and attenuation of wave. Edge is a relatively sharp structure than surface and the
speed of energy attenuation at edge is slower than those on smooth surface.

The stimulation results also highly depend on the roughness of cleat interfaces. With the
increase of interface roughness, when wave travels away from cleat region, wave energy can
be trapped for longer time at more rough area.

The damage of cleats under ultrasonic wave stimulation is caused by the mechanical vibration
associated with energy-trap phenomenon. The mechanical vibration can not be directly
observed in experiments, however, this phenomenon is significant for porosity and
permeability enhancement. The numerical simulation results about the effects of incident wave
and the structure of cleats are helpful to design and optimize experimental methods and
explain the mechanisms.

Keywords
Ultrasonic wave stimulation, mechanical vibration, energy propagation, cleats, permeability
enhancement
References
[1]
Y. Jiang, X. Song, H. Liu, Y. Cui, Laboratory measurements of methane desorption on coal during
acoustic stimulation. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 2015, 78, 10-18.

127
 TRANSDUCER’S EFFECT ON CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND BEAM
BASED ON THE GAUSSIAN-BEAM EXPANSION TECHNIQUE
Peifeng Ji1, 2, Jun Yang1, 2
1
Key Laboratory of Noise and Vibration Research, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, No.21 Bei-Si-Huan-Xi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District,
Beijing, People's Republic of China

Transducer arrays have been widely adopted in acoustic systems such as parametric
loudspeaker, to increase the acoustic radiation output power, and also to improve the
directional properties of the arrays. Generally, the characteristic of transducers differs
individually, i.e., they have different frequency responses. According to the previous research
[1], the amplitudes and phases of pressure signals emitted from the transducers are random
variables that almost obey Gaussian distributions. Kamakura et al. have considered the linear
and nonlinear ultrasound fields with random pressure amplitude distributions based on the
Khokhlov-Zabolotskaya-Kuznetsov (KZK) model by neglecting the pressure phase
distributions [1]. However, their method is time-consuming and only considers the rectangular
aperture of transducer. They also found relatively significant discrepancies appear in the
region less than 80 cm from the array source. Recently, the Gaussian-beam expansion
technique has already been proved to be effective in greatly reducing the computation time to
calculate the first-order and second-order sound fields to the KZK model. In this study, we
extend Kamakura’s work to include the transducer’s effect both with the rectangular and the
circular apertures based on the Gaussian beam expansion technique, where both the linear
and nonlinear ultrasonic fields are obtained. A numerical simulation is implemented using the
Monte Carlo method with both the phase and amplitude responses obtained from [1], based
on the Gaussian beam expansion technique, which reduces the computation time. By
analyzing the linear and nonlinear ultrasonic fields, it is proved that the effect of the phase
response is smaller compared to that of the amplitude response, which is consistent with [1].
In order to further verify our findings, a comparison study is carried out with both from [1] and
the previously reported experimental data [1]. In this comparison, the aperture of transducer
we use is circular, which is the same as that in the experiment. A good match among the
experimental result, the result from [1], and our result is obtained in the region more than 80
cm from the array. An even better agreement between our result and the experimental result
in the nearfield is observed. The results of this work can be very helpful for improving our
actual design on acoustic systems.

Keywords
Gaussian-beam expansion technique, Random distribution, Monte Carlo simulation, Nonlinear
propagation, Ultrasonic beam
References
[1]
T. Kamakura, H. Nomura, G. T. Clement, Acoust. Sci. &Tech, 36(3), 2015, 208-215.

128
 ULTRASONIC AND SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF
ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS LOADED PEG MICROPARTICLE SUSPENSION
P. T. Kabra1, O. P. Chimankar2
1,2
Department of Physics, R. T. M. Nagpur University, Nagpur-440033 India
Email id: [email protected], [email protected]

In biophysical chemistry, drug macromolecule interactions are an important phenomenon

involving a complex mechanism. Also thermodynamic properties are very useful for the
understanding of the ionic, hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions in different media as they
provide information elucidating the solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions in the solution
phase. Risperidone, Olanzapine & Aripiprazole are antipsychotic drugs used to manage
psychosis principally in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. PEG loaded microparticles of
various drug polymer ratios were designed by using solvent evaporation method and further
characterized by SEM & FTIR. Ultrasonic velocity, density, viscosity & attenuation have been
measured and other parameters are obtained by using formulae. Comparative study has been
carried out for all three drug polymer suspensions. The results were discussed in the light of
drug-polymer interaction, structural effect of polymeric drug particles and water in
suspensions.

DRUG Risperidone Olanzapine Aripiprazole

SEM of pure
drug

SEM of drug
loaded with
PEG

Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to R.T.M. Nagpur University for providing financial support to this work through
University Research project scheme.
Keywords
Risperidone, Olanzapine, Aripiprazole, PEG, SEM, FTIR, Ultrasonic parameters.
References
[1] Y. K. Yadav. J. Pure Appl. Ultrason. 36 2014, 71-75

[2] S.Jaikumar, Journal of acoustical society of India 28 2000; 25-47.

[3] P.Sireesha, N. Lal Mahammed, K. Narendra Kumar Reddy; Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical

Research
and Development Vol. 2 (2) 2014,125-133.
[4] Priti Kabra and O P Chimankar; Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 9(5) 2017, 53-

59
[5] R.Nithya, S.Nithiyanantham, S. Mullainathan, M. Rajasekaran, Journal of Chemistry, 6 2009, 138-

140.
[6] O.P.Chimankar, Ranjeeta S.Shriwas, Sangeeta Jajodia and V.A.Tabhane, Archives of Physics

Research, 1 (4) 2010,160-167

129
 ELASTIC ANISOTROPY OF NON-CENTROSYMMETRIC CUBIC CRYSTALS
Farkhad R. Akhmedzhanov1, Sirojiddin Z. Mirzaev1, Jamoliddin T. Nazarov2
1
Department of Thermophysics of multiphase systems, Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser
Technologies, Durmon Yoli street 33, 100125 Tashkent, Uzbekistan
2
Department of Physics, Navoi State Institute of Mines, Yujnaya street 27a, 210100 Navoi,
Uzbekistan

The parameter of elastic anisotropy ∆c=c12+2c44-c11 both in terms of the real and imaginary
elastic moduli has been studied in the non-centrosymmetric cubic crystals of silicate and
bismuth germanate. Depending on the sign of the parameter all the cubic crystals can be
divided into two types: with a positive or negative anisotropy of elastic moduli of the second
order. Accordingly, it is changed the ratio between the velocities and attenuation coefficients
of longitudinal and transverse acoustic waves along specific crystallographic directions in the
cubic crystals [1].

The investigated samples have been oriented with accuracy no worse than 1° along the
<001>, <110> and <111> crystallographic directions. The velocity and attenuation of acoustic
waves were investigated with the help of Bragg diffraction of light on acoustic waves in
frequency range 0.4–1.6 GHz [2]. Longitudinal and transverse acoustic waves were excited
by piezoelectric transducers of quartz, accordingly of the X-cut or Y-cut.

On the basis the measured values of velocities and attenuation coefficients of acoustic waves
the elastic moduli of the second order and the elastic anisotropy parameters have been
calculated. It is found that the attenuation coefficients velocity of transverse acoustic waves is
maximal in the direction [110] and minimal in the direction [100]. At the same time the velocity
of transverse acoustic waves have a maximum and minimum in the directions [110] and [100]
respectively.

It is shown that the results of the calculation of the velocity and attenuation coefficient of
acoustic waves through the determined anisotropy parameters and the experimental results
are in good agreement. It is established that non-centrosymmetric cubic crystals are
characterized by a large absolute value of the anisotropy parameter in comparison with
centrosymmetric cubic crystals. Calculations also showed that at the classification of
transverse acoustic waves it is necessary to discriminate these waves according to their
polarization. The proposed approach will allow one to describe the anisotropy of the
propagation velocity and attenuation coefficient of acoustic waves in cubic crystals of any
symmetry. For example, knowing the attenuation coefficient of a longitudinal acoustic wave
along the [100] direction, one can calculate it for other crystallographic directions.

Keywords
Elastic anisotropy, cubic crystals, acoustic wave, velocity, attenuation coefficient
References
[1]
I.G. Kuleev, I.I. Kuleev, Solid State Physics (Russia), vol. 49, 2007, 422-429.
[2]
F.R. Akhmedzhanov Proc. Mtgs. Acoust. vol. 34, S16-4, 1-6.

130
 OPTIMIZE ULTRASOUND CONDITION FOR WATER TREATMENT BY COILED-
UP SPACE METAMATERIAL
Mincheol Park1, Joonyoung Lee1, Jong-Rim Lee1, Younho Cho2, Young H. Kim3
1
Korea Science Academy of KAIST, Busan, 47162, Republic of Korea
2
School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of
Korea
3
Institute of Nuclear Safety and Protection, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241,
Republic of Korea

A Coiled-up Space is a metamaterial structure which has been widely applied in various fields,
including wave modulation, negative refractive index, and recently, acoustic energy harvesting
by creating a resonance in the small cavity [1,2]. We have recently shown this property not only
applies to the acoustic wave but also to the Water Surface Wave for increasing the efficiency
of the Wave Power.
To study about the cell death induction by ultrasonic effect, the condition whereby the
ultrasonic wave is irradiated effectively to a test material is important to be satisfied. This
optimization refers to the maximization of the acoustic effect to the subject. The optimization
is conducted by coordinating the position of the subject manually within the ultrasonic
generating system [3].
We aim to optimize the condition of irradiation of ultrasonic wave by applying the Coiled-up
Space metamaterial. We construct the structure with optimal parameters for the given
experimental setup with the simulation using the COMSOL Acoustics Module. The given
experimental setup consists of the 28 kHz bolt-clamped Langevin type ultrasonic transducer
and a container with a liquid that behaves as a medium transferring ultrasonic wave energy to
the subject. After building up the Coiled-up Space metamaterial, an efficiency of the structure
is tested by the contrast of optical density values of KI solution at 355 nm after the ultrasonic
transmission with and without using the structure. To support the validity of the model further,
the optical density values are tested in the different positions. Although the biological subject,
such as yeast cell or human cell, is not used to test the validity of the model, the chosen testing
method verifies the optimization is fulfilled by using the Coiled-up Space metamaterial. We
expect this result can be effectively used to irradiate ultrasound specifically to the target object.

Figure 1: Progress of the Research. (A)

Selecting Parameters and Optimizing
within given condition with COMSOL
Acoustics Module. (B) Irradiating
ultrasound to KI (aq) for identical time.
(C) Comparing the resulting solutions
through checking the absorbance of KI
(aq).

Keywords
Coiled-up Space, Ultrasound Irradiation, Cell Death Induction, Ultrasonic Sonoporation
References
[1]
Z. Liang, J. Li, Physics Review Letters, 108 2012.
[2]
K. Sun, J. [Jae] Kim, J. [Jedo] Kim, AIP Advances, 6 2017.
[3]
J. Kim, H. Kong, Y. Kim, K. Kang, Journal of Acoustic Society of Korea, 36 2017.

131
 ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF PERIODIC CERAMIC MICRO-ARCHITECTURES
Martin Sevcik1, Martin Koller1, Alena Kruisová1, Hanuš Seiner1, Petr Sedlák1, Benito Román-
Manso2, Pilar Miranzo3, Manuel Belmonte3
1
Institute of Thermomechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 5, 18200 Prague,
Czech Republic
2
School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 52 Oxford St, 02138
Cambridge, MA, USA
3
Institute of Ceramics and Glass (ICV-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Kelsen 5, 28049
Madrid, Spain

Robocasting is an additive manufacturing method enabling fabrication of fine, periodic micro-

architectures consisting of fully sintered ceramic rods. These micro-architectures exhibit
acoustic properties of phononic crystals (extremely strong elastic anisotropy [1] resulting in
energy focusing [2], band structure [3,4], etc.), that can be finely tuned using variations of the
inter-rod spacing and the spatial arrangement of the rods.
This contribution will report on an experimental analysis of propagation of longitudinal
ultrasonic waves (in frequency range 2 − 12 MHz) in robocast silicon carbide scaffolds with
different micro-architectures – tetragonal, hexagonal and orthorhombic – and with different
inter-rod spacings. It is observed that the band structure for longitudinal waves is strongly
affected by the geometry of the scaffold, which can be interpreted based on finite elements
calculations (FEM).
Based on the FEM calculation, the investigated scaffolds also exhibit several iunique
phenomena, such as mixing of shear and longitudinal modes for higher frequency bands [1],
or frequency dependent energy focusing in the hexagonal scaffolds [5].

Keywords
Ultrasonics, Phononic crystals, Ceramics, Additive manufacturing, Bandgaps, Wave propagation
References
[1] A. Kruisova et al., Acoustic metamaterial behavior of three-dimensional periodic architectures
assembled by robocasting, Applied Physics Letters 105, 2014.
[2]
M. Koller et al., Anisotropic Elasticity of Ceramic Micro-Scaffolds Fabricated by Robocasting, ACTA
PHYSICA POLONICA 134, 2018, 799-803.
[3]
A. Kruisova et al., Ultrasonic bandgaps in 3D-printed periodic ceramic microlattices, Ultrasonics 82,
2018, 91-100.
[4]
M. Koller et al., Ceramic phononic crystals with MHz-range frequency band gaps, Proc. Mtgs. Acoust
32, 2018.
[5] T. Grabec et al., Frequency-dependent acoustic energy focusing inhexagonal ceramic micro-
scaffolds, submitted to Wave Motion, 2019.

132
 PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLE ONE-DIMENSIONAL ACOUSTIC DIFFRACTION
GRATINGS WITH FINITE LENGTH
Dongbao Gao1, Xinwu Zeng1, Kaifeng Han1, Hefeng Zhou1, Zemin Zhou1, Changchao Gong1
1
College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology,
Changsha 410073, China

A one-dimensional acoustic diffraction grating is a one-dimensional structure constructed by

acoustic scatterings. In this structure, acoustic waves transmit along the grating. At different
frequencies, different effects exist in the gratings. For example, in the point of phononics, when
the lattice of the grating just equals an integer multiple of the half wavelength, sound forbidden
band can be found in the grating. At other certain frequencies, there are Rayleigh-Bloch modes
in the grating. Rayleigh-Bloch mode is widespread in elastic mediums with periodically
embedded continuous or discrete scatters. Rayleigh-Bloch wave is a surface wave, which
exhibits properties of Rayleigh wave property and Bloch wave property simultaneously. In
another words, when Rayleigh-Bloch mode exists, the acoustic field of the grating exhibits the
main phenomena that the energy is localized around the scatters periodically along the grating
as a Bloch wave. Meanwhile, in the perpendicular direction to the grating, the energy
attenuates exponentially as a Rayleigh wave.

In this paper, the acoustical properties of the one-dimensional acoustic grating with finite
length are focused. The acoustic field is analyzed theoretically. In this finite structure, a quasi-
Rayleigh-Bloch mode is proposed at certain frequencies. Similar to the Rayleigh-Bloch mode,
a quasi-mode also contain two parts. One of them is that the acoustic energy is periodically
localized round the grating scatters. However, due to truncation of the grating, the number of
the periodical energy packets is not infinite, and their periodicity is not perfect. The other one
is the quasi-Rayleigh wave mode. Though the energy attenuates perpendicularly to the
grating, it is not the same as a Rayleigh wave either. Outside of the grating, quasi-Rayleigh-
Bloch mode results in another effect that the acoustic energy forms a beam along the grating
direction with an obvious directivity.

Based on above results, a more complicated example is investigated. The structure is

constructed by multiple gratings arranged circumferentially. In the acoustic filed, an intense
area can be formed.Furthermore, properties of the acoustic field are systematical studied.

This work will be helpful for exposing the mechanism of acoustic metamaterials based on
acoustic gratings. It could be used to design new acoustical manmade devices, which have
the ability of long range transmission, and controlling micro-objects.

Keywords
diffraction grating, quasi-Rayleigh-Bloch mode, beam forming
References
[1]
D. J. Colquitt, R. V.Craster, T.Antonakakis, S.Guenneau, Proc. R. Soc. A, 471 2015 ,20140465.

133
EFFECT OF ULTRASOUND TREATMENTS ON BUBBLE SIZE PROFILE UNDER
MICROWAVE
Atsuya Shibatani1, Yuki Wada1, Yusuke Asakuma1

1
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Hyogo,
2167, Shosha, Himeji Japan 617-2280

In previous study [1], it was found that bubble is produced under microwave irradiation
because bubble nucleation is accelerated by non-equilibrium local heating of the quick thermal
response. On the other hand, ultrasound causes bubble nucleation by cavitation as well.
Accordingly, I thought that combination of ultrasound and microwave changes bubble size and
the number density of bubble. In this study, bubble sizes during microwave irradiation are
measured at the condition with and without ultrasound operation by in-situ size measurement
system equipped with microwave reactor [1], and new insight for bubble growth and nucleation
was investigated.
Figure 1 shows experimental apparatus of microwave reactor, and probe of ultrasound is
inserted from the outside into the cell (10 mm x 10 mm x 40 mm), which filled with the
suspension. During the operations of microwave and ultrasound, bubble size profiles were
directly measured by DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering). Figure 2 shows examples of bubble
size profiles without ultrasound and with 30 s ultrasound before microwave irradiation when
microwave power is 50 W. Bubble size became larger until microwave is turned off around 90
o
C. After that, bubble is contracted gradually. Bubble under operation of ultrasound before
microwave irradiations became larger than that that without ultrasound. Bubble nuclei happen
by ultrasound in advance. Because liquid-air interface of nuclei absorbs microwave too much,
bubble grows up more by non-equilibrium microwave heating. Operation by combination of
ultrasound and microwave is more useful for controlling bubble size.

Size without US (During MW)

Probe of Size without US (After MW)
ultrasound Size with US (During MW)
Quartz Size with US (After MW)
cell Temp
1400 100 Temperature [℃]
Bubble size [nm]

4 1200 80
Photo 0 1000
- 800 60
1 1 600
multiplier
He-Ne 0 40
0 400
Laser 200 20
0 0
0 100 200 300
Time [s]
Fig. 1: Microwave reactor equipped with Fig. 2: Size profiles during and after microwave and
ultrasound probe and DLS. ultrasound irradiations.

Keywords
Microwave, Bubble, Dynamic light scattering
References
[1]
Y.Asakuma, S.Matsumura, A.Saptoro, R.Nakata, In-situ observation of nano-particle formation under
different power of microwave irradiation, Crystal Research and Technology, 52 (2017) 108-114

134
INACTIVATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AND SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
BY ULTRASONIC CAVITATION
Yuko Hashimoto1, Ken Yamamoto1
1
Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Kansai University Graduate School, 3-3-35,
Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan

In recent years, many studies on the ultrasonic inactivation of microorganisms have been
conducted[1-3]. Previous studies have shown that ultrasonic cavitation influences the
surrounding physical and chemical actions, thereby inactivating bacteria and fungi. In this
study, the characteristics of bacterial and fungal inactivation achieved using ultrasonic waves
of frequencies from 26 kHz to 3.6 MHz were investigated in the fungus Saccharomyces
cerevisiae and in the bacteria Escherichia coli.

Figure 1: Inactivation of E. coli against irradiation time with constant.

From the experiment, it was found that the frequency effective for inactivation varied
depending on E. coli and S. cerevisiae. The frequency for E. coli was 430 kHz and that for S.
cerevisiae was higher. This suggests a difference in inactivation mechanism.

Furthermore, we examined the effect of chemical action on E. coli. In general, alcohol is added
as a radical scavenger, but the action of cavitation bubbles is converted[4]. Therefore, we
investigated the inactivation rate of E. coli when sonochemical efficiency was maintained
constant at different frequencies (200, 430, 950 kHz) by adjusting the acoustic power.
Consequently, the deactivation rates of different frequencies indicated the similar time change
(Figure 1).

Hence, we speculate that the inactivation of E. coli and S. cerevisiae are through active oxygen
and mechanical cell destruction.

Keywords
Ultrasonics, Inactivation, Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae
References
[1]
S. Koda, M. Miyamoto, M. Toma, T. Matsuoka, M. Maebayashi, Inactivation of Escherichia coli and
Streptococcus mutans by ultrasound at 500 kHz, 16 5 2009, 655-659.
[2]
M. Furuta, M. Yamaguchi, T.Tsukamato, B. Yim, C.E. Stavarache, K. Hasiba, Y. Maeda, Inactivation
of Escherichia coli by ultrasonic irradiation, 11 2 2004, 57-60.
[3]
I. Hua, J.E. Thompson, Inactivation of Escherichia coli by sonication at discrete ultrasonic
frequencies, 34 15 2000, 3888-3893.
[4]
K. Shiba, Y. Takemura, Y. Mizukoshi, K. Yamamoto, Effect of alkyl chain length of added alcohol on
sonoluminescence intensity decay, 39 2018, 29-31.

135
 OBSERVATION OF SONOLUMINESCENCE DURING SONICATION TO
DESTRUCT MICROCAPSULES
Ayaka Inui1, Shohei Yamanaka1, Kota Shiba1, Ken Yamamoto1
1
Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Kansai University Graduate School, 3-3-35
Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan

In our study, the ultrasonic destruction of microcapsules containing oil in a spherical shell of
melamine resin (average particle diameter of 5 μm) is found to be caused by cavitation
bubbles. The size of the cavitation bubbles varies, from that smaller than the resonance
diameter that causes Rayleigh contraction to that larger than the resonance diameter not
participating in the sonochemical reaction. In addition, the activity (shear stress, shock wave,
microjet, sonochemical reaction, sonoluminescence, etc.) around the bubble varies
significantly depending on the bubble size [1]. In this study, the ultrasonic destruction of
microcapsules was investigated from the viewpoint of cavitation bubble activity, and
multibubble sonoluminescence (MBSL) measurement was used for bubble evaluation.

Figure 1: (left) Destruction rate of each solution after 30-min irradiation at frequency 430 kHz, (right);
Relative sonoluminescence intensity of each solution during irradiation at 430 kHz

To change the bubble activity, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or alcohols were added to the
microcapsule suspension [2] [3]. These were irradiated with a 430-kHz ultrasonic wave for 30
min, and the capsule destruction rate and MBSL intensity were measured.

Figure 1 (left) shows the destruction rate of capsules after a 30-min irradiation in each
solution. The destruction rate was calculated by counting the capsules that were not damaged
before and after irradiation. Figure 1 (right) shows the relative sonoluminescence intensity of
each solution. Spectral intensities measuring from wavelengths 257 nm to 540 nm were
integrated and the amount of luminescence was normalized with pure water to one.
The emission intensity at the time of SDS addition was high and the capsule destruction rate
was low. Meanwhile, when alcohol was added, the emission intensity was low and the
destruction rate was high. This suggests that the activity of bubbles contributing to capsule
destruction is different from that of MBSL.

Keywords
Microcapsules, Destruction, Sonoluminescence, Alcohol, Sodium dodecyl sulfate
References
[1]
M. Ashokkumar, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 18 2011, 864-872.
[2]
M. Ashokkumar, F. Grieser, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 9 2007, 5631-5643.
[3]
J. Lee, S.E. Kentish, M. Ashokkumar, J. Phys. Chem. B, 101 2005, 5095-5099.

136
 EFFECTS OF PRIMARY LINEAR ALCOHOL ADDITION AND IN-SITU-FORMED
DISSOLVED GASEOUS PRODUCTS ON MULTIBUBBLE SONOLUMINESCENCE
Kota Shiba1, Yoshiteru Mizukoshi2, Ken Yamamoto1
1
Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Kansai University Graduate School, 3-3-35
Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan
2
Transregional Corporation Center for Industrial Materials Research, Institute for Materials
Research, Tohoku University

It has been well documented that multibubble sonoluminescence (MBSL) spectra and
intensity are strongly influenced by the type of liquid undergoing sonication, the type of gas
dissolved in the liquid, etc. In particular, the effect of solutes such as alcohols has been
investigated extensively.

Figure 1: Relative SL intensity of initial ultrasound from Ar-saturated pure water, ethanol, and 1-hexanol.

We measured the MBSL in Ar-saturated water containing 2 mmol/dm3 of a series of alcohols

under sonication at a frequency of 410 kHz.

The sonoluminescence (SL) intensity was weakened in the presence of the alcohols. The
spectral and temporal changes in MBSL are attributable to gaseous products generated by
the sonochemical decomposition of alcohols. When a long-chain alcohol was added, gaseous
products containing 1–3 carbon atoms in the molecule were detected after a 2-min sonication.
Gases of higher water solubility than Ar such as acetylene and propane were detected as
major products when a 1-hexanol aqueous solution was sonicated for 2 min.

Figure 1 shows the temporal changes in SL intensity from water, with and without alcohol
(ethanol or 1-hexanol) for 600 ms from the start of the sonication. The reduction in SL intensity
was emphasized when an alcohol with a longer alkyl chain was added. In addition, a longer
sonication was required to reach the steady state of the SL intensity in the presence of alcohol.
This is considered to be related to the inhibition of bubble coalescence by the added alcohols,
resulting in a reduced bubble size; therefore, a longer irradiation time is required for the bubble
to grow to the sonoluminescing size range. These results suggest that the mechanism of SL
intensity reduction by the addition of alcohols depends on the sonication duration.

Keywords
Sonoluminescence, alcohol, gaseous products
References
[1]
J. Lee, M. Ashokkumar, S. Kentish, F.Griser, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110 2006, 17282-17285.

137
 ULTRASONIC DEGRADATION OF METHYLENE BLUE IN THE PRESENCE OF
DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE
Daisuke Kobayashi1, Kaho Shimakage2, Masakazu Naya2, Katsuto Otake2, Atsushi Shono2
1
Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Denki University, Adachi, Tokyo 120-8551, Japan
2
Department of Industrial Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-
8550, Japan

Ultrasound is known to be useful in initiating reactions, enhancing reaction rates and improving
selectivity in many chemical reactions. Especially, ultrasound is considered to be one of the
attractive advanced oxidation technologies for waste water treatment. Ultrasonic degradation
reactions are considered to occur in three different regions, i.e., on the inside of collapsing
cavitation bubbles, at the interfacial region surrounding collapsing cavitation bubbles, and in
the bulk solution. In our previous study, ultrasonic degradation of methylene blue has been
investigated, and the maximum degradation rate was observed at 490 kHz. Moreover,
sonochemical efficiency value and the apparent degradation rate constant have a linear
relationship[1]. However, the degradation of methylene blue by ultrasonic physical effects such
as pyrolysis has not been investigated well. In this study, the effect of dimethyl sulfoxide
(DMSO) as a hydroxyl radical scavenger addition on the ultrasonic degradation of methylene
blue was investigated. In addition, activation energy of ultrasonic degradation was estimated,
and the effect of mechanism of degradation on activation energy was investigated.
Figure 1 shows the effect of DMSO on apparent degradation rate constant of methylene blue
for various frequencies. Here, the apparent degradation rate constants were estimated using
the pseudo-first-order reaction model for the experimental data of the temporal change of
methylene blue concentration. The degradation rate in the absence of DMSO was influenced
by ultrasonic frequency, and this behavior agrees with previous study about sonochemical
efficiency. On the other hand, the apparent degradation rate constant in the presence of
DMSO was not found to be influenced by ultrasonic frequency.
1.0
Apparent degradation rate constant,

key
0.8 kapp
kapp, pyrolysis
kapp × 103 [s-1]

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
10 100 1000 10000
Ultrasonic frequency, f [kHz]
Figure 1: Effect of DMSO on apparent degradation rate constant of methylene blue for various
frequencies

We also investigate the effect of temperature on apparent degradation rate constant in the
presence and absence of DMSO in order to estimate the activation energy. The activation
energy of hydroxyl degradation was higher than that of pyrolysis both 490 kHz and 1640 kHz.

Keywords
Degradation, Radical scavenger, Activation energy
References
[1]
D. Kobayashi, C. Honma, H. Matsumoto, T. Takahashi, C. Kuroda, K. Otake,s, 21 2014, 1489-1495.

138
 ATTENUATION EFFECTS WITH NUMERICAL APERTURE ON TIME-RESOLVED
BRILLOUIN SCATTERING
Fernando Perez-Cota, Salvatore La Cavera III, Rafael Fuentes-Dominguez, Shakila Naznin,
Richard J. Smith, Matt Clark
Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, Nottingham University, University Park,
Nottignham, UK, NG72RD

Phonon microscopy is an emerging technique capable to image living cells with contrast based
on elastic properties and in three dimensions. It can measure material properties such as
sound velocity, acoustic impedance and sound attenuation. The later is a relevant
characteristic of cells, dielectrics and crystals. To use it as a contrast mechanism in cell
imaging, high numerical aperture (NA) lenses must be used. However increasing NA induce
decay of the time-resolved Brillouin scattering (TRBS) signal. To quantify the sound
attenuation coefficient in cells is necessary to understand the mechanisms that affect signal
decay. Here we demonstrate that optical defocus it is the strongest cause of signal decay.
This refutes the common belief that acoustic diffraction is the cause of increased attenuation
with greater NA [1]. We also discuss the implications of optical defocus to the quantitative
measurement of the attenuation coefficient and its use as contrast for cell imaging.

NA

Figure 1: Simulated TRBS signal modulation depth induced by optical defocus without considering the
attenuation coefficient. The roll-off in modulation depth becomes more aggressive than sound
attenuation as NA increases becoming the main source of decay of the TRBS signal.

Keywords
Phonon microscopy, time-Resolved Brillouin scattering, sound attenuation.
References
[1] Brillouin Oscillations from Single Au Nanoplate Opto-Acoustic Transducers, Kuai Yu, Tuphan
Devkota, Gary Beane, Guo Ping Wang, and Gregory V. Hartland, ACS Nano 2017 11 (8), 8064-8071
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b02703

139
 TIME-RANGE CONTROLLABLE ASYNCHRONOUS PICOSECOND
ULTRASONICS
WITH TITANIUM-SAPPHIRE PULSE LASERS
Akira Nagakubo1, Hiroki Tamura1, Hirotsugu Ogi1
1
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan

Since picosecond ultrasonics was reported in 1984, it has contributed to nanoscale

mechanics, ultrafast phonon dynamics, and sub-THz ultrasonic applications. For further
development, fast scan in a long time range (~a few nanoseconds) is required for imaging,[1]
sensors,[2] and attenuation measurement. However, traditional scan system—which uses the
mechanical delay line—restricts the scan speed and the time range. The other way to scan
fast a long time range is the asynchronous system.[3] Existing asynchronous picosecond-
ultrasonics systems use two pulse lases with fixed repetition rates, and the time range and the
time resolution cannot be controlled. A larger gap between their repetition rates allows the
long delay line, but the time resolution for data acquisition deteriorates; faster phenomenon
requires finer time resolution. There is thus tradeoff between the time range and time
resolution, and we need to control them for wider applications.
In this study, we develop the time-range controllable asynchronous picosecond-ultrasonics
system using two titanium-sapphire pulse lasers. The repetition rates of one them was
controlling by changing its cavity length so that the time range can be controllable.
Figure 1 shows pulse-echo signals in a Pt thin film measured by two systems—(a) a
picosecond-ultrasonics system with the two lasers, whose repetition rates are synchronized,
using the mechanical delay line, and (b) the time-range controllable asynchronous system with
the frequency difference of about 0.2 kHz. The average number was 128, which took about a
few seconds, whereas the synchronized system took about 5 minutes to take this time range.
The round-trip time in the synchronous system is about 44.9 ps. On the other hand, in the
asynchronous system, the round-trip time is 12.6 micro seconds, and the period time of the
observed signal, which is the difference of the pulse-repetition periods, is about 3.8 ms. The
pulse-repetition period of the pump light was about 12.5 ns. Thus, the actual round-trip time
in the asynchronous system is converted into 41
ps, which agree with the synchronous-system
result. The difference would be caused by the
inaccuracy of the prepetition period of the pump
light and the difference of the repetition periods.
We will further develop and modify the
asynchronous system to measure other
specimens.
Figure 1: Pulse-echo signals in a Pt thin film
measured by (a) synchronized and (b) asynchronous systems.

Keywords
Picosecond ultrasonics, asynchronous measurement, fast measurement
References
[1]
S. Danworaphong, M. Tomoda, Y. Matsumoto, O. Matsuda, T. Ohashi, H. Watanabe, M. Nagayama,
K. Gohara, P. H. Otsuka, and O. B. Wright, Appl. Phys. Lett. 106 2015, 163701-1-163701-5
[2]
H. Ogi, T. Kawamoto, N. Nakamura, M. Hirao, and M. Nishiyama, Biosens. Bioelectron. 26 2007,
1273-1277 (2010).
[3]
A. Abbas, Y. Guillet, J. M. Rampnoux, P. Rigail, E. Mottay, B. Audoin, and S. Dilhaire, Opt. Express
22 2014, 7831-7843

140
THE ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF SINGLE STRAINED SI(1−X)GE(X) / SI (10% <
X < 32%) LAYER IN SUBTERAHERTZ FREQUENCY RANGE
Andrey Klokov1, Vladimir Krivobok1, Andrey Sharkov1, Vitalii Tsvetkov1, Dmitrii Lobanov2,
Victor Martovitsky1
1
P.N.Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 53,
Moscow, 119991, Russia
2
Institute for Physics of Microstructures RAS, GSP-105, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
As is known, a characteristic feature of semiconductor superlattices is the presence of phonon
stop bands, which are a direct consequence of phonon interference in a periodic structure. In
particular, for a periodic SiGe / Si structure containing tens to hundreds of periods, which can
be monolithically integrated with silicon technology, the thermal conductivity can be 1–2 orders
of magnitude less than the thermal conductivity of bulk Si and Ge. At the same time, flexible
control of the phonon transmission spectrum, including implementation of aperiodic SiGe
heterostructures, requires detailed data on the transmission and reflection of acoustic
phonons by an individual layer of small thickness, comparable with the characteristic
wavelengths (~10 nm) of subterahertz and terahertz phonons in silicon [1].
In this work, the pump-probe method was used to study the scattering of coherent acoustic
phonons in strained SiGe / Si heterostructures with uniform SiGe layers as well as layers in
which the initial stage of formation of self-organizing islands is observed. The use of structures
with two nominally identical SiGe layers forming the simplest phonon interferometer allowed
us to determine the reflection / transmission coefficients of phonons for a single strained SiGe
layer and to study its lateral (acoustic) homogeneity.
It was shown that, in the range of germanium concentrations of 10–32%, the averaged
acoustic properties of a strained SiGe layer ~10 nm thick do not depend on inhomogeneities
caused by the loss of plane crystallization front, and elastic stresses. Sound speed and
acoustic impedance of strained SiGe layers can be calculated using elastic parameters of
relaxed SiGe solid solution with the same germanium concentration within the 3% error.

Fig. 1. (A) Hypersonic responses of SiGe / Si heterostructures with double quantum wells, on the
surface of which Al film was deposited. Inset: structures schematic and germanium content in SiGe
layers. Arrows indicate the arrival of hypersound pulses reflected from the upper and lower quantum
wells, causing the phase change of Al film oscillations. (B) SEM image of Si0.68Ge0.32 layer revealing
islands formation. (С) Dependences of longitudinal wave velocity as a function of the probe position on
the sample surface with two Si0.68Ge0.32 layers. Solid circles – upper well and open circles – bottom
well.
The work was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research, grant no 19-02-00952-
a.
Keywords
Ultrasonics, SiGe, picoacoustic, pump-probe, coherent acoustic phonons
References
[1]
Martin Maldovan, Phys. Rev. Lett, 110 2013, 025902 1-5.

141
 SCATTERING OF SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVES BY COHERENT AND
INCOHERENT TWINNING SYSTEMS IN CRYSTALLINE CDZNTE
Andrey Klokov1, Vladimir Krivobok1, Andrey Sharkov1, Vitalii Tsvetkov1, Denis Aminev1
1
P.N.Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 53,
Moscow 119991, Russia
Detailed studies of extended defects in Group II-VI semiconductors and heterostructures
based on them require methods that provide information about both the imperfections of the
crystal structure and modifications in the electronic subsystem caused by these imperfections.
For the solution of the first problem, the use of non-contact optical methods that allow to
determine crystallographic orientation and to monitor its local disturbances by analyzing the
propagation pattern of surface acoustic waves (SAWs) may be promising[1]. Together with
conventional optical microscopy and spectroscopy, these methods enable combined studies
of the crystal structure, electron spectrum, and dynamic processes in the electron subsystem
with a spatial resolution of about 1 μm. A previous study of SAW propagating along low-
symmetry surfaces of CdZnTe single crystals[2] shown that the problem of determining the
local crystallographic orientation can be solved with reasonable accuracy.
The main goal of this work was to investigate the scattering of SAWs by the boundaries of
coherent and incoherent twins, and also twinning systems emerging at the crystal surfaces
using the methods of picosecond acoustics (pump-probe).
In CdZnTe single crystals with (111) and (1� 1� 5� ) surface orientations, we investigate the
influence of both coherent and incoherent twin planes on the SAW propagation pattern (Figs
1a and 1b). We confidently observe the anisotropic scattering of Rayleigh and pseudosurface
waves, accompanied by a significant attenuation of SAW passing through the boundaries. We
show that the magnitude of this attenuation depends on the direction of SAW propagation. For
directions corresponding to a high energy flux density, the formation of a reflected SAW beam
was also observed. Upon the transition from a (111) to a (1� 1� 5� ) crystal regions, the coherence
or incoherence of the twin boundary is manifested in differences in the orientation of SAW
pattern on the (1 �1
�5� ) surface (with respect to the twin boundary). The waveguide propagation
of SAW along a narrow twin fragment at the (111) crystal surface (so-called "lamellar twin")
of CdZnTe single crystal was also observed (Fig. 1c).
This work was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research, grant no 19-02-00952-
a.

Figure 1. SAW on CdZnTe surface. Twinning boundaries: I - incoherent, II - coherent.

Keywords
Ultrasonics, group II-VI semiconductors, extended defects, picoacoustic, surface acoustic waves
References
[1]
D. H. Hurley, O. B. Wright, O. Matsuda, T. Suzuki, and S. Tamura, Y. Sugawara, Rhys. Rev. B, 73
2006, 125403 1-6.
[2]
A.Yu. Klokov, V.S. Krivobok, A.I. Sharkov, V.A. Tsvetkov, D.F. Aminev, JETP Lett., 106 2017, 503-
508.

142
 OFF AXIS ACOUSTIC RADIATION FORCE ON CYLINDRICAL PARTICLE IN
PLANE TRAVELING WAVE

Haibin Wang1, Yupei Qiao1, Xiaozhou Liu1,2, Jiehui Liu1, Aijun He3, Gutian Zhang4, Chengwei
Zhang4
1
Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing
210093, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing 100190, China
3
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University 210023, China
4
Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School,
210093, China

The general main axis acoustic radiation force on a cylindrical particle has been investigated
in distinct kind wave field such as stationary wave, plane traveling wave and Gaussian wave,
etc. Prior force computations were along the direction of beam propagation neglecting side
direction force because particles are geometrical symmetrical. However off-axis radiation
force is significant which is still unexplored. In this work side direction acoustic radiation force
theory is delivered, and results of numerical calculations are presented for different direction
angles and materials. The work may be useful in acoustic tweezers when beam propagates
at an angle along the main axis.

This work was supported by National key R & D program (No. 2016YFF0203000), State Key Program
of National Natural Science of China (No.11834008), the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(No. 11774167), State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Science (No. SKLA201809)
and AQSIQ technology R&D program(No. 2017QK125).

Keywords
acoustic radiation force, cylindrical particle, plane traveling wave, sound scattering.

143
 ACOUSTIC RADIATION FORCE ON A RIGID MICROSPHERE IN A FLUID-
FILLED CYLINDRICAL CAVITY WITH A HELMHOLTZ RESONATOR END
Jingyao Shi, Xiaofeng Zhang, Guangbin Zhang
Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ultrasonics, School of Physics & Information Technology,
Shaanxi Normal University, 710119, Xi'an, China

Acoustic radiation force is a measure of interaction between the acoustic wave and particle,
which is a key in acoustic manipulation of particle. In some practical applications, the particle
is positioned in a fluid-filled cylindrical cavity. To effectively adjust the acoustic radiation force
of a microsphere in a cylindrical cavity, we study the acoustic radiation force of a rigid
microsphere in a cylindrical cavity filled with ideal fluid, while the inner surface of the cavity is
rigid and the end of the cylinder is connected with a Helmholtz resonator. The exact expression
of the acoustic radiation force is derived and the effects of the position of the particle in the
cylindrical cavity and the parameters of the Helmholtz resonator on acoustic radiation force
are analyzed.

Numerical simulation results show that the distance between the microsphere and the throat
of the Helmholtz resonator affect acoustic radiation force periodically in a sinusoidal law with
the period π . Negative force, which is the opposite direction of the wave’s travel and pulls
the particle back toward the acoustic source, is observed when the particle lies in the different
position of the cylindrical cavity. The Helmholtz resonator has more effect on the magnitude
and direction of the acoustic radiation force at its resonance frequency. The reversal of the
force's direction appears on the two sides of resonant frequency of the resonator. Adjusting
the parameters of the Helmholtz resonator, we can control the reverse location of the force on
the microsphere in the tube. The results obtained in this paper may be helpful to the
manipulation of particle in the bounded space.

Keywords
Acoustic radiation force, microsphere, cylindrical cavity, Helmholtz resonator

144
 INCREASE BANDWIDTH OF PIEZOCERAMIC TRANSDUCERS COUPLED TO
WATER AND AIR USING AN ATYPICAL GEOMETRY AND MATERIAL
DISTRIBUTION IN THE BACKING
Carlos Arturo Burbano Reyna1, Ediguer Enrique Franco 2, Flávio Buiochi1
1
University of São Paulo, Department of Mechatronic and Mechanical Systems Engineering,
São Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
2
Universidad Autónoma de Occidente Cali 760030, Colombia

The backing material distribution and geometric analysis on high frequency piezoceramics
transducers coupled to water and air was done. The tested parameters were the specific
acoustic impedance variations and the geometry (thickness extension and contact area with
active element) of backing added on the circular piezoceramic surface operating in thickness
mode around 0.5 MHz. The matrix model and FEM were used to evaluate the electric and
mechanical response. The analysis was focused in recognition the backing configuration
which let to increase the bandwidth low cost transducers response normally used in the
medical and industrial applications. In the manufacturing of water and air coupled prototypes
were used another passive elements too, like a λ/4 matching layers based in epoxy resins and
filtration membranes to improve the transmission coefficient and its behavior was measured
(electric and mechanical response) to make a comparison with theoretical and numerical
models. It was showed a significant concordance between the models and water coupled
transducer, while there was divergence in the acoustic response to air coupled transducer due
to difficulties in acquisition of emission field data. The backing configuration than maximize
the bandwidth response its related to use of λ/2 thickness plates manufactured with low
density material in the piezoceramic central surface and high density rings attached in the
farthest emitting area.

Figure 1: Backing configuration to maximize the piezoceramics transducers bandwidth response.

Keywords
Air and Water coupled piezoceramic transducer, backing distribution bandwidth effect.

145
AIRBORNE ULTRASONIC TECHNIQUE TO MEASURE PHASE VELOCITIES OF
LEAKY LAMB WAVES WITH NARROWBAND AND LOW-FREQUENCY
EXCITATION
S. Vázquez1, J. Gosálbez1, W. M. D. Wright2, C. Gallardo1, I. Bosch1,
1
Instituto de Telecomunicaciones y Aplicaciones Multimedia, Universitat Politècnica de
València, Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
2
University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland

Air-coupled ultrasonic inspection has gained great relevance last years as a non-destructive
testing (NDT) technique, since avoid the use of couplants and direct contact with specimens,
enabling a fast scanning of them. Lamb waves are usually generated and received with this
technology. They are guided waves that appear in plate-like structures and can propagate
over long distances with low attenuation. If the tested plate is surrounded by a coupling media
(water, air) they are termed leaky Lamb waves (LLW), since the energy of Lamb waves leaks
to that media. However, these waves present dispersion, which modifies the amplitude and
the shape of the propagating signals. Furthermore, as excitation frequency increases, more
Lamb modes appear, which difficult signal analysis. For these reasons, narrowband excitation
(toneburst signals) is preferred instead of broadband excitation (chirp signals), since it reduces
the dispersive effects and the number of excited modes, easing the Lamb wave interpretation.
In air-coupled ultrasonic testing, the fundamental A0 Lamb mode is prone to be excited and
detected in comparison to the fundamental S0 Lamb mode, due to its large surface motion.

Two principal types of air-coupled transducers exist, piezoelectric and capacitive, the latter
having a large bandwidth. In this work, an automatic, airborne non-contact system with a pair
of capacitive and low-frequency transducers in a pitch-catch configuration was built to
sweeping through different inclination angles (both transmitter and receiver) and excitation
frequencies in order to measure LLW of plates. From the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the
sensed signals, the experimental angles and phase velocities of the LLW were measured.
Equalization of the transmitted signals were applied and the adquired signals were post-
processed to correct the beam pattern of transducers and remove undesired effects. The
computed theoretical dispersion curves have been compared to the experimental angle and
phase velocity dispersion curves in order to identify the generated modes, showing good
agreement between them (Figure 1). With this methodology, the next step is to measure non-
homogeneous materials, as cementitious materials.

Figure 1: Frequency vs Angle: a) Experimental dispersion curve, b) Theoretical dispersion curve.

Keywords
Leaky Lamb waves, air-coupled ultrasound, dispersion curves, Snell's law, Phase velocity

146
 EXPERIMENTS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STRUCTURAL
PARAMETERS OF THE CONTRAPOSITION TRANSDUCER ARRAY AND THE
ACOUSTIC LEVITATION TRANSMISSION TRAJECTORY
Huijuan Dong1, Mingyang Sui1, Chuncheng Mao1, Guanyu Mu1, Jie Zhao1
1
State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin
150001, China, [email protected]

Standing wave acoustic levitation transmission technique has been widely used in many
research areas. In this work, two Langevin-type piezoelectric transducers’ central lines are
mounted at a certain angle which is named a contraposition transducer array. The levitator
developed in this work is constructed using the array and a reflector. Accordingly, a standing
wave acoustic field is formed to levitate and transmit particles by optimizing the angle between
central lines of the two transducers, the distance between the two transducers’ output and
their reflectors, the exciting phase differential on the two transducers. In this standing wave
acoustic field, the trapped objects can be levitated and transmitted by modulating the exciting
frequency, phase difference and amplitude of the two transducers. In this work, the locations
of the levitated particles are acquired by a high speed video camera and are clarified using
the Hough Circle algorithm. The experiments carried out by the authors have demonstrated
the effects of the levitator’s structure parameters (including the angle between central lines of
the two transducers, the distance between the two transducers’ output and the reflector) on
the transmission trajectory. The photo during the transmission process is shown in Fig.1. The
photo is given in Fig.2 when the two transducers are paralleled.

Figure 1: Photo during the transmission process

Figure 2: Photo in the condition that the two transducers are paralleled

Keywords
Contraposition transducer array, standing wave acoustic field, levitation transmission trajectory, Hough
Circle algorithm

147
 EXPERIMENTS ON THE VIBRATION OF PARTICLES LEVITATING IN A
STANDING WAVE ACOUSTIC FIELD
Huijuan Dong1, Yi Wang1, Yingzi Guan2, Guanyu Mu1, Jie Zhao1, Tianlong Li1
1
State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin,
150001, China. [email protected]
2
School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.

Standing wave acoustic levitation and transmission technique has been widely used in many
research areas. However, the vibration of particles in an acoustic field restricts their
applications. In this work, a kind of mechanism is developed by the authors, in which not only
a harmonic linear actuator but also position feedback are used to precisely adjust the distance
between the radiator and the reflector in micrometer. Effects of the distance between the
radiator and the reflector on the vibration of particles in the acoustic field is detailed. The
pictures of the vibration of the particles are taken by using a high-speed video camera and
subsequently are After Effect-programmed processed to obtain their vibration trajectory of the
particles. As a result, the effect of the distance between the radiation/ reflector surfaces on the
vibration properties is given, where the vibration properties refer to the frequency, amplitude,
position, velocity, and acceleration of the particles being vibrated within an acoustic field. By
the use of the developed device, the vibrations both in radial and longitudinal directions are
recorded. It is concluded that the vibration frequency of the particles is exponentially related
to the distance between the radiation and reflector surfaces. This distance being capable of
forming a standing wave reaches the maximum tolerance of ±1mm. Moreover, the vibration in
radius will produce a larger amplitude and a lower frequency by comparison of that in
longitudinal direction when this distance is +1mm greater than the accurate value. Finally, a
novel method to restrict the fluctuation of particles in longitudinal direction is described by the
authors.

Keywords
Standing wave acoustic field, levitation and transmission, vibration in radius, vibration in longitudinal
direction, After Effect-programmed

148
 RESONANT ULTRASOUND SPECTROSCOPY CHARACTERIZATION OF
ELASTICITY OF NI-MN-GA(COCU) ALLOYS
L. Bodnárová1, P. Sedlák1, H. Seiner1, O. Heczko2, L. Straka2, A.Sozinov3
1
Institute of Thermomechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 1402/5, 18200,
Prague, Czech Republic
2
Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 18221, Prague,
Czech Republic
3
Lappeenranta University of Technology, Material Physics Laboratory, Laitaatsillantie 3,
FI-57170 Savonlinna, Finland

Ultrasonic methods are a suitable tool for characterizing the elasticity of many types of
materials with interesting mechanical properties. Laser-based Resonant Ultrasound
Spectroscopy (RUS) [1] is a unique non-destructive contactless method which allows to obtain
the full tensor of elastic coefficients of a wide range of materials. The RUS method is based
on measurements of resonant spectra of free elastic vibrations of a small sample. Elastic
coefficients are obtained by the solution of the so-called inverse procedure. This procedure is
based on minimization of the misfit between the measured and calculated resonant
frequencies of the same vibrational mode. RUS method is stabilized by pulse-echo ultrasonic
measurement of longitudinal waves velocity in direction perpendicular to the sample faces.

This combination of RUS method and pulse-echo measurements was used to determine all
elastic coefficients of tetragonal non-modulated martensite of pure [2] and Co and Cu doped
Ni-Mn-Ga alloys. The Ni-Mn-Ga magnetic shape memory alloy with modulated structure
exhibit magnetic field induced strain (MFIS), which is crucial for many industrial applications.
Recent studies [3] proved the presence of giant MFIS also in Co- and Cu- doped alloys (the
addition of Co decreases effectively the tetragonality of the martensite and the twinning stress,
so MFIS could occur). The high sensitivity of the used ultrasonic methods even allows to
observe a significant influence on material elasticity caused by small changes in Co and Cu
dopants amount. The material still remains non-modulated and tetragonal, but the doping
decreased the elastic anisotropy and even more importantly, the orientation of soft shearing
planes changed with the doping.

Keywords
Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy, Shape Memory Alloys, Elasticity
References
[1] P. Sedlak, H. Seiner, J. Zidek, M. Janovska, M. Landa, Experimental Mechanics, 54, 2014, 1073-
1085.
[2]
P. Sedlak, H. Seiner, L. Bodnarova, O. Heczko, M. Landa, Scripta Materialia, 136, 2017, 20-23.
[3]
A. Soroka, A. Sozinov, N. Lanska, M.Rames, L. Straka, K.Ullakko, Scripta Materialia, 144, 2018, 52-
55.

149
 ACOUSTIC CHARACTERIZATION OF HIDDEN THIN (ADHESIVE) LAYERS
Sebastian Wöckel1, Hendrik Arndt1
1
Institut für Automation und Kommunikation e.V., Werner-Heisenbergstr. 1, 39106
Magdeburg (Germany), [email protected]

The non-destructive evaluation of adhesive layers is one of the most crucial information in
modern (e.g. automotive) manufacturing technology. The physical state of the thin adhesive
layer, including its thickness, material distribution, density and elasticity, determines the
stability and durability of the assembly. In aerospace and automotive industry, the inspection
with ultrasound is a common technique. Depending on the application a direct contact,
immersion or air-coupled techniques are applied. Although the first provides the highest signal-
to-noise ratio and resolution, it is limited to point-selective measurements. The second water-
coupled technique provides an automatic scanning, keeping the SNR and resolution, whereat
the construction component needs to be immersed in a waterbed. The inspection with air-
coupled ultrasound provides the highest degree of freedom – concerning the technical
realization. Its main drawbacks are the low defect sensitivity caused by the high reflection loss
at the air-solid interface and the low resolution due to the wavelength accordingly frequency
ranges (< 1 MHz). Further, varying process conditions (e.g. temperature, inhomogeneity of
the media) hinder their extensive and reliable usage.

This contribution introduces a signal-oriented method to overcome the mentioned drawbacks

of air-coupled inspections. The idea bases on the fast estimation of the sound propagation in
the multi layered media including an automated derivation of acoustic media properties (mainly
density, sound velocity, effective damping and elasticity) by using a genetic algorithm. The
modelling and the estimation technique are exemplified on simulation and empirical data of
multiple stacked solid and elastic (adhesive) layers, which are “thin” (< 1 mm) in relation to the
acoustic wavelength (> 5 mm).

The main outcome of the presented method, for any air coupled non-destructive evaluations,
is an algorithmic method, which delivers supplemental information by a complete acoustic
characterization of the medium. This enables an increase of the reliability in the non-invasive
remote monitoring and the access to new applications of material characterization.

Keywords
air coupled ultrasound, layer estimation, non-destructive evaluation, material characterization

150
 USING TIME REVERSAL ON A DIGITAL TWIN MODEL TO CLASSIFY
EXPERIMENTAL SOURCES
Jan Kober1, Michal Mracko1, Zdenek Prevorovsky1
1
Department Impact and Waves in Solids, Institute of Thermomechanics of the Czech
Academy of Sciences, Dolejskova 1402/5, 18200 Prague, Czech republic

Several years ago the concept of time reversal transfer was introduced. It has been shown
experimentally, that signals of elastic wave propagation recorded on a tested structure can be
used to reconstruct the original source on an independent reference structure by time reversal
focusing. Whereas the transfer of signals from one structure to another takes its toll in the
quality of time reversal reconstruction. Since using reference structures is not always practical
or economical, we have investigated the idea of utilizing a numerical model – a digital twin of
the structure, as our reference.

Efficient time reversal focusing requires use of relatively long forward propagation signals
containing many reflections from the structure boundary. However, if there is any difference
between the test and the reference, the resulting “fault” in wave propagation will multiply with
time rendering the time reversal transfer less efficient or even impossible. It is therefore
extremely important to carefully calibrate the reference numerical model.

The experiment was conducted on a simple strip of Al-alloy where elastic wave velocities were
measured ultrasonically. First, a transducer was attached in the longitudinal axis of the
specimen and a linear vibrometer scan was made. These data were then compared with
equivalent results from the numerical model and material parameters were adjusted
accordingly. Once the model was calibrated, second experimental setup was tested. Two
transducers were attached from either face of the specimen above each other. In this
configuration either a dominantly symmetric or antisymmetric source can be produced.
Specimen response was recorded by a limited vibrometer scan. Time reversal was performed
on the numerical model using experimental data. Resulting focusing allowed localization of
the source on the model and a reconstruction of the source function and its modality.
Presented approach could be used for localization of impacts or acoustic emission sources
and even for damage detection and sizing.

Keywords
time reversal, source reconstruction, FEM, model calibration
References
[1]
J. Kober, Z. Dvorakova, Z. Prevorovsky, J. Krofta, Time reversal transfer: Exploring the robustness
of time reversed acoustics in media with geometry perturbations, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 138, 1, 2015,
EL49-EL53
[2]
Z. Prevorovsky, J. Kober, Some factors affecting time reversal signal reconstruction, Phys. Procedia,
70, 2015, 604-608.

151
 ON THE EFFECT OF TIME DELAY INTERFERENCE IN ACOUSTIC DATA
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR ACTIVE NOISE CONTROL
Ziying Yu, Ming Wu, Jianing Zhang, Jun Yang
Key Laboratory of Noise and Vibration Research, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing, China

Challenges for active noise control (ANC) system for ships raise up when the transducers
locate on different sides of shells. For this specific scenario, the shell acts as a barrier leading
to physical isolation between transmitted and received devices. Conventional wireless
electromagnetic telecommunication signals will be blocked. The technique of penetration-free
acoustic data transmission offers a promising alternative approach. Frequency-domain data
processing method reduces calculation complexity effectively while added inevitable time
delay. Causality constraint of the broadband ANC system would be destroyed if the delay of
second path exceed that of primary path. Detailed effects of time delay interference are
considered in proposed acoustic data transmission system for active noise control. Analysis
shows the performance of residue error as well as convergence speed. Results offer promising
recommendations for further study.

Keywords
Active noise control, acoustic data transmission, wireless communication, time delay
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Fund of China under Grant 11804368 and
IACAS Young Elite Researcher Project QNYC201722.

152
 MULTIPLE SCATTERING THEORY FOR HETEROGENEOUS ELASTIC
CONTINUA WITH STRONG PROPERTY FLUCTUATION: THEORETICAL
FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS
Huijing He1
1
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156
High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA

Scattering of elastic waves in heterogeneous media has become one of the most important
problems in the field of wave propagation due to its broad applications in seismology, natural
resource exploration, ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation and biomedical ultrasound. A
widely accepted model for the coherent wave propagation, which properly incorporates the
multiple scattering phenomenon and the statistical information of the inhomogeneities is still
missing. In recent works[1,2], the author developed a multiple scattering model for
heterogeneous elastic continua with strong property fluctuation. A system of integral equation
for the Green tensor of the heterogeneous medium was developed. After eliminating the
singularity of the Green tensor and introducing the renormalized field variables, a system of
renormalized equations is reformulated. Dyson’s equation is then derived with the aid of
Feynman’s diagram technique. The dispersion equations for the coherent waves are then
obtained by applying Fourier transform to the Dyson equation. The exact solutions are
obtained. Results for weak-property-fluctuation materials are compared to the predictions
given by an improved weak-fluctuation multiple scattering theory. It is shown that the new
model is capable of giving a more robust and accurate prediction of the dispersion behavior.
Numerical results further show that the new model is still able to provide accurate results for
strong-property-fluctuation materials while the weak-fluctuation model is completely failed. To
show its applications, dispersion and attenuation curves for coherent waves in the Earth’s
lithosphere, the porous and two-phase alloys, high-temperature polycrystalline alloys and
human cortical bone are calculated. Detailed analysis shows the model can capture the major
scattering characteristics, such as the coherent wave Q-factors, existence of two propagation
modes, anomalous negative dispersion, nonlinear attenuation-frequency relation, and the
disappearance of coherent waves. Additionally, it helps gain new insights into a series of
longstanding problems, such as the dominant mechanism of seismic attenuation and the
existence of the Mohorovičić discontinuity. This work provides a general and accurate
theoretical framework for quantitative characterization of microstructures in a broad spectrum
of heterogeneous materials and it is anticipated to have vital applications in related aeras.

Keywords
Multiple scattering, strong property fluctuation, dispersion, polycrystals characterization, seismic
attenuation, Mohorovičić discontinuity, bone characterization
References
[1]
H.J. He, Multiple scattering theory for heterogeneous elastic continua with strong property fluctuation:
theoretical fundamentals and applications, arXiv:1706.09137 [physics.geo-ph], 2017, pp. 1-70.
[2]
H.J. He, Multiple scattering theory for polycrystalline materials with strong grain anisotropy:
theoretical fundamentals and applications, arXiv:1710.03828 [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], 2017, pp. 1-37.

153
 ON THE WEAKNESS OF A MULTIPLE SCATTERING THEORY FOR WEAK
SCATTERING ULTRASOUND
Huijing He1, Christopher Kube2
1
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz
1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
2
Department of Engineering Sciences and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University
212 Earth and Engineering Sciences, University Park, PA 16802, USA

We report an in-depth look into commonly applied theories describing the propagation of
ultrasound in polycrystalline materials[1-4]. The analysis indicates that integrals involving
multiple spatial derivatives on the tensor of the Green’s function were inappropriately defined
as a result of neglecting its singularity. The subsequent impact is demonstrated via an
instability in the dispersion relations for two-phase polycrystals having locally isotropic
constituents. Evaluation of the dispersion relation reveals non-physical values of negative
attenuation in certain cases. Correcting these terms accounts for strong property fluctuations
and provides quantitative error estimates for the velocity dispersion and attenuation constants.

Keywords
Ultrasonic Scattering, Dyson Equation, Lippmann-Schwinger Equation, Green's Functions, Dispersion,
Attenuation
References
[1]
R. L. Waver, Diffusivity of ultrasound in polycrystals, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, vol. 38, 1990, 55-86.
[2]
J. A. Turner and P. Anugonda, Scattering of elastic waves in heterogeneous media with local isotropy,
J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 109, 2001, 1787-1795.
[3]
M. Calvet and L. Margerin, Velocity and attenuation of scalar and elastic waves in random media: A
spectral function approach, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 131, 2012, 1843-1862.
[4]
F. E. Stanke and G. S. Kino, A unified theory for elastic wave propagation in polycrystalline materials,
J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 75, 1984, 665-681.

154
 A SCALAR RADIATIVE TRANSFER MODEL INCLUDING THE COUPLING
BETWEEN SURFACE AND BODY WAVES
Ludovic Margerin1, Andres Bajaras2, Michel Campillo2
1
Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Paul Sabatier University and
CNRS, Toulouse, France
2
Institut des Sciences de la Terre, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France

To describe the energy transport of seismic coda waves, we introduce a system of radiative
transfer equations for coupled surface and body waves in a scalar approximation. Our model
is based on the Helmholtz equation in a half-space geometry with mixed boundary conditions.
In this model Green’s function can be represented as a sum of body and surface waves, which
mimics the situation on Earth. In a first step, we study the single-scattering problem for point-
like objects in the Born approximation. Using the assumption that the phase of body waves is
randomized by surface reflection or by interactions with the scatterers, we show that it
becomes possible to define, in the usual manner, the cross-sections for surface-to-body and
body-to-surface scattering. Adopting the independent scattering approximation, we then
define the scattering mean free paths of body and surface waves including the coupling
between the two types of waves. Using a phenomenological approach, we derive a set of
coupled transport equations satisfied by the specific energy density of surface and body waves
in a medium containing a homogeneous distribution of point scatterers. In our model, the
scattering mean free path of body waves is depth dependent as a consequence of the body-
to-surface coupling. We demonstrate that an equipartition between surface and body waves
is established at long lapse-time, with a ratio which is predicted by usual mode counting
arguments. We derive a diffusion approximation from the set of transport equations and show
that the diffusivity is both anisotropic and depth dependent. The physical origin of the two
properties is discussed. Finally, we present Monte-Carlo solutions of the transport equations
which illustrate the convergence towards equipartition at long lapse-time as well as the
importance of the coupling between surface and body waves in the generation of seismic coda
waves.

Keywords
Multiple Scattering, Radiative Transfer, Seismology, Seismic Coda, Surface Waves

155
 WAVE PROPAGATION IN LAMINATED STRUCTURES WITH IMPERFECT
CONTACT BETWEEN SUBLAYERS: SPRING BOUNDARY CONDITIONS AND
EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION
Mikhail Golub, Olga Doroshenko, Artem Eremin, Alisa Shpak
Institute for Mathematics, Mechanics and Informatics, Kuban State University,
Stavropolskaya Street 149, 350040 Krasnodar, Russian Federation

Ultrasonic elastic waves are widely employed for the detection of localized defects in laminate
composite structures relying on scattering phenomena, which can be interpreted and applied
for damage characterization. The identification of partially debonded interfaces or zones of
imperfect contact between composite sublayers, which arise during the structural life-cycle
and are among the macroscopic damage precursors, is a challenging problem. However, while
such defective zones usually occur in the form of a stochastic distribution of micro-damages,
they could influence on global wave propagation characteristics in the composite structure.
This effect might be used in order to detect zones of the imperfect contact. To address these
research questions, we investigate both theoretically and experimentally the impact of
imperfect interlaminar contact on dispersion and amplitude properties of elastic guided waves
propagating in a laminated composite structure. One of the efficient ways of modeling
damaged interfaces is a distributed spring model [1], which allows describing the changes in
the adhesive contact between various components of composites. For the implementation of
such a model, corresponding spring stiffnesses are to be justified. The latter is achieved
employing an approach which relates spring parameters to the characteristics of wave
scattering by periodic and stochastic distributions of cracks located at the interface between
two dissimilar materials. In the case of the stochastic distribution, the ensemble average
technique is applied as provided in [2]. For circular and rectangular cracks, analytic frequency
dependent expressions for stiffnesses in spring boundary conditions are obtained in terms of
the elastic properties of contacting materials and properties of the damage. To verify the
approach experimentally, four layered specimens were manufactured. Each specimen is
made of two aluminum plates and two-sided epoxy tape. Adhesion at the internal interfaces
was weakened in a different manner using metallic brush, emery or utility knife to provide
various severity of damage at an interface. The frequency-wavenumber analysis was applied
to the out-of-plane velocities measured by laser Doppler vibrometry for all specimens.
Thereafter dispersion properties of pristine and damaged plates were determined. The
simulations based on the spring model predict the same changes in dispersion properties as
estimated from the experimental data.
The work is supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
(Project №9.1022.2017/4.6).

Keywords
damaged interface, distributed spring, imperfect contact, crack distributions, elastic waves
References
[1]
J. M. Baik, R. B. Thompson, Ultrasonic scattering from imperfect interfaces: a quasi-static model,
J. Nondestruct. Eval. 4 1984, 177–196.
[2]
M. V. Golub, O. V. Doroshenko, A. Boström, Effective spring boundary conditions for a damaged
interface between dissimilar media in three-dimensional case, Int. J. Sol. Struct. 81 2016, 141-150.

156
 A BOTTOM-UP APPROACH TO MODELING WAVE PROPAGATION AND
SCATTERING IN POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS
Anubhav Roy1 , Christopher M. Kube1
1
Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University,
212 Earth and Engineering Science Building, University Park, PA, USA

Traditional models of wave propagation and scattering in polycrystalline materials are based
on a fundamental assumption of many grains or crystallites (usually stated as infinite) to
support statistical models. This approach carries significant limitations as many areas of
materials science, which involve polycrystals, require consideration of a finite number of
constituents (grains). For example, a bottom-up approach to materials design requires
assembly of a finite number of discrete constituent building blocks guided by an objective
function, which is usually a desired property at a larger length-scale. The present work
considers redeveloping wave propagation and scattering models to align with microstructure-
sensitive material design [1].

This presentation will focus on the development of a bottom-up approach to modeling wave
propagation and scattering in polycrystalline materials that have a finite number of grains. The
model is based on discretizing microstructural functions into spherical harmonics, which allows
for consideration of a finite number of constituents such as crystallite orientations. The
approach permits highly efficient evaluation of individual microstructure realizations, in
contrast with models based on an infinite number of grains that can only predict ensemble or
averaged responses. Several results will be highlighted. Firstly, an error assessment of
applying a model based on an infinite number of grains to a polycrystal containing a finite
number of grains is given. Next, we consider the scattering behavior during a material design
process in which grains are aggregated one after another toward a desired value of Young's
modulus for an anisotropic polycrystal. This example establishes a linkage between a
measurable ultrasonic parameter and the objective variable within a material design setting.
The developed model is expected to strongly support further development of computational
models of scattering in synthetic microstructures, which have a finite number of grains out of
necessity.

Keywords
Ultrasonic Scattering, Ultrasonic Attenuation, Synthetic Microstructures, Microstructure-sensitive
Design
References
[1]
B. L. Adams, S. R. Kalidindi, D. T. Fullwood, Microstructure-Sensitive Design for Performance
Optimization, (Elsevier, Waltham, MA 2013).

157
 PARAMETERS THAT INFLUENCE THE QUALITY OF HOLOGRAPHIC
ULTRASOUND FIELDS
Korbinian Pöppel1, Kai Melde1, Zhichao Ma1, Peer Fischer1,2
1
Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
2
Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart,
Germany

Active acoustic holography and acoustic holographic tweezers require precisely shaped
ultrasound fields in order to manipulate particles. Acoustic holograms can be used to generate
complex ultrasound fields.[1] Here, a hologram imparts a spatial phase distribution onto an
acoustic field. The interference of the wave front gives rise to the target field distribution at
some distance after the hologram. In holography the phase map is obtained via an iterative
computational scheme. It is important to understand the parameters that influence the quality
of the generated ultrasound field. How does the quality of the generated field depend on the
number of encoding phase elements (pixels)? Using computer simulations, we systematically
vary the size of the hologram, the wavelength of the ultrasound, the distance between the
hologram (kinoform) and the target image including its size and line width. Simplified analytic
approximations are presented together with results from computer simulations, in order to
obtain qualitative relations between the parameters as well as an error measure, which can
aid the development of acoustic holograms. Both amplitude as well as phase holograms are
examined. Finally, the complexity of encoding a 3D target field in a 2D ultrasound hologram is
discussed.

Keywords
Ultrasonics, Holography, Computation
References
[1]
K. Melde, A. G. Mark, T. Qiu, P.Fischer, Holograms for acoustics, Nature volume 537, pages 518–
522

158
 MAGNETIC FIELD DETECTION ON HIGH Q-MICROSPHERES ON A
FERROMAGNETIC SUBSTRATE.

M.F. Colombano1,3, D. Navarro-Urrios4, S. Valenzuela1,2, C.M. Sotomayor-Torres1,2, and M.

V. Costache1
1 Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
2 Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
3 Depto. Física, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
4 MIND-IN2UB, Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica i Biomèdica, Facultat de Física,
Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
The measurement of low magnetic fields over a broad-band frequency range with high
sensitivity is critical in many areas, namely, geology, defense and biology (1). The magnetic-
field dependence of multiple physical phenomena like quantum interference in
superconductors, the Hall effect (2), the electron spin resonance(3) or magnetostriction (4).
However, the complexity of these systems is too high in terms of cryogenic cooling requisite
and operational bandwidth. In the last decade, magnetometry based on optomechanical
systems has emerged. Optomechanical cavities support low–volume resonant optical modes
(Fig1.a) that are coupled to the mechanical degrees of freedom of the device through the
optomechanical interaction (Fig1.b). This strong light-matter interaction, and the interaction of
these degrees of freedom with a magnetic field,
makes optomechanical devices efficient
magnetometers in terms of small size, high
sensitivity, large dynamic range and room
temperature operation(4).
We present here an optomechanical
magnetometer in which the magnetic field is
enhanced by a magnon on a ferromagnetic
material. The optomechanical sensor is a silica
microsphere deposited over an yttrium iron garnet
(YIG), the latter being magnetostrictive (Fig1.c)
and ferro-magnetic even at room temperature.
The reported sensitivity of the sensor is on the pT
Hz-1/2 range with a GHz operational bandwidth.
The high performance of the magnetometer is due
to the combination of two mechanisms, the
confinement of light to small modal volumes and
the presence of magnons in ferromagnetic
materials.

Figure 3 a) Optical whispering gallery modes spectrum measured on the optomechanical cavity. b)
Mechanical spectrum of the sphere with no magnetic excitation applied. Only thermally driven
modulation of light is observed corresponding to radial breathing modes of the sphere. c) Amplitude of
the reflection coefficient on the YIG film showing how the magnon can be tuned with an applied
magnetic field.
Keywords
Optomechanics, Magnetometry, magnons

References
1-Edelstein, A. Advances in magnetometry. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 19, (2007).
2-Chang, A. M. et al. Scanning Hall probe microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 61, 19741976 (1992).
3-Taylor, J. M. et al. High-sensitivity diamond magnetometer with nanoscale resolution. Nat. Phys. 4,
810816 (2008).
4-Forstner, S. et al. Cavity optomechanical magnetometer. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 25 (2012)

159
AOTF-BASED HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING SYSTEM FOR UNMANNED AERIAL
VEHICLES
Vitold Pozhar1, Alexander Machikhin1, Maxim Gaponov1, Vladislav Batshev1, Sergey
Shirokov1, Mikhail Mazur2
1
Department of acousto-optical information systems,
Scientific and Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation, Russian Academy of
Sciences, 117342 Butlerova str., 15, Moscow, Russia
2
Research Institute of Physical, Technical and Radioengineering Measurements (VNIIFTRI),
141570 Mendeleyevo, Moscow region, Russia

An original imaging system for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) is developed. Its key unit is a
compact monochromator[1] based on acousto-optical tunable filter (AOTF). The system
provides two different modes of remote sensing: 1) hyperspectral imaging and 2) random-
spectral-access (RSA) spectral imaging.

First mode is ensured with an original aberration-corrected technical implementation of the

system spectral element, which contains a pair of tandem-located AOTFs with a single
intermediate polarizer. For minimization of optical aberrations and for maximization of optical
throughput, a detailed simulation of the system were accomplished with use of Zemax
ray-tracing software combined with an original technique for AOTF systems modelling[2,3].

The second operation mode uses an original fragmentary-spectral-registration (FSR)[4]

monitoring procedure for spectral contrast selection of the target elements of the scene. This
mode provides on-board real-time target analysis that gives opportunity for prompt decision
making in respect to the subsequent mission. The behavior of the system located at the UAV-
platform has adaptive character[5] as the decision accounts for the incoming information being
processed.

Some aspects of system calibration[6] is considered. Results of the system testing are
presented. The basic applications areas are listed, including agriculture, water basins,
environment and security.

Acknowledgement
The work has been supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, grant 16-29-11802 ofi_m.
Keywords
Acousto-optical imaging spectrometer, UAV hyperspectral imager, AOTF system simulation,
remote sensing, adaptive control methods.
References
[1] V.E. Pozhar, A.S. Machikhin, M.M. Mazur, A.E. Sheryshev, M.I. Gaponov, S.V. Shirokov. // Light and

Engineering, No.4, 47-50 (2018).

[2] V.I. Batshev, A.S. Machikhin, V.E. Pozhar. // Technical Physics Letters. 43(2), 216-219 (2017).

[3] A. Machikhin, V. Batshev, V. Pozhar. // J. Optical Society America, A 34, 1109-1113 (2017).

[4] A.V. Fadeyev, V.E. Pozhar, V.I. Pustovoit. // Proc. SPIE,

8890,http://spie.org/x648.xml?product_id=2018779&origin_id=x648 pp.88900H (2013).
[5] M. Gaponov, A. Machikhin, V. Pozhar, A. Shurygin. // Proc. SPIE, 10466, pp.104661V (2017)

[6] A.S. Machikhin, A.V. Shurygin, V.E. Pozhar. // Instruments and Experimental Techniques, 59(5),

692-697 (2016).

160
 QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF STEREOSCOPIC SPECTRAL IMAGES OBTAINED
BY MEANS OF ACOUSTO-OPTIC DIFFRACTION IN A SINGLE TEO2 CRYSTAL
Alexander Machikhin, Vladislav Batshev, Vitold Pozhar
Laboratory of acousto-optic spectroscopy, Scientific and Technological Center of Unique
Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117342 Moscow, Russia

Spectral imaging enables contrast visualization of physical and chemical objects properties in
those wavelength ranges where background effect is minimal. For this purpose, light is
selected in the absorption, emission or fluorescence bands of the inspected object. There are
many machine vision, remote sensing and other applications in which conventional two-
dimensional (2D) spectral imaging is not enough, so studying the spectral properties
distribution over the non-flat (3D) object surface is necessary[1]. 3D spectral imagers provide
much more information about the location and shape of the object structural elements[2].
Acousto-optic (AO) filtration of stereoscopic light beams is a promising approach to 3D
spectral imaging. Sensitivity of AO interaction to propagation direction and polarization of
optical and acoustic waves provides multiple options for simultaneous filtration of stereoscopic
non-collimated beams[3]. A promising implementation of this approach is a wide-aperture
diffraction of two cross-polarized beams on a single acoustic wave[3,4]. In this case, the
propagation directions of incident beams are uniquely determined by the propagation direction
of acoustic wave (crystal cut angle).
For accurate 3D shape reconstruction in narrow spectral bands, AO filter must provide
acceptable quality of stereoscopic images within the whole tuning range. The image quality is
degraded due to spatial and chromatic aberrations caused by AO diffraction. They
demonstrate significant dependence on the cut angle of the wide-aperture AO filter[5].
Therefore, it makes sense to analyze them for choosing the best crystal configuration of 3D
spectral imager.
In this research, we study the stereoscopic image quality provided by dual-channel wide-
aperture AO filters made of tellurium dioxide (TeO2) crystal. We calculate the dependence of
monochromatic (spherical, coma, astigmatism, field curvature and distortion) and chromatic
(drift and shift) aberrations in both channels on the cut angle of the crystal. Additionally, we
discuss two optical schemes of AO stereoscopic imagers based on collimating and confocal
optics, and compare them in terms of the image quality.
Acknowledgement
The work has been supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project 19-19-00606.
Keywords
Acousto-optic interaction, optical spectral filtration, three-dimensional imaging, dual-channel acousto-
optical tunable filter.
References
[1] A.S. Malik, T.S. Choi, H. Nisar. Depth Map and 3D Imaging Applications: Algorithms and

Technologies, IGI Global (2011).

[2] M.H. Kim, T.A. Harvey, D.S. Kittle, H. Rushmeier, J. Dorsey, R.O. Prum, D.J. Brady, ACM Trans. on

Graphics, 31(4), № 38 (2012).

[3] A.S. Machikhin, V.I. Batshev, V.E. Pozhar, A.A. Naumov, A.V. Gorevoy, Opt. Let., 43(5), 1087-1090

(2018).
[4] A.S. Machikhin, V.E. Pozhar. // Tech. Phys. Let., 40(9), 823–826 (2014).

[5] A.S. Machikhin, V.I. Batshev, V.E. Pozhar, JOSA A, 34(7), 1109-1113 (2017).

161
 THE USE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC AND SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVES
RESONATORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RECONFIGURABLE FILTERS
Ivan Veremeev, Sergei Doberstein
JSC « Omsk Scientific-Research Institute of Instrument Engineering», Omsk, Russia

Reconfigurable SAW filters used in the front-end of modern multiband communication systems
are one of the perspective directions of microelectronics. Research of hybrid (SAW+lumped
elements) reconfigurable ladder-type filters is of the greatest interest among the known
approaches to development of reconfigurable SAW filters. But known prototypes [1, 2] show
limited reconfiguration possibilities and it’s performances are still not enough for commercial
use.

In proposed concept of the hybrid reconfigurable ladder-type filters [3], tuning of center
frequency and bandwidth is reached by adjusting the LC-resonator in one of the arms of the
filter, and SAW resonator in the other arms remains fixed. Such a reconfigurable filter has the
ability to tune the center frequency and bandwidth of the filter independently and also has the
ability to transform passband into stopband. This enables to realize of multiband
reconfigurable filters with property to switch one or some of necessary frequency channel with
adjustment of center frequency and bandwidth. For reconfigurable hybrid filter development is
used of specialized software based on P-matrix model.

The calculated and experimental results of different designs of the reconfigurable hybrid filter
are presented. The 260-329 MHz experimental samples of reconfigurable dual-channel filter
with tuning center frequency of 24%, tuning bandwidth of 90% shows the insertion loss of 2
dB, stopband rejection of 15-20 dB.

Keywords
SAW, hybrid filter, reconfiguration, tuning, multiband
References
[1]
N. Fenzi et. al., Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2010, pp. 864-867
[2]
D. Psychogiou et. al, IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 63, NO 7, 2015, pp.
2233-2244
[3]
I.V. Veremeev, Patent RF, NO 2628426, 2018

162
ACOUSTIC POWER MEASUREMENT OF FOCUSING TRANSDUCER BASED ON
A PVDF PYROELECTRIC SENSOR
Liming Shi1, Yonggang Cao1, Yuebing Wang1, Huifeng Zheng1
1
College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou,
310018 China

The previous studies have shown that PVDF pyroelectric sensor is a sensitive and low-cost
detector for measuring of the output power, which is at milliwatt level[1,2]. Due to the poor
thermal stability of both PVDF membrane and polyurethane rubber backer, the novel
pyroelectric sensor has not been used for acoustic power measurement of a high intensity
ultrasound transducer. In this study, a focused ultrasound transducer was used as an acoustic
source with maximum acoustic power output about 25 W. A large-size PVDF pyroelectric
sensor was fabricated for high power measuring. Besides that, a radiation force balance was
also used as a standard instrument. To protect the sensor from the high intensity ultrasound
wave, the acoustic power measurement was carried out at low-intensity areas which are
outside of the focal area of the transducer. The obtained results were compared with the ones
obtained by radiation force balance. It was found that there were some small difference
between two kind results. To analyze the deviations, a physical model and a finite-element
analysis method were introduced to analyze the influence factors of the measurement method
by using PVDF pyroelectric sensor. Finally, some suggestions were proposed for
accurate measurement of the acoustic power. According to this work, the applicability of the
PVDF pyroelectric sensor for acoustic power measurement of high intensity focusing
transducer is certificated.

Keywords
Acoustic power, PVDF pyroelectric sensor, Focusing transducer, High intensity
References
[1]
Zeqiri B; Žauhar G, Rajagopal S, Pounder A, Metrologia, 49 2012, 368-381.
[2]
Zeqiri B , Barrie J, Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 34 2008, 1513-1527.

163
 COMPARISON OF NEEDLE, MEMBRANE AND FIBER-OPTIC HYDROPHONES
FOR QUANTIFYING HIFU PULSES
Guangzhen Xing1, Feiming Qian2, Ping Yang1, Longibao He1
1
Division of Mechanics and Acoustics, National Institute of Metrology
2
Institute of ultra-precision Optoelectronic Instrument Engineering, Harbin Institute of
Technology

High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a non-invasive therapy to treat certain cancers by
thermal ablation of tissues. Accurate determination of field parameters has vital importance
for patient's safety. Ultrasound hydrophones, as recommended by IEC standards, are the
most frequently used devices to characterize HIFU fields. Nevertheless, the non-ideal
frequency response of hydrophones could result in substantial distortion of nonlinear or
broadband pressure pulses. In this paper, the comparative evaluation of three kinds of
hydrophones, namely, needle, membrane and fiber-optic hydrophones is conducted for
quantifying HIFU pulses. The regulatory standards which simply require the user to use the
sensitivity at the acoustic working frequency could result in large uncertainties, especially for
the highly nonlinear field characterization. In order to minimize the differences of these
hydrophones, the deconvolution process that utilises the complex frequency response is
conducted to recover the ultrasonic pulse. Currently, most hydrophone calibration techniques
are based on magnitude, and only the magnitude sensitivity is delivered by metrology
institutes. The phase response of hydrophone, part of the "complex" response, will be
determined from its amplitude by a fitting procedure using the minimum-phase assumption.
The comparison results of the hydriphones provide a basis for how to quantify HIFU fields
reliably.

Keywords
Ultrasonic pulses, Phase calibration, Deconvolution, HIFU

164
 ACOUSTIC NONLINEARITY PARAMETER B/A DETERMINED FOR IONIC
LIQUIDS AS FUNCTION OF PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE BY MEANS OF
THERMODYNAMIC METHOD
Edward Zorebski, Michal Zorębski, Marzena Dzida
University of Silesia, Institue of Chemistry, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
The second-order nonlinearity parameter B/A is a basic measure of acoustic nonlinearity properties of
materials and B/A can be treated as a complementary parameter in the general characterization of the
liquids. To date, the B/A values were reported for one ionic liquid only,[1] although ionic liquids (ILs)
are very interesting and promising substances both for academia and industry. They are substances
usually composed of a large organic cation with a low degree of symmetry, and an organic or inorganic
anion, that have much lower melting points (below 373 K) in relation to the conventional molten salts.
For determination of the acoustic nonlinearity parameter B/A various methods have been proposed.
One of them is so-called classical thermodynamic method proposed by Beyer.[2] In principle, the
method is based on the speed of sound measurements as function of pressure and temperature.
However, the quality of the speed of sound data is crucial to obtain reliable values of B/A.[3]

In this work, the effect of temperature, pressure and structure of ILs on B/A is studied. To investigate
the effect of the cation structure, the B/A values for ILs composed of the bis(trifluoro-
methylsulfonyl)imide anion and various di- and trisubstituted imidazolium cations as well as pyrro-
lidinium cations are studied. On the other hand, the effect of the anion is examined by comparing results
for ILs composed of the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation and anions such as: bis
(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, ethyl sulfate and methanesulfonate. In total, the B/A values for 11 ILs
were determined and analyzed in the temperatures from 293.15 K to 323.15 K and pressures up to 100
MPa. To obtain the B/A values, the same calculation procedure was used as in the case of previously
studied 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide.[1] All obtained B/A values are
based on the speed of sound data taken from our previous reports.[4-6]

For all ILs studied, the B/A values decreases nonlinearly as the pressure increases, i.e., B/A is more
sensitive to pressure at lower pressures. Simultaneously, the B/A values are practically independent on
the temperature in the studied range. In the case of bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imides, the B/A values
are higher for ILs with pyrrolidinium cations than those for ILs with imidazolium cations. Structure
effects, however, are not fully clear and therefore, the number and variety of ILs studied must be
extended. In principle, no significant differences are observed between the tested ILs and molecular
organic liquids in relation to the nonlinearity parameter B/A. Thus, in the aspect of nonlinear properties
related to the propagation of the ultrasonic waves, the behavior of the tested ILs does not differ from
behavior of molecular liquids. However, a limited number of ILs does not allow generalization. Due to
the fact that ILs are materials which interest is still growing, it seems highly desirable to study B/A for
other types of ILs.

Keywords
Nonlinearity parameter, speed of sound, high pressure, ionic liquids

References
[1] E. Zorębski, M. Zorębski, M. Dzida, Arch.Acoust, 41 2016, 59-66.
[2] E. Beyer, J.Acoust.Soc.Am., 32 1960, 719-721.
[3] E. Zorębski, M. Zorębski, Ultrasonics, 54 2014, 368-374.
[4] J. Skowronek, M. Dzida, E. Zorębski, et al., J.Chem.Eng.Data, 61 2016, 3794-3805.
[5] M. Musiał, K. Malarz, A. Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz, et al., ACS Sustainable Chem.Eng, 5 2017, 11024-
11033.
[6] M. Musiał, M. Kuczak, A. Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz, et al., ACS Sustainable Chem.Eng, 6 2018, 7960-
7968.

165
 A STUDY ON GUIDED WAVE PROPAGATION ANALYSIS IN A BEND PIPE
Junpil Park1, Jaesun Lee2, Yonghee Lee1, Seong-Gyun Jeong1, Younho Cho3*
1
Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241,
Republic of Korea
2
School of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140,
Republic of Korea
3
School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of
Korea

Guided wave is effective for inspecting long-range pipe and inaccessible areas. Large
structures, such as long-distance piping, include bending tubes, and it is difficult to establish
the reliability of the test in accordance with the application environment and the test scope.

Figure 1: Propagation of guided wave in a band pipe

As shown in the figure 1, when a guided wave propagates in the circumferential direction like
in a bend pipe, the existing torsional wave is converted into a circumferential wave from the
bend pipe, and then, the torsional mode occurs again after the bed pipe. Previous researchers
have studied only the propagation of cylindrical and circumferential waves [1-3], and did not
consider the displacement component of the mode change in the band pipe. In this paper, we
defined the factors affecting the wave propagation in a bend pipe welded to a cylindrical pipe.
Experimentally, the mode conversion phenomenon that occurred in the bend pipe was
confirmed, and this technique can have an important role in quantitative signal analysis of
buried pipes and the inspection of inaccessible pipes.

Keywords
Ultrasonics, Guided wave, bend pipe, Long Range inspection
References
[1]
J. Qu, Y. Berthelot, Z. Li, Dispersion of Guided Circumfential Waves In A Circular Annulus, Review
of Progress in QNDE, Vol. 15, 1996.
[2]
G. Liu, J. Qum, Guided Circumferential Waves in a Circular Annulus, Journal of Applied Mechanics,
Vol. 65(2) 1988.
[3]
J. N. Sharma, D. Kaur, Modelling of circumferential waves in cylindrical thermoelastic plates with
voids, Applied Mathematical Modelling, Vol 34, 2010, pp. 254-265.

166
 Wednesday, September 4th, 2019 (11:00 am)

ERA (1/4) - Reservoir Acoustics and Borehole Acoustic Logging

Location: VIVES room C201

ERA (1/4): Reservoir Acoustics and Borehole Acoustic Logging
Chair: Xiuming Wang and Hengshan Hu

11:00 - 11:30 Fast simulation of waves from a distant reflector outside a fluid-filled borehole Hengshan Hu, Jiaqi Xu
11:30 - 11:45 Borehole azimuthal reflected P-wave imaging Jianlin Ben, Wenxiao Qiao, Xiaohua Che,
and its application to fracture detection Xiaodong Ju, Junqiang Lu, Baiyong Men
11:45 - 12:00 Acoustic ultra-remote detection logging technology Jingli Dong, Jinyan Zhang, Xiaokai Xu,
and its application in heterogeneous reservoirs of China Yong Zhai, Yongsheng Chao, Xiao He
12:00 - 12:15 Case Studies of New-generation Ultrasonic Logging in China Offshore Aihua Tao, Zhifeng Sun, Yong Zhang,
Wenliang Wang, Linbo Chen, Minghui Wang
12:15 - 12:30 Research of Evaluation Method about Cement Bonding Quality
of the Second Interface Zhifeng Sun, Xiaoming Tang, Aihua Tao, Xien Liu

167
 FAST SIMULATION OF WAVES FROM A DISTANT REFLECTOR OUTSIDE A
FLUID-FILLED BOREHOLE
Hengshan Hu1, Jiaqi Xu1
1
Department of Mechanics and Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, PO Box 344, 92
West Dazhi St., Harbin, China

In recent year, acoustic reflection logging has been put forward to meet the ever increasing
demand for acoustic detection of distant reflectors tens of meters away from a borehole. It is
Simulation is required of the acoustic waves reflected from target structures when an acoustic
transducer radiates acoustic wave in a borehole. It takes too much time to perform a FDTD
computation when both the borehole and the distant reflector are taken into account. This
study aims at simulating the wave-field in reflection logging environment by an approximate
yet accurate enough analytical approach consisting of the following three steps.

First, the acoustic field around the borehole radiated by either a monopole or a dipole in the
borehole is formulated and asymptotically expressed by steepest decent integrals. The
radiated waves are essentially spherical P-, SV-, and SH- waves incident on the interface. The
influence of branch-points in the neighborhood of the saddle point is considered in the
calculation of steepest descent integral.

Secondly, each type of these reflection waves is seen as radiating from an image source in a
homogeneous formation with parameters of the formation near the borehole, with an amplitude
depending on the incident angle and medium parameters on both sides of the interface.

Finally the waves to be recorded by the receivers in the borehole are obtained by using
reciprocity relations [1]. A reciprocity relation is set up between each of the waves generated
by an image source and the reciprocal quantity generated by a reciprocal source in the
borehole fluid.

The computation time does not increase with the distance between the borehole and the
reflector. Comparisons with FDTD show good agreement. Special attention is paid to the
eccentricity of either the source or the receiver in the borehole.

Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11734017) .
Keywords
Acoustic Logging, Reciprocity, Reflection, Steepest Descent, Eccentricity.
References
[1]
Z. Wang, H.Hu, Y.Yang. Reciprocity relations for the elastodynamic fields generated by multipole
sources in a fluid–solid configuration. Geophys.J.Int., 203(2), 2015, 883-892.

168
 BOREHOLE AZIMUTHAL REFLECTED P-WAVE IMAGING AND ITS
APPLICATION TO FRACTURE DETECTION

Jianlin Ben1,2, Wenxiao Qiao1,2, Xiaohua Che1,2, Xiaodong Ju1,2, Junqiang Lu1,2, Baiyong
Men1,2
1
State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of
Petroleum-Beijing, 102249 Beijing, China
2
Key Laboratory of Earth Prospecting and Information Technology, 102249 Beijing, China

Acoustic reflection imaging logging usually measures geologic bodies with abnormal acoustic
impedances, increasing the investigation range from one meter to dozens of meters, and leads
a visual display of fractures in reservoirs [1]. The newly developed azimuthal acoustic reflection
imaging logging tool uses several phased-arc array receiver stations to record the reflected P-
wave in multiple directions independently [2]. Consequently, the azimuths of fractures can be
revealed by the eight-direction reflected P-wave imaging around a borehole.

The tool has operated a downhole measurement in eastern China. After wave separation and
migration, four reflection images are obtained as shown in Figure 1. The up-going wave image
is located right side, and down-going wave image is located another side. The dip, azimuth
and length of the fracture are further calculated.

Figure 1: Reflection images with defined angles of N180°, N225°, N270° and N315°. The red dotted
lines mark the location and extension of fracture. Then, the fracture azimuth (180°) is revealed by image
color value curve plotted in a polar coordinate.

Keywords
Reflection, azimuth, acoustic logging
References
[1]
B. E. Hornby, Imaging of near-borehole structure using full-waveform sonic data, Geophysics, 54 1989,
747-757.
[2]
X. H. Che, W. X. Qiao, X. D. Ju, et al, An experimental study on azimuthal reception characteristics
of acoustic well logging transducers based on phased arc arrays, Geophysics, 79 2014, 197-204.

169
 ACOUSTIC ULTRA-REMOTE DETECTION LOGGING TECHNOLOGY AND ITS
APPLICATION IN HETEROGENEOUS RESERVOIRS OF CHINA
Jingli Dong1, Jinyan Zhang1, Xiaokai Xu1, Yong Zhai1, Yongsheng Chao1, Xiao He2
1
Well Logging Company of Shengli Petroleum Engineering Co., Sinopec, No.418 North 2th
Road, 257096 Dongying, Shandong, China
2
Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 21 North 4th Ring Road West,
Haidian District, 100190 Beijing, China
Effectiveness evaluation and detection for heterogeneous reservoirs, especially for fracture-
cavity reservoirs, is an important problem to solve at present. The combination of electrical
imaging logging, dipole acoustic logging, and azimuthal lateral resistivity logging is the main
evaluation method currently.
However, the radial detection distance of sonic logs is limited in tens of centimeters, and
cannot detect fractures and caves far from the borehole. Acoustic ultra-remote detection
logging provides a new means for the detection of anomalous bodies, and it realizes the leap
from ‘vision in borehole’ to ‘vision around borehole’. The newly-developed acoustic remote
detection instrument can be applied for the imaging of anomalous bodies that may exist within
80 meters outside the wellbore using dipole reflected shear wave, while orthogonal dipole
acoustic logging data can also be used to detect anomalous bodies within 20 meters outside
the wellbore.

Figure 1: Cave survey using dipole shear wave ultra-Remote detection logging in west of China

In order to solve the problems of low SNR (i.e., weak reflection shear wave signal versus
Strong Stoneley wave) and complex geological anomaly body for ultra-remote detection,
necessary processes are needed including the optimization of logging data acquisition
parameters, the combination of multi-filter methods to improve signal-to-noise ratio, the
establishment of migration imaging body for different anomaly, the construction of remote
interpretation mode through forward and inversion research, and multi-information
comprehensive interpretation and well-seismic combination interpretation. Finally, reflected
shear wave imaging results with high resolution, high SNR and far imaging depth are obtained.
So far, 13 wells with new instruments and 68 wells with orthogonal dipole acoustic logging
have been interpreted in the exploration area especially western exploration area of Sinopec.,
which provides technical support for fracturing and sidetracking design.

Keywords
Ultra-Remote detection, Heterogeneous Reservoirs, Dipole, Reflected shear wave, Fractures and
caves, Azimuth detection

170
 CASE STUDIES OF NEW-GENERATION ULTRASONIC LOGGING IN CHINA
OFFSHORE
Aihua Tao, Zhifeng Sun, Yong Zhang, Wenliang Wang, Linbo Chen, Minghui Wang
China Oilfield Services Limited, P.O. Box 232, Beijing, China

Ultrasonic pulse-echo technology has been successfully employed for casing inspection and
cement evaluation in oil wells for many years. However, when low-density cement is placed
in the annulus between casing and formation or outer casing, this technology can not produce
reliable cement bond assessment. Slurry contamination during pumping or slurry invasion by
formation hydrocarbons also challenge the pulse-echo measurement method in cement bond
evaluation.

A new-generation ultrasonic imaging logging tool was introduced to deliver confident cement
evaluation results even in low-density or contaminated cement cases. The tool combines the
pulse-echo ultrasonic measurement with the flexural wave measurement, and analysis from
this combination allows a better discrimination between solid, liquid and gas behind casing.
Two logging examples were illustrated with high quality logging data acquired in China
offshore. In one example, top of the cement is very clear from the SLG map. In the other
example, the transition zone where cement was contaminated in the annulus is identified,
while the traditional segmented bond logging method can not differentiate the transition zone
from the free pipe.

Keywords
Ultrasonic, Pulse-echo, Flexural attenuation, Casing inspection, Cement bond evaluation

171
 RESEARCH OF EVALUATION METHOD ABOUT CEMENT BONDING QUALITY
OF THE SECOND INTERFACE
Zhifeng Sun1,2, Xiaoming Tang2, Aihua Tao1, Xien Liu1
1
School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
2
China Oilfield Services Limited, Beijing 101149, China

How to evaluate cement bonding quality of the second interface has been a worldwide problem
in acoustic logging field. This article researches measurement method of the second interface
based on ultrasonic pulse echo by using the finite element method. The influence of different
bandwidth and different acoustic impedance of formation on ultrasonic echo of the second
interface is simulated numerically. Figure 1 shows different ultrasonic reflection echo signal
with different formations, and the ultrasonic echo of second interface are amplified in order to
observe clearly. With the increase of the bandwidth, echo amplitude of the second interface
cement sheath decreases gradually, and they are in inverse proportion. With the increase
reflection coefficient in the second interface, ultrasonic echo amplitude of the second interface
increases gradually. The signal energy of the second interface can be effectively improved
with the narrowband signal, so cement bonding quality of the second interface may be solved
by this method.

Figure 1: Ultrasonic echo calculated with different formations

Keywords
Ultrasonic pulse echo, Finite element analysis, Acoustic logging
References
[1]
Qiao Wenxiao, Well Logging Technology, 28 2004, 392-396.
[2]
Qiao Wenxiao, Zhou Jiahui and Du Guangsheng , Well Logging Technology, 20 1996, 192-196.

172
 Wednesday, September 4th, 2019 (11:00 am)

MFM+EAM - Ultrasound flow measurements and Acoustic Micro-Fluidics

MFM+EAM: Ultrasound flow measurements and Acoustic Location: VIVES room A203
Micro-Fluidics Chair: Thierry Baasch and Peter Reichert

11:00 - 11:30 Surface Acoustic Wave generated sound fields for particle Adrian Neild, Jia Wei Ng,
manipulation in microfluidic systems Citsabehsan Devendran, David Collins, Ye Ai
11:30 - 11:45 Ultrasonically activated packed bed: a platform for separation
and enrichment of nanoparticles in large scale Ruhollah Habibi, Adrian Neild
11:45 - 12:00 Vortex dynamics in compliant stenotic aortic models using Javier Brum, Miguel Bernal, Nicasio Barrere, Alexandre L'Her,
ultrasonic particle imaging velocimetry Cecilia Cabeza, Carlos Negreira
12:00 - 12:15 Spectral Doppler investigation with sparse and full Paolo Mattesini, Alessandro Ramalli, Gianluca Goti,
gridded 2-D arrays Lorena Petrusca, Hervé Liebgott, Olivier Basset, Piero Tortoli

173
 SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE GENERATED SOUND FIELDS FOR PARTICLE
MANIPULATION IN MICROFLUIDIC SYSTEMS
Adrian Neild1, Jia Wei Ng1, Citsabehsan Devendran1, David J. Collins2, Ye Ai2
1
Laboratory for Micro Systems, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,
Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
2
Engineering Product Design pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design,
Singapore.

Figure 1: A schematic (upper) of a system designed to produce a hybrid standing/travelling surface

acoustic wave field. Particle sorting can be obtained from this sound field, as seen from the half channel
view (lower) in which the trajectories of 6.1 and 7.0 μm particles diverge.

In the ultrasonic particle manipulation literature, sounds fields tend to be described as either
travelling or standing in nature. In the former particles migrate away from the source and in
the latter they collect in either the node or antinodes of the pressure field depending on
material properties. In this work we seek more complete descriptions of the sound fields,
specifically those generate with surface acoustic waves. Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) are
excited using interdigital transducers, constituting patterned electrodes on a piezoelectric
substrate. Actuation at a suitable frequency ensures the generation of a travelling SAW, whilst
standing SAWs are usually generated using two counter propagating travelling waves.

We show scenarios when these simple descriptions of sound fields do not hold. Firstly, due to
the coupling of energy from the substrate into any adjacent fluid, the attenuation length of the
SAW is decreased, and therefore, even over a short distance, there is a spatial variation in
amplitude which can give rise to a hybrid field in which regions occur in which standing waves
dominate and others in which travelling waves occur [1]. This hybrid field can be used for
particle sorting. Secondly, we examine the particle manipulation results which can be obtained
from two counter propagating travelling waves of slightly different frequency and contrast this
with what occurs in a standing field. The results show that a single line of particles can be
formed in a space of multi-wavelength dimensions, and that this line can be moved using
amplitude modulation [2].

Keywords
Surface Acoustic Waves, Radiation Force, Particle Manipulation
References
[1] J. W. Ng, D. J. Collins, C. Devendran, Y. Ai, A. Neild, Flow-rate-insensitive deterministic particle

sorting using a combination of travelling and standing surface acoustic waves, Microfluid Nanofluid, 20,
151 (2016)
[2] J. W. Ng, C. Devendran, A. Neild, Acoustic tweezing of particles using decaying opposing travelling

surface acoustic waves (DOTSAW), Lab Chip, 17, 3489-3497 (2017)

174
 ULTRASONICALLY ACTIVATED PACKED BED: A PLATFORM FOR
SEPARATION AND ENRICHMENT OF NANOPARTICLES IN LARGE SCALE
Ruhollah Habibi1, Adrian Neild1
1
Lab for MicroSystems, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash
University, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia

The microfluidic-based isolation techniques of nanoparticles and in particular extracellular

vehicles (EVs) have emerged in recent years. Acoustofluidics, applying acoustic excitation in
microfluidic systems, has been used to trap, separate and enrich nanoparticles in a label-free,
contactless and more biocompatible manner.
In a demonstrable case, seed particles have been used to trap nanoparticles in a resonating
capillary under balk acoustic wave (BAW). [1] This and most of the microfluidic techniques are
able to hand small samples but lack the capacity to upscale for handling large volumes of
samples.

Figure 1: Schematic of sound wave activated nano-sieve (S.W.A.N.S) with main features are depicted
here shows passively-trapped packed bed, that practically has multiple layers and is excited by a
standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW), generates attraction force to hold and trap nanoparticles in a
continuous flow.

Packed beds of beads, common in the filtration and reaction towers, here are excited with
frequencies closely related to the resonance of microbeads. The secondary acoustic radiation
force (ARF) is significantly higher at these frequencies that simultaneously retains the packed
bed together and attracts the passing nanoparticles. The acoustic induced streaming is
avoided by the packed bed filling the whole channel besides microparticles resonance is not
dependent on the geometrical aspects of the microchannel.

Results for nanoparticle capturing against different frequencies, shows optimum frequencies
in close agreement with the simulations.
Applied power also shows to have a direct effect on the collection of the target particles where
the required attraction force is also directly proportional to their size and density. Hence, a
modular cascade with different power levels can isolate different sizes and purify the
nanoparticles to concentrations as high as 50 folds within a very comparatively short time (10
seconds) as experiments shows for 50 µm wide x 20 µm high channels.

Keywords
Ultrasound, Microfluidics, Separation, Enrichment, Nanoparticles, Acoustic Radiation Force (ARF)
References
[1]
B. Hammarström, Brown, T. Laurell and J. Nilsson, Seed particle-enabled acoustic trapping of
bacteria and nanoparticles in continuous flow systems, Lab on Chip 12 2012, 4296-4304.

175
 VORTEX DYNAMICS IN COMPLIANT STENOTIC AORTIC MODELS USING
ULTRASONIC PARTICLE IMAGING VELOCIMETRY.
Javier Brum1, Miguel Bernal2, Nicasio Barrere3, Alexandre L'Her3, Cecilia Cabeza3, Carlos
Negreira1
1
Laboratorio de Acústica Ultrasonora, Instituto de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad
de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
2
Grupo de Dinámica Cardiovascular, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
3
Física No Lineal, Instituto de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República,
Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay

Understanding fluid dynamics in partially obstructed vessels may provide an insight on various
flow-induced changes due to morphology, wall stiffness and flow rate. In this work we used
ultrasonic particle imaging velocimetry (EchoPIV) to study vortex formation and shedding in
aortic models with different degrees of stenosis and flow rates.

A mold of the descending aorta was made by segmenting images from a Computer
Tomography. Polyvinyl Alcohol at 10% bwt was injected into the mold and polymerized
through 7 (8-hours) freeze/thaw cycles. A reinforcement fabric was included inside the model
to withstand physiological pressures. The model dimensions were 17 cm in length, 2.4 cm of
external diameter and 0.4 cm of wall thickness. A stiffness of 400 kPa was measured using
ultrasound elastography. Models with 0%, 35% and 50% Gaussian shaped occlusion were
made following the same procedure. To study flow, each model was connected to a circuit
with a pulsatile programmable pump and pressure sensors at the inlet/outlet of the model. The
pulsatile frequency was 0.9 Hz and the upstream peak Reynolds number (R) was modified
from R=600 to R=2100 corresponding to flow velocities of 2.5 cm/s to 9 cm/s. The fluid velocity
field was measured through EchoPIV, which is based on 2D cross-correlation of consecutive
speckle images. To this end, the circuit was filled with degassed water seeded with neutrally
buoyant particles serving as speckle. Ultrasonic images were acquired using plane wave
insonification by a 15 MHz, 256 elements linear array and an ultrasound scanner working at
200 Hz. Finally, PIVlab software was used to compute the velocity fields.

Flow in the unobstructed model showed a laminar parabolic velocity profile. However, in the
occluded models, flow transitioned from laminar to vortex formation and shedding as R
increased. For 35% occlusion, from R=1300 a vortex without shedding appeared behind the
occlusion. For 50% occlusion, from R=1000 the vortex behind the stenosis shed downstream.
At R=2100, two vortex shed downstream, one in the anterior and one in the posterior wall.
Vortex propagation velocity increases from 1.9 cm/s to 2.8 cm/s as R increases from 1000 to
2100. Moreover, we observed that high shear stress concentration corresponded to vortex
location. Shear stress play a major role on stenosis growth and rupture. Therefore, this
systematic study with realistic models demonstrates the impact of vortex dynamics and the
potential of EchoPIV in cardiovascular research.

Acknowledgments
CSIC I+D-2016, ANII
Keywords
EchoPIV, pulsatile flow, vortex

176
SPECTRAL DOPPLER INVESTIGATION WITH SPARSE AND FULL GRIDDED 2-
D ARRAYS
Paolo Mattesini1,2, Alessandro Ramalli1,3, Gianluca Goti1, Lorena Petrusca2, Hervé Liebgott2,
Olivier Basset2, Piero Tortoli1
1
Microelectronics Systems Design Lab, Department of Information Engineering, University of
Florence, Florence, Italy
2
CREATIS, Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, UCBL1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm
U1206, Lyon, France
3
Lab. on Cardiovascular Imaging & Dynamics, Dept. of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU
Leuven, Belgium

Nowadays, Doppler velocity measurements over an entire volume of interest are feasible by
means of 2D arrays. Full 2D arrays, consisting of thousands of small elements, offer excellent
performance in Doppler investigation but need to be controlled by expensive ASICs properly
connected to high-end ultrasound scanners. Sparse arrays significantly reduce the number of
active elements by optimizing their position; however, it is still unsurveyed how the reduction
of elements affects the results of Doppler measurements. In this work, we have simulated and
experimentally tested spectral Doppler imaging on flow phantoms with a 1024-element full
gridded array and a 256-element sparse array, both operating at 3 MHz. The sparse array was
obtained by selecting the elements out of the full gridded array (Vermon, Tours, France)
through simulated annealing optimization.

In Field II simulations, raw echo data were obtained by insonifying, with focused beams, a
numeric phantom; this consisted of a cylindric tube of 5 mm diameter with steady parabolic
flow inside (0.5 m/s peak velocity).
In the experimental setup, the 1024 elements were connected to four synchronized Verasonics
Vantage 256 systems, which could be programmed to work in both full and sparse modalities.
Raw echo-data were acquired after transmitting 5-cycle pulses over a steady flow within a
tube of 5 mm diameter (0.2 m/s peak velocity).
Both simulated and acquired data were processed to obtain Doppler spectra from the center
of the tube. The mean Doppler frequency (Fm), -6dB bandwidth (BW) and SNR, obtained in
three different steering conditions (θ = 0°, +10° and +20°), with both the full and sparse
configurations were compared.

Simulations allowed establishing that, for all steering conditions, the spectrum shape and the
estimation of Fm are not significantly affected by sparsity. For Fm, the average difference
between 1024-element and sparse 256-element probe was 2.2%, on average. The BW was,
as expected, reduced by 21.6%, on average, for the sparse probe, due to the smaller
equivalent aperture compared to the full probe. The invariance of spectrum shape was
confirmed by experimental results, which also permitted to evaluate that the use of a 4-fold
lower number of elements determines an SNR reduction by, on average, 14 dB (without
steering) and by about 17 dB (with steering). Possible methods to contrast this SNR reduction
will be discussed.

Keywords
2-D arrays, full gridded array, sparse array, volume flow measurements, spectral Doppler

177
 Wednesday, September 4th, 2019 (11:00 am)

NNA (2/2) - Applications of Nonlinear Acoustics to Measurements and Imaging of

defects

NNA (2/2): Applications of Nonlinear Acoustics to Location: VIVES room B303

Measurements and Imaging of defects Chair: Yoshikazu Ohara and Steven Delrue

11:00 - 11:15 High-selectivity imaging of fatigue cracks by fixed-voltage Yoshikazu Ohara, Hiromichi Nakajima, Sylvain Haupert,
fundamental wave amplitude difference (FAD) Toshihiro Tsuji, Tsuyoshi Mihara
11:15 - 11:30 Ultrafast phased array imaging with pump excitation
for closed crack characterization Yoshikazu Ohara, Sylvain Haupert, Sinan Li
11:30 - 11:45 Multi-functional phased array ultrasonic imaging with an interleaved
array transducer: Imaging algorithm and system requirement Choon-Su Park, Saewon Hong, YoungHo Kim
11:45 - 12:00 Non-collinear interaction of guided waves in plate Yosuke Ishii, Koichi Hiraoka, Sota Ukeji, Tadaharu Adachi
12:00 - 12:15 Phononic crystal based frequency filter for nonlinear
ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation Geun Ju Jeon, Joo Hwan Oh
12:15 - 12:30 Super-resolution ultrasound flow imaging Christian Kupsch, Lukas Feierabend, Richard Nauber,
of suspensions in narrow channels Lars Büttner, Jürgen Czarske

178
 HIGH-SELECTIVITY IMAGING OF FATIGUE CRACKS BY FIXED-VOLTAGE
FUNDAMENTAL WAVE AMPLITUDE DIFFERENCE (FAD)
Yoshikazu Ohara1, Hiromichi Nakajima1, Sylvain Haupert2, Toshihiro Tsuji1, Tsuyoshi
Mihara1
1
Department of Materials Processing, Tohoku University, 6-6-02 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-
ku, 980-8579 Sendai, Japan
2
Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7371, INSERM UMR S 1146, Laboratoire d'Imagerie
Biomédicale, Paris, France
Although ultrasonic testing (UT) has the highest sensitivity to fatigue cracks, on-site inspection
of using UT has often encountered the problem of low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to other
unknown linear scatterers (coarse grains, welds, geometric change, etc.). Furthermore, the
crack closure due to compressive residuals stress or by oxide film generation between crack
faces weakens crack response. To realize a high-selectivity imaging of fatigue cracks, various
types of nonlinear ultrasonic phased array[1-4] of combining nonlinear ultrasonics with PA has
been studied. Among them, a fixed-voltage fundamental wave amplitude difference (FAD) is
a promising approach in terms of a high sensitivity and easy implementability. Fixed-voltage
FAD is based on the measurement of the incident-wave-amplitude dependence of
fundamental wave[5], because the energy of the nonlinear components generated at cracks is
supplied from fundamental components. This enables us to measure all nonlinear components
generated at closed cracks without directly measuring specific nonlinear components. Note
that fixed-voltage FAD changes incident wave amplitude at a fixed excitation voltage by
employing e.g. all-, odd-, and even-elements for transmission. Here, we investigated the
maximum-incident-wave-amplitude dependence of fixed-voltage FAD in fatigue-crack
specimens by varying the transmission aperture (32 to 128 elements). Consequently, high-
selectivity imaging of a fatigue crack was achieved by increasing the maximum incident wave
amplitude (Fig. 1). Moreover, we quantitatively examined the incident-wave-amplitude
dependence of the closed crack responses in detail. It was found that different parts within a
single fatigue crack showed different nonlinear behaviors.
32 elements 64 elements 96 elements 128 elements

Linear F-FAD Linear F-FAD Linear F-FAD Linear F-FAD

Notch
Fatigue Fatigue Fatigue Fatigue
crack Notch crack Notch crack Notch crack
5 mm

Figure 1: Imaging results of a fatigue crack (A7075) by linear PA and fixed-voltage FAD.

Keywords
Nonlinear ultrasonics, fundamental wave amplitude difference, high-selectivity imaging, fatigue cracks
References
[1]
Y. Ohara, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 90 2007, 011902-1-011902-3.
[2]
Y. Ohara, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 103 2013, 031917-1-031917-5.
[3]
J. Potter, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett., 113 2014, 144301-1-144301-5.
[4]
S. Haupert, et al., NDT&E Int., 87 2017, 1-6.
[5]
M. Ikeuchi, et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 52 2013, 07HC08-1-07HC08-5

179
 ULTRAFAST PHASED ARRAY IMAGING WITH PUMP EXCITATION FOR
CLOSED CRACK CHARACTERIZATION
Yoshikazu Ohara1, Sylvain Haupert2, Sinan Li3
1
Department of Materials Processing, Tohoku University, 6-6-02 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-
ku, 980-8579 Sendai, Japan
2
Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7371, INSERM UMR S 1146, Laboratoire d'Imagerie
Biomédicale, Paris, France
3
Verasonics Inc. 11335 NE 122nd Way, Suite 100, Kirkland WA 98034, USA
During the past four decades, nonlinear acoustic/ultrasonic methods have been studied not
only for nondestructive evaluation (NDE)[1] of closed cracks and micro damage in engineering
materials but also for characterization of granular or cracked geo-materials. Among them,
dynamic acoustoelastic testing (DAET)[2] is one of the most powerful approaches to explore
various kinds of dynamic elastic nonlinearity such as clapping, hysteresis, slow dynamics, etc.,
which are very important for both NDE and geoscience. The method relies on dynamically
exciting a sample with a low frequency (LF) vibration (pump excitation), which applies a strong
strain periodically. Simultaneously, a high frequency ultrasonic wave (probe wave) probes the
changes in wave speed and in attenuation as a function of the strain induced by the pump
excitation. Thus far, the probe wave is transmitted by a monolithic transducer, so even with
an image reconstructed from a mechanical scanning, the spatial resolution is very much
constrained because of the lack of focusing on signal receptions. In addition, the speed of
measurement over a wide range is limited by the scanning. Recently, the ultrafast imaging,
typically acquired with thousands of frames per second, has been developed and primarily
applied in biomedical applications[3,4]. In this study, we combine the pump excitation with
ultrafast phased array imaging (Fig. 1), to propose a new NDE method for closed crack
imaging as well as a new tool for studying dynamic elastic nonlinearities. We applied the
proposed technique to closed-crack specimen (A7075).The results show this method can
image closed cracks rapidly with good sensitivity, contrast and resolution, which is practically
useful for NDT. Furthermore, the hysteretic crack response was observed, suggesting the
method could be a new tool to give physical insights for other fields such as geoscience.
sync
Function Generator

RF Power Amplifier Vantage 128

Research System
Array (128 el) (Ultrafast imaging)

Fatigue crack
Back
load PZT disk for pump excitation
Figure 1: Schematic experimental setup (left) and pump wave down-sampled by ultrafast imaging
(right).

Keywords
Ultrafast imaging, pump excitation, dynamic elastic nonlinearity, closed cracks
References
[1]
Y. Ohara, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 90 2007, 011902-1-011902-3.
[2]
T. Kundu (Ed.), Nonlinear Ultrasonic and Vibro-Acoustical Techniques for Nondestructive Evaluation,
(Springer, Cham) 2019, 509-546 (Chap. 13: S. Haupert et al.).
[3]
C. Errico, et al., Nature, 527 2015, 499-502.
[4]
A. Urban, et al., Nature Methods, 87 2017, 873-878.

180
 MULTI-FUNCTIONAL PHASED ARRAY ULTRASONIC IMAGING WITH AN
INTERLEAVED ARRAY TRANSDUCER: IMAGING ALGORITHM AND SYSTEM
REQUIREMENT
Choon-Su Park1, Saewon Hong2, YoungHo Kim2
1
Center for Safety measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science,
Gajeong-ro 267, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
2
Digital-Echo Co.Ltd., Dongtan Jiseong-ro 354-6, Hwaseong-si, Kyeonggi-do, Republic of
Korea

Phased array ultrasound testing (PAUT) has been prevalently developed to visualize defects
inside structures, and ultrasound images are results of PAUT. Conventional PAUT generally
needs an array transducer that has a single resonant frequency. Nowadays, various structural
components are made of many kinds of materials, and they need appropriate frequencies
corresponding materials for non-destructive PAUT. In addition, nonlinear PAUT with high
resolution[1] has been newly proposed to look for hidden defects from linear PAUT. These
recent trends lead us to develop multi-functional phased array ultrasonic testing (M-PAUT),
which provides two linear images and two nonlinear images. The M-PAUT needs an inter-
leaved array transducer composed of two different resonant frequencies intervening each
other. Two linear phased array images are able to be from each resonant frequency array,
and two nonlinear phased array images are higher-harmonic image and sub-harmonic image
by corresponding transmit-receiving combination as shown in Figure 1. We introduce the multi-
functional phased array imaging scheme and explain the imaging algorithm, and some array
parameters are theoretically observed for imaging performance. Furthermore, computer
simulations have assured that the proposed method successfully shows two linear phased
array images compatible with conventional PAUT image. In the end, experiments with a
reference block clearly demonstrate that the system for M-PAUT works well for linear phased
array images (as shown in Figure 2) as well as non-linear phased array images.

Figure 1: M-PAUT imaging scheme Figure 2: Two linear phased array images

Keywords
Phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT), Multi-functional PAUT, non-linear ultrasound imaging, inter-
leaved transducer
References
[1]
C.-S. Park, J.-W. Kim, S. Cho, and D.-C. Seo, A high resolution approach for nonlinear sub-harmonic
imaging, NDT&E International 79 2016, 114-122.

181
 NON-COLLINEAR INTERACTION OF GUIDED WAVES IN PLATE
Yosuke Ishii1, Koichi Hiraoka1, Sota Ukeji1, Tadaharu Adachi1
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Hibarigaoka,
Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan

Non-collinear interaction of two elastic waves, which produces a scattered wave (sum- or
difference-frequency component of intersecting waves) because of material or interfacial
nonlinearity, was explored extensively. As a result, it has been theoretically and experimentally
shown that a significant scattered wave can be obtained when a resonance condition is met,
i.e., when the wave vector of scattered wave is equal to either the sum or difference of those
of primary waves. Furthermore, it has been revealed by several researchers in the field of
nondestructive testing that the amplitude of scattered waves can be a sensitive measure to
evaluate the plasticity and fatigue of metallic materials, physical aging of plastics, oxidative
aging of concrete, imperfect interfaces between solids, and so on.

The existing works, however, investigated the interaction of bulk waves (nondispersive
longitudinal and shear waves). With the increased use of plate structures in aerospace,
automotive, and civil engineering, it has become a necessity to establish effective
nondestructive testing methods for such structures. To this end, in the present study, the non-
collinear interaction of guided elastic waves in a plate is studied theoretically, numerically, and
experimentally. The scattered wave field generated by the interaction of two plate waves in a
homogeneous and isotropic elastic plate with quadratic nonlinearity is derived using a
perturbation analysis. It is shown that even in the case of the interaction of multimodal and
dispersive plate waves, the scattered sum- or difference-frequency component becomes
larger when the resonance condition (agreement of wave vectors between the scattered and
primary plate waves) is met. This feature is confirmed numerically for the interaction of two
lowest-order antisymmetric Lamb waves using a three-dimensional dynamic finite-element
analysis. Furthermore, the interaction of the same mode combination in an aluminum alloy
plate is measured experimentally to verify the derived resonance condition.

Keywords
Non-collinear interaction, Lamb wave, Shear horizontal wave, Material nonlinearity

182
 PHONONIC CRYSTAL BASED FREQUENCY FILTER FOR NONLINEAR
ULTRASONIC NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION
Geun Ju Jeon1, Joo Hwan Oh1
1
School of Mechanical engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology,
UNIST-gil 50, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, Republic of Korea

Nonlinear ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation is technique to evaluate fatigue or microcracks

of medium by measuring nonlinearity of medium. The nonlinear ultrasonic nondestructive
evaluation technique measures second harmonic wave of the transmitted wave due to the
nonlinearity of the medium. From the relative amplitude ratio of the second harmonic wave,
the nonlinearity of the medium can be measured, which is closely related to the fatigue or
microcracks. However, the nonlinear ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation technique has a
problem that not only the nonlinearity of the medium but also the nonlinearity of the actuation
system is measured, as shown in figure 1(a). Therefore, it is difficult to accurately evaluate
fatigue or microcracks of the medium.

Figure 1: Schematics of the nonlinear ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (a) without and (b) with
phononic crystal filter

In this study, a phononic crystal based frequency filter is proposed that can filter out the
undesired nonlinearity, as shown in figure 1(b). The proposed phononic crystal based
frequency filter is designed to transmit a fundamental wave and to prevent a second harmonic
wave before waves incident to target medium. Here, a band gap phenomenon is used, which
is one of the typical characteristics of a phononic crystal that can prevent wave propagation at
a certain frequency range [1]. The structure of the phononic crystal based frequency filter
consists of a periodic array of copper and aluminum plates. The thickness of each plate is
used as a design parameter to realize a band gap phenomenon at a desired second harmonic
frequency. The finite element analysis (FEA) are carried out to verify the performance of the
proposed phononic crystal based frequency filter.

Keywords
Nonlinear acoustics, Nondestructive evaluation, Phononic crystals, Metamaterials
References
[1]
A. Khelif, B. Aoubiza, S. Mohammadi, A. Adibi, and V. Laude, "Complete band gaps in two-
dimensional phononic crystal slabs", Physical Review E, vol. 74 2006, 046610.

183
 SUPER-RESOLUTION ULTRASOUND FLOW IMAGING OF SUSPENSIONS IN
NARROW CHANNELS
Christian Kupsch1, Lukas Feierabend2, Richard Nauber1, Lars Büttner1, Jürgen Czarske1
1
Laboratory of Measurement and Sensor System Techniques, Technische Universität
Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
2
ZBT GmbH, Carl-Benz-Straße 201, 47057 Duisburg

Flow imaging with sub-millimetre spatial resolution of particle-laden flows is relevant to

optimize many technical processes, e.g. the flow of the suspension electrode in zinc-air flow
batteries (ZABs). Due to the optical opacity of suspensions, ultrasound (US) is suited to
measure the flow, as it penetrates into the fluid [1]. However, there is a fundamental trade-off:
to achieve a high spatial resolution, a high ultrasound frequency is necessary because of the
diffraction limit. However, due to the particles in suspensions, wave front distortions and
attenuation increase strongly with frequency and prohibit a measurement at high frequencies.
We present an US measurement system that uses a super-resolution technique based on
nonlinear US imaging with localization microscopy for flow imaging with sub-millimetre
resolution. Medical US contrast agents are added to the suspension and imaged using
harmonic imaging. As a result, the linear reflections from the high particle content in the
suspension are suppressed and only signals from the non-linear contrast agents are received.
However, these signals still suffer from a loss of coherence due to the particles of the
suspension, which results in a speckled image. This is compensated by applying a coherence
weighting delay-multiply-and-sum beamformer to image the isolated non-linear contrast
agents. Finally, these particles are localized and tracked over subsequent images to perform
velocity estimation with super-resolution.
In this contribution, the described measurement technique is characterized, validated and
applied to the suspension flow in an operational ZAB, see Figure 1a. As a reference for the
validation, a water flow with a well-known flow profile is investigated. The result of the flow
measurement in the operational ZAB is shown in Figure 1b. A spatial resolution of 100 µm at
an ultrasound wavelength of 400 µm was achieved. For the first time to our knowledge, super-
resolution flow imaging was applied to such kind of fluid. This allows for a better understanding
and modeling of suspension flows in narrow channels, which helps to optimize the
corresponding fluidic structures, e.g. in ZABs.
(b)

(a)

Figure 1: (a) Experimental setup at an operational zinc-air flow battery. (b) Measured flow profile in the
operational zinc-air flow battery (suspensin with 8 vol-% zinc particles).

Keywords
Flow measurement, suspension, super resolution, non-linear acoustics, zinc-air flow battery
References
[1]
C. Kupsch, D. Weik, L. Feierabend, R. Nauber, L. Büttner, J.Czarske, IEEE transactions on
ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control, 2019, preprint

184
 Wednesday, September 4th, 2019 (11:00 am)

NVT - Vibrothermography for NDT

Location: VIVES room A306

NVT: Vibrothermography for NDT
Chair: Mathias Kersemans and Saeid Hedayatrasa

11:00 - 11:30 Review of progress in vibrothermographic nondestructive testing Lukasz Pieczonka, Mariusz Szwedo, Tadeusz Uhl
11:30 - 11:45 Characterization of 3D defects and volumic heat Marie-Marthe Groz, Anissa Meziane,
sources using inverse Dirac model Emmanuelle Abisset-Chavanne, Christophe Pradère
11:45 - 12:00 Enhanced low power vibrothermography of impacted Joost Segers, Saeid Hedayatrasa, Gaetan Poelman,
CFRP through in-plane local defect resonances Wim Van Paepegem, Mathias Kersemans
12:00 - 12:15 Sweep vibrothermography and thermal response derivative Saeid Hedayatrasa, Joost Segers, Gaetan Poelman,
spectroscopy for detection of in-plane local defect Wim Van Paepegem, Mathias Kersemans
resonances in impacted CFRP
12:15 - 12:30 Qualitative analysis of a 2D multiphysics model for Kevin Truyaert, Koen Van Den Abeele, Vladislav Aleshin,
vibration induced heating at closed defects Anton Pylypenko, Marina Terzi, Steven Delrue

185
 REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN VIBROTHERMOGRAPHIC NONDESTRUCTIVE
TESTING
Lukasz Pieczonka1, Mariusz Szwedo2, Tadeusz Uhl1
1
AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
2
MONIT SHM LLC, ul. Gromadzka 66, 30-719 Krakow, Poland

Nondestructive testing (NDT) of engineering structures is of great importance in many

industries. A number of different NDT approaches have been developed over the years to
increase the level of safety for various types of structures. The success of NDT methods often
depends on three major factors, namely: (1) on the cost and complexity of their
implementation, (2) on the simplicity of interpretation of the result that they provide, (3) on the
necessity to use the baseline reference data (measured in undamaged state). Thermographic
NDT (TNDT) is a group of methods particularly advantageous in all three aspects.
Vibrothermography is one of the TNDT modalities that is of special interest due to its efficiency
in various damage detection investigations.

The method monitors heat produced by damage under vibration and/or ultrasonic excitation.
The presence of damage in a structure is inferred from the acquired thermal signature.

This presentation aims to provide the review of progress in vibrothermographic nondestructive

testing that has been achieved over the last forty years. Starting with the original works by
Henneke et. al. in the early 1980s[1] until the recent developments on low power
vibrothermography[2]. Theoretical, experimental and numerical aspects of vibrothermography
are discussed and illustrated on practical application examples. Overview of the measurement
equipment, including thermographic cameras and excitation sources, is given. Signal
processing and inference procedures for damage identification are reviewed. In addition, the
perspectives for performing virtual testing are discussed on the example of numerical
simulations of coupled thermo-mechanical phenomena using explicit finite elements.

Keywords
vibrothermography, active thermography, nondestructive testing
References
[1]
K.L. Reifsnider, E.G. Henneke, W.W. Stinchcomb, The mechanics of vibrothermography. In W. W.
Stinchcomb (Ed.), Mechanics of Nondestructive Testing, 1980, 249–276, New York: Plenum Press.
[2]
I.Y. Solodov, M. Rahammer, D. Derusova, G. Busse, Highly-efficient and noncontact vibro-
thermography via local defect resonance, Quantitative InfraRed Thermography Journal, 12(1), 2015,
98–111.

186
CHARACTERIZATION OF 3D DEFECTS AND VOLUMIC HEAT SOURCES USING
INVERSE DIRAC MODEL
Marie-Marthe Groz1, Anissa Meziane2, Emmanuelle Abisset-Chavanne1, Christophe
Pradère1
1
Institut de Mécanique et d'Ingénierie (I2M), UMR CNRS 5295, Esplanade des Arts et
Métiers, F-33405 Talence, France
2
Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, I2M Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, F-33405
Talence, France

Different techniques are available in order to detect defects in materials such as Flash
thermography[1] or acoustic waves[2], [3]. Indeed, acoustic excitation can transform a defect into
a heat source that will generate a 3D transient heat transfer in the material which can be
measured at the surface by using InfraRed thermography. The objective of this work is to
propose an inverse processing method based on both Bayesian approach and SVD with
regularization to characterize as precisely as possible the deepness and the shape of the
defect(s) (or heat source(s)) from the resulting measured temperature field at the surface of
the material.

Here, the methodology used for the inverse problem as well as its potentials are presented.
Furthermore, a criterion depending on physical parameters is highlighted, allowing to know,
for a given material, the minimal size of defects the method can reconstruct. This criterion
enables then to have the strength and the limits of the proposed algorithm.

The method will then be validated and illustrated by numerical and/or experimental examples.

Keywords
Thermography, inverse problem, non-destructive testing
References
[1]
A. Salazar, A. Mendioroz, E. Apiñaniz, C. Pradere, F. Noël, J. C. Batsale, Extending the flash method
to measure the thermal diffusivity of semitransparent solids. Measurement Science and Technology,
2014, 25(3), 035604.
[2]
A. Mendioroz, A. Castelo, R. Celorrio, A. Salazar. Characterization of vertical buried defects using
lock-in vibrothermography: I. Direct problem. Measurement Science and Technology, 2013, 24(6),
065601.
[3]
R. Celorrio, A. Mendioroz, A. Salazar. Characterization of vertical buried defects using lock-in
vibrothermography: II. Inverse problem. Measurement Science and Technology, 2013, 24(6), 065602.

187
 ENHANCED LOW POWER VIBROTHERMOGRAPHY OF IMPACTED CFRP
THROUGH IN-PLANE LOCAL DEFECT RESONANCES
Joost Segers1, Saeid Hedayatrasa1,2, Gaétan Poelman1,2 , Wim Van Paepegem1, Mathias
Kersemans1
1
Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University,
Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
2
SIM Program M3 DETECT-IV, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 48, B-9052 Zwijnaarde,
Belgium

This paper demonstrates the enhanced detectability of barely visible impact damage in CFRPs
through low power vibrothermography of in-plane local defect resonances (LDR). In-plane
LDR (LDRxy), with a higher cut-off frequency than out-of-plane LDR (LDRz), generally
enhances the rubbing interaction and viscoelastic damping of defects and leads to higher
vibration-induced heating. The most prominent LDRz and LDRxy frequencies of an impacted
CFRP are extracted from its vibrational spectra under a broadband sweep excitation,
measured by a 3D infrared laser Doppler vibrometer. The sample is then inspected through
lock-in vibrothermography at the extracted LDR frequencies and the detectability of LDRxy
and LDRz are compared.

The results as presented in Figure 1, confirm that the thermal contrast (in digital level DL)
induced by LDRxy is significantly higher than that of LDRz.

Figure 1: 3D laser Doppler vibrometry (top row) and lock-in vibrothermography (bottom row) results of
an impacted CFRP at the fundamental LDRz frequency and two LDRxy frequencies

Acknowledgments
Joost Segers is a PhD fellow of the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO, Grant no. 1148018N). The
authors further acknowledge FWO (through grants G066618N and 12T5418N) and the SBO project
DETECT-IV (Grant no. 160455), which fits in the SIM research program MacroModelMat (M3)
coordinated by Siemens (Siemens PLM software, Belgium) and funded by SIM (Strategic Initiative
Materials in Flanders) and VLAIO (Flemish government agency Flanders Innovation &
Entrepreneurship).
Keywords
Lock-in vibrothermography, BVID, In-plane, Local defect resonance (LDR), Composites

188
 SWEEP VIBROTHERMOGRAPHY AND THERMAL RESPONSE DERIVATIVE
SPECTROSCOPY FOR DETECTION OF IN-PLANE LOCAL DEFECT
RESONANCES IN IMPACTED CFRP
Saeid Hedayatrasa1,2, Joost Segers1, Gaétan Poelman1,2 , Wim Van Paepegem1, Mathias
Kersemans1
1
Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University,
Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
2
SIM Program M3 DETECT-IV, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 48, B-9052 Zwijnaarde,
Belgium
This paper demonstrates the enhanced detectability of barely visible impact damage (BVID)
in CFRPs through in-plane local defect resonances (LDR) during a low power sweep
vibrothermography. In-plane LDR (LDRxy), with a higher cut-off frequency than out-of-plane
LDR (LDRz), generally enhances the rubbing interaction and viscoelastic damping of defects
and leads to higher vibration-induced heating. Evaluation of thermal and vibrational spectra
show that the thermal contrast induced by LDRxy is so high, that it allows for easy detection
of BVID by live monitoring of infrared thermal images during a single broadband sweep
vibration excitation. Thermal response derivative spectroscopy is suggested as a robust post-
processing strategy for reference-free identification of LDRs in sweep vibrothermography. In
fact, the second time derivative of the thermal response filters out the thermal traces caused
by sources other than defects (i.e. the heating induced by the excitation source and also the
residual heat from any LDR excited at earlier time instances).

Figure 1: Measured temperature corresponding to sweep vibrothermography of an impacted quasi-

isotropic CFRP: (a) Impacted CFRP, (b) temperature along line AB and (c) temperature's second time
derivative along line AB.

The results shown in Figure 1 correspond to sweep vibrothermography of an impacted CFRP

using a low power piezoelectric (PZT) patch glued to its surface. The average thermal
response of inspection surface and its evolution with respect to time (or frequency) along the
line AB are shown in Figure 1(a) and (b), respectively. Moreover, Figure 1(c) shows the second
time derivative of the thermal response, which exclusively indicates the presence of LDRxy
phenomena (see the indicated frequencies).

Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge both the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO grants 12T5418N and
1148018N) and the SBO project DETECT-IV (Grant no. 160455), which fits in the SIM research program
MacroModelMat (M3) coordinated by Siemens (Siemens PLM software, Belgium) and funded by SIM
(Strategic Initiative Materials in Flanders) and VLAIO (Flemish government agency Flanders Innovation
& Entrepreneurship). The authors express their gratitude towards Honda R&D Co. for supplying material
for this research.
Keywords
Sweep, Vibrothermography, BVID, In-plane, Local defect resonance (LDR), Composites

189
 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF A 2D MULTIPHYSICS MODEL FOR VIBRATION
INDUCED HEATING AT CLOSED DEFECTS
Kevin Truyaert1, Koen Van Den Abeele1, Vladislav Aleshin2, Anton Pylypenko1,2, Marina
Terzi2, Steven Delrue1
1
Wave Propagation and Signal Processing Research Group, University of Leuven Campus
Kulak, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
2
Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnologies, UMR CNRS 8520,
Villeneuve d’Ascq and Valenciennes, France

Vibrothermography is a promising Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) technique for the detection

and characterization of closed defects. The technique uses elastic waves to excite the
damaged component in order to generate frictional behavior at the internal closed defects.
This results in vibrational energy dissipation through thermal diffusion. Recent work has
proven that the efficiency of closed defect detection by vibrothermographic NDT can be
significantly enhanced by tuning the excitation frequency to the so-called in-plane Local Defect
Resonance (LDR) frequency.[1] Apart from incipient damage detection, defect
characterization is equally important, e.g. to anticipate the future defect growth. A proper
characterisation study necessitates a theoretical framework for in-depth analysis of the
obtained thermal images. In the present work, we propose a 2D finite element multiphysics
model for vibrothermography. The model consists of a mechanics/dynamics module to
describe elastic wave propagation in samples with rough surface cracks, and accounts for
nonlinear wave generation due to dynamic stimulation of the defect faces.[2] In addition, the
model is capable of calculating the energy dissipated due to frictional effects and translates it
to a local generation of heat in the defect area.[3] We will perform a qualitative analysis of the
developed model by basic experimental verification and/or by comparing the obtained
numerical results with experimental/theoretical results already described in literature.

Keywords
Vibrothermography, friction, modelling
References
[1] J. Segers, S. Hedayatrasa, E. Verboven, G. Poelman, W. Van Paepegem, and M.
Kersemans, “In-plane local defect resonances for efficient vibrothermography of impacted
carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP),” NDT E Int., vol. 102, Mar. 2019, 218–225.
[2] S. Delrue, V. Aleshin, K. Truyaert, O. Bou Matar, and K. Van Den Abeele, “Two dimensional
modeling of elastic wave propagation in solids containing cracks with rough surfaces and
friction - Part II: Numerical implementation,” Ultrasonics, vol. 82, 2018, 19–30.
[3] K. Truyaert, V. Aleshin, K. Van Den Abeele, and S. Delrue, “Theoretical calculation of the
instantaneous friction-induced energy losses in arbitrarily excited axisymmetric mechanical
contact systems,” Int. J. Solids Struct., vol. 158, Feb. 2019, 268–276.

190
 Wednesday, September 4th, 2019 (11:00 am)

PNL (2/4) - Nonlinear Acoustics and ultrasonics

Location: VIVES room A303

PNL (2/4): Nonlinear Acoustics and ultrasonics
Chair: Marco Scalerandi and Igor Solodov

11:00 - 11:30 Harmonic generation at contacting interfaces for oblique incidence of ultrasonic waves Shiro Biwa, Takuya Takahashi
11:30 - 11:45 Assessment of thermal effect by nonlinear electromagnetic acoustic resonance technique Weibin Li, Mingxi Deng
11:45 - 12:00 Nonlinear waves in multiple scattering media and time-reversal focalization Gonzalo Garay, Nicolas Benech, Carlos Negreira
12:00 - 12:15 Phononic crystal filters for nonlinear ultrasonic testing Geoffrey Sherwood, Andrea Marini, Francesco Ciampa
12:15 - 12:30 Ultrasonic Study of the Higher Order Constants of the Piezoelectric Ceramics
under High Electric and Mechanical Stresses Valery Tsaplev, Roman Konovalov, Sergey Konovalov

191
 HARMONIC GENERATION AT CONTACTING INTERFACES FOR OBLIQUE
INCIDENCE OF ULTRASONIC WAVES
Shiro Biwa1, Takuya Takahashi1
1
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto
615-8540, Japan

Contacting interfaces between solid bodies are known to exhibit profound nonlinear acoustic
effects[1] such as higher harmonic generation, which are expected to offer an effective means
to characterize closed defects in structural components. The harmonic generation at
contacting interfaces has been studied by many investigators mainly for the normal incidence
of longitudinal waves,[2,3] and the corresponding works for the oblique incidence cases are
relatively scarce.[4] According to the analysis based on a nonlinear spring-type interface model
of contacting interfaces,[5] the second-harmonic amplitudes for the oblique incidence of
ultrasonic waves may offer the information related to the characteristics of the interface which
cannot be obtained by the normal incidence measurements alone. It is the aim of the present
study to evaluate the second-harmonic generation at contacting interfaces by obliquely
incident waves in a quantitative manner. To this aim, the reflection and transmission
waveforms are measured for a contacting interface between two aluminum alloy blocks under
different contact pressures for the incidence of the 1-MHz longitudinal burst waves in the
oblique (45º) as well as normal directions, and the fundamental (1 MHz) and the second-
harmonic (2 MHz) amplitudes are obtained as functions of the contact pressure. These
amplitudes are converted to the corresponding displacement amplitudes based on the
sensitivity calibration of the receiving piezoelectric transducer with a laser Doppler vibrometer.
The incident wave amplitudes are also evaluated by the laser vibrometer measurement. This
enables a quantitative evaluation of the second-harmonic generation behavior. As a result,
the reflected and transmitted waves for the oblique incidence have shown the contact-
pressure dependence of the second-harmonic amplitude similar to that for the normal
incidence, i.e., it increases gradually with increasing contact pressure and turns to decrease
for further increase of pressure. The second-harmonic amplitudes in the obliquely transmitted
wave tend to be higher than those in the obliquely reflected wave, while both are smaller than
those for the normally transmitted wave. The implications of these results are discussed in the
light of the theoretical analysis based on the nonlinear spring-type interface model.[5]

Keywords
Ultrasonics, nonlinear ultrasonics, contacting interface, harmonic generation, oblique incidence
Reference
[1]
I. Y. Solodov, Ultrasonics, 36 1998, 383-390.
[2]
S. Biwa, S. Hiraiwa, E. Matsumoto, Ultrasonics, 44 2006, e1319-e1322.
[3]
S. Biwa, S. Yamaji, E. Matsumoto, AIP Conf. Proc., 1022 2008, 505-508.
[4] T. Nam, T. Lee, C. Kim, K. Y. Jhang, N. Kim, Ultrasonics, 52 2012, 778-783.
[5]
S. Biwa, In: Nonlinear Ultrasonic and Vibro-Acoustical Techniques for Nondestructive Evaluation,
Springer, 2019, 263-299.

192
 ASSESSMENT OF THERMAL EFFECT BY NONLINEAR ELECTROMAGNETIC
ACOUSTIC RESONANCE TECHNIQUE
Weibin Li1, Mingxi Deng2
1
School of Aerospace Engineering, Xiamen University, 422, South Siming Road, Xiamen,
361005, Fujian, China
2
College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, 400031,Chongqing,China

In this paper, we report a novel method for assessment of thermal effect in metallic plates by
nonlinear electromagnetic acoustic resonance (EMAR) technique. The principles of nonlinear
EMAR technique based on the measure of third harmonic generation of shear waves
generated by electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMAT) is introduced. The experimental
scheme developed in this work is non-contact, and not limitted to the thickness of tested
sample [1]. The proposed procedures are applied to the characterization of annealing effect on
ferromagnetic metals. The sensitivity comparison of linear and nonlinear acoustic parameters
to the heat treatment effect is also discussed in this work. Variations of wave velocity,
attenuation and nonlinearity measured by the linear and nonlinear EMAR techniques are
obtained. Results indicate that nonlinear EMAR technique can be used to assess the heat
treatment effect in samples rendering improved sensitivity over linear ones. Similar trends
observed in two types of materials shown that the tested sample can be evaluated readily by
the nonlinear EMAR method, which combines the advantages of non-contact and high
sensitivity of nonlinear acoustic measurement.

Figure 1: (a) Resonance frequency spectra by EMAR method and (b) linear and nonlinear frequency
spectra excited by given resonance frequency

Keywords
Nonlinear acoustics, EMAR, Thermal effect
References
[1]
H. Ogi, M. Hirao, T. Honda, Ultrasonic attenuation and grain-size evaluation using electromagnetic
acoustic resonance, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of American, 98 1995, 458-464.

193
NONLINEAR WAVES IN MULTIPLE SCATTERING MEDIA AND TIME REVERSAL
FOCALIZATION
Gonzalo Garay1, Carlos Negreira1, Nicolás Benech1
1
Instituto de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, UdelaR.

In this work, propagation of nonlinear waves (NLW) in a multiple scattering medium (MSM) is
studied. One of few references in this subject is the work of N. Viard et al [1], where the authors
analyze characteristics of spectral components of the coherent field of a NLW that traverses
an MSM. The analysis allows them to determine the elastic free mean path (EMFP) in a wide
range of frequencies, observing that the obtained values agree coincide with those computed
in a linear regime. With this result, they conclude that there is a decoupling between nonlinear
phenomena (NLP) and multiple scattering phenomena (MSP).

In the experiments we present, the EMFP of the first four harmonics of a NLW with a central
frequency of 1 MHz. As in Viard's work, the values obtained agree with values computed from
a linear theory. This implies that in our system there is no interaction between NLP and MSP.
In this context, we analyze the behavior of the time reversal focusing process (TRFP) to focus
NLW that cross a MSM. In linear regime, this process has been studied and applied in various
acoustic systems, allowing to improve the quality of the focusing by increasing the thickness
of the MSM.

In this work, we show that, by applying TRFP for NLW through an MSM, the width of the focal
spot decrease by increasing MSM thickness. This result, shown in figures 1(a) and 1(b),
involves the first and second harmonics. In addition, in the second harmonic frequency, the
spatial focal width is smaller than in the fundamental harmonic frequency for any MSM
thickness, as shown in figure 1(c). These results suggest that the method could be used as a
decoupling test between NLP and MSP either in strong scattering media or in case of
irradiating the medium with very high acoustic intensity. Moreover, the second harmonic
component of an NLW that crosses an MSM could be used to obtain a focusing resolutions
below the value of the central wavelength.

Figure 1. Focal spot through a MSM of thickness (a) 23 mm and (b) 53 mm. (c) Focal width for the first
and second harmonics vs. the thickness of the MSM.

Keywords
Time reversal, multiple scattering, nonlinear waves.
References
[1]
N. Viard, B. Giammarinaro, A. Derode, and C. Barriere. Coherent transmission of an ultrasonic shock
wave through a multiple scattering medium. Physical Review E, 88(2):023201, 2013.

194
 PHONONIC CRYSTAL FILTERS FOR NONLINEAR ULTRASONIC TESTING
Geoffrey Sherwood1, Andrea Marini2, Francesco Ciampa1
1
Dep. of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU27XH, UK
2
Dep. of Physics and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Edificio Coppito
I, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy

Nonlinear elastic wave spectroscopy (NEWS) techniques have proven to be far more sensitive
than conventional linear ultrasonic methods to early detection of damage such as micro- or
partially closed cracks, by measuring small nonlinear ultrasonic waves generated by the defect
[1]. However, the efficiency of NEWS testing and their large-scale use in industrial applications
is still limited by undesired instrumentation effects caused by high-power ultrasonic signal
transmission, which may mask nonlinear ultrasonic waves and prevent damage detection.

This paper aims to overcome the challenge of accurate detection of nonlinear ultrasonic
signals by proposing a new material-based tunable filter – the phononic crystal (PhC)
transducer - that will enable sensitive and baseline-free nonlinear ultrasonic inspection of
micro-cracks. This sensing device consists of a
piezoelectric transducer integrated on a newly designed
3D-printed polymeric structure with periodic boundary
profiles. Such a periodicity induces natural filtering of
ultrasonic signals during both transmission and reception,
thus enhancing the detection of nonlinear waves generated
by the crack. The proposed PhC transducer can be surface
mounted on the host component and its design is supported
by a theoretical model based on a perturbative couple-
mode theory of guided waves in structures with periodic
corrugated surface profiles. By varying material properties
and geometrical parameters of PhCs [see Figure 1], both
single and multiple band gaps at various frequency ranges
can be achieved [2]. Experimental nonlinear ultrasonic tests
confirmed theoretical predictions and indicated that PhC Figure 1 Preliminary design of the
3D-printed polymeric PhC
sensing devices are able to enhance the sensitivity of transducer (versus one penny) (a)
NEWS inspection for several materials and components. and its geometrical parameters (b).

Keywords
Phononic Crystals, NEWS Methods, Damage Detection.
References
[1]
Van Den Abeele, K.E., Sutin, A., Carmeliet, J., Johnson, P.A. NDT & E Int, 34(4), 239-248, 2001.
[2]
Ciampa, F., Mankar, A. and Marini, A. Scientific Reports, 7(1), p.14712, 2017.

195
 ULTRASONIC STUDY OF THE HIGHER ORDER CONSTANTS OF THE
PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMICS UNDER HIGH ELECTRIC AND MECHANICAL
STRESSES
Valery M. Tsaplev1, Roman S. Konovalov1, Sergey Konovalov1
1
Department of Electroacoustics and Ultrasonic Engineering, Saint-Petersburg
State Electrotechnical University “LETI”, Prof. Popov,5, Saint-Petersburg,
197376, Russia, [email protected]

The nonlinear dependences of the longitudinal elastic modulus, the electromechanical

coupling factor, piezomoduli, and dielectric permittivity on the compressive stress and high
electric voltage are experimentally studied using the ultrasonic setup. The studies were
performed within the range of mechanical stresses 0-120 MPa and electrical field 0-600 kV/m
and within the frequency range 20-200 kHz. Piezoceramics (Ba0.95Ca0.05)TiO3+0.75%CoCO3
was studied. The approximations were performed according to the obtained dependences
curves by analytic functions and then decomposed according to the degrees of electric field
strength and mechanical stress at different excitation frequencies. Then the higher order
constants up to the fifth order were obtained. The obtained values completely describe the
nonlinear elastic, piezoelectric and dielectric constants of higher orders of piezoelectric
ceramics. These data make possible to simulate the vibrations of rod systems with
piezoelectric inserts to predict their behavior in strong electric fields and/or under the influence
of high mechanical load. The obtained data and method of measurement and calculation can
also be useful in research work with the aim of development of new compositions of
piezoceramics. Similar results were obtained for piezoceramics of the PZT- type, which
exhibits similar nonlinear properties. The ultrasonic method of measurement and calculation
can also be useful at the study of nonlinear properties of other materials, such as
polycrystalline rocks and some metals.

Keywords
longitudinal stiffness, dielectric permittivity, piezoelectric moduli, electrical load, piezoelectric
ceramics, piezoeffect, compressive stress.
References
[1]
V.М. Tsaplev, R.S. Konovalov, Frequency Dependences of Higher-Order Constants of
Piezoelectric Ceramics, Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing, V. 53, No. 7, 2017, 485–
492.
[2]
V.М. Tsaplev, Nonlinear acoustoelasticity of piezoceramic materials. Acoustical measurements.
2014, SPb.: “LETI”. 142.

196
 Wednesday, September 4th, 2019 (11:00 am)

PSP (2/3) - Ultrasonic signal processing and instrumentation

Location: VIVES room A304

PSP (2/3): Ultrasonic signal processing and instrumentation
Chair: Linas Svilainis

11:00 - 11:30 Phase Coherence Imaging: Principles, applications

and current developments Jorge Camacho, Carlos Fritsch, Jorge F. Cruza, Montserrat Parrilla
11:30 - 11:45 Ultrasonic Phased Array Imaging for Determination Marcus Ingram, Anthony Gachagan, Alison Nordon,
of Bubble Size Distribution Anthony Mulholland, Martin Hegarty
11:45 - 12:00 High-rate underwater acoustic multiple-input/multiple-output
communication with adaptive time reversal Takuya Shimura, Yukihiro Kida, Mitsuyasu Deguchi

197
PHASE COHERENCE IMAGING: PRINCIPLES, APPLICATIONS AND CURRENT
DEVELOPMENTS
J. Camacho1, C. Fritsch1, J.F. Cruza2, M. Parrilla1
1
Ultrasound Systems and Technology Group, Institute of Physical and Information
Technologies, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
2
DASEL SL, Madrid, Spain

Phase Coherence Imaging was proposed in 2009 as a new ultrasound beamforming method,
based on measuring the instantaneous phase dispersion of the aperture data [1]. Low phase
dispersion is indicative of a focused reflector, while large phase dispersion is produced by out
of focus reflectors, reverberations and the grained structure of some materials. Based on a
phase dispersion metric, a coherence factor can be defined and used to weight the
beamformer output, in such a way that focused reflectors are maintained (low phase
dispersion), while side-lobes, grating-lobes, reverberations and grain noise are reduced (large
phase dispersion). Besides increasing the image dynamic range by reducing the background
noise, lateral resolution is simultaneously improved by reducing the main-lobe width of the
beamforming lateral pattern.

Several phase coherence factors have been defined, based on different dispersion metrics
with different computational complexity and noise reduction levels. In particular, a realization
based on the sign of the received signals (Sign Coherence Factor) allows implementing the
method in real-time with low hardware resources. Besides using the coherence factor to
weight the beamforming output, it can be used as an image itself, with the property of
representing reflectors with equal amplitude regardless their reflectivity.

In this work, a review of the different coherence factors defined up to now is presented, along
with several application examples in the medical and industrial fields. A brief review of the
work derived along the last 10 years is presented, and current development of the technique
is discussed.

Figure 1: (Left) Conventional delay-and-sum (DAS) image of a set of 15 wires immersed in water, using
a 5 MHz array with 1.7λ pitch. Grating lobes mask the echoes generated by some of the wires. (Center)
Image of the Sign-Coherence-Factor (SCF), which takes values near 1 for all the wires despite their
reflectivity differences, and even for those immersed into the grating lobes. (Right) Image obtained after
weighting the DAS image by the SCF, eliminating the grating lobes up to 90 dB dynamic range.

Keywords
Phase Coherence Imaging, Beamforming, Signal Processing
References
[1]
J. Camacho, M. Parrilla and C. Fritsch, Phase Coherence Imaging, in IEEE Transactions on
Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, vol. 56, no. 5 2009, 958-974

198
 ULTRASONIC PHASED ARRAY IMAGING FOR DETERMINATION OF BUBBLE
SIZE DISTRIBUTION
Marcus Ingram1, Anthony Gachagan1, Alison Nordon2, Anthony J. Mulholland3, Martin
Hegarty4
1
Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
2
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
3
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
4
BP Chemicals Ltd, Hull, UK

Measurement of the particle or bubble size distribution (BSD) provides information relating to
the mass transfer efficiency for industrial process analysis of two-phase systems. Ultrasonic
measurement of these systems typically involves acoustic attenuation spectroscopy using
single element piezoelectric transducers. Since there is only one measurement position, the
received signals only pertain to the bulk response so these signals are not spatially resolved.
Recent technological advances in multiple-channel phased array controllers and graphics
processing units have accelerated data acquisition and ultrasonic image construction
algorithms. This has created the opportunity to apply ultrasonic phased array imaging to
dynamic processes.
An image processing algorithm is presented to extract the BSD from ultrasonic images
generated using the Total Focusing Method (TFM) [1] imaging algorithm. This is a two-stage
process, whereby the TFM images are normalised and binarised prior to identification of three
key-points on the perimeter of each object in the image scene. The algorithm assumes the
bubble reflectors can be modelled as circular by fitting a circle through these key-points.
Following this, exclusion parameters can be applied to remove noise artefacts and to threshold
the BSD.
The phased array imaging and image processing methodology is experimentally evaluated,
where the phased array transducer is positioned intrusively in a water tank with a bubble
column rising to the surface. Using a 32 element, 5 MHz linear phased array, up to 100
individual data sets and images were recorded. An example of the image target, the output
from the image processing algorithm and the corresponding size distribution is shown in Figure
1. This demonstrates successful application of phased array imaging for determination of BSD.
The implication of this work will enhance the understanding of dynamic processes for industrial
process analysis.

Figure 1: Left: Photograph of bubble column. Centre: Output from image processing algorithm. Right:
Histogram of BSD determined from 100 TFM images.
Keywords
Ultrasonic Phased Array, Bubble Size Distribution, Process Analysis
References
[1]
C. Holmes, B. Drinkwater, and P. Wilcox, Post-processing of the full matrix of ultrasonic transmit-
receive array data for non-destructive evaluation, 38, 2005, 701-711.

199
 HIGH-RATE UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC MULTIPLE-INPUT/MULTIPLE-OUTPUT
COMMUNICATION WITH ADAPTIVE TIME REVERSAL
Takuya SHIMURA1, Yukihiro KIDA1, Mitsuyasu DEGUCHI1
1
Acoustic Telecommunication Group, Marine Technology Development Department, Japan
Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan

Achieving high-rate communication in underwater acoustic channel has still been challenging
owing to the very narrow bandwidth, large Doppler effect, and strong multipath interference.
Nevertheless, demands for multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) communication have been
increased in recent years e.g. for high-rate communication network. In MIMO communication,
multiple transmitters transmit simultaneously different information-bearing signals in the same
frequency band. This technique of multiplexing is called spatial division multiplexing (SDM), in
which it is necessary to separate interfering signals on the receiver side. Adaptive time
reversal is a promising solution to achieve such SDM communication by suppressing both co-
channel interference and multipath interference because of its spatial focusing.

In this study, the performance of adaptive time reversal MIMO communication is demonstrated
with tank experiment, and its performance is compared with that of orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing (OFDM) as a conventional method. In Fig. 1, the schematic of experiment
is shown, in which transmitters with very narrow beam
width are used to avoid reflections from the side walls. The
carrier frequency is 70 kHz, and information-bearing
signals are modulated with quadrature phase shift keying
(QPSK) and 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) at
the symbol rate of 10 ksps. In Fig. 2, bit error rate (BER) a
nd output SNR in demodulation results are plotted vs the
50
number of transmitter channels. In the graph of BER, the
results with no bit error are plotted on the axis of 10^-4. In
40
cases of OFDM, MRC-OFDM is very effective for SIMO,
30 however, when the number of transmitter channels is two
SNR (dB)

20 or more, the performances of ZF-, MMSE-, and MMSE-

SIC-OFDM deteriorate considerably. Thus, it is turns out
10
that these techniques for MIMO-OFDM do not achieve
0
1 2 3 4 5
SDM effectively in such a rich multipath environment. On
number of transmitters the other hand, the output SNR of adaptive PTR does not
Input SNR ATR OFDM MRC degrade and no bit error occurs regardless of increasing
Input SNR OFDM OFDM ZF
Adaptive Time Reversal OFDM MMSE
the number of transmitters. Thus, it is demonstrated that
OFDM MMSE-SIC the performance of adaptive time reversal for MIMO
Figure 1: Schematic of experiment communication is much better than that of OFDM.
x
Tx Array 5ch. Rx Array 12ch.
z Keywords
D=2 m 0.25 m spacing 0.1 m spacing underwater acoustic communication, MIMO, time reversal,
ab. 22 m spatial division multiplexing
y
x
W=4 m Directivity = 2 deg.

Figure 2: experiment results

200
 Wednesday, September 4th, 2019 (11:00 am)

PUS (2/6) - Ultrasonic Scattering

Location: VIVES room B302

PUS (2/6): Ultrasonic Scattering
Chair: Sigrun Hirsekorn and Christopher Kube

11:00 - 11:15 Numerical modeling of acoustic-wave scattering

in polycrystalline media Tomáš Grabec, Martin Ryzy, Petr Sedlák, István A. Veres
11:15 - 11:30 Finite Element Modelling of Shear Wave Propagations
in Crystalline Materials Bo Lan, Ming Huang, Peter Huthwaite, Michael J.S. Lowe
11:30 - 11:45 Grain size characterization based on the centroid frequency
shift of laser-generated ultrasound Xue Bai, Yang Zhao, Jian Ma, Jiangfeng Song
11:45 - 12:00 Finite element modeling of ultrasonic attenuation within
polycrystalline materials in two and three dimensions Massoud Oudaa, Pierre-Emile Lhuillier, Philippe Guy, Quentin Leclere
12:00 - 12:15 Ultrasonic Wave Propagation and Scattering in Growing Random Voronoi Tessellations Frank Schubert
12:15 - 12:30 Measurement of effective surface acoustic wave
attenuation in polycrystalline aluminum Martin Ryzy, Tomáš Grabec, Mike Hettich, István A. Veres

201
 NUMERICAL MODELING OF ACOUSTIC-WAVE SCATTERING IN
POLYCRYSTALLINE MEDIA
Tomáš Grabec1, Martin Ryzy2, Petr Sedlák1, István A. Veres3
1
Czech Acad Sci, Inst Termomech, Dolejškova 1402/5, 18200 Praha, Czechia
2
Research Center for Non-Destructive Testing GmbH, Altenberger Str. 69, 4040 Linz,
Austria
3
Qorvo, 1818 S. Orange Blossom Trail, Apopka, Florida 32703, USA
Grain-boundary scattering is the major contribution to acoustic-wave attenuation in
polycrystalline materials at ultrasonic frequencies. Analytical models, developed since the
1950s, describe the frequency dependence of the attenuation based on characteristic grain
size. Experimental determination of the attenuation is immensely difficult, and it is often not in
a good agreement with the analytical models. Hence, numerical modeling, and particularly
Time-Domain FEM, plays a vital role in the study of this phenomenon, offering a way of
generating a large amount of data. For the simulations, a 3D polycrystalline-like model must
be generated. The Laguerre-Voronoi tessellation allows tuning of various statistical properties
of the artificial structure in order to mimic given samples.
In recent works, the importance of the two-point correlation function (TPCF) as the function
representing the grain morphology was shown.[1] In the standard analytical theories, there is
only a general form assumed. However, with the exact TPCF of the considered structure
inserted into the Weaver model of attenuation, the analytically and numerically calculated
attenuation of longitudinal bulk waves were found to be in a great agreement. As there is no
analytical model for surface-wave attenuation, a simple model based on the adapted Weaver
model has been constructed. A thorough experimental work using frequency-domain opto-
acoustic laboratory setup has shown that the SAW scattering behaves predictively, i.e.,
similarly to shear waves. [2]
In the present contribution, the
simulations of bulk and surface
acoustic waves propagating
through a tessellated, sample-
mimicking structure will be
presented, together with their
comparison to analytically and
experimentally obtained results.
Figure 1: On the left, an example of
3D Laguerre tessellation used as a
model of a polycrystalline structure.
On the right, comparison of
longitudinal bulk wave attenuation for
standard and adapted Weaver Figure 1: On the left, an example of 3D Laguerre tessellation used
models and TD-FEM simulation as a model of a polycrystalline structure. On the right, comparison of
results.[1] longitudinal bulk wave attenuation for standard and adapted Weaver
models and TD-FEM simulation results.[1]
Keywords
Grain boundary scattering, elastic wave scattering, numerical modeling, two-point correlation function
References
[1]
M. Ryzy, T. Grabec, P. Sedlak, I.A. Veres, Influence of grain morphology on ultrasonic wave
attenuation in polycrystalline media with statistically equiaxed grains, JASA 143 2018, pp. 219-229
[2]
M. Ryzy, T. Grabec, J. Oesterreicher, M. Hettich, I. A. Veres, Measurement of coherent surface
acoustic wave attenuation in polycrystalline aluminum, AIP Advances 8 2018, 125019

202
 FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF SHEAR WAVE PROPAGATIONS IN
CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS
Bo Lan, Ming Huang, Peter Huthwaite, Michael J.S. Lowe
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ

Shear waves in elastic solids have shown higher sensitivities to both defects and material
properties than their compressional counterparts. However, they have seen comparatively
limited applications in the areas of non-destructive testing (NDT) and beyond, mainly due to
the higher complexities associated with their physical propagation mechanisms and
experimental procedures. In this talk, I will present a finite element computational model that
is capable of capturing the most important aspects (wave speed, polarisation, and grain
scattering) of shear wave propagation in crystalline materials, thus providing a valuable tool
for better understanding, and potentially overcoming, the aforementioned complexities. The
basic setup of the model will be introduced, which is calibrated on a single crystal example for
simulating the wave speeds and polarisation, and then followed by polycrystalline models to
demonstrate the wave scattering and attenuation. Such computational capability has practical
values in areas such as NDT, material characterisation, and geophysical investigations, and
it epitomises the advancements enabled by the GPU-based finite element package Pogo,
which is developed at Imperial College.

Keywords
Ultrasonics, shear waves, finite element modelling

203
 GRAIN SIZE CHARACTERIZATION BASED ON THE CENTROID FREQUENCY
SHIFT OF LASER-GENERATED ULTRASOUND
Xue Bai1, Yang Zhao 1, Jian Ma 1, Jiangfeng Song 1
1
Laser Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 250103,
Jinan, Shandong, China

To solve such problems as low accuracy of grain size measurement using the ultrasonic
attenuation method due to the impacts of geometric spreading, this paper addresses the use
of the centroid frequency shift method for characterization of mean grain size in polycrystalline
materials. An analytical model is proposed for correlation of the mean grain size to the
downshift in the centroid of a Gaussian pulse's spectrum during propagation [1]. Experimental
inspection is then conducted in α-titanium alloys by laser-ultrasonics. Microstructures with
different mean grain sizes of 26-49μm are obtained by annealing at 800°C for different holding
times. Based on the proposed analytical model, the centroid frequency downshift data of laser
pulses is used to estimate the ultrasonic scattering-induced attenuation. Under the assumption
of a linear grain-size dependence of attenuation predicted by the Turner's model in
consideration of grain-size distribution effects [2], the mean grain size is then evaluated by
inversion of the estimated ultrasonic attenuation. A linear dependence of centroid frequency
shift on mean grain size is observed (Figure 1). Referring to the metallography analysis, the
non-destructive evaluation results show the maximum prediction error ±5% for the sample with
the smallest grain size of 26μm, and the minimum error ±0.2% for the largest grain size of
49μm. The provided results would help support the use of the centroid frequency shift method
for the grain size evaluation in polycrystalline materials, which is relatively insensitive to effects
of wave diffraction, reflection and transmission etc. in comparison with some other non-
destructive methods.
(a) (b)

Figure 1: (a) example of the centroid frequency downshift of a laser pulse, and (b) linear fitting for the
dependence of the centroid frequency shift on the mean grain size. 𝑓𝑓c1 and 𝑓𝑓c2 denote the spectral
� is the mean grain diameter obtained by the
centroids of the first and the second echoes, respectively. 𝐷𝐷
electron back-scattering diffraction (EBSD) investigations.

Acknowledgments
The work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant No. 51805304.
Keywords
Laser-ultrasonics, Centroid frequency shift, Grain size characterization, Ultrasonic scattering
References
[1] Quan Y , Harris J M . Geophysics, 62, 1997, 895-905.
[2]
A. P. Arguelles, J. A. Turner. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,141(6), 2017,4347-
4353.

204
 FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF ULTRASONIC ATTENUATION WITHIN
POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS
Massoud Oudaa1,2, Pierre-Emile Lhuillier1, Philippe Guy2, Quentin Leclere2
1
EDF R&D, Av. Renardieres, 77250 Moret sur Loing-Orvanne, France
2
Laboratory of Vibration and Acoustics (LVA), Mechanical Engineering and
Design Department, National Institute of Applied Sciences (INSA Lyon), Av.
Jean Capelle 25, 69621 Villeurbanne, France

In the nuclear industry Non Destructive Evaluation has become an essential tool to ensure the
structural integrity of important and safety-related components. Moreover, the solidification
phenomena occurring during the manufacturing process might provide highly heterogeneous
structures and/or anisotropic. In this context, the inspection of such components in the primary
circuit of nuclear pressurized water reactors is very challenging for the detection and sizing of
defects. An ultrasonic beam propagating through such components may be greatly deviated,
split and attenuated. Indeed the multiple scattering of elastic waves at grain boundaries can
exhibit a high attenuation and a high structural noise in coarse grain materials. These
unfavorable phenomena are predominant in polycrystalline materials (austenitic welds, coarse
grain Ni-based alloys) where the mean grain size is of the order of magnitude of the typical
wavelength used for the control. So aiming at better understanding of these phenomena and
the wave propagation within these anisotropic and heterogeneous structures, EDF R&D has
developed the finite element code ATHENA [1] dedicated to the simulation of the ultrasonic
propagation in metallic components.

2D and 3D finite element modeling approaches of ultrasonic propagation have been

implemented, combined with a description of the microstructure at the scale of grains. The
simulations seek to determine the contribution of scattering to the ultrasonic attenuation in
polycrystalline materials. The approach is applied to isotropic and anisotropic microstructures
exhibiting both equiaxed and elongated grains. The description of the propagation media
accounts for the geometric, elastic and crystallographic properties of coarse-grained material
and textured microstructures encountered especially in austenitic welds. The attenuation was
computed using different approaches. On the one hand, it was calculated with the decay of
simulated multiple backwall echoes. The contribution of the microstructure scattering was
isolated by a correction of the attenuation data with the one obtained considering an equivalent
homogenized material. On the other hand, the transmitted ultrasonic field was decomposed
into monochromatic plane wave spectrum to compute the attenuation. The simulation
investigates the variation of attenuation as a function of several key parameters: grain
orientation and size, excitation frequency, or anisotropy level.

Keywords
multiple scattering, ultrasonic attenuation, finite element modeling, austenitic welds, coarse grain Ni-
based alloy
References
[1] P-E. Lhuillier, B. Chassignole, M. Oudaa and S-O. Kerhervé, Investigation of the ultrasonic
attenuation in anisotropic weld materials with finite element modeling and grain-scale material
description, Ultrasonic 78 pp 40-50, 2017.

205
 ULTRASONIC WAVE PROPAGATION AND SCATTERING IN GROWING
RANDOM VORONOI TESSELLATIONS
Frank Schubert1
1
Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS,
Branch Materials Diagnostics, Maria-Reiche-Str. 2, 01109 Dresden, Germany

Random Voronoi tessellations or Voronoi diagrams, named after the Russian/Ukrainian

mathematician Georgy Feodosevich Voronoy, represent a specific partitioning of space based
on a set of randomly distributed points, the so called seeds or nuclei. Each nucleus is the
centre of a corresponding region (the Voronoi cell) consisting of all points that lie closer to this
nucleus than to any other nucleus in space. Voronoi diagrams have practical and theoretical
applications in a large number of fields like engineering, natural sciences, health, geometry,
informatics, meteorology and geography. In materials science, polycrystalline microstructures
of metallic alloys and polymers are commonly represented by Voronoi tessellations. An
interesting fact is that each Voronoi diagram emerges from isotropic radial outward growth of
(solid) spherical grains in a (fluid) matrix starting from each nucleus at the same time with the
same constant velocity and with zero nucleation rate. Where two or more grains collide, the
growth stops and grain boundaries, edges and vertices are generated. Therefore a Voronoi
tessellation can be seen as the final state of the simplest statistical dynamic growth model.
The topological characteristics of this model like the number of grain and phase boundaries,
the number of merged clusters (islands) and seas as well as the Euler characteristic as a
function of the degree of transformation can be described analytically. Moreover, the
percolation thresholds are also known. In the present contribution the scattering of plane
ultrasonic waves in growing random Voronoi tessellations is investigated numerically as a
function of the degree of transformation. The frequency-dependent attenuation and wave
speed curves show characteristic features that correlate with the topological characteristics of
the growth model. The results demonstrate how solidification processes in science and
industry can be monitored and characterized by ultrasonic measurements based on the
topological details of the underlying growth model.

Figure 1: Cross-sections of a 3-D growing random Voronoi tessellation. The number of grain and phase
boundaries but also the islands, seas and topological loops of the growth model determine the
characteristics of ultrasonic wave propagation.

Keywords
Ultrasonics, Wave Propagation, Random Voronoi Tessellation, Growth Model, Topology, Solidification
Monitoring

206
 MEASUREMENT OF EFFECTIVE SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE ATTENUATION
IN POLYCRYSTALLINE ALUMINUM
Martin Ryzy1, Tomáš Grabec2, Mike Hettich1, István A. Veres3
1
Research Center for Non-Destructive Testing GmbH, Altenberger Str. 69, 4040 Linz,
Austria
2
Czech Acad Sci, Inst Termomech, Dolejškova 1402/5, 18200 Praha, Czechia
3
Qorvo, 1818 S. Orange Blossom Trail, Apopka, Florida 32703, USA

Elastic waves which are propagating in polycrystalline materials are permanently scattered at
the boundaries between adjacent grains. This leads to a macroscopic, measurable spatial
attenuation in propagation direction, which is related to details of the microstructure (e.g. the
mean grain diameter) and thus might be used for its characterization. Here, we present a non-
contact, fully laser-based ultrasound setup for the measurement of grain boundary scattering
induced coherent surface acoustic wave attenuation in metals. The method seems particularly
well suited for the microstructure characterization of thin metal sheets, where bulk wave
approaches fail.
Grain boundary scattering of ultrasonic waves in metals has been studied for several decades
now. Although many theoretical models for the effective wave attenuation exist, even today
their exact experimental validation and their inversion on ultrasound measurements for the
mean grain diameter is still a challenging topic. This might have several reasons like
experimental imprecisions, improper measurement of an effective attenuation (ensemble
average response) and additional assumptions which are usually made about the grain size
distributions. Also, usually longitudinal bulk waves are studied which can only be probed at
opposite sample faces. Thus, the attenuation coefficient has to be calculated from the wave
amplitudes at very few spatial data points along the wave's propagation path, which might lead
to inaccuracies.
Here, we use a fully laser-based frequency domain ultrasound setup (see Fig.1(a)) to excite
Rayleigh type surface acoustic waves and to measure their displacement fields in
polycrystalline aluminum samples at many points on the sample surface. A spatial scanning
scheme is introduced which allows for the subsequent extraction of the effective attenuation
coefficient by exponential data fitting. Attenuation curves are obtained in the frequency range
from 10 MHz to 130 MHz (see Fig.1(b)) and comparisons to an analytical attenuation model
are made. The model calculations are based on the polycrystals' spatial two-point correlation
functions which are directly
determined from
micrographs. Thus, no
assumptions about the
material's microstructure
are necessary.
Measurements and
calculations are found to be
in very good agreement.
Figure 1: (a) Laser-Ultrasound setup for SAW attenuation measurements.
(b) SAW attenuation of an aluminum sample.
Keywords
Grain boundary scattering, elastic waves scattering, attenuation, SAWs, Rayleigh-wave, laser-
ultrasound

207
 Wednesday, September 4th, 2019 (1:30 pm)

Keynote session 4

Keynote Lecture by Matt Clark:

Sub optical wavelength acoustic imaging

Location: VIVES main auditorium

Chair: Christ Glorieux

208
 SUB OPTICAL WAVELENGTH ACOUSTIC IMAGING

Matt Clark11Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK

The (real) resolution in optical microscopy is limited by diffraction which is, in turn, limited by
the wavelength of light used. The wavelength of light is limited by the energy carried on the
photons because as the wavelength is reduced (to the blue or ultraviolet end of the spectrum)
the photons carry enough energy to damage cells.

Acoustic waves have significantly lower quantisation energy and consequently the damage
limit on the wavelength used is removed. Consequently smaller wavelengths can be used in
acoustic microscopy and optical microscopy to perform imaging, opening the way to higher
than optical resolution imaging using GHz sound.

In this talk I will show how sub-optical wavelength sound can be used to image up to, and
beyond, the optical microscopy resolution limit[1] and how super-optical resolution imaging
maybe achieved using acoustics to generate significantly higher than optical resolution with
nanoparticles[2].

In addition acoustic
microscopy boasts a
biologically relevant,
native contrast
mechanism because
it 'sees' stiffness.
This means acoustic
microscopy offers a
label-free alternative
to high resolution
optical microscopy
which usually relies
on (toxic) chemical
labels and dyes to provide contrast.

Keywords
Acoustic microscopy, nano, picosecond
References
[1] Fernando Perez-Cota, Richard Smith, Emilia Moradi, Leonel Marques, Kevin Webb, and Matt Clark.

High resolution 3D imaging of living cells with sub-optical wavelength phonons. Scientific Reports,
6:39326 2016.
[2] Rafael Fuentes-Domnguez, Fernando Prez-Cota, Shakila Naznin, Richard J. Smith, and Matt Clark.

Super-resolution imaging using nano-bells. Scientific Reports, 8(1):16373 2018.

209
 Wednesday, September 4th, 2019 (2:30 pm)

EAH - Acoustic Holograms

Location: VIVES room C201

EAH: Acoustic Holograms
Chair: Peer Fischer and Zhichao Ma

14:30 - 15:00 Transcranial acoustic holograms for arbitrary fields Sergio Jiménez-Gambín, Noé Jiménez,
generation using focused ultrasound into the brain José María Benlloch, Francisco Camarena
15:00 - 15:15 Characterization of a two-dimensional ultrasound array
using transient acoustic holography Sergey A. Tsysar, Dmitry A. Nikolaev, Oleg A. Sapozhnikov
15:15 - 15:30 Acoustic characterization of an absorptive layer
using acoustic holography Dmitry A. Nikolaev, Sergey A. Tsysar, Vera A. Khokhlova, Oleg A. Sapozhnikov

210
 TRANSCRANIAL ACOUSTIC HOLOGRAMS FOR ARBITRARY FIELDS
GENERATION USING FOCUSED ULTRASOUND INTO THE BRAIN
Sergio Jiménez-Gambín1, Noé Jiménez1, José María Benlloch1, Francisco Camarena1
1
Instituto de Instrumentación para Imagen Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain

We design 3D printed lenses that generate acoustic holograms [1,2,3,4] correcting the
aberrations of the skull [5] and simultaneously, producing arbitrary ultrasonic fields with the
geometry of brain structures. Using experimental techniques on a human skull phantom
(HSP), a multiple-point focusing lens is designed to focus at both human hippocampi at once;
a beam following an arbitrary curved trajectory, i.e., a self-bending beam [6]; and a holographic
plate producing a broad focus that overlaps with the left hippocampus (LH).
Skull and LH geometries and acoustic properties are obtained from CT-scans [7] and MRI,
respectively. Time-reversal (TR) method is used to obtain the magnitude and phase of the
back-propagated field from the target shape towards the lens surface. The lens heights are
obtained dividing up its surface in pixels of 1 mm2 and then assuming each element to vibrate
as a Fabry-Pérot resonator [8]. The resulting lenses are 3D printed with accurate SLA
techniques.
The three studied cases show similar results in simulation and experiment with and without
the HSP: for the bi-focal beam, the reconstructed field accurately matches the target foci; for
the curved trajectory beam, the target acoustic image is reconstructed by the designed
holographic lens; for the broad focus beam, results present the same qualitative performance
providing a similar overall covering of the LH.
The reported holographic lenses can be used to control the spatial features of ultrasonic
beams inside the skull in an unprecedented manner using single-element ultrasonic sources.

Figure 1: Self-bending beam: a) theoretical pressure field in water, b) corresponding simulation; c)

simulated field including the skull phantom. Experiments are shown in the corresponding insets.

Keywords
Hologram, ultrasound, brain, skull
References
[1]
K. Melde, A. G. Mark, T. Qiu & P. Fischer, Nature, 537 7621 2016, 518-522.
[2]
Y. Xie, Scientific Reports, 6 35437 2016.
[3]
Y. Zhu, Nature communications, 9 1632 2018.
[4]
Y. Hertzberg, & G. Navon, Medical Physics, 38 12 2011, 6407-6415.
[5]
G. Maimbourg, A. Houdouin, T. Deffieux, M. Tanter & J.-F. Aubry, Physics in Medicine & Biology, 63
2 2018, 025026.
[6]
P. Zhang, P., Nature Communications, 5 4316 2014.
[7]
J.-F. Aubry, M. Tanter, M. Pernot, J.-L. Thomas & M. Fink, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of
America 113 1 2003, 84-93.
[8]
P. W. M. Tsang, & T.-C. Poon, Optics Express, 21 20, 2013, 23680-23686.

211
CHARACTERIZATION OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL ULTRASOUND ARRAY USING
TRANSIENT ACOUSTIC HOLOGRAPHY
Sergey A. Tsysar1, Dmitry A. Nikolaev1, Oleg A. Sapozhnikov1, 2
1
Physics Faculty, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
2
Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, 98105 Seattle, WA, USA

In many applications of ultrasound, knowledge of the spatial and temporal structure of the
acoustic field is crucial, for example, in medical ultrasound tomography and therapy. Acoustic
holography is a method of recording a true three-dimensional field by measuring the
magnitude and phase of acoustic pressure on a two-dimensional surface (hologram). Acoustic
holography allows to determine the amplitude and phase of the vibrational velocity distribution
along the surface of the transducer. It is based on the numerical back-projection of the
measured hologram onto the transducer surface. This can be done in CW mode using the
Rayleigh integral or angular spectrum approach. Holography has been successfully
implemented for sources in the MHz range radiating in a fluid for flat, focused [1] and cylindrical
or spherical transducers [2]. The method can be naturally extended to pulsed (transient) fields
[3]
. In this paper, transient holography is used to characterize the surface vibration for a two-
dimensional ultrasound imaging array (Medelkom, Vilnius, Lithuania), shown in Fig. 1a.

Figure 1: (a) 2D probe, (b) 3 groups of 128 elements, (c) surface vibration amplitude at 2.18 MHz

The probe consists of 20×20 array of 1.45x1.45 mm piezoelectric elements with pitch of
50 microns. Only 384 of 400 elements are active; they are divided in three groups by
128 elements (Fig.1b). Each group can be driven via Canon ZIF connector. The probe is
connected to the Verasonics engine and excited by a short pulse consisting of 2 cycles of
2MHz. The hologram is measured by SEA Lipstick GL-0150 hydrophone scanned over a
square region at 25 mm distance from the transducer by the Precision Acoustics UMS-3
scanning system. The reconstructed field on the surface of the 2D probe in a wide frequency
range (a typical image is shown in Fig. 1c) demonstrates very good resolution and allowes
detection of defects and inactive elements. Work supported by NIH R01EB025187, RFBR 17-
02-00261, and RFBR 18-02-00991.

Keywords
Acoustic holography, 2D ultrasound probe, transducer characterization
References
[1]
Sapozhnikov O.A., Tsysar S.A., Khokhlova V.A., and Kreider W. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 2015, 138(3),
1515–1532.
[2]
Tsysar S.A., Sinelnikov Y.D., and Sapozhnikov O.A. Acoust. Phys., 2011, 57(1), 94–105.
[3]
Sapozhnikov O.A, Ponomarev A.E., and Smagin M.A. Acoust. Phys., 2006, 52(3), 324–330.

212
 ACOUSTIC CHARACTERIZATION OF AN ABSORPTIVE LAYER USING
ACOUSTIC HOLOGRAPHY
Dmitry A. Nikolaev1, Sergey A. Tsysar1, Vera A. Khokhlova1, 2, Oleg A. Sapozhnikov1, 2
1
Physics Faculty, Moscow State University, Russia
2
Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, USA

In most applications of ultrasound it is important to know acoustic characteristics of the

propagation medium such as the speed of sound and absorption coefficient within a certain
frequency range. By definition, these parameters refer to the propagation of a plane wave.
However, no real sources radiate the plane wave; instead, bounded acoustic beams with
heterogeneous spatial structure are generated. This makes acoustic measurements
inaccurate and sometimes even impossible, especially in the nearfield of the beam. Acoustic
holography method can be used to implement a plane-wave mode for transmitting ultrasound
through a layer of a final aperture. The angular spectrum of the beam, that represents the
acoustic field as a superposition of plane waves travelling in different directions, can be
determined from a 2D holography field scan measured with a small-size hydrophone[1]. In the
linear regime, these plane waves propagate through the absorptive layer independently of
each other. In addition, for bounded acoustic beams, such layer of a final aperture can be
considered as infinite in the transverse direction. Consequently, normal transmission of a
plane wave through the infinite layer can be realized by considering the perpendicular angular
component of the wave spectrum.

Figure 1: Experimental set-up for acoustic characterization of an absorptive layer.

The current work is devoted to the experimental study of acoustic parameters of the
propagation medium using the described holography-based method. The experimental
arrangement is shown in Fig. 1. The ultrasonic transducer in the megahertz frequency range
emitted an acoustic beam that propagated through the layer of the test material. The
transmitted pressure field was detected by a small-sized hydrophone, which was moved by a
computer-controlled positioning system to record the hologram in the form of a 2D scan of the
pressure magnitude and phase. Several materials were characterized including acrylic plastic
and various gels. It was shown that the proposed method allows accurate measurement of
the speed of sound and absorption coefficient in a wide frequency range. Work supported by
NIH R01EB025187, NIH R01EB007643, RFBR 17-02-00261 and RFBR 18-02-00991.

Keywords
Acoustic holography, angular spectrum, acoustic characterization
References
[1]
Sapozhnikov O.A., Tsysar S.A., Khokhlova V.A., and Kreider W. Acoustic holography as a
metrological tool for characterizing medical ultrasound sources and fields. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., v. 138,
no. 3 2015, 1515–1532.

213
 Wednesday, September 4th, 2019 (2:30 pm)

MAR+MUI+MHF (1/2) - Ultrasound imaging for medical applications

MAR+MUI+MHF (1/2): Ultrasound imaging for medical Location: VIVES room A203
applications Chair: Chris de Korte and Ton van der Steen

14:30 - 14:45 Effect of size of transmit aperture on estimation of ultrasonic

speed of sound in diffuse scattering medium Hideyuki Hasegawa, Ryo Nagaoka
14:45 - 15:00 Low cost volumetric imaging using a large footprint 11x11 Holger Hewener, Wolfgang Bost, Daniel Speicher,
element matrix array probe on a 128 channel ultrasound research scanner Michael Ehrhardt, Marc Fournelle, Steffen Tretbar
15:00 - 15:15 Matrix approach of aberration correction William Lambert, Laura Cobus,
in ultrasound imaging Mathieu Couade, Mathias Fink, Alexandre Aubry

214
 EFFECT OF SIZE OF TRANSMIT APERTURE ON ESTIMATION OF
ULTRASONIC SPEED OF SOUND IN DIFFUSE SCATTERING MEDIUM
Hideyuki Hasegawa, Ryo Nagaoka
Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama
Gofuku 3190, Toyama 930-8555, Japan

In medical ultrasonic imaging, a speed of sound in a target medium needs to be assumed in

the beamforming process. A mismatch between the true and assumed speed of sound leads
to degradation in ultrasound image quality. Recently, coherence-based methods for estimation
of an ultrasonic speed of sound in a target medium have been developed. Those methods use
distinct point scatterers in the medium, which exhibit a dominant scattering strength [1] or are
created in a diffuse scattering medium by a specific transmit-receive sequence [2]. We have
shown that an ultrasonic speed of sound in a diffuse scattering medium can be estimated
without any specific transmit-receive sequence using the coherence factor (CF) by selecting
reliable received signals based on echo amplitude and CF [3]. In our previous study, the emitted
ultrasonic field was found to affect the estimated speed of sound. In the present study, effects
of the size of the transmit aperture was investigated for improvement in the accuracy in the
speed of sound estimation by the proposed method.
In the present study, homogeneous part of a phantom (model 040 GSE, CIRS) was measured
with a 7.5-MHz linear array probe as a diffuse scattering medium. The nominal speed of sound
was 1540 m/s. The element pitch of the probe was 0.2 mm, and each transmit beam was
focused at 20 mm. Ultrasonic radio-frequency (RF) signals received by individual transducer
elements were acquired at a sampling frequency of 31.25 MHz under sizes of transmit
apertures of 16, 32, 64, and 96 elements. Receive beamforming was performed off-line to
obtain beamformed RF signals and CF.
Figure 1(a)-1(d) shows average CFs obtained with transmit aperture sizes of 16, 32, 64, and
96 elements, respectively. The speed of sound in the medium was estimated to be 1540.0
m/s, 1534.5 m/s, 1532.5 m/s, and 1531.5 m/s with transmit aperture sizes of 16, 32, 64, and
96, respectively, as the speed of sound values which gave maximum average CFs. Although
an aperture size of 16 elements realized the least error, an aperture size of 32 elements
realized the least variation in speed of sound estimates in the axial direction. A decrease in
the sound pressure due to a small aperture size was considered to be one of the reasons.

Figure 1: Average CFs, which were obtained with transmit apertures composed of (a) 16, (b) 32, (c) 64,
and (d) 96 elements, plotted as functions of assumed speed of sound.

Keywords
ultrasonic beamforming, speed of sound, coherence factor
References
[1]
Y. C. Kang, et al., Opt. Express, 20, 2012, 3082-3090.
[2]
M. Imbault, et al., Phys. Med. Biol., 62, 2017, 3582-3598.
[3]
H. Hasegawa, R. Nagaoka, J. Med. Ultrason. (in press).

215
 LOW COST VOLUMETRIC IMAGING USING A LARGE FOOTPRINT 11X11
ELEMENT MATRIX ARRAY PROBE ON A 128 CHANNEL ULTRASOUND
RESEARCH SCANNER
Holger Hewener1, Wolfgang Bost1, Daniel Speicher1, Michael Ehrhardt1, Marc Fournelle1,
Steffen Tretbar1
1
Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Department Ultrasound,
Ensheimer Strasse 48, 66386 Sankt Ingbert, Germany

Volumetric imaging in real time (volume rate of > 20 Hz) can only be realized using matrix
array transducers and electronic beam steering. While providing real time volumetric imaging
capability, the usage of matrix array transducers requires cost intensive ultrasound device
hardware (high electrical channel count for transmit and receive) or multiplexer electronics
integrated directly in the probe itself. Besides this complexity, matrix array transducers
typically come with a small footprint that limits the total amount of energy that can be applied
to the tissue caused by fulfilling the λ/2 element pitch criteria for best beam steering
possibilities. This results in a reduction of maximum penetration of the sound wave caused by
its attenuation and therefore reduces the possible imaging depth. By choosing a larger
element pitch in our approach, we increase the maximum amount of energy to be generated
while reducing beam steering capabilities. Working at a center frequency of 2 MHz, the chosen
element pitch of 2.8725 mm in both dimensions results in a pitch of 3.6x lambda (assuming a
SoS of 1540 m/s) and a transducer footprint of more than 3x3 cm. While generating enough
acoustic energy to image deeper tissue, this design significantly limits the beam steering
possibilities and results in a maximum total steering angle of 16 degree, which still allows for

compounding of several tilted plane wave acquisitions to reduce angle dependent artifacts.
Figure 1: Software showing real time volumetric acquisition and reconstruction with research interface

Pre-beamformed channel data from 25 plane waves (5 x 5 tilted angles) was reconstructed to
volume data on the GPU after transfer from the "DiPhAS" ultrasound research scanner. The
software based receive beamforming process takes 50.4 ms computing 64x64x1536 voxels
and 13.3 ms computing 32x32x1536 voxels per volume which results in real time volumetric
imaging of 20 up to 75 Hz. The resulting imaging quality is reduced (FWHM of lateral and
elevational PSF of 2.45 mm in a depth of 43 mm) compared to high end diagnostic imaging
caused by the large element spacing but can be used for motion tracking or real time process
monitoring.

Keywords
Ultrasound research system, matrix array, volumetric imaging, plane wave beamforming

216
 MATRIX APPROACH OF ABERRATION CORRECTION IN ULTRASOUND
IMAGING
William Lambert1,2, Laura Cobus1, Mathieu Couade2, Mathias Fink1, Alexandre Aubry1
1
Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
2
SuperSonic Imaging, 510 Rue René Descartes 13857 Aix-en-Provence, France
Conventional ultrasound imaging generally relies on two major assumptions. The reflected
wave-field only contains singly-scattered echoes and the insonified medium is homogeneous,
with a constant speed-of-sound. Nonetheless, when aberrations and/or multiple scattering
events take place, those hypotheses are no longer valid. Liver imaging is an appropriate
example in which ultrasonic waves propagate through multiple layers of fat and muscle tissues
before reaching the organ. The image quality is then degraded and reverberation artefacts
may appear. Moreover the speed of sound may vary with position, resulting in multiple
isoplanatic patches (different aberration laws in several areas of the image). To maintain an
optimal resolution, adaptive correction techniques have been developed [1]. They consist in
convolving the transmitted and received wave fronts by an adaptive filter that compensate for
the wave-front distortions induced by the medium heterogeneities. Nevertheless, those
methods require iterative focusing, are time-consuming and their range of action is limited to
one single isoplanatic patch.
In this work, a matrix approach of ultrasound imaging is developed and dedicated to the
correction of aberrations. This method is based on the study of the reflection matrix R that
contains all the back-scattered wave-fronts for a set of incident waves [2]. By back-propagating
R to any focal plane in transmit and receive, a focused reflection matrix Rf is built between
virtual transducers at each depth in a breast phantom (Fig. 1 a). While the main diagonal of
Rf directly yields a conventional ultrasound image (Fig. 1 c), its off-diagonal elements measure
the cross-talk between virtual transducers. This information proves to be valuable for
aberration correction. Moreover, it enables a local and quantitative assessment of the focusing
quality (Fig. 1 e). Fig.1 b) shows the result of the aberration correction on the matrix Rf. The
contrast of the corrected image is clearly improved and its resolution is pushed back toward
the diffraction limit (Fig.1 d,e).

Figure 1: Application of the matrix approach on a breast phantom. (a, b) Matrix Rf at z = 30 mm before
and after correction. (c, d) Ultrasound images. (e) Width of the focal spot versus depth (red curve: no
correction, green dashed curve: with correction).

Keywords
Matrix approach, aberration correction, reverberation filtering, complex media
References
[1]
G. Montaldo, M Tanter, and Mathias Fink, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 2011, 054301
[2]
A. Badon, D. Li, G. Lerosey, A. C. Boccara, M. Fink, A. Aubry, Sci. Adv. 2, 2016, e1600370

217
 Wednesday, September 4th, 2019 (2:30 pm)

MDD (2/2) - Targeted and Accelerated Drug Delivery by Ultrasound

MDD (2/2): Targeted and Accelerated Drug Delivery by Location: VIVES room A207
Ultrasound Chair: Guillaume Lajoinie and Caroline Harder Hovgesen

14:30 - 15:00 Nanoparticle-loaded microbubbles for US-triggered drug delivery:

sonoprinting and the multiscale parameter space Michel Versluis
15:00 - 15:15 Mechanisms of enhanced drug delivery in brain Yutong Guo, Miguel O. Bernabeu, Vasileios Askoxylakis,
metastases with focused ultrasound-induced Meenal Datta, Jonas Kloepper, Gino K. Ferraro, Dai Fukumura,
transient blood-tumor barrier disruption Nathan McDannold, Rakesh K. Jain, Costas D. Arvanitis
15:15 - 15:30 Porous oxides as novel contrast agents and increasing Adriano Troia, Valentina Cauda, Federico Zagallo,
tools for radicals generation in low intensity ultrasonic fields Andrea Ancona, Giancarlo, Canavese

218
 NANOPARTICLE-LOADED MICROBUBBLES FOR US-TRIGGERED DRUG
DELIVERY: SONOPRINTING AND THE MULTISCALE PARAMETER SPACE
Michel Versluis
Physics of Fluids group, Technical Medical (TechMed) Centre, MESA+ Research Institute for
Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands

The acoustic excitation of bubbles and droplets has widespread use in medical technology
and nanotechnology applications. These applications include bulk and surface acoustic waves
for bubble and droplet production, as well as bubble and droplet actuation to perform local
drug delivery or local and well-controlled surface cleaning. Ultrasound contrast agents aid in
delineation, perfusion and flow imaging. Acoustically driven bubbles can promote efficient
mixing on the microscale through acoustic streaming and stable cavitation. Microbubbles and
low-boiling point nanodroplets can also be decorated with a payload which carries great
potential for their use as drug delivery agents in the context of personalized medical therapy.
Key to all these emerging applications is a precise acoustic control of the interaction of
ultrasound with the bubbles and droplets. The challenge here is the combined microscopic
length scales and ultrashort time scales associated with the mechanisms controlling bubble
and droplet formation and its activation processes, which we solve by high-resolution ultrafast
microscopy, even down to the nanosecond. Together with theoretical modeling and numerical
simulations these experiments assist in our in-depth fundamental understanding of bubble and
droplet behavior, which then provides intriguing new prospects for innovative solutions in
nanotechnology industry and in nanomedicine.
Several studies have shown the potential of nanoparticle-loaded microbubbles to effectively
enhance the delivery of therapeutic agents to target tissue. Nanoparticle-carrying
microbubbles can deposit nanoparticles onto cell membranes in localized patches, a process
termed ‘sonoprinting’. The biophysical mechanisms underlying sonoprinting are not entirely
clear. In addition, the question remains how the ultrasound parameters, such as acoustic
pressure and pulse duration, relate to the sonoprinting efficacy. Here, the behavior of
nanoparticle-loaded microbubbles under ultrasound exposure is studied using three advanced
optical imaging techniques with frame rates ranging from 5 frames per second to 10 million
frames per second, while capturing the biophysical cell-bubble interactions that occur on a
multitude of timescales. Details of the observations include US-mediated microstreaming, and
translation of the microbubbles, due to acoustic radiation forces. The latter mechanism
transports the released nanoparticles in the wake of the microbubbles, leading to the
deposition of nanoparticles in elongated patches on the cell membrane, thereby giving full
insight in the sonoprinting mechanisms.

Acknowledgements
The sonoprinting project was joint work between the Physics of Fluids group of the University of Twente
and the Research Group on Nanomedicine of Ghent University. This work is funded by the Special
Research Fund in Flanders Belgium (BOF-Vlaanderen), and NanoCOMIT, an SBO project granted by
the Institute for the Promotion of Innovation through Science and Technology in Flanders, Belgium
(IWT-Vlaanderen, projectnumber 140061). This work is also supported by NanoNextNL, a micro- and
nanotechnology consortium of the Government of the Netherlands and 130 partners.
Keywords
Microbubbles, Drug delivery, Sonoprinting

219
 MECHANISMS OF ENHANCED DRUG DELIVERY IN BRAIN METASTASES
WITH FOCUSED ULTRASOUND-INDUCED TRANSIENT BLOOD-TUMOR
BARRIER DISRUPTION
Yutong Guo1, Miguel O. Bernabeu2, Vasileios Askoxylakis3, Meenal Datta3，4, Jonas
Kloepper3, Gino K. Ferraro3, Dai Fukumura3, Nathan McDannold5, Rakesh K. Jain3, Costas
D. Arvanitis1
1
School of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; 2Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher
Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, United Kingdom; 3Edwin L. Steele
Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard
Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; 4Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155; 5Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s
Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
Blood brain/blood tumor barriers (BBB and BTB) and interstitial transport may constitute major
obstacles to the transport of therapeutics in brain tumors. Focused ultrasound (FUS), when
combined with circulating microbubbles, provides a noninvasive method to locally and
transiently disrupt the BBB/BTB. While several studies have demonstrated its potential for
targeted drug delivery, there is a lack of fundamental understanding of the impact of this
method on the pharmacokinetics of anticancer agents in the brain microenvironment. In this
study, we examined the impact of FUS in combination with microbubbles on the transport of
two relevant chemotherapy-based anticancer agents, the non-targeted small molecular weight
chemotherapeutic doxorubicin and the antibody-drug conjugate ado-trastuzumab emtansine
(T-DM1), in HER2-positive breast cancer brain metastases using intravital microscopy and
drug transport mathematical modeling.
Our quantitative microscopy data demonstrates a multifold increases in the extravasation of
both agents (7-fold and 2-fold for doxorubicin and T-DM1, respectively) and also an increased
drug penetration (> 100 µm vs. < 20 µm and 42 ± 7 µm vs. 12 ± 4 µm for doxorubicin and T-
DM1, respectively) after application of FUS as compared to control (non-FUS). Interestingly,
assessment of the temporal evolution of the doxorubicin concentration in the interstitial space
revealed that FUS contributes to enhanced interstitial convective transport in solid tumors.
Integration of experimental data with physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling
of drug transport in heterogeneous tumor microenvironment provides quantitative confirmation
that FUS in combination with microbubbles alleviates vascular barriers and enhances
interstitial convective transport via an increase in hydraulic conductivity. In addition, modeling
revealed a selective increase in transvascular transport of doxorubicin through small vessel-
wall pores size with a narrow range (Diameter: 10-50nm). Our model shows that an infusion
over 30mins led to a 45% increase in peak intracellular drug concentration compared to bolus
injection, providing a viable therapeutic strategy to improve drug uptake. Sensitivity analysis
also indicates that alternative therapeutic strategies should aim to modify the transmembrane
transport for both drugs and improve perfusion for larger molecule drug (convection-
dominated transport).
Taken together, our work provides a quantitative framework for the optimization of FUS-drug
combinations to maximize intratumoral drug delivery and facilitate the development of novel
strategies to treat brain metastases.

Keywords
focused ultrasound, brain tumor, pharmacokinetics, blood–brain/ blood–tumor barrier, drug transport

220
 POROUS OXIDES AS NOVEL CONTRAST AGENTS AND INCREASING TOOLS
FOR RADICALS GENERATION IN LOW INTENSITY ULTRASONIC FIELDS
A. Troia1, F. Zagallo2, A. Ancona2, G. Canavese2, V. Cauda2
1
Department of biomedical acoustics, Advanced metrology and life science division, National
Institute of Metrological Research, Strada delleCacce 91 Torino, Italy
2
Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli
Abruzzi 10129 Torino, ITALY

Use of porous oxides nanoparticles for diagnostic and therapeutic applications of ultrasound
is growing of interest owing to their unique surface properties, which can be exploited to get
more sensitive and long life stable contrast agents as well as to increase the radicals
generation through their exposure to low-intensity ultrasounds [1], pointing out their possible
applications in the oncological field, for both imaging applications and therapeutic functions.
It has been largely demonstrated that the presence of porous nanoparticles (NPs) in aqueous
solutions decreases the cavitation threshold [2]. NPs are indeed able to stabilize nanobubbles
on their surface and inside well-defined cavities, acting as cavitation nuclei. Different
approaches have been used in the literature to stabilize gas nanobubbles on the surface of
porous nanoparticles and tested as alternative contrast agents or as drug delivery systems.
Here we report the result on the enhancement of radicals generation and the lowering effect
of cavitation threshold, with respect to pure water, using functionalized mesoporous silica NPs
and functionalized ZnO NPs. Cavitation activity was quantified by analyzing the cavitation
noise detected by a needle hydrophone and correlated with the analysis of images acquired
with an ultrasound scanner probe to monitoring the bubbles dynamics. These investigations
were also correlated with EPR measurements which allowed to detect the enhancement of
radical generation given by the presence ZnO nanoparticles for low intensity of ultrasounds.

Figure 1: On the left B-mode echographic images taken from movies acquired during ultrasound
irradiation (frequency 1MHz, pressure 0,7 MPa) of water (A) and ZnO-NPs conc. 200 μg/mLaqueous
solutions (B).The yellow rectangle in the bottom panel marks the region where acoustic scattering is
visualized. White spots lateral to this region are due to reflection from the sample wall container. On the
right the EPR measurement, performed under same experimentalconditions as a function of acoustic
pressure.

Keywords
Ultrasound, contrast agents, cavitation, radicals,
References
[1]
.G. Canavese, A. Ancona, L. Racca, M. Canta, B. Dumontel, F. Barbaresco, T. Limongi, V. Cauda,
Chemical Engineering Journal, 340, 155-172, 2018.
[2]
A. Yildirim, R. Chattaraj, N.T. Blum, G.M. Goldscheitter, A.P. Goodwin, , Adv. Healthcare Mater. 5
(2016) 1290–1298.

221
 Wednesday, September 4th, 2019 (2:30 pm)

PGM+PMM (1/4) - Metamaterials and granular materials

Location: VIVES room A306

PGM+PMM (1/4): Metamaterials and granular materials
Chair: Vincent Tournat

14:30 - 15:00 Active Acoustic Resonators and their Applications

to Loss-Immune, Reconfigurable, or Dynamic Metamaterials Romain Fleury
15:00 - 15:15 Metamaterials and seismic waves in 4 square metres Andrea Colombi, Rachele Zaccherini, Vasilieios Ntertimanis,
Eleni Chatzi, Alessandro Marzani, Antonio Palermo
15:15 - 15:30 Towards phonon circuits enabled by optomechanics Daniel Navarro-Urrios, Martin F. Colombano, Guillermo Arregui,
Jeremie Maire, Nestor E. Capuj, Alessandro Pitanti, Amadeu
Griol, Alejandro Martinez, Clivia M.
Sotomayor-Torres

222
ACTIVE ACOUSTIC RESONATORS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS TO LOSS-
IMMUNE, RECONFIGURABLE, OR DYNAMIC METAMATERIALS
Romain Fleury
Laboratory of Wave Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL),
Station 11, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland

Locally-resonant sonic metamaterials refer to synthetic acoustic matter composed of artificial

acoustic “atoms”, generally passive, and of subwavelength sizes, that are capable of
resonantly interacting with an external acoustic wave, and manipulate it in ways that are not
directly available using natural bulk materials. Such artificial 3D materials, or their 2D analogs
called metasurfaces, have led to extraordinary physical phenomena including negative
refraction, subwavelength focusing, guiding or absorption, cloaking, or anomalous
reflection/transmission [1].

Despite these interesting phenomena, the use of passive resonators as building blocks for
metamaterials comes with drastic limitations, in particular in terms of bandwidth, sensitivity to
absorption losses, reconfigurability, etc. In this presentation, we will demonstrate theoretically
and experimentally that active electro-acoustic resonators [2,3], when properly designed, can
form the basis for efficient metamaterial building blocks. We will demonstrate subwavelength
resonators whose fundamental properties like absorption losses, resonance frequency, and
radiative losses, can be controlled independently using an active feedback control scheme.
We will demonstrate their use in various examples of active metamaterials that exploit this
active scheme for either immunity to absorption losses [4], disorder [5], non-reciprocity [6-8]
or for reconfigurability [9].

Keywords
Metamaterials, active feedback control, reconfigurability.
References
[1]
G. Ma, P. Sheng, Science Advances, Volume 2, 2016, 1501595.
[2]
R. Boulandet, H. Lissek, R. Fleury, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Volume 129,
2011, 2968.
[3]
E. Rivet, S. Karkar, H. Lissek, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, Volume 25, 2017,
63-72.
[4]
R. Fleury, D. Sounas, A. Alu, Nature Communications, Volume 6, 2015, 5905.
[5] E. Rivet, A. Brandstotter, K.G. Makris, H. Lissek, S. Rotter, R. Fleury, Nature Physics, Volume 14,
2018, 942-947.
[6]
R. Fleury, D. Sounas, C.F. Sieck, M.R. Haberman, A. Alu, Science, Volume 343, 2014, 516-519.
[7]
R. Fleury, D. Sounas, A. Alu, Physical Review B, Volume 91, 2015, 174306.
[8]
R. Fleury, D. Sounas, M.R. Haberman, A. Alu, Acoustics Today, Volume 11, 2015, 14-21.
[9]
R. Fleury, A.B. Khanikaev, A. Alu, Nature Communications, Volume 7, 2016, 11744.

223
 METAMATERIALS AND SEISMIC WAVES IN 4 SQUARE METRES
Andrea Colombi1, Rachele Zaccherini1, Vasilieios Ntertimanis1, Eleni Chatzi1, Alessandro
Marzani2, Antonio Palermo2
1
Department of Civil, Geomatic and Environmental Engineering, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland.
e-mail: [email protected]
2
Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, Universita’ di
Bologna, Bologna, Italy

Elastic metamaterials based on resonant phenomena have seen a broad diffusion with
applications spanning different scales and problems. In this talk we explore the use of
metamaterials as barrier for seismic waves and groundborne vibrations [1]. This promising
field is still relatively unchartered and lacks of practical demonstrations aimed at validating the
idea [2]. With an ambitious laboratory experiment [3] the seismic wave propagation has been
scaled to fit in a four-square-metres sandbox (made of micrometric glassbeads) where ad hoc
designed resonators, 3D printed, have been embedded with different spatial configurations.
By carefully tuning a 3-axial piezoelectric actuator and an electrodynamic shaker we were able
to excite nearly pure horizontal shear motion and Rayleigh waves during separate experiments
in the range of the 0.1-1kHz. The 3D velocity field at the surface of the sandbox has been
recorded using a 3D Laser Doppler Vibrometer. The dense spatial and temporal sampling
allowed for a thorough characterization of the dispersion properties of the media with and
without the resonators.

In this talk we will present the experimental results and show how the metamaterial creates
bandgaps in both consolidated and unconsolidated sand with different spatial layout and types
of resonators (vertically and horizontally enabled resonators, graded or regular).
We will also provide details of the experiment preparation phase featuring an extensive
numerical study of the coupling between the sand, the resonators and the source and of the
dynamic response of the resonators.
While this work does not solve the conundrum of seismic protection with metamaterials, it
provides essential information on the coupling between resonators and unconsolidated
material under shear motion, something that has been so far overlooked. This can be the
starting point of future studies aimed at scaling not only the lengthscale (as in this case) but
also the loading conditions (e.g. with a geotechnical centrifuge) of the problem.

Keywords
Elastic waves, Metamaterials, Granular media, Computational Mechanics, Ultrasonic
References
[1] A. Colombi, P. Roux, S. Guenneau, P. Gueguen, and R.V. Craster, Sci. Rep. 6, 19238
(2016).
[2] P. Roux, D. Bindi, T. Boxberger, A. Colombi, F. Cotton, I. Douste-Bacque, S. Garambois,
P. Gueguen, G. Hillers, D. Hollis, T. Lecocq, and I. Pondaven, Seismological Res. Lett. 89,
582 (2018).
[3] A. Palermo, S. Krödel, K. H. Matlack, R. Zaccherini, V. K. Dertimanis, E. N. Chatzi, A.
Marzani, and C. Daraio, Phys. Rev. Appl. 9, 054026 (2018).

224
 TOWARDS PHONON CIRCUITS ENABLED BY OPTOMECHANICS
D. Navarro-Urrios1,2, M. F. Colombano1,3, G. Arregui1,3, J. Maire1, N. E. Capuj4,5, A. Pitanti6,
A. Griol7, A. Martinez7, C. M. Sotomayor-Torres1,8
1
Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus
UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; 2MIND-IN2UB, Departament d'Enginyeria
Electrònica i Biomèdica, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1,
08028, Barcelona, Spain; 3Depto. Física, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra,
08193 Barcelona, Spain; 4Depto. Física, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de
La Laguna, Spain; 5Instituto Universitario de Materiales y Nanotecnología, Universidad de
La Laguna, 38071 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; 6NEST, CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze and
Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy; 7Nanophotonics
Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 València, Spain.
8
Catalan Institute for Research and Advances Studies ICREA, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
Long considered unwanted scattering elements, the optomechanical (OM) interaction has
highlighted the potential of phonons as a useful medium. Quantum mechanics in particular, at
cryogenic temperatures, has garnered most of the focus in optomechanics but room
temperature operation also offers promising prospects. OM elements are designed by
overlapping optical and mechanical modes in confined volumes, such as nanobeam-based
cavities, in which the room temperature mechanical quality factors reach 103. Our previous
work was dedicated to creating a coherent phonon emitter, which we have achieved via two
mechanisms, self-pulsing [1] and dynamical back-action [2], up to 5 GHz. Such OM nanobeam
has become the key element in our strategy to scale up the OM interaction to enable phononic
circuits.
We have developed our platform on silicon-on-insulator. Photonic excitation is done via
evanescent coupling from a tapered fibre that couples either directly to the OM cavities or to
an integrated photonic waveguide. All experiments are performed at ambient conditions.
Following our demonstration of coherent phonon emission, we also reached a chaotic regime
that could be used for secure communications [3], as well as modulated the coherent phonon
emission via an external laser [4]. Here, we start to couple several elements on-chip aiming at
phononic circuitry. We first link two nominally identical OM nanobeams with a mechanical
tether and show that not only can the mechanical signal from one cavity be detected in the
other cavity, but the two cavities synchronize under specific conditions [5]. This synchronized
state, in the form of a master-slave synchronization, can be used as a clock in integrated
phononic circuits and can moreover be modulated in the same way as individual cavities. To
make use of this building block in a circuit, we have performed preliminary experiments on
waveguide integration and shown that it is possible to use a photonic waveguide to couple
light in and out of the cavities and observe phonon lasing, paving the way to more complex
phononic circuits in which multiple cavities can be addressed from a single entry point on the
chip.

Keywords
Optomechanics, Phononic circuit, Synchronization, Silicon, Nanobeam

References
[1]
D. Navarro-Urrios et al., Scientific Reports, 5 2015, 15733.
[2]
D. Navarro-Urrios et al., AIP Advances, 5 2014, 124601.
[3]
D. Navarro-Urrios et al., Nature Communications, 5 2015, 14965.
[4]
J. Maire et al., APL Photonics, 3 2018, 126102.
[5]
M. Colombano et al., arXiv, 2018, arXiv:1810.06085.

225
 Wednesday, September 4th, 2019 (2:30 pm)

PMA+MUT (1/3) - Ultrasonic Transducers: Technologies and Applications

PMA+MUT (1/3): Ultrasonic Transducers: Technologies and Location: VIVES room A303
Applications Chair: Alessandro Stuart Savoia and Guillaume Ferin

14:30 - 15:00 CMUTs for high volume low cost medical applications Chris van Heesch, Peter Dirksen, Marco de Wild
15:00 - 15:15 Thermal management enhancement for medical
ultrasound probes Tony Mateo, Marie-Coline Dumoux, Emmanuel Montauban, An Nguyen-Dinh
15:15 - 15:30 Performance comparison between piezoelectric
and CMUT probes in measuring backscatter anisotropy Lenin Chinchilla, Emilie Franceschini, Alessando S. Savoia

226
 CMUTS FOR HIGH VOLUME LOW COST MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Chris van Heesch, Peter Dirksen, Marco de Wild
Philips Research, High Tech Campus 4, 5656 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

The portable and handheld ultrasound market is growing rapidly and is predicted to grow with
a CAGR of 40% in the coming 5 years[1]. This growth is on one side due to the increasing
awareness about the benefits of portable and handheld ultrasound devices and on the other
side due to the technological advancements leading to workflow enhancements and improving
the ease of diagnostic performance expanding the market into the standard of care and pre-
hospital (ambulatory care).

Currently, the ultrasound modules of these devices almost exclusively consist of bulk
piezoelectric elements. This technology has the disadvantage of being incompatible with high
volume manufacturing processes. Although bulk piezoelectric elements will remain the golden
standard for high-end applications, which do not require high volumes, or benefit from low-
cost integration, there is a market demand for high volume ultrasound modules.

Recently, the capacitive ultrasound transducer (CMUT) technology[2] has emerged to

accommodate the high volume demands for this fast growing market and this new technology
is being developed to incorporate new functionalities. CMUTs are manufactured using a high
volume semiconductor production process. Furthermore, Philips’ one wafer CMOS compatible
process, whereby the CMUT elements are monolithically integrated onto the interface of an
ASIC, requires a relative low number of mask steps. The unique collapse mode operation of
our CMUTs[2] not only has a superior axial imaging resolution compared to conventional bulk
piezoelectric elements, it also gives the freedom to design multi-purpose transducers and
create additional imaging functionalities due to the flexibility in frequency. Furthermore, the
one wafer concept opens up the possibility to create large volume low cost 2D arrays for 3D
imaging at a similar price point[3].

During this presentation the performance of the CMUTs will be demonstrated for various
applications, additionally new CMUT specific functionalities and examples of monolithic
integration for real-time 3D imaging will be shown.

Keywords
CMUT, Potable and Handheld, high volume, 3D Imaging
References
[1] Ultrasound Sensing Technologies for Medical, Industrial and Consumer Applications, Yole, July
2018
[2] Characterization infrastructure for the CMUT platform, Chris van Heesch, Peter Dirksen, Marco de
Wild, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, MUT conference 2017
[3] Collapse-mode CMUT: design and characterization, Chris van Heesch, Philips Research,
Eindhoven, the Netherlands, IEEE IUS 2018

227
 THERMAL MANAGEMENT ENHANCEMENT FOR MEDICAL ULTRASOUND
PROBES
Tony Matéo1, Marie-Coline Dumoux1, Emmanuel Montauban1, An Nguyen-Dinh1
1
Advanced Research Department, Vermon, 67 rue Fromentel, Tours, France
The last decade, medical sonography have seen the wide spread of many ultrasonic (US)
modes (Elastography, High Frame Rate Harmonic Imaging for cardiac applications, High PRF
Doppler, US neuro stimulation) in which the transducers arrays are increasingly strained and,
thus, subjected to thermal heating issues. In this context, thermal limits, with regard to safety
compliance, are frequently reached before acoustics ones, making essential to have highly
efficient thermal management solutions to fully exploit the capabilities now offered by both
transducers and system. Among the three mechanisms of heat transfer, thermal conduction
appears to be, within the confined volume of an US transducer, the overwhelming
phenomenon compared to convection and radiation. As a consequence, we focus, in this work,
exclusively on passive solutions involving the conduction way (inside the probe body) to drain
the heat arising from the piezo electric component.
Different thermal conduction path (central, peripheral, both), as well as different heat way out
(probe nose housing, whole probe housing, probe cable braid shield) are investigated in this
work. Starting from a standard acoustical stack for a 3 MHz single crystal phased array with
typical acoustic design (80 elements with 240 µm pitch and 14 mm elevation), four mock-ups
are derived, using solutions such as thermal fin, highly conductive backing (245 W/m/K), layers
(85 W/m/K), resin (4.32W/m/K), etc… Thermal performances are then evaluated through IR
measurements in air using an IR camera (FLIR A-20) and following a measurement protocol
based on IEC 601-2-37. A heating sequence consisting in a plane wave of 4 cycles at the
center frequency of the probe is transmitted during 10 mins at high PRF (~2.34kHz), using a
Vantage system (Verasonics Inc.), while the IR camera records the temperature progress at
the surface of the transducer. IR frames are then processed with Matlab to extract the hot spot
profile along the heating process. Both the IR camera and the probe are set up in an isolated
environment to prevent the measure from external convective perturbations. As acoustic
performances might change from a mock-up to another, specific driving voltages are applied
to each mock-up in order to ensure a given Mechanical Index (MI=0.7 measured with ONDA-
HGL0085 hydrophone in accordance with IEC 61157). Following figure shows results obtained
for 3 mockups, in which very efficient thermal management solutions are pointed out, as well
as good insights on the impact of the different thermal paths investigated.

Figure 1: On the left, IR frame of the mock-up n°3 surface temperature after 10 min heating. On the
right, Hot spot progress for 3 different mock-ups during heating sequence. Mock-ups n°1 and n°2
explore peripheral conduction solutions only and Mock-up n°3 explores both peripheral and central
conduction.

Keywords
Ultrasonic Arrays, Thermal Efficiency, Thermal Management, High frame rate, High Duty Cycle

228
 PERFORMANCE COMPARISON BETWEEN PIEZOELECTRIC AND CMUT
PROBES IN MEASURING BACKSCATTER ANISOTROPY
Lenin Chinchilla1,2, Emilie Franceschini1, Alessandro S. Savoia2
1
Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Marseille, France
2
Department of Engineering, Roma Tre University, via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Rome,
Italy

Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) techniques based on the parameterization of the backscatter

coefficient (BSC) are now routinely used to characterize tissue. A scattering model is fit to the
estimated BSC and the fit parameters can provide a meaningful description of the tissue
microstructure (i.e., scatterer size, shape, scattering properties and spatial organization). Most
of QUS approaches assume that the tissue under characterization is homogeneous and
isotropic. However, some biological tissues, such as flowing aggregating blood1,2 and bicep
muscles,3 show angle-dependent acoustic properties (BSC and/or attenuation coefficient).
Garcia-Duitama2 and Guerrero3 recently proposed anisotropic QUS parameters by using
reference phantom method to compensate for the electromechanical system response when
performing conventional beamsteering or plane wave imaging beamforming with multi-
element transducer array. One of the limitations remains the maximal angle to which the BSC
measurements can be performed, which is defined by the probe steering capability that
depends on element directivity (array design) and crosstalk (technology). The aim of this work
is to compare the performance of Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer (CMUT)
and piezoelectric probes in measuring the BSC.

Ultrasonic experiments were conducted by using the open ultrasonic system ULA-OP4 and
two comparable probes: the commercial piezoelectric probe LA435 (ESAOTE, Florence, Italy)
(fc=12 MHz, 80% FBW, pitch=0.2 mm), and the HF3 CMUT[5] prototype probe (fc =12 MHz,
100% FBW, pitch=0.2 mm). BSC measurements were estimated from an isotropic tissue-
mimicking phantom using the reference phantom method with different insonification angles
ranging from -40° to 40°.

Results exhibit that CMUT probe presents two important advantages in comparison with
piezoelectric probe: a wider usable -6 dB bandwidth of 5-13 MHz (against 7-13 MHz for
piezoelectric probe) and a wider angular range up to 25° in which the BSC can be accurately
measured (against 15° for piezoelectric probe). We show that the CMUT crosstalk reduction
allows achieving a wider angular range in comparison with the piezoelectric probe.

Keywords
CMUT probe, piezoelectric probe, backscatter-coefficient, directivity, isotropy, anisotropy.
References
[1]
C. Guilbert et. al., Proc. IEEE IUS, 2007
[2] Garcia-Duitama J. et al., Ultrasound in Med. & Biol., 2015, 41(9):2506-2519.
[3]. Q. W. Guerrero et. al., IEEE UFFC, 64(7), 2017,1063-77.
[4]
P. Tortoli et. al., IEEE UFFC, 56(10), 2009, 2207-16.
[5]
A. S. Savoia et. al., IEEE UFFC, 59(6), 2012,1127-38.

229
 Wednesday, September 4th, 2019 (2:30 pm)

PSP (3/3) - Ultrasonic signal processing and instrumentation

Location: VIVES room A304

PSP (3/3): Ultrasonic signal processing and instrumentation
Chair: Linas Svilainis

14:30 - 14:45 Arbitrary position and width pulse sequences - Linas Svilainis, Arturas Aleksandrovas,
novel spread spectrum signals for ultrasonic measurements Alberto Rodríguez
14:45 - 15:00 Direct primary calibration of various types of hydrophones from 0.5 MHz up to 100 MHz Martin Weber, Volker Wilkens
15:00 - 15:15 Evolutionary algorithm for the design of passive electric
matching networks for ultrasonic transducers Tim Hetkämper, Leander Claes, Bernd Henning
15:15 - 15:30 A New Compact Ultrasonic Electronics for High-Frequency
NDE Applications between 10 and 150 MHz Christian Richter, Hendrik Funke, Frank Schubert, Henning Heuer

230
 ARBITRARY POSITION AND WIDTH PULSE SEQUENCES - NOVEL SPREAD
SPECTRUM SIGNALS FOR ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENTS
Linas Svilainis1, Arturas Aleksandrovas1, Alberto Rodríguez2
1
Department of Electronics Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu 50,
Kaunas LT-51368, Lithuania
2
Communications Engineering Department, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante,
Spain

A new type of spread spectrum ultrasonic excitation signals is presented: arbitrary position
and width pulse (APWP) sequences. Ultrasonic imaging exploits the intensity of reflections
and position in time to determine the defect or tissue location and size. Spectral content is
altered by electronics, transducers or propagation media. Result is a bandpass signal with
high frequency components suppressed. Meanwhile, spectral noise density of noise is more
or less even. SNR becomes uneven for the different spectral components. This cannot be
solved using simple signals such as pulse or toneburst, though these are easy to generate
and interpret. Energy of the spike or pulse is concentrated at low frequencies, upper frequency
is defined by excitation signal's rise time, which gets longer if pulse amplitude is increased
due to limited slew rate. So, simple signals lack either energy or bandwidth. Worse,
concentration of the energy into pulse limits the dynamic range. Spread spectrum (SS) signals
do not have these disadvantages: a higher SNS is achieved without the bandwidth loss and
better dynamic range is achieved (energy is spread in time). However, currently used SS
signals also have drawbacks. Frequency modulated signals need additional amplitude
modulation to suppress the spectral and correlation sidelobes. Phase manipulated sequences
have spectral dips and fixed spectral shape. Arbitrary waveform (noise-like signals) have non-
smooth spectrum. Most of SS signals require analogue excitation, which is not efficient, the
equipment is expensive and bulky. APWP sequences are constructed using rectangular
pulses, so higher efficiency, smaller equipment and lower costs are attained. APWP signals
are optimized, accounting for electronics and transducers effects, aiming correlation sidelobes
or spectral content. Application for APWP for spectral losses compensation in resonant
spectroscopy is presented: membrane velocity, thickness and density estimation errors are
reduced up to 10 times.

This work was supported by ECERES grant from Lithuanian Research Council and grant
DPI2016-78876-R-AEI/FEDER, UE from the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) and the
European Regional Development Fund (ERDF/FEDER).

Keywords
Spread spectrum signals, ultrasound excitation, correlation processing, spectral losses compensation

231
 DIRECT PRIMARY CALIBRATION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF HYDROPHONES
FROM 0.5 MHZ UP TO 100 MHZ
Martin Weber, Volker Wilkens
Ultrasonics Working Group, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100,
38116 Braunschweig

A new measurement setup for the primary calibration of hydrophones was built up in recent
years [1]. It uses a laser vibrometer to characterize the acoustic pressure produced in the focus
of an ultrasound transducer. An ultrasonic pulse with a high pressure amplitude is used for
excitation. Due to the non-linear sound propagation in water, this results in a broadband
ultrasonic waveform. The hydrophone to be calibrated is exposed to the characterized
acoustic field, and the hydrophone voltage is measured. The hydrophone's sensitivity is
evaluated in the frequency domain and the amplitude and phase responses are obtained.

Currently, this setup is used to calibrate internal reference hydrophones, which are then used
to perform the secondary substitution calibrations of other hydrophones. In the future, the
setup is planned to be used for the direct calibration of customer hydrophones. Therefore, the
applicability of the method was investigated for membrane-, needle- and capsule-type
hydrophones of different manufacturers, including usage of individual adapters designed for
each hydrophone type and manufactured by 3D printing. The calibration results were
compared with data which had been obtained with the secondary calibration procedure that is
currently in use at the calibration service and applies time-delay spectroscopy (TDS) and low
quasi-linear pressure amplitudes [2].

The responses obtained are in good agreement with the TDS results. The pulse excitation
scheme, together with the automatized data processing, reduces the measurement duration
and enables the primary calibration of customer hydrophones at a reasonable expense. The
application of secondary calibrations can be omitted in most cases of hydrophones which are
in current use and have active element diameters up to 0.5 mm. The broadband amplitude
and phase responses are determined and provided through a (digital) calibration certificate.
The data can be used by the customer for the deconvolution of the measured signals. The
availability of such advanced calibration data can serve to meet the more stringent
requirements that can be expected from revisions of the international standards for ultrasonic
field measurements and for the characterization of medical ultrasonic equipment.

Keywords
Ultrasonics, vibrometer, hydrophone, calibration
References
[1]
Weber, M. & Wilkens, V. Using a heterodyne vibrometer in combination with pulse excitation for
primary calibration of ultrasonic hydrophones in amplitude and phase, Metrologia, 54, 2017, pp. 432-444
[2]
Koch, C. Amplitude and phase calibration of hydrophones by heterodyne and time-gated time-delay
spectrometry, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, 50, 2003, pp.
344-348

232
 EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHM FOR THE DESIGN OF PASSIVE ELECTRIC
MATCHING NETWORKS FOR ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS
Tim Hetkämper1, Leander Claes1, Bernd Henning1
1
Measurement Engineering Group, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100,
33098 Paderborn, Germany

Ultrasonic transducers have various industrial and research applications. Their electric
impedance is heavily frequency dependent, especially for mechanically undamped
transducers. Moreover, the external conditions, such as temperature, affect the behavior of
the transducer. Therefore, an impedance mismatch occurs between the transducer and the
signal generation equipment (generator output impedance and line impedance, typ. 50 Ω)
used to excite the transducer. As a means to increase the radiated acoustic power and to
broaden the bandwidth of the transducer, an approach to design matching networks using
global optimisation is developed.

In literature, several impedance network configurations are known, often assuming

simplifications, e.g. operation only at a resonant frequency. In this work, a novel approach
using an evolutionary algorithm by Storn and Price[1] is presented. The optimisation method
allows for value constraints on the component values, whereas analytic formulas may yield
invalid values. Moreover, the optimisation-based approach does not require simplifications of
the transducer model for matching network calculation.

Figure 1: Equivalent electric circuit of the transducer (Butterworth-van Dyke-model) connected to a

signal generator via matching network

Narrowband and broadband transducers are examined by performing impedance

measurements and matching electrical equivalent circuits (e.g. Butterworth-van Dyke, see
Figure 1). In addition, temperature and medium influence on the narrowband transducer is
modelled. Different matching networks are designed based on the modelled transducer. To
assess the radiated acoustic power, the electric power dissipated in the resistor 𝑅𝑅s (see Figure
1) is taken into account. A rating regarding the increase in bandwidth and radiated acoustic
power is performed via the composite loss, which is known from high frequency analysis as
the ratio of the power deliverable from a source to an ideally matched load to the power
delivered to a specified load after insertion of a two-port network.

Keywords
Matching network, Ultrasonic transducer, Optimisation, Evolutionary algorithm
References
[1]
R. Storn, K. Price, Differential Evolution - a Simple and Efficient Heuristic for Global Optimization
over Continuous Spaces, Journal of Global Optimization 11 1997, 341-359.

233
A NEW COMPACT ULTRASONIC ELECTRONICS FOR HIGH-FREQUENCY NDE
APPLICATIONS BETWEEN 10 AND 150 MHZ
Christian Richter1, Hendrik Funke1, Frank Schubert1, Henning Heuer1
1
Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Branch Materials
Diagnostics, Maria-Reiche-Str. 2, 01109 Dresden, Germany

Conventional ultrasonic NDE applications are usually restricted to frequencies up to 20 MHz.

Therefore, commercially available manual testing systems as well as ultrasonic frontends for
fully automated testing are also limited to this frequency range. For higher frequencies special
lab-based pulser-receiver configurations or sophisticated acoustic microscopes have to be
used. However, in recent times high-frequency field applications above 20 MHz become more
and more important due to high-resolution and/or high-bandwidth requirements, e.g. in thin
metal sheet testing or ultrasonic spectroscopy. In the present poster contribution a new
compact and mobile ultrasonic electronics, the PCUS® pro HF, developed at Fraunhofer IKTS
is presented. It has an analogue bandwidth between 10 and 150 MHz with a sampling rate of
500 MSamples/s and is mounted in a case of only 170 x 120 x 30 mm³. It contains four
switchable analogue filters, a USB 3.0 interface and a built-in 4-axis scanner interface. The
transmitting voltage lies between 50 and 180 V with a negative rectangle transmitting pulse
with durations between 5 and 500 ns and a pulse repetition rate up to 20 kHz. The power
supply is 24V DC, 7 Watt.

Figure 1: Inside and outside view of the new PCUS® pro HF ultrasonic electronics for high frequency
NDE applications.

Keywords
Ultrasonics, Electronics, High-Frequency Applications, Automated Testing System

234
 Wednesday, September 4th, 2019 (2:30 pm)

PUS (3/6) - Ultrasonic Scattering

Location: VIVES room B302

PUS (3/6): Ultrasonic Scattering
Chair: Sigrun Hirsekorn and Christopher Kube

14:30 - 14:45 Ultrasonic Scattering Predictions for Textured Titanium Polycrystals Nathanial Matz, Musa Norouzian, Showmic Islam,
Waled Hassan, Joseph Alan Turner
14:45 - 15:00 Simulation of Ultrasound Scattering Effects in a Polycrystalline Titanium Dascha Dobrovolskiij, Sigrun Hirsekorn, Martin Spies
15:00 - 15:15 Elastic wave propagation in polycrystalline Ming Huang, Gaofeng Sha, Peter Huthwaite,
materials with elongated grains Stanislav I Rokhlin, Michael JS Lowe
15:15 - 15:30 Transverse-to-transverse Diffuse Ultrasonic Backscatter
Using Multi-Gaussian Beam Model Ping Hu, Hongwei Hu, Wujun Zhou, Joseph A. Turner

235
 ULTRASONIC SCATTERING PREDICTIONS FOR TEXTURED TITANIUM
POLYCRYSTALS
Nathanial Matz,1 Musa Norouzian1, Showmic Islam,1 Waled Hassan,2 Joseph A. Turner1
1
Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska,
68588, USA
2
Rolls-Royce Corporation - Meridian Center, 546 South Meridian Street, Indianapolis, IN
46225

The mechanical performance of metals is governed by the structure and organization of the
grains that comprise the material. Non-uniform microstructures can lead to detrimental failures
of components created from raw stock billets due to the large deformations that occur, for
example, during forging processes. Thus, ultrasonic inspections are often used to identify
regions within samples that may be problematic. In addition, metals comprised of hexagonal
crystals, such as α-titanium, can possess strong crystallographic textures because of the
hexagonal closed-packed (HCP) lattice structure. Most importantly, these textures can greatly
affect the ultrasonic parameters such as wave speed, attenuation, and scattering coefficients.
In principal, the relationships between ultrasonic parameters and texture can allow
macroscopic and microscopic properties of polycrystals to be obtained. In this presentation,
ultrasonic scattering predictions are discussed based on a series of polycrystals created using
DREAM.3D that have equiaxed grains with HCP symmetry. Three fibrous textures, including
basal fiber and {101,¯0} fiber, are simulated with ranges in texture severity. Wave speed,
attenuation and scattering coefficients are calculated for various incident directions with
respect to the texture orientation, degree of texture, and frequency. The effects of texture are
quantified through comparison with random (i.e., nontextured) microstructures. The results
show a clear trend with ultrasonic properties as a function of texture severity. Implications of
the results, for both flaw detection and microstructure characterization, are discussed as well.

Keywords
attenuation, digital microstructures, scattering theory

236
 SIMULATION OF ULTRASOUND SCATTERING EFFECTS IN A
POLYCRYSTALLINE TITANIUM
Dascha Dobrovolskij1, Sigrun Hirsekorn2, Martin Spies3
1
Darmstadt University of Applied Science, Schöfferstr. 3, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany, E-
mail: [email protected]
2
Rehbachstraße 126, Saarbrücken, Germany, E-mail: [email protected]
3
PII Pipeline Solutions - Baker Hughes, a GE company, Lorenzstraße 10, 76297 Stutensee,
Germany, E-Mail: [email protected]
In polycrystalline media, ultrasonic waves are scattered at grain boundaries entailing velocity
dispersion and frequency dependent sound attenuation along the propagation direction as
well as scattering waves within the whole sample. These effects depend on grain size, shape,
and orientation, as well as the distributions of these parameters. Hence, the simulation of
ultrasound propagation as well as nondestructive testing and materials characterization
procedures must comprise microstructural scattering phenomena. We apply a general
scattering theory analytically evaluated for macroscopically isotropic polycrystals of cubic
single crystal symmetry [1] to the real polycrystalline structure of a Ti(hcp) alloy sample in
order to simulate ultrasonic backscattering signals. The 3D grain structure of the sample was
imaged at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) by X-ray Diffraction Contrast
Tomography (DCT), which provides a 3D orientation map of the crystallographic structure [2].
3D visualization of the microstructure of the Ti(hcp) alloy sample, approximate volume of
500x500x400 µm³, average grain diameter of about 40 µm.

The incident ultrasonic beam is described by its center frequency and bandwidth. Each grain
is considered to be a single scatterer. Then, using the analytical results of the general
ultrasonic scattering theory, the 3D full-field microscopic data allow determination of the local
scattering characteristics for each grain, and, furthermore, may be used in order to fit a
granular microstructure model for this particular Ti alloy sample. Ultrasonic wave time signals
in pulse-echo-technique accounting for backscattering are computed using a point source
superposition technique for the real polycrystalline structure of the Ti alloy sample as well as
for the granular microstructural model fit. The results are compared in order to verify the quality
of the model fit.

Keywords
Ultrasound, Scattering, Simulation, microscopic inhomogeneities, polycrystalline structure
References
[1]
S. Hirsekorn, Calculations on Ultrasonic Scattering in Polycrystalline Structures Aiming for
Simulations on Nondestructive Materials Characterization and Defect Detection, NDT.net issue Vol.19
No.12 2014.
[2]
N. Viganò, A. Tanguy, S. Hallais, A. Dimanov, M. Bornert, K. J. Batenburg, and W. Ludwig,
Threedimensional full-field X-ray orientation microscopy, Scientific reports 6:20618 2016.

237
 ELASTIC WAVE PROPAGATION IN POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS WITH
ELONGATED GRAINS
Ming Huang1, Gaofeng Sha2, Peter Huthwaite1, Stanislav I Rokhlin2, Michael JS Lowe1
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK
2
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, USA

Polycrystalline materials with elongated grains are commonly found in applications to which
material processing such as rolling is applied. The understanding of elastic wave propagation
and scattering within such materials is important for their non-destructive evaluation and
microstructure characterization. This study aims to seize the recent advancement in three-
dimensional finite element (FE) models [1-3] to provide accurate representation of wave
behaviors within elongated polycrystals, as well as to evaluate the approximations of analytical
models [4]. The study uses grain-scale spatial representation, in significant sample volumes of
large numbers of grains, to describe polycrystalline materials. The propagation of plane
longitudinal wave within these materials is simulated, with systematic investigation of
numerical errors and statistical uncertainties. The statistical information of the elongated
microstructures is accurately described by autocorrelation functions, and the incorporation of
these functions into the analytical models enables strict comparison of the analytical and FE
models. It is shown that good agreement between the analytical and FE models is achieved.
The effect of grain elongation on wave behaviors, namely attenuation and dispersive phase
velocity, is investigated, which shows that grain elongation has a prominent directional
influence on attenuation (Figure 1) but smaller impact on phase velocity. The study also
examines the influence of crystal symmetries and anisotropy factors on wave propagation,
and it is revealed that the elastic scattering factor is the key parameter contributing to wave
behaviors.

Figure 1: Directional difference in attenuation influenced by grain elongation of ratio 5.

Keywords
Elastic wave, propagation, scattering, polycrystal, grain elongation
References
[1]
A. Van Pamel, G. Sha, S.I. Rokhlin, M.J.S. Lowe, Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 473 2017, 1–
21.
[2]
A. Van Pamel, G. Sha, M.J.S. Lowe, S.I. Rokhlin, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,
143 2018, 2394-2408.
[3]
P. Huthwaite, Journal of Computational Physics, 257 2014, 687-707
[4]
L. Yang, O.I. Lobkis, S.I. Rokhlin, Ultrasonics, 51 2011, 697–708.

238
 TRANSVERSE-TO-TRANSVERSE DIFFUSE ULTRASONIC BACKSCATTER
USING MULTI-GAUSSIAN BEAM MODEL
Ping Hu1, Hongwei Hu2, Wujun Zhou3, Joseph A. Turner4
1
School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072,
China, [email protected]
2
College of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and
Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410075, China, [email protected]
3
School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Huazhong University of Science and
Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China, [email protected]
4
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln,
Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA, [email protected])

Ultrasonic scattering from interfaces within polycrystalline media contain important

information. By capturing the effective grain scattering, the ultrasonic scattering can be used
to extract microstructural information. Recently, a transverse-to-transverse (T-T) model was
developed for estimating the diffuse ultrasonic. The T-T model was used successfully to
determine the material correlation length by using the theoretical model to fit experimental
results. The work has shown better agreement at low frequencies suggesting insufficiencies
in the theoretical model. In this presentation, replaced the previous the single-Gaussian beam
(SGB), a multi-Gaussian beam (MGB) is updated for the T-T model of a co-planar pulse-echo
transducer configuration. Then, both numerical analyses and experimental measurements are
compared between SGB-TT scattering response and MGB-TT model scattering response.
The proposed model is anticipated to extend the range of T-T ultrasonic backscattering
models, especially in terms of higher detection frequencies.

Keywords
Ultrasonic scattering; Transverse-to-transverse (T-T) model; Multi-Gaussian beam; Microstructure
characterization; Material spatial correlation length.

239
 Wednesday, September 4th, 2019 (4:00 pm)

ERA (2/4) - Reservoir Acoustics and Borehole Acoustic Logging

Location: VIVES room C201

ERA (2/4): Reservoir Acoustics and Borehole Acoustic Logging
Chair: Xiuming Wang and Hengshan Hu

16:00 - 16:30 Borehole seismic survey using distributed Gang Yu, Yuanzhong Chen,
acoustic sensing system Fei Li, Yanpeng Li, Zengli Ran, Yunjiang Rao
16:30 - 17:00 Multi-scale acoustics of granular media Xiaoping Jia
17:00 - 17:15 Study on P-wave amplitude logging of formation Ying Liu, Xiuming Wang, Hao Chen,
model with radial velocity variation Daryoush Habibi, Douglas Chai, Hanyin Cui
17:15 - 17:30 The seismoelectric logging wavefields with pore-size distribution Wei Guan, Peng Shi, Hengshan Hu
17:30 - 17:45 Acoustic monitoring of damages in cemented granular material Vincent Canel, Xiaoping Jia,
under uniaxial loading: experiments and simulations Michel Campillo, Ioan Ionescu
17:45 - 18:00 Modeling wave propagation in methane gas hydrate with
varies pore scale micro-models Xiumei Zhang, Tobias M Müller, Xiuming Wang

240
 BOREHOLE SEISMIC SURVEY USING DISTRIBUTED ACOUSTIC SENSING
SYSTEM
Gang Yu1,2, Yuanzhong Chen1,2, Fei Li1, Yanpeng Li1, Zengli Ran2, Yunjiang Rao2
1
BGP Inc., CNPC, Zhuozhou, Hebei, China
2
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Fibre optic Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) is a novel technology that uses an optical fibre
cable as a sensor array for acoustic signals and one can take almost any downhole fibre-optic
installation or deployment and turn the fibre optic cable into a large downhole seismic array to
provide enhanced VSP imaging and monitor fluids and pressures changes in the hydrocarbon
production reservoir. Seismic imaging and time-lapse reservoir monitoring can give us critical
information to guide the placement of production and water injection wells in high-value
reservoirs.
Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing is increasingly recognized as a viable alternative to geophone
arrays for the acquisition of borehole seismic data. The ability to deploy optical fibers into a
well, either as a cable based intervention or as part of a completion string, allows for the entire
wellbore to be surveyed with every source activation. This can dramatically reduce the
operating time required to complete a normal survey as well as offering the opportunity to
achieve much higher spatial coverage than is typical of current technologies. The ability to
acquire borehole seismic data in a producing well without the need to disrupt production also
offers significant benefits to the operator.
In order to obtain the characteristics of a shallow shale gas reservoir in Southwest China and
to overcome the difficulties of low coverage and difficult imaging of shallow target layers with
3D surface seismic data, a simultaneous acquisition project of 3D surface seismic and 3D-
VSP data was implemented in Zhejiang Oilfield, and the DAS technique was used in the 3D-
VSP data acquisition. This paper takes the 3D DAS-VSP project as an example to introduce
the data quality of DAS acquisition, and the technique for signal to noise ratio (SNR)
improvement in the 3D DAS-VSP data processing. The difference between common fibers
and armored fibers has been focused on to discuss the possibility of DAS system’s
industrialization.

Dual-Well 3D survey geometry with 3D VSP data imaging results. (a) geophone
downhole geophone array and armored VSp data; (b) DAS-VSP data; (c) 3D surface
optical fiber cable. seismic data.

Keywords
Distributed Acoustic Sensing, optical fiber, DAS, geophone, borehole seismic
References
[1]
G. Yu, Zhidong Cai, Yuanzhong Chen, Ximing Wang, Qinghong Zhang, Yanpeng Li, Yanhua Wang,
Congwei Liu, Baoyin Zhao and Joe Greer, Borehole seismic survey using multimode optical fibers in a
hybrid wireline, 125, 2018, Measurement, 649-703.

241
 MULTI-SCALE ACOUSTICS OF GRANULAR MEDIA
Xiaoping Jia
Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL, CNRS, Paris, France

Granular materials are an assembly of macroscopic solid grains that interact with each other
by dissipative contact forces. They are ubiquitous in everyday life, ranging from industrial
applications (civil engineering, exploration geophysics) to natural hazards (landslide,
earthquake). Statics and dynamics of dense granular media strongly depend on the contact
networks, i.e. fragile solid skeleton which result from the confining pressure. Elastic wave
propagation provides a unique nonintrusive probe of these inhomogeneous and anisotropic
networks. The long-wavelength coherent waves give access to the elastic modulus whereas
the short-wavelength scattered waves are sensitive to local dissipative events (frictions,
rearrangements) [1].

In this talk, we first describe the linear wave propagation and scattering and acoustic probing
of viscoelastic properties and plastic deformations (fracture, shear banding) in dry and wet
granular materials [2-4]. Then, we discuss the nonlinear acoustic behaviours and show that
beyond certain driving amplitude elastic waves not only serve as a probe but also as a pump
to fluidize granular solids [5,6,7]. Finally, we investigate the triggering of shear instability by the
acoustic fluidization, such as quicksands and granular avalanches [8,9].

Keywords
Granular porous materials, coherent elastic waves, multiple ultrasound scattering, nonlinear dynamics
References
[1]
X. Jia, C. Caroli, B. Velicky, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 1999, 863-866
[2]
T. Brunet, X. Jia, P. Mills, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 2008, 138001 (1-4)
[3]
V. Langlois, X. Jia, Phys. Rev. E 89 2014, 023206 (1-10)
[4]
Y. Khidas, X. Jia, Phys. Rev. E 85 2012, 051302 (1-6)
[5]
P. Johnson, X. Jia, Nature 437 2005, 871-874
[6]
X. Jia, T. Brunet, J. Laurent, Phys. Rev. E 84 2011, 020301(R) (1-4)
[7]
J. Brum, J.-L. Gennisson, M. Fink, A. Tourin, X. Jia, arXiv 2018, 1810.08555
[8]
S. van den Wildenberg, X. Jia, L. Léopoldès, A. Tourin, arXiv 2018, 1810.08568
[9]
J. Léopoldès, X. Jia, A. Tourin, A. Mangeney, in preparation

242
 STUDY ON P-WAVE AMPLITUDE LOGGING OF FORMATION MODEL WITH
RADIAL VELOCITY VARIATION
Ying Liu1,2,3,4, Xiuming Wang1,2,3, Hao Chen1,2,3, Daryoush Habibi4, Douglas Chai4, Hanyin
Cui1
1
State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, 100190, China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
3
Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sea Deep Drilling and Exploration, Institute of
Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing,100190, China
4
School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, 6027, Australia

Near-borehole formation heterogeneity resulting from mud-filtrate invasion or mechanical

damage while drilling is a very common phenomenon in the process of oil-gas production.
Radial profiling of formation velocity has been the subject of numerous studies. However, past
research has primarily been confined to mapping formation shear wave velocity variation using
dispersion behaviors in multipole logging. This paper is concerned with the P-wave amplitude
analysis of radial velocity variation formation model using the monopole source.

Firstly, different formation models are established:1) infinite homogeneous formation

surrounding a wellbore; 2) heterogeneous multilayered formation with staircase velocity
variation profile away from the wellbore; 3) heterogeneous formation with a monotonically
continuous radial velocity profile away from wellbore. For each model, conditions of both
velocity decreasing and increasing are taken into consideration. Following this, the finite-
difference method is employed to compute full waveforms at an array of receivers excited by
a monopole source located on the borehole axis. By comparing synthetic waveforms P-wave
amplitude difference for different formation models can be found.

To account for this phenomenon, the excitation spectrums of different formation models are
calculated and analyzed. This study shows that the velocity difference between adjacent
layers is the main reason for P-wave amplitude difference. A continuous velocity profile can
be simplified by using a multilayered structure formation model with staircase velocity
variation. The excitation spectrum is not only related to the formation structure, but also to the
source properties including center frequency and pulse length. This work provides theoretical
insight into acoustic well logging for radial profiling of formation velocity.

Keywords
Acoustic logging, P-wave amplitude, radial velocity profile, excitation spectrum

243
 THE SEISMOELECTRIC LOGGING WAVEFIELDS WITH PORE-SIZE
DISTRIBUTION

Wei Guan1, Peng Shi1, Hengshan Hu1

1
Department of Mechanics and Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, PO Box 344, 92
West Dazhi St., Harbin, China

Electrokinetic phenomena which arise from the electrical double layer exist widely in fluid-filled
media. It has many applications in geoscience, for example, in geophysical exploration,
hydrogeophysics and earthquake warning. So far, no study has considered the effect of pore
distribution on seismoelectric wavefields. This study is to analyze pore-size distribution on
seismoelectric logging wavefields.

We derived the analytical expressions of the dynamic permeability and the electrokinetic
coupling coefficient (ECC) by considering the pore of porous media as bundles of curved
capillaries. By comparing the analytical expressions of dynamic permeability and ECC in this
study and the approximate expressions in Johnson et al. and Pride [1, 2], the latter ones is
validated and simplified expressions are also proposed. We also theoretically investigate the
influence of the pore geometry on the dynamic permeability, ECC and seismoelectric logging
wavefields. The results show that the influence of the pore geometry is ignorable; however,
this influence is over-valuated by previous studies [1, 2].

Considering the pore as bundles of curved capillaries with pore-size distribution, we get the
influence of the pore-size distribution on the Dynamic permeability, ECC and seismoelectric
logging wavefields. The result shows that the pore-size distribution significantly affect the
frequency response of permeability and ECC and the amplitudes of the Stoneley wave and its
accompanied electric field. With the expansion of the distribution, the critical frequency of the
permeability decreases and that of the ECC increases significantly, the amplitudes of the
Stoneley wave and its accompanied electric field decrease significantly.

Acknowledgements
This work is jointly supported by National Natural Science Foundations of China (41874129, 41574112
and 11734017).
Keywords
Electrokinetic effect, Porous medium, seismoelectric logging, electrokinetic coupling coefficient
References
[1]
D. L. Johnson, J. Koplik, R. Dashen, J. Fluid Mech, 176 1987, 379-402.
[2]
S. Pride, Phys. Rev. B, 50(21) 1994, 15678-15696.

244
 ACOUSTIC MONITORING OF DAMAGES IN CEMENTED GRANULAR
MATERIAL UNDER UNIAXIAL LOADING: EXPERIMENTS AND SIMULATIONS
Vincent Canel1,2, Xiaoping Jia1, Michel Campillo2, Ioan R. Ionescu3
1
Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL, CNRS, Paris, France
2
ISTerre, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble, France
3
LSPM, Université Paris 13, CNRS, Villetaneuse, France

Earthquakes or fault core sliding occur naturally in response to long-term deformation

produced by plate tectonics; they may also be triggered by human activities related to natural
resource extraction by affecting the stress field and damaging the rocks. However, the way
the damage and the cohesiveness of the rocks control the frictional slip is not well understood.
It involves materials in very different states: from almost purely granular state in the highly
damaged fault core [1] or in highly cracked materials close to injection or extraction sites, to
almost completely cohesive state in distant host rocks. To address this issue, we perform
controlled laboratory experiments and develop new numerical models of damage to study the
transition from cohesive to granular states of synthetic rocks under various loadings, including
direct shear [2]. Our rock models are made of cemented granular materials in which the packing
density (glass beads or sand) and the nature and content of cements are tunable [3,4]. Here
we present the first results obtained in a uniaxial loading test where we focus on the fracture
process that is spatially diffused without shear band. The fracturing of the rock samples to a
purely granular state is acoustically monitored using both the passive detection of acoustic
emission (fig. (b), bottom) [5] and active ultrasonic measurements to study the macroscopic
viscoelastic properties, e.g. with coherent waves (fig. (c), bottom) [2,3]. The FEM modelling of
damage and wave propagation is also made in 2D dense cemented disk packings with various
cement contents and elasto-visco-plastic properties. The comparison between experiments
and simulations will be discussed.

Figure: (a) San Andreas fault, source: http://www.cite-sciences.fr (b) Acoustic emission (bottom) in a cemented
granular material during a cycle of loading and unloading (top) under oedometric configuration. (c)
Acoustic monitoring of the material damage: stress drop (top) and related velocity decrease (bottom).

Keywords
cemented granular materials, fracture, acoustic emission, coherent elastic waves
References
[1] C.
Marone, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 26 1998, 643-696.
[2]
Y. Khidas, X. Jia, Phys. Rev. E 85 2012, 051302.
[3]
V. Langlois, X. Jia, Phys. Rev. E 89 2014, 023206.
[4]
A. Hemmerle, M. Schröter, L. Goehring, Scientific reports 2016.
[5]
P.A. Johnson et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 40 2013, 5627-5631.

245
MODELING WAVE PROPAGATION IN METHANE GAS HYDRATE WITH VARIES
PORE SCALE MICRO-MODELS
Xiumei Zhang1,2, Tobias M. Müller3, Xiuming Wang1,2
1
State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, 100190, China.
2
Beijing Engineering Research Center of Deep Drilling and Exploration, Beijing, 100190,
China.
3
Department of Seismology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de
Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, BC 22860, México.

Methane gas hydrate is composed of several components as sediment grains, gas hydrate,
water, and gas, so it is regarded as porous media. During the assessment or the exploitation
of gas hydrate, it is essential to relate acoustical properties with gas hydrate saturation and its
interactions with other components. This work, however, is challenging caused by the
complicated state of gas hydrate under different temperature, pressure or sediments. In the
paper, physical models are established by referring to the observations of micro-models
corresponding to the construction and the dissociation of methane gas hydrate. As observed
from the experiments, three cases describing the state of gas hydrate and its interactions with
solid grains are included mainly during construction and dissociation. That is, gas hydrate may
float in the pore fluid, or begins to concentrate and contacts with the solid grains without any
friction or energy exchange, and for the last one, gas hydrate cement with the solid grains and
becomes one part of the solid matrix. For different cases, we choose appropriate numerical
models based on the theory of three-phase Biot equation. In the calculation, for each case,
the energy conversion process between fast waves and slow waves are studied, and
variations of velocity and attenuation with gas hydrate saturation are also studied and
compared with experimental data. The results show that for varying cases, only suitable
models are chosen, can wave propagation in methane gas hydrate with different micro-models
be investigated, and the pore-space gas hydrate saturations can be estimated by using
acoustical properties. Consequently, the study visualizes propagation and interactions of fast
and slow waves generated in three phased porous media and provides methods for evaluating
the gas hydrate-bearing sediment under different contact mechanism between gas hydrate
and sediment grains.

Keywords
methane gas hydrate, wave propagation, fast waves, slow waves, three-phase Biot equation
References
[1]
Jose M. Carcione and Geza Seriani. Wave simulation in frozen porous media. Journal of
Computational Physics 170 2001, 676-695.
[2]
Lee, M. W., W. F. Waite, Estimating pore-space gas hydrate saturations from well log acoustic data,
Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9 2008, Q07008

246
 Wednesday, September 4th, 2019 (4:00 pm)

INA+ILU (2/2) - Laser ultrasonics Applications in industry and aeronautics

INA+ILU (2/2): Laser ultrasonics Applications in industry Location: VIVES room B302
and aeronautics Chair: Christ Glorieux and Helge Pfeiffer

16:00 - 16:30 Experimental observation of the effect of a crack on Haiyang Li, Samuel Raetz, Nikolay Chigarev, James Blondeau,
zero-group-velocity (ZGV) Lamb mode in a glass plate Vincent Tournat, Vitalyi E. Gussev
16:30 - 16:45 High-speed scanning system for defect detection in Norbert Huber, Martin Gärtner, Klarissa Meirer,
carbon fiber reinforced polymers by laser ultrasonic technology Bernhard Reitinger, Edgar Scherleitner
16:45 - 17:00 In-situ detection of weld defect during the welding process Kazufumi Nomura, Satoshi Otaki,
by laser ultrasonic technique Ryosuke Kita, Satoru Asai
17:00 - 17:15 Laser ultrasonic NDE of adhesively bonded joints: sensitivity Romain Hodé, Samuel Raetz, Vitalyi Gusev, Frédéric Jenson,
of the coefficients of reflection to the practical adhesion Nicolas Cuvillier, Mathieu Ducousso, Vincent Tournat
17:15 - 17:30 Laser induced phased array (LIPA) to detect embedded Don Pieris, Theodosia Stratoudaki, Yashar Javadi,
defects within additively manufactured (AM) components, Sam Catchpole-Smith, Paul D Wilcox,
towards online inspection Adam Clare, Matt Clark
17:30 - 17:45 Characterization of Material Properties for Additive Manufacture Parts Che-Hua Yang, Chao-Kuo Chan, Sheng-Po Tseng
17:45 - 18:00 A Quantitative Laser Ultrasound System for Visualization
and Material Characterization of Curved Surfaces Sheng-Po Tseng, Shao-Fan Shang, Che-Hua Yang

247
 EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION OF THE EFFECT OF A CRACK ON ZERO-
GROUP-VELOCITY (ZGV) LAMB MODE IN A GLASS PLATE
Haiyang Li, Samuel Raetz, Nikolay Chigarev, James Blondeau, Vincent Tournat, Vitalyi
Gusev
Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Université du Mans, LAUM - UMR 6613 CNRS, Le Mans
Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 LE MANS CEDEX 9, France
Crack is fatal threat to operation of key components and structures in most of industrial fields,
and the exploration on crack detection techniques is always in progress[1]. Monitoring of zero-
group-velocity (ZGV) Lamb modes excited by laser is a contactless non-destructive evaluation
method, which has been extensively investigated since 2005[2]. A ZGV Lamb mode is a
specific solution of the Rayleigh-Lamb wave equations in a plate for which the group velocity
vanishes while the phase velocity remains finite. The acoustic energy of this mode cannot
propagate in the medium, which gives rise to a sharp local resonance and makes of the ZGV
modes good candidates for local probing of a material. Furthermore, in the vicinity of a plate
edge, ZGV modes are not supported anymore due to the change of boundary conditions. In
that case, there is a transition from ZGV modes to edge resonances[3], which are also localized
vibrations, but at different frequencies than ZGV modes. Where a plate is cracked through its
thickness, the boundary conditions at the crack edge are similar to those at the plate edge.
Yet, the use of ZGV modes and edge resonances to localize and characterize a crack within
a plate remains unexplored.

We are proposing to use the S1S2-ZGV Lamb mode to detect cracks in glass plates. Line-
scanning experiments are performed across cracks and analyzed with the help of theoretical
calculations. According to the experimental results, the use of ZGV mode and edge resonance
to detect cracks in plates is promising and several conclusions are made. Firstly, laser-based
ultrasonic techniques using S1S2-ZGV mode can locate accurately a crack in a specimen due
to the disappearance of the ZGV mode at the crack location [7.48 mm in Fig. (a)]. Secondly,
the edge resonance is observed at the crack location [with lower frequency in Fig. (b)].
Eventually, the ability of the proposed technique to detect cracks is discussed, and a deeper
analysis of the conversion to edge resonance in the vicinity of the crack could even allow crack
characterization.

FIG. (a) Frequency spectrum magnitude vs. position. (b) Examples of measured frequency spectrum:
(solid) at and (dashed) away crack location.

Keywords
Crack, Non-destructive testing, Imaging, ZGV Lamb waves, Laser ultrasonics
References
[1]
Y.-K. An et al., J. Appl. Phys., 117 2015, 114904.
[2]
C. Prada et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 87 2005, 194109.
[3]
M. Cès et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 130 2011, 689–694.

248
 HIGH-SPEED SCANNING SYSTEM FOR DEFECT DETECTION IN CARBON
FIBER REINFORCED POLYMERS BY LASER ULTRASONIC TECHNOLOGY
Norbert Huber1, Martin Gärtner1, Klarissa Meirer1, Bernhard Reitinger1, Edgar Scherleitner1
1
RECENDT GmbH, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria

In this presentation, we will show the actual development stage of a new technical approach
for a laser based NDT system for fast and contactless testing of large carbon fiber reinforced
polymer (CFRP) aircraft structures. The approach is based on a non-contact laser ultrasound
technique with delivery of both, the laser ultrasound excitation and detection pulses through
flexible optical fibers. The backscattered light is also collected into a fiber.

The measurement head, which contains the two beam outputs and the light collection optics
is scanned over the surface by a 6-axis lightweight robot arm. Several systems of excitation
and detection lasers can be used. An example of a full system, including excitation and
detection laser will be presented. The results of LUS will also be compared to other non-
destructive testing techniques.

Figure 1: C-scan of a laser ultrasonic measurement on a CFRP plate with different artificial defects (one
layer Teflon foil) implemented. The difference between the right and left picture is the time of data
acquisition, which correlates to the depth imaged.

The overall goal of the developed system is to obtain the optimum technology for the non-
destructive inspection of both, present and future generation hybrid aircraft and thick
composite structures, containing acoustic damping materials, which highly attenuate
ultrasonic waves.
This approach is also used in the Clean Sky 2020 project "ACCURATe", where a prototype
system will be validated via deployment to inspect a long barrel demonstrator using hybrid
materials technology. The status of this project will also be included in the presentation.

Keywords
Laser-Ultrasonic, Ultrasound, Robot, Composite, CFRP
Acknowledgment
The Project (“ACCURATe”) leading to these results has received funding from the Clean Sky 2 Joint
Undertaking under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant
Agreement n°755616

249
 IN-SITU DETECTION OF WELD DEFECT DURING THE WELDING PROCESS
BY LASER ULTRASONIC TECHNIQUE
Kazufumi Nomura1, Satoshi Otaki1, Ryosuke Kita1, Satoru Asai1
1
Graduate school of engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
Weld defects such as cracks and incomplete fusions are generally inspected by
nondestructive test like an ultrasonic testing (UT). In case finding the defect, a repair welding
of defects is required and the backtracking process occurs, which results in a significant
performance loss. Therefore, in-process monitoring for implementing quality assurance during
welding is required. However, since general UT needs to be in contact with the material, it
cannot be applied in a high temperature field like welding. Therefore, we focused on laser
ultrasonic technique (LUT), which can be used noncontact and remotely. In the LUT, ultrasonic
wave is generated by ablation of the material surface induced by pulsed laser irradiation,
reflects at the interfaces such as a defect inside the material, and is captured as the micro
vibration of the surface by detection laser. Since LUT is non-contact, it can be applied to a
high temperature field like the welding process. In this study, we investigated the detectability
of solidification cracks at single bevel groove, which is frequently used for corner joints of box-
like components, during the welding process. As shown in the Fig. 1, MAG welding was
conducted for mild steel specimen with welding speed of 450 mm/min. Nanosecond pulse
laser (1064 nm, 60 mJ/pulse) was adopted as the generation laser, and was scanned at 100
Hz using a galvanometer mirror. After acquiring B-scope of multi transmit- and receive-points,
synthesis aperture focusing technique (SAFT) is applied to obtain the indication image. As a
result, it was possible to indicate the solidification crack and the incomplete fusion of the joint
even during the welding process as shown in Fig. 2. Comparing the room temperature
specimen after welding by LUT measurement, the indicated position of solidification crack
during the welding was 2 mm above against the actual value. This is considered as the
influence of the temperature dependence of the ultrasound velocity under the temperature
distribution due to the welding. When the indicated position accuracy is required, the
temperature distribution by welding should be considered. However, since indication the
defects without considering the temperature influence, it was suggested that in-process
measurement using LUT is very effective technique for welding.

Figure 1: Experimental setup Figure 2: Result of LUT measurement

Keywords
Laser ultrasonic, MAG welding, Single bevel groove, Weld defect, In-process monitoring
Acknowledgment
This research was funded by ImPACT Program of Council for Science, Technology and Innovation
(Cabinet Office, Government of Japan)

250
 LASER ULTRASONIC NDE OF ADHESIVELY BONDED JOINTS: SENSITIVITY
OF THE COEFFICIENTS OF REFLECTION TO THE PRACTICAL ADHESION.
Romain Hodé1, 2, Samuel Raetz1, Vitalyi Gusev1, Frédéric Jenson2, Nicolas Cuvillier2,
Mathieu Ducousso2, Vincent Tournat1
1
Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Université du Mans, LAUM - UMR 6613 CNRS, Le Mans
Université, Avenue O. Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
2
Safran Tech, Rue des Jeunes Bois - Châteaufort, 78772 Magny les Hameaux, France

The nondestructive evaluation of adhesively bonded joints is a major issue in the aeronautical
industry. Indeed, this assembly technique has got a lot of advantages compared to more
conventional ones (riveting…). It allows lighter aircraft structures in order to reduce fuel
consumption and emission of greenhouse gases. Furthermore, a better stress distribution can
be achieved between assembled parts. Nevertheless, the significant deployment of this
assembly technique is currently limited by the nonexistence of a method to quantify the
practical adhesion without damaging the structure. Thus, the goal of this work is to propose a
nondestructive technique to face this issue.

The main idea of the suggested approach is to take benefit from the reflection of elastic waves
at the bonded interface. A modification of the practical adhesion should lead to an evolution
of the coefficients of reflection. To apply this proposed method in an industrial context, the
ultrasonic waves are generated and detected by lasers on the same free surface of the
assembly. This contactless method is nondestructive because the laser generation remains
in the thermo-elastic regime.

This proposed technique can be summarized in three essential steps. First, the propagation
of elastic waves and their reflections at the bonding interface between two solid media are
simulated with a semi-analytical method. A uniform distribution of normal and transversal
springs (𝐾𝐾𝑁𝑁 , 𝐾𝐾𝑇𝑇 ) is used to model the bonding interface [1]. Secondly, a post-processing method
is applied to synthesize plane waves with different angles of propagation relative to the free
surface [2]. Finally, the resolution of an inverse problem is achieved to find the stiffness
coefficients per unit area 𝐾𝐾𝑁𝑁 and 𝐾𝐾𝑇𝑇 in order to quantify the practical adhesion of a bonded
joint.

A sensitivity analysis is carried out to study the influence of a practical adhesion variation on
the coefficients of reflection. The aim is to understand the results obtained with this developed
technique. Moreover, it allows to identify the limitations of this approach and to suggest ways
of improvement.

Keywords
Laser ultrasonics, nondestructive evaluation, adhesively bonded joints, plane wave synthesis
References
[1]
J. P. Jones and J. S. Whittier, Waves at a flexibly bonded interface, J. Appl. Mech. 34(4) 1967, 905-
909.
[2]
F. Reverdy and B. Audouin, Ultrasonic measurement of elastic constants of anisotropic materials with
laser source and laser receiver focused on the same interface, J. Appl. Phys. 90(9) 2001, 4829-4835.

251
 LASER INDUCED PHASED ARRAY (LIPA) TO DETECT EMBEDDED DEFECTS
WITHIN ADDITIVELY MANUFACTURED (AM) COMPONENTS, TOWARDS
ONLINE INSPECTION.
Don Pieris1,3, Theodosia Stratoudaki2, Yashar Javadi2, Sam Catchpole-Smith3, Paul D.
Wilcox4, Adam Clare3, Matt Clark1
1
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK
2
Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, UK
3
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of
Nottingham, UK
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, UK

The applications of additive manufacturing (AM) in its current state are limited due to concerns
around part integrity. Non-Destructive evaluation techniques are required to provide
assurance of part integrity and to expand the applications of AM components into safety critical
applications such as aerospace.

Laser induced phased array (LIPA) presents itself as a useful technique to be adapted towards
the volumetric inspection of AM. This study used a LIPA to detect seeded defects induced
during the powder bed fabrication process.

It is shown that defects up to 26mm deep and 0.5mm in diameter can be detected. LIPA is
shown to allow the non-destructive evaluation of the geometrical accuracy of sub surface
features that could progress the capabilities of AM platforms in the future. This is verified using
XCT data of the sample and correlated to the initial part geometry. Conventional ultrasonic
phased arrays are also used to illustrate the future capability of a fully integrated LIPA system.

Finally the design of a LIPA system capable of carrying out an inline inspection of the AM
process is considered and discussed alongside the effects of surface roughness.

Figure 1: Schematic of LIPA system using scanning mirrors, working around an AM build envelope and
alongside a build laser.

Keywords
Additive Manufacturing, Laser Induced Phased Array, Non-destructive, Non-contact, Bulk defects,
Selective Laser Melting.

252
 CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES FOR ADDITIVE
MANUFACTURE PARTS
Che-Hua Yang1, Chao-Kuo Chan1, Sheng-Po Tseng1
1
Graduate Institute of Manufacturing Technology, National Taipei University of Technology,
No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Da’an Dist., Taipei City, Taiwan

Different from traditional subtractive manufacturing (SM), additive manufacturing (AM), or

called 3D printing (3DP), adds materials layer-by-layer based on 3D models. Since 1980’s,
various Am processes and materials are developed, leading towards versatile industrial and
research applications. AM is regarded as a revolutionary manufacturing technology. AM offers
advantages over SM like light-weight, freedom of design, multiple object in a single machining,
and also accelerate the product optimization. AM revenue increases rapidly, in particular in
the areas of aerospace and automobile industries where AM produces are highly demanded.

In AM process, the layer-by-layer manufacturing process easily induces defects such as voids,
micro-cracks, delamination; and inconsistent mechanical properties are even more common.
The quality issues become especially critical when AM products are used as load bearing
components. Inspection/testing methods are employed to ensure the AM quality, where
nondestructive testing (NDT) methods are preferred.

Among various NDT techniques, laser ultrasound technique (LUT) offers advantages of non-
contact/nondestructive inspections, which is especially suitable for the inspection of AM
productions and processing. Using laser ultrasound technique to detect the additive
manufacturing parts. Laser as excitation and interferometer as receiver to do linear scan.
Obtained the time-domain signal after linear scan,
and stacked into B-sacn image. B-sacn image to
do fast fourier transform, and obtain the experiment
dispersion curve. Obtained the quantitative elastic
modulus value by particle swarm optimization.
Validate the laser ultrasound technique through
tensile test. Using recursive asymptotic stiffness
matrix method to simulate that guided wave
propagation in the multilayer structure. The
experimental results are shown in the figure 1.
Figure 1: Experimental results

This research use laser ultrasound technology to additive manufacture products for
nondestructive testing. By exploring elastic modulus values, and thus understand the impact
of the manufacturing process for the product material hardening process.

Keywords
Additive Manufacturing, Laser Ultrasound Technique, Non-destructive Testing, Recursive Asymptotic
Stiffness Matrix method, Inversion

253
 A QUANTITATIVE LASER ULTRASOUND SYSTEM FOR VISUALIZATION AND
MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CURVED SURFACES
Sheng-Po Tseng1, Shao-Fan Shang2, Che-Hua Yang3
1.2.3
Graduate Institute of Manufacturing Technology, National Taipei University of
Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Da’an Dist., Taipei City, Taiwan

Ultrasonic guided waves become an important tool for nondestructive evaluation of structures
and components. Guided waves are used for the purpose of identifying defects or evaluating
material properties in a nondestructive way. While guided waves are applied for evaluating
material properties, instead of knowing the properties directly, preliminary signals such as time
domain signals or frequency domain spectra are first revealed. With the measured ultrasound
data, inversion calculation can be further employed to obtain the desired mechanical
properties.

In the past years, quantitative laser ultrasound visualization system (QLUVS) has been well-
developed, but only use in plate detection. However, there are many curved structure need to
be inspected, for instance, tank, oil pipe, gas pipe, etc. So the purpose of this research is to
develop curved surface specimen inspections with quantitative laser ultrasound visualization
system.

In plate inspections, C-scan applying laser generate point by point sequentially, and the
distance between each scanning point is equal. Therefore, the results of material property
inverse calculation are accurate, but in tube inspections if the
scanning method is the same as plate inspections scanning
method, the results will influence by pipe’s curvature, and the
distance between each scanning point is totally different,
moreover the inverse calculation results also not precise. Since
the problems above, this research is using line and circle’s
geometry relationship to create tube quantitative laser
ultrasound visualization system. The experimental results are
shown in the figure 1. Can corrected image of the circular
guided wave propagation image.
Figure 1: experimental results

Let every laser shooting point become equidistant, then prove tube quantitative laser
ultrasound visualization system is successful by inverse calculation results.

Keywords
Laser ultrasound ,Nondestructive evaluation, material characterizaqtion, guided waves, inversion,
Curved Surface scanning

254
 Wednesday, September 4th, 2019 (4:00 pm)

MAR+MUI+MHF (2/2) - Ultrasound imaging for medical applications

MAR+MUI+MHF (2/2): Ultrasound imaging for medical Location: VIVES room A203
applications Chair: Ton van der Steen and Chris de Korte

16:00 - 16:30 High frame rate ultrasound Herve Liebgott, Vincent Perrot, Nina Ghigo, Sebastien Salles, Ingvild Ekroll, Alessandro Ramalli,
imaging of the arteries Jorgen Avdal, Enrico Boni, Francoid Varray, Lorena Petrusca, Adeline Bernard, Anne Long,
Brahim Harbahoui, Piero Tortoli, Lasse Lovstakken, Didier Vray
16:30 - 17:00 Cardiac blood flow imaging using very high frame rate ultrasound Hideyuki Hasegawa, Ryo Nagaoka, Michiya Mozumi
17:00 - 17:30 Ultrafast ultrasound blood vector velocity and vessel Anne Saris, Stein Fekkes,
wall strain imaging in the carotid artery Maartje Nillesen, Rik Hansen, Chris de Korte
17:30 - 17:45 Tri-plane cardiac imaging using multi-line transmission Alessandro Ramalli, Sevan Harput,
on a spiral array: real-time implementation Robert J. Eckersley, Piero Tortoli, Jan D'hooge
17:45 - 18:00 A 2D speckle tracking method for high frame rate
cardiac imaging: a simulation study Marta Orlowska, Alessandro Ramalli, Jan D'hooge

255
 HIGH FRAME RATE ULTRASOUND IMAGING OF THE ARTERIES
H. Liebgott1, V. Perrot1, N. Ghigo1, S. Salles1, I. Ekroll3, J. Avdal3, A. Ramalli2, E. Boni2, F.
Varray1, L. Petrusca1, A. Bernard1, A. Long1, B Harbahoui1, P. Tortoli2, L. Lovstakken3, D.
Vray1
1
CREATIS, Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, UCBL1, Université Jean-Monnet Saint-Etienne, CNRS
UMR 5220, Inserm U1206, Lyon, France
2
Microelectronics Systems Design Lab, Department of Information Engineering, University of
Florence, Florence, Italy
3
Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and
Technology, Norway.

The development of vascular pathologies is related to significant modifications of the vessel

geometry and physical wall parameters. For instance, atherosclerosis causes a stiffening of
the arterial walls coupled to an arterial narrowing. These changes profoundly affect the
kinematics of the tissues during the cardiac cycle as illustrated by the increase of the pulse
wave velocity in stiffer arteries. Moreover, the lumen diameter is often subject to changes due
to the presence of plaques (decrease in diameter) or an aneurysm (increase in diameter).
Such changes in diameter directly influence the dynamics of the flow inside the arteries by
creating a more complex flow pattern.
In this context, high frame rate ultrasound has been proven a valuable imaging tool. It enables
to study the complex modifications of the dynamics of the vessel walls as well as the flow
patterns. Indeed these
phenomena are often fast and
transient and can hardly be
imaged with another modality due
to the promptness of the
phenomena.

Figure 1: Simultaneous representation of the estimated vector flow and the axial wall velocities in a
carotid artery at two different timing in a cardiac cycle [1]

The presentation will focus on recent contributions performed in the ultrasound group of
CREATIS and the frame of collaborations with the University of Florence and NTNU in
Trondheim. We will present a method we have developed to image simultaneously, from the
same plane wave sequence, both the pulse wave propagation and the vector flow in the
arteries. We will also introduce a visualization tool inspired by the vision community called
video magnification, which we applied to high frame rate ultrasound sequences of the carotid
artery [2]. With video magnification, the visualization of complex but subtle motion patterns that
occur in the arteries during the cardiac cycle is possible whereas such patterns are hardly
visible in the unmodified image sequence.

Keywords
Ultrasound, High frame rate, carotid artery, Doppler, pulse wave.
References
[1]
V. Perrot, S. Salles, D. Vray, and H. Liebgott, "Video Magnification Applied in Ultrasound," IEEE
Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 66, pp. 283-288, 2019.
[2]
V. Perrot, H. Liebgott, A. Long, and D. Vray, "Simultaneous Tissue and Flow Estimation at High
Frame Rate Using Plane Wave and Transverse Oscillation on in Vivo Carotid," in 2018 IEEE
International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), 2018, pp. 1-4

256
 CARDIAC BLOOD FLOW IMAGING USING VERY HIGH FRAME RATE
ULTRASOUND
Hideyuki Hasegawa, Ryo Nagaoka, Michiya Mozumi
Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama
Gofuku 3190, Toyama 930-8555, Japan

Blood flow measurement is important for evaluation of the cardiac function. In most clinical
diagnostic ultrasound systems use the Doppler method, in which flow velocity in the direction
of each ultrasonic beam (axial direction) is measured. However, the cardiac blood flow exhibits
complex flow patterns such as vortex flow. Therefore, a more comprehensive method, which
enables detailed analyses of the complex cardiac blood flow, would be beneficial.
In conventional medical ultrasound imaging, ultrasonic echoes required for generating an
image are acquired in the line-by-line fashion. Under such a limitation in the data acquisition,
the temporal resolution is considered insufficient for detailed analyses of rapid and complex
cardiac blood flow. High frame rate ultrasound, an emerging technique in medical ultrasound
imaging, realizes an imaging frame rate of over one thousand frames per second (fps). In this
talk, methods for high frame rate cardiac flow imaging will be presented.

Figure 1(a) shows a B-mode image of a human left ventricle obtained at a very high frame
rate of 6250 fps. An image frame is obtained by a single emission of a wave, which is
spherically diverging from a virtual point source located at 30 mm behind an array transducer.
Beamformed ultrasonic signals were created in the Cartesian coordinate system at lateral and
vertical intervals of 0.2 mm and 0.02464 mm, respectively. By applying a clutter filter based
on the singular value decomposition (SVD) [1], echoes from blood cells were visualized as
shown in Fig. 1(b). The color flow image in Fig. 1(c) was obtained by applying the
autocorrelation method [2] to the clutter-filtered signal in Fig. 1(b). Finally, the spatial
distribution of blood flow velocity
vectors was obtained as shown in
Fig. 1(d) by applying the vector
flow mapping method [3] to the
color flow data in Fig. 1(c).
Visualization of blood speckle
echo enables qualitative
observation of blood flow pattern,
and quantitative analyses can be
made using the spatial
distribution of blood flow velocity
vectors.
Figure 1: Results of cardiac blood flow imaging. (a) B-mode image of left ventricle. (b) Blood speckle
image. (c) Color flow image. (d) Flow vectors estimated by vector flow mapping method.

Keywords
High frame rate ultrasound, Cardiac blood flow, Blood speckle imaging, Vector flow mapping
References
[1]
M. Mozumi, R. Nagaoka, and H. Hasegawa, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. (in press).
[2]
K. Namekawa, C. Kasai, M. Tsukamoto, et al., Ultrasound Med. Biol., 8, 1982, 138.
[3]
K. Akiyama, S. Maeda, T. Matsuyama, et al., BMC Cardiovasc. Disorders, 17, 2017, 21.

257
 ULTRAFAST ULTRASOUND BLOOD VECTOR VELOCITY AND VESSEL WALL
STRAIN IMAGING IN THE CAROTID ARTERY
Anne Saris1, Stein Fekkes1, Maartje Nillesen1, Rik Hansen1, Chris de Korte1
1
Medical Ultrasound Imaging Center, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein
10, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of ischemic heart failure and stroke in the westernized
societies. It starts with the formation of a lipid-rich accumulations in the vessel wall, which can
grow and mature into plaques. These plaques can become unstable and rupture, potentially
causing stroke or myocardial infarction. As the geometrical measures primarily used to decide
upon an endarterectomy are inadequate[1], there is a justified need for patient-specific
diagnosis and intervention. As the natural history of atherosclerosis is associated with changes
in both the vessel wall mechanics and blood flow, obtaining functional information concerning
the stenosis could aid in better staging of the disease and risk stratification.

With the use unfocused plane wave ultrasound pulses up to 10.000 images per second can
be recorded. We developed a beamforming strategy taking full advantage of the plane wave
ultrasound data to form image lines and thereby obtain accurate and precise estimates of
tissue motion[2]. This methodology was combined with our in-house developed displacement
compounding technique[3] for both 2D blood vector velocity imaging and 3D vessel wall strain
imaging. The methods were developed and validated using simulations and experiments.
Finally, in vivo feasibility studies were performed in both healthy and diseased carotid arteries.

With the novel blood vector velocity imaging technique, complex recirculating and reversed
blood flow patterns were captured for five subjects, which can be quantified and visualized
with high detail using this technique. In subjects with plaque or after interventional procedures,
these complex flow phenomena were more prominent than in healthy volunteers.
Quantification of the complexity of the velocity field showed potential to distinguish these two
groups of volunteers. The feasibility of 3D strain imaging was shown in 4 volunteers.
Volumetric principle strain maps revealed locally elevated compressive and tensile strains.

This new functional information might provide the clinicians with a new tool to assess the
health of blood vessels, perform a risk stratification, and thereby better select those patient
who would benefit from surgery. Furthermore, this information could enhance our
understanding of the disease process of atherosclerosis, and thereby has the potentially for
earlier detection of the process of atherosclerosis.

Keywords
Ultrafast ultrasound, velocity vector imaging, strain imaging, carotid artery, atherosclerosis
References
[1]
P. Rothwell, et al., Lancet, 361 2003, 107-16.
[2]
A. Saris, et al., Applied Sciences, 8 2018, 1-19.
[3]
H. Hansen, et al., Journal of Biomechanics, 47 2014, 815-23.

258
 TRI-PLANE CARDIAC IMAGING USING MULTI-LINE TRANSMISSION ON A
SPIRAL ARRAY:
REAL-TIME IMPLEMENTATION
Alessandro Ramalli1, Sevan Harput2, Robert J. Eckersley3, Piero Tortoli4, Jan D’hooge1
1
Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
2
ULIS Group, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
3
Biomedical Engineering Department, King’s College London, London, UK
4
Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
Functional 3D echocardiography requires imaging of the whole left ventricle with good
temporal resolution. However, full 3D imaging still works at low volume rates, unless complex
high-element count systems are used. As a compromise, tri-plane imaging based on multi-line
transmission (MLT) by a low-element count spiral array (SA) was shown feasible in a
simulation study (DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.2018.8580143). The aim of this work was to
implement this approach on the ULA-OP 256 scanner for real-time operation and to evaluate
the related performance.
The SA design was based on the 3.7 MHz, 32×32-element probe by Vermon (France).
Specifically, among the 1024 available elements, only the 256 elements closest to the
positions of the ungridded layout of a 256-seed spiral array, 10.4-mm-wide, density tapered
by a 50%-Tukey window, were wired to the probe connector.
The ULA-OP 256 was programmed to scan 3 imaging planes at rotational angles of 0°, 90°,
and 45°, with an aperture angle of 80°. The standard, single-line transmission (SLT) scan
mode and the MLT were interleaved. For the latter mode, each of the 3 simultaneously
transmitted beams was set to scan one of the 3 imaging planes to be reconstructed. Moreover,
the scan sequence was altered to limit the cross-talk among beams.
Experiments were conducted on a homemade thick-walled univentricular phantom and on a
tissue mimicking phantom (CIRS 055A). While images were displayed in real-time,
beamformed data were acquired for image quality assessment in terms of lateral resolution,
contrast ratio (CR) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
Results showed that MLT, compared to SLT, achieved similar lateral resolutions at different
depths (±0.5%). However, CR was slightly reduced (26.8dB vs 24.1dB) due to MLT cross-talk
artifacts, as shown in Figure 1. Notably, the SNR was reduced by about 10dB since, for MLT,
3-fold lower transmission amplitudes had to be used to keep peak voltages below the
maximum allowed by each element. The frame rate, achieved in real-time, was 18 Hz for SLT
and 54 Hz for MLT; both being limited by the depth range (15 cm) and the number of lines per
plane (100).
In conclusion, by using a 256-channel system, real-time tri-plane imaging of the human heart
is feasible at the same temporal resolution currently used in clinical 2D echocardiography.

Figure 1: Images of the thick-

walled univentricular phantom
on the plane with rotational
angle equal to 0°.

Keywords
Spiral array, high frame rate,
cardiac imaging, multiplane imaging

259
 A 2D SPECKLE TRACKING METHOD FOR HIGH FRAME RATE CARDIAC
IMAGING: A SIMULATION STUDY
Marta Orlowska1, Alessandro Ramalli1, Jan D'hooge1
1
Laboratory of Cardiovascular Imaging and Dynamics, Department of Cardiovascular
Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium

Speckle tracking in echocardiography is an excellent tool for the assessment of systolic

function. However, since it is based on standard B-mode imaging, it operates at low frame
rates (FR) (<100 Hz) and cannot estimate myocardial deformation in a time resolved manner.
High frame rate (HFR) imaging might overcome this but comes at the expense of image quality
and spatial resolution. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a 2D
speckle tracking method for HRF echocardiography using computer simulated data.
Methods: Synthetic HFR data was generated by performing a virtual ultrasound exam of an
electromechanical model of the heart in an apical view, providing realistic texture and image
features. Hereto, Field II was used to simulate a 64-element phased array, scanning a 90°
sector with a frame rate (FR) of 833 Hz achieved by coherently compounding 6 images
obtained from subsequent diverging wave transmissions.
2D motion was estimated by processing the RF signals of subsequent images in a 2-step
approach. In a first step, axial displacement was estimated by cross-correlation of the RF
signals. Then, the lateral motion component was estimated by cross-correlation of the (lateral)
envelope data. Since the lateral inter-frame motion at HFR is too small to be detected, it was
estimated on pair of frames with time gaps of K/FR after accounting for the axial motion
estimated at step one. For both steps, spline interpolation of the cross-correlation function for
subsample motion estimation was used. Finally, estimates were filtered using a spatio-
temporal filters.
The position of the cardiac wall was extracted through semi-automatic segmentation using B-
Spline Explicit Active Surfaces (BEAS). The accuracy of the method was assessed by
calculating the average root-mean-square error (RMSE) between ground truth displacement
and estimation for all myocardial points. Different K values and kernel sizes were tested and
compared.
Results/conclusion: Overall, the best results were obtained for K=30, 12-wavelength long
windows in the axial direction, and 21.4° wide window in the lateral direction. For these settings
the RMSE for axial and lateral estimates was 2.5% and 10.0% respectively, as shown in Figure
1. In conclusion, the developed method was benchmarked for 2D speckle tracking in HFR
echocardiography; its application to in-vivo recordings is ongoing.
Axial displacement Lateral displacement
50
-50 RMSE=10.0%
RMSE=2.5%
Displacement [μm]
Displacement [μm]

0 0

50 -50
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Time [ms] Time [ms]

Figure 1: The axial and lateral displacement estimation (black) and the ground truth (red) in the mid-
septum segment.

Keywords
High frame rate, cross correlation, echocardiography, simulation

260
 Wednesday, September 4th, 2019 (4:00 pm)

NAS+NTD (1/2) - NDT and industrial transducers and sensors

Location: VIVES room B303

NAS+NTD (1/2): NDT and industrial transducers and sensors
Chair: Tomas Gomez Alvarez-Arenas

16:00 - 16:30 Prototyping sparse arrays of ultrasonic Oscar Martinez-Graullera, Virginia Yagüe-Jiménez, Adrián Blanco Paetsch,
transducers for 3D image generation Montserrat Parrilla Romero, Alberto Ibáñez Rodríguez, Tomas Álvarez-Arenas
16:30 - 17:00 Ultrasonic signal modality applied to non-destructive testing: a new approach to global damage detection
Vicente Genovés, Alicia Carrión, Jorge Gosálbez, Ramón Miralles, Jordi Payá
17:00 - 17:15 The thermal fingerprint of an ultrasonic beam: Simon E. Michels, Mathias Kersemans, Guillaume Lajoinie,
cheap and fast visualization Michel Versluis, Philippe F. Smet
17:15 - 17:30 Ultrasonic Dual Element Probes Revisited – Complex Wave Frank Schubert, Thomas Herzog,
Phenomena as a Basis for Transducer Design and Optimization Susan Walter, Henning Heuer

261
 PROTOTYPING SPARSE ARRAYS OF ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS FOR 3D
IMAGE GENERATION
Óscar Martínez-Graullera1, Virginia Yagüe-Jiménez1, Adrián Blanco Paetsch1, Montserrat
Parrilla Romero1, Alberto Ibáñez Rodríguez1, Tomas Álvarez-Arenas1
1
Instituto de Tecnologías Físicas y de la Información of the National Spanish Research
Council C/Serrano 144, Madrid 28035, Spain

Large two-dimensional (2D) arrays offer very promising prospects as analysis tool due to their
capability to obtain information of a volumetric space, but currently suffer major drawbacks.
The main challenge is determined by the large number of elements required to achieve an
acceptable image quality. Elements’ distributions based on Fermat Spiral is an effective trade-
off between the dynamic range and the number of elements[1]. To obtain an effective
insonification of the region of interest, elements must be very small and consequently they
provide very low SNR. If the area of the element is increased, the SNR is also increased.
However, it reduces the directivity pattern and in fact the region that the aperture is able to
analyze.

In order to cope with these issues, we have developed a solution for large apertures (>70λ)
with a high sparseness degree. In practice, the analysis area is bounded and in the case of
large apertures, this can be covered mainly by its area. In this context, large elements can be
used, if they are placed according to a function that maximizes the overlap region.

To show the viability of our solution, a prototype has been implemented, taking advantage of
the possibilities that Additive Manufacturing (AM) offers to build complex structures[2]. In this
sense, Additive Manufacturing gives an opportunity to array designers to develop interesting
and risky proof of concept with a low cost effective.

The prototype presented here is a 96 element array aperture, with a 2λx2λ element size and
a full size for 70λ. The pattern of element distribution follows a Fermat spiral. Elements are
tilted toward the center according to a correction focusing lens

Acknowledgements
The Spanish Government supported this research under grant DPI 2016-80239-R (AEI/FEDER, UE).
Keywords
Ultrasonic 2D arrays, sparse arrays, Additive Manufacturing
References
[1]
O. Martínez-Graullera et al. 2D array design based on Fermat spiral for ultrasound imaging.
Ultrasonics (50-2) pp. 280-289.
[2] Michael Molitch-Hou. Overview of additive manufacturing process. Additive Manufacturing. pp. 1-
38.

262
 Ultrasonic signal modality applied to non destructive testing: a new approach to global
damage detection
Vicente Genovés1, Alicia Carrión2, Jorge Gosálbez2, Ramón Miralles2, Jordi Payá1

Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología del Hormigón (ICITECH), Universitat Politècnica de València

Instituto de Telecomunicaciones y Aplicaciones Multimedia (iTeAM), Universitat Politècnica de València,

València, Spain

The term signal modality is employed to refer to the different techniques and algorithms which
may be used to gain information about the nature of a signal and the underlying model which
gives rise to it. To date, the study of the nature of the signal has provided great advances in
biomedical applications through the analysis of electroencephalographic signals (EEG) and in
applications related to meteorological information [1]. However, this new paradigm is not
common in ultrasonic and acoustic applications nor in non-destructive inspection techniques.
Eckmann et al. [2] introduced a tool called Recurrence Plots (RP) to visualize the recurrence of
states which make up the phase space of a signal. The quantification of the number and duration
of the recurrences allows us to study the degree of determinism [3] what we used to investigate
the degree of damage in a material.

In this work we present the application of the potential of RP to three different cases in concrete
damage detection: chemical [4], loading [5] and thermal damage. In such studies, Recurrence
plot Quantification Analysis (RQA) is used to observe the degree of damage in each case opening
a new way of global damage analysis with ultrasonics in materials [6].

Keywords

Signal modality, Recurrence Plots, NDT, Concrete, Damage, Ultrasonics

References
[1]
D. Mandic, M. Golz, A. Kuh, D. Obradovic, and T. Tanaka, Signal processing techniques for knowledge extraction
and information fusion, Springer, 2008.
[2] J. P. Eckmann, S. O. Kamphorst, and D. Ruelle, Recurrence plots of dynamical systems, Europhysics Letters, 1987.
[3]L. Trulla, A. Giuliani, J. Zbilut, C. Webber Jr, Recurrence quantification analysis of the logistic equation with
transients, Phys. Lett., 1996.
[4]
A. Carrión, V. Genovés, J. Gosálbez, R. Miralles, J. Payá. Ultrasonic Signal Modality: A novel approach for concrete
damage evaluation, Cement and Concrete Research, 2017.
[5]A. Carrión, V. Genovés, J. Gosálbez, R. Miralles, J. Payá, An advanced ultrasonic method based on signal modality
for structural damage characterization on concrete: the cube problem, IEEE Ultrasonics Washington, 2017.
[6]
A. Carrión, V. Genovés, J. Gosálbez, R. Miralles, J. Payá. Método de ensayo del estado de materiales, Universitat
Politècnica de València, P201630212, España (2016).

263
THE THERMAL FINGERPRINT OF AN ULTRASONIC BEAM: CHEAP AND FAST
VISUALIZATION
Simon E. Michels1,2, Mathias Kersemans3, Guillaume Lajoinie4,
Michel Versluis4, Philippe F. Smet1,2,*
1
Department of Solid State Sciences, LumiLab, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
2
Center for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
3
Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering (MaTCh), Mechanics of
Materials and Structures (MMS), Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
4
Physics of Fluids Group, Technical Medical (TechMed) Research Institute and MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The
Netherlands
* [email protected]
The detection and identification of anomalies in the radiation field of an ultrasonic transducer
is indispensable for accurate and reliable measurements. Unfortunately, this is no trivial task,
as it generally takes a long time to scan even one cross section of the pressure field. We
present a novel visualization method for ultrasonic fields, based on the luminescence of certain
inorganic crystals called phosphors. These specially designed materials possess the ability to
store excitation energy (provided by e.g. UV light), which can be released again as visible light
after applying an external stimulation, which can be of thermal, mechanical or electromagnetic
nature.
In this contribution, a pre-charged sample is placed in an ultrasonic beam after which it lights
up, revealing a cross section of the ultrasonic pressure field. We provided a proof of concept
for this method, showing that it is possible to use the phosphor BaSi2O2N2 doped with Eu2+ to
obtain fast and accurate cross sections of the ultrasonic wave field. [1]
We discovered that the driving mechanism behind acoustically induced luminescent emission
is the acoustic heating of the sample, rather than the more common piezoluminescence. By
combining luminescent, hydrophone and thermographic measurements, we are able to set up
calibration curves between light intensity, temperature and acoustic pressure. The approach
is validated by means of a thermoluminescence (TL) model, which allows us to predict the
light emission upon acoustic irradiation.
luminescence, hydrophone scanning and thermography, at 60 mm from the transducer.

The very short collection times

(several seconds for a cross section),
cheap detection in a broad ultrasound
frequency spectrum and the ability to
obtain multiple physical quantities from
one measurement make this
luminescent method very promising for
the visualization of ultrasonic radiation
fields.
Figure 1: The radiation field of a concentric transducer. Bottom:
Keywords Cross sections obtained through acoustically induced
Ultrasound, Visualization, Luminescence, luminescence, hydrophone scanning and thermography, at 60
Acoustic heating mm from the transducer.
References
[1]
M. Kersemans, P. F. Smet, N. Lammens, J. Degrieck et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 2015, 107, 234102.

264
 ULTRASONIC DUAL ELEMENT PROBES REVISITED –
COMPLEX WAVE PHENOMENA AS A BASIS FOR TRANSDUCER DESIGN AND
OPTIMIZATION
Frank Schubert1, Thomas Herzog1, Susan Walter1, Henning Heuer1
1
Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS,
Branch Materials Diagnostics, Maria-Reiche-Str. 2, 01109 Dresden, Germany

Ultrasonic dual element transducers are known for a very long time. They consist of two angled
piezoelectric elements housed in the same case but separated by an acoustic barrier. While
one element excites transient waves into a delay line, the other element acts as a receiver for
the echoes produced in the component under test. The main advantages of this type of
transducer compared to a single-element pulse-echo probe are a better near-surface
resolution and a reduced direct back-scattering noise in heterogeneous or coarse grained
materials. Numerical time-domain simulations reveal that the ultrasonic wave phenomena in
a dual element probe are surprisingly rich and complex which may lead to an unexpected
spatial redistribution of energy in the exciting wave front and - as a consequence - to a
deviation from the expected exit angle according to Snell's law. Moreover diffraction effects at
the interface between the acoustic barrier bridge and the tested component turn out to be very
sensitive to small geometrical changes of the delay line which in turn affects the near-surface
resolution and the acoustic crosstalk to the receiver channel. In the present contribution it is
demonstrated how the described wave phenomena can be used for a systematic design and
optimization of dual element probes.

Figure 1: Calculated ultrasonic wave propagation in a dual element probe slightly before (on the left)
and after the excited P wave has passed the interface to the component under test (on the right).

Keywords
Ultrasonics, Dual Element Probe, Numerical Simulation, Wave Phenomena, Transducer Optimization

265
 Wednesday, September 4th, 2019 (4:00 pm)

PGM+PMM (2/4) - Metamaterials and granular materials

Location: VIVES room A306

PGM+PMM (2/4): Metamaterials and granular materials
Chair: Vincent Tournat

16:00 - 16:15 Defect cavity induced bound in continuum states Madiha Amrani, Ilyasse Quotane, El Houssaine El Boudouti,
in one-dimensional solid-liquid phononic crystal. Bahram Djafari-Rouhani, Abdelkrim Talbi, Bogdan Piwakowski
16:15 - 16:30 Evidencing broadband filtration and steering of guided Saeid Hedayatrasa, Mathias Kersemans,
waves through porous phononic plates with optimized design Kazem Abhary, Wim Van Paepegem
16:30 - 16:45 Wavefront shaping with soft gradient-index metasurfaces Yabin Jin, Raj Kumar, Olivier Poncelet,
at ultrasonic frequencies Olivier Mondain-Monval, Thomas Brunet
16:45 - 17:00 Wave Mode Separation and Conversion with Broadband Mingye Zheng, Rui Zhu, Xiaoning Liu,
Anisotropic Elastic Metamaterial Hongchen Miao, Yi Chen, Gengkai Hu
17:00 - 17:15 Control of Mechanical Waves by Metagratings and Metaclusters Pawel Packo, Andrew N. Norris, Daniel Torrent
17:15 - 17:30 Finding a New Type of Bandgap for Nonlinear Metamaterials Myung Hwan Bae, Joo Hwan Oh
17:30 - 17:45 Theoretical and Experimental Study on Acoustic Computational Metamaterials Zengyao Lv, Yongmao Pei, Peng Liu
17:45 - 18:00 Membrane-type acoustic metamaterials with Shinya Hakuta, Yoshihiro Sugawara, Shogo Yamazoe,
through-holes for lightweight sound insulation Masayuki Naya, Tadashi Kasamatsu

266
 DEFECT CAVITY INDUCED BOUND IN CONTINUUM STATES IN ONE-
DIMENSIONAL SOLID-LIQUID PHONONIC CRYSTAL.
Madiha Amrani1, Ilyasse Quotane1, El Houssaine El Boudouti1, Bahram Djafari-Rouhani2,
Abdelkrim Talbi2, Bogdan Piwakowski2
1
LPMR, Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed I, Oujda,
Morocco Department of Physics, University of Leuven Campus Kulak, Etienne Sabbelaan
53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
2
Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520 - IEMN & LIA
LICS/LEMAC, F-59000 Lille, France
In several physical problems, the interaction of an incident wave with the scattering in
composite materials gives rise to bound states below the sound line in the substrates and
resonant states or leaky waves above this line. The possibility to realize bound states above
the sound line that do not radiate energy in the surrounding media is quite intriguing. This kind
of modes is called bound in continuum (BIC) states. The concept of BIC was first proposed by
Von Neumann and Wigner in 1929 for electron placed in a specific potential [1]. The
mechanisms behind the existence of the BIC state are numerous. Among them one can cite:
symmetry-protected, Fabry-Perot coupled resonances and inverse construction [2]. These
states have been studied in a wide range of material systems, such as photonic, plasmonic
and electronic crystals [2]. However, few works have been devoted to such modes in phononic
crystals [3].
In a recent paper [3], we have shown that simple structures made of a single solid layer or a
solid-fluid-solid triple layer immersed in a fluid may support BIC, Fano, and induced
transparency resonances. These resonances are shown through an analysis of the
transmission coefficient and densities of states obtained using the Green’s function method
[3]. The BIC modes appear as a consequence of the combination of the transmission zeros
induced by the solid layers and discrete modes induced either by a single solid layer or a triple
solid-fluid-solid layer with free surfaces for a given incidence angle. In this present work, we
show theoretically the possibility of existence of BIC states and Fano resonances in a one-
dimensional phononic crystal 1D-PnC composed of a periodic repetition of solid-liquid layers
in presence of a solid defect cavity. We show that due to the decoupling between transverse
and longitudinal modes at normal incidence, the transverse modes induced by the cavity layer
may fall inside the allowed bands of the PnC giving rise to BIC states. These modes appear
as zero width resonances in the transmission spectra through a finite size PnC. At near-normal
incidence, these modes become Fano resonances either inside in the bands or gaps of the
PnC. In addition, when we take into account the attenuation in the layers, we show that such
structure may show near-perfect absorption [4] in a narrow frequency band depending on the
thickness of the layers. The experimental validations of these concepts are in progress and
will be presented in the conference.

Keywords
Phononic crystal, Bound in contiuum states, Fano resonances, Near perfect absorption
References
[1]
J. von Neumann and E. Wigner, Phys. Z. 30, 465 (1929).
[2]
C. W. Hsu, Bo Zhen, A. D. Stone, J. D. Joannopoulos, and M. Soljacic, Nat. Rev. Mater. 1, 16048
(2016).
[3]
I. Quotane, E.H. El Boudouti, and B. Djafari-Rouhani, Phys. Rev. B 97, 024304 (2018).
[4]
Y. Cui, Y. He, Y. Jin, F. Ding, L. Yang, Y. Ye, S. Zhong, Y. Lin and S. He, Laser Photonics Rev. 8, 4,
495–520 (2014).

267
EVIDENCING BROADBAND FILTRATION AND STEERING OF GUIDED WAVES
THROUGH POROUS PHONONIC PLATES WITH OPTIMIZED DESIGN
Saeid Hedayatrasa1, Mathias Kersemans1, Kazem Abhary2, Wim Van Paepegem1
1
Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University,
Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
2
School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA5095, Australia

Phononic crystal plates (PhPs) have astonishing characteristic in manipulation of

elastodynamic guided waves for design of low-loss acoustic metamaterial devices which are
applicable e.g. in structural health monitoring or air-borne wireless communication. The
periodic microstructure of PhPs induces strong anisotropy at the wavelengths that are
comparable to the lattice periodicity and enables controllability of an incident wave at relevant
frequency ranges. The prominent feature of phononic crystals is the existence of frequency
bandgaps over which the waves are stopped, or are resonated and guided within designed
defects. Therefore, maximized bandgaps of PhPs are desirable to enhance their controllable
frequency range. Porous PhPs produced through perforation of a uniform background plate,
in which the porous interfaces act as strong reflectors of wave energy, are relatively easy to
produce. However, optimization of such PhPs for maximized bandgap naturally leads to
infeasible (i.e. discontinuous) designs or designs with delicate (i.e. compliant) interconnecting
features.
This paper presents porous PhPs with superior designs which have been achieved through a
systematic topology optimization. Two competing objectives are considered in the optimization
procedure: (i) widest bandgap of guided wave modes and (ii) maximized stiffness. Several
optimized topologies are selected and manufactured by water-jetting an aluminum plate and
laser cutting a Plexiglas (PMMA) plate, and their performance in filtration and steering of
guided waves is verified as compared to calculated dispersion curves. Further, the stiffness
and strain field of the optimized topologies under tensile loading are evaluated and compared
to numerical prediction.

Figure 1: Experimental evaluation of broadband phononic bandgap of an optimized PhP: (a) water-
jetted aluminum unit-cell and (b) its PhP lattice structure, (c) power spectrum of the excitation and the
filtered transmission measured by piezoelectric patches, and (d) computed dispersion curves.

Keywords
Phononic, Plate, Porous, Guided Wave, Bandgap, Stiffness

268
 WAVEFRONT SHAPING WITH SOFT GRADIENT-INDEX METASURFACES AT
ULTRASONIC FREQUENCIES
Yabin Jin1, Raj Kumar2, Olivier Poncelet1, Olivier Mondain-Monval2, Thomas Brunet1,*
1
Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ENSAM, UMR 5295 I2M, F-33405 Talence, France
2
Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5031 CRPP, F-33600 Pessac, France
*
[email protected]

Recently, metasurfaces have been proven to be effective and compact devices for the design
of arbitrary wavefronts [1]. Metasurfaces are planar metamaterials with a subwavelength
thickness that allows wavefront shaping by introducing in-plane variations, namely, gradients,
in the spatial wave response of these flat structures. Since the first study reporting an acoustic
metasurface [2], most of the acoustic metasurfaces were reported to control air-borne waves
[3]
. Here we report a new class of acoustic gradient-index (GRIN) metasurfaces engineered
from soft graded-porous silicone rubber with a high acoustic index for broadband ultrasonic
three-dimensional wavefront shaping in water [4]. The functionalities of these soft flat lenses
are illustrated through various experiments, which demonstrate beam steering and beam
focusing, as well as vortex beam generation in free space. These new GRIN metasurfaces
may have important applications in various domains using designed ultrasonic fields
(biomedical imaging, industrial non-destructive testing, contactless particle manipulation),
since their fabrication is very straightforward with common polymer science engineering.

Figure 1: (left) 3D focusing of ultrasound with radially graded flat lens. (right) Acoustic vortex generation
with azimuthally graded flat lens.

Keywords
Ultrasonics, Wavefront shaping, Acoustic Metasurfaces, 3D Focusing, Acoustic Vortex
References
[1]
N. Yu and F. Capasso, Nature Materials, 13 2014, 139-150.
[2]
Y. Li, B. Liang, Z.M. Gu, X.Y. Zou, J.C. Chang, Scientific Reports, 3 2013, 2536-150.
[3]
B. Assouar, B. Liang, Y. Wu, Y. Li, J.-C. Cheng, Y. Jing, Nature Reviews Materials, 3 2018, 460-472.
[4]
Y. Jin, R. Kumar, O. Poncelet, O. Mondain-Monval, T. Brunet, Nature Communications, 10 2019,
143.

269
 WAVE MODE SEPARATION AND CONVERSION WITH BROADBAND
ANISOTROPIC ELASTIC METAMATERIAL
Mingye Zheng1, Rui Zhu1, Xiaoning Liu1, Hongchen Miao2,2, Yi Chen1, Gengkai Hu1*
1
School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
2
School of Mechanics and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China

Unlike acoustic or electromagnetic metamaterials, achieving broadband wave manipulation in

elastic metamaterials (EMMs) is proven to be more difficult due to the complex polarizations
nature of elastic waves in solids. In this work, the relationship between the elastic wave
polarization and the stiffness tensor of solids is first systematically investigated. Then, an EMM
is designed and fabricated to support either longitudinal (L) or transverse (T) wave
propagation, which has never been observed before in other solids. This single-polarized-solid
“SPS”, as a degenerated solid, has very peculiar wave characteristics [1,2] which provide novel
solutions for selective wave mode filtering as well as complete wave mode conversion in a
very broad frequency range.

The non-resonant microstructure of the EMM is based on the anisotropic pentamode structure
design and possess adjustable wave impedance by just changing its principle orientation,
which offers a flexible way to manipulate elastic waves
with different polarizations at a subwavelength scale, as
shown in Fig. 1. Polarized elastic wave transmissions in
an ultrathin anisotropic EMM layer sandwiched between
two semi-infinite isotropic solids are investigated
experimentally to validate the wave polarization control
ability. By conducting transient elastic wave experiments
in the EMM plates, total wave transmission as well as
total wave isolation can be realized independently for
both L and S waves, respectively.
Figure 1: Microstructure design of the metamaterial

Moreover, a gradient EMM whose own impedance can be changed asymptotically with its
microstructures is designed to achieve broadband complete wave mode conversion (from L
(T) wave to T (L) wave). Numerical simulations have been conducted for demonstration
purposes. Also, potential wave polarization engineering applications such as 90º polarized
elastic wave splitter as well as selective polarized wave focusing are investigated numerically.

In summary, the proposed EMM based on SPS can greatly enrich the family of artificial
materials and therefore, expand the horizon of subwavelength-scale elastic wave control
which can be very useful in the fields of non-destructive evaluation (NDE) and structural health
monitoring (SHM).

Keywords
Elastic metamaterial, wave polarization, mode conversion, broadband
References
[1]
J. Brown, F. Jackson, H. Robinson, J. Eng. Mater. Technol. 117, 1995, 483–493.
[2]
C. Layman, C. Naify, T. Martin, D. Calvo, G. Orris. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 2013, 24302.

270
 CONTROL OF MECHANICAL WAVES BY METAGRATINGS AND
METACLUSTERS
Pawel Packo1, Andrew N. Norris2, Daniel Torrent3
1
Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, AGH University of Science and Technology,
Aleja A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
2
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
08854-8058, USA
3
GROC, UJI, Institut de Noves Tecnologies de la Imatge, Universitat Jaume I, 12071
Castelló, Spain

In this work we present a systematic method for the inverse design of clusters and gratings to
control the scattering and propagation of flexural waves in thin plates. The approach consists
in designing a desired scattering or diffraction pattern and then tries to optimize a given cluster
of particles to respond in the predesigned way, so that instead of selecting the cluster and
then computing the field, we select the field and then compute the cluster [1].

Figure 1: Multiple scattering simulations of engineered gratings for the design of anomalous refractors.

Different examples based on point-like particles are given and some hints about its
generalization to finite scatterers and other domains like acoustics are discussed.

Keywords
Metasurface, metacluster, multiple scattering, metamaterials.
References
[1]
Packo, P., Norris, A. N., & Torrent, D., Inverse Grating Problem: Efficient Design of Anomalous
Flexural Wave Reflectors and Refractors. Physical Review Applied, 11(1) 2019, 014023.

271
 FINDING A NEW TYPE OF BANDGAP FOR NONLINEAR METAMATERIALS
Myung Hwan Bae1, Joo Hwan Oh1
1
School of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology,
UNIST-gil 50, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, Korea

In elastic metamaterial, periodically arranged unit cells are known to form the bandgap where
incident wave is not allowed to propagate. For the physical background of the bandgaps,
Bragg- scattering or internal resonance have been mainly considered. Recently, researches
on the elastic metamaterials with nonlinearity have shown that the bandgap can be shifted by
the amplitude of the incident wave[1][2]. Although the bandgap for the nonlinear elastic
metamaterials shows the amplitude dependent behaviors, the physical background of the
bandgap is still the Bragg-scattering or internal resonance.

In this presentation, we report a new type of bandgap for nonlinear elastic metamaterial that
cannot be classified with the existing Bragg gap or resonance gap. To distinguish the new
type of bandgap from the existing bandgaps, we named it as 'amplitude-induced bandgap'.
Here, a simple one-dimensional periodic chain is introduced to study the bandgap phenomena
for the nonlinear elastic metamaterials. First, we review the generation of the bandgap for
linear chain[1] and the shift of bandgap for nonlinear periodic chains by using the multiple
perturbation approach[2]. Next, we establish the theoretical analysis of amplitude-induced
bandgap.

To support our finding and related theoretical investigations, we carry out numerical simulation
by using commercial finite element analysis software, ABAQUS. Dynamic explicit is adopted
to carry out time-transient analysis
instead of frequency domain analysis
considering the model is a nonlinear
system. The transmission is
measured to estimate the region of
bandgap for various amplitude
conditions. The result from the
numerical simulation shows the
existence of amplitude-induced
bandgap. We hope amplitude-
induced bandgap will pave the new
for the bandgap of the elastic
metamaterials.

Figure 1: New type of bandgap (amplitude- induced bandgap)

Keywords
Nonlinear, Bandgap, Elastic metamaterial, Phononic crystal
References
[1]
M. I. Hussein, M. J. Leamy, M. Ruzzene, Dynamics of phononic materials and structures: Historical
origins, recent progress, and future outlook, 66(4) 2014, 040802.
[2]
R. K. Narisetti, M. J. Leamy, M. Ruzzene, A perturbation approach for predicting wave propagation
in one-dimensional nonlinear periodic structure, 123(3) 2010, 031001.

272
 THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON ACOUSTIC
COMPUTATIONAL METAMATERIALS
Zengyao Lv1, Yongmao Pei1, Peng Liu1
1
State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Mechanics and
Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China

Computational metamaterials, artificially structured materials, have enabled the realization of

mathematical operations, such as spatial integration, differentiation, and convolution when
waves propagate through them. However, experimental verifications of acoustic
computational metamaterials have not been achieved so far. In this paper, we present the
theoretical and experimental study on metamaterial analog computing, based on acoustic
computational metamaterials, to perform mathematical operations, such as spatial
differentiation, fractional order Fourier transformation. To achieve such functionality, acoustic
metamaterials constructed with double helix units are designed to implement the desired
spatial Green’s function. The technique allows us to demonstrate new approaches to real-
time, multifunctional, potentially integrable operating systems. We expect that acoustic
computational metamaterial will enable new capabilities in nondestructive testing (NDT) as
well as signal acquisition and processing, improve medical imaging, and drive new
applications of sound wave.

Keywords
Acoustic, Computational Metamaterials, Analog Computing

273
 MEMBRANE-TYPE ACOUSTIC METAMATERIALS WITH THROUGH-HOLES
FOR LIGHTWEIGHT SOUND INSULATION
Shinya Hakuta1, Yoshihiro Sugawara1, Shogo Yamazoe1, Masayuki Naya1, Tadashi
Kasamatsu1
1
Frontier Core-Technology Laboratories, FUJIFILM Corporation, 577, Ushijima, Kaisei-
machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa, 258-8577, Japan

We propose new type of lightweight metamaterials composed of thin-membrane with through-

hole, instead of attached mass [1]. It shields low frequency sound below first eigenfrequency
of the membrane vibration. The mechanism is based on near-field interference and airborne
sound through the tiny hole acts important role. This mechanism was confirmed by both
experimental and simulation methods.
Our samples are fabricated from plastic membrane and rigid frame (Fig.1(a)). Through-holes
are made at the center of the membrane. The edge of the membrane is fixed at rigid ring
frame. Each samples have different hole size. Figure 1(b) shows TL for the samples measured
by four microphone impedance tube method at normal incidence. For the samples with
through-holes, maximum TL peaks are appeared at frequencies below the first eigenfrequency
of the membrane vibration, appeared as minimum value. The peak frequencies depend on the
diameters of the through-holes. From the point of view of acoustic far field,
https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/from+the+point+of+view+of+environmental+protectionthe
mechanism of the high TLs can be interpreted as the result from destructive interference
between airborne sound through holes and membrane vibration sound.
This metamaterials were simulated using acoustic-structure finite element method. The
simulation results agreed well with experimental results. These analyses indicate that the
acoustic near field produced by the through hole plays an important role in the mechanism.
The acoustic near field interacts with the membrane vibration, and interferes the propagation
of acoustic energy from the membrane vibration. This near-field interference achieves near-
total reflection for the incident sound though the averaged surface displacement of membrane
vibration is non-zero which is the different mechanism from Ref. 1. We experimentally
confirmed the acoustic near field by visualizing acoustic vector fields near the membrane with
sound intensity PU probe measurements. 20
acrylic rigid ring frame Hole Diameter
0 mm
2 mm
(diameter 60 mm)
Transmission Loss [dB]

15 4 mm
8 mm

through-hole 40 mm 10

polyethylene terephthalate (PET) membrane

0
(250 um thickness) 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Y
Frequency [Hz]
Figure 1: (a) 2D view of the sample structure. (b) Normal incident sound transmission loss of (a)
measured with an impedance tube method.
Keywords
Acoustic metamaterials, sound insulation
References
[1]
Z. Yang, J. Mei, M. Yang, N. H. Chan, and P. Sheng, Physical Review Letters, 101 2008, 204301.

274
 Wednesday, September 4th, 2019 (4:00 pm)

PNL (3/4) - Nonlinear Acoustics and ultrasonics

Location: VIVES room A303

PNL (3/4): Nonlinear Acoustics and ultrasonics
Chair: Marco Scalerandi and Igor Solodov

16:00 - 16:15 Interaction and diffraction of intense acoustic beams Sergey Gurbatov, Mikhail Deryabin, Dmitry Kasyanov, Vasily Kurin
16:15 - 16:30 Experimental verification of the theoretical relationship Oleg A. Sapozhnikov, Dmitry A. Nikolaev, Sergey A. Tsysar,
between the acoustic power and corresponding radiation Vera A. Khokhlova, Wayne Kreider
force for an ultrasonic beam
16:30 - 16:45 Water surface displacement induced by acoustic
radiation pressure of focused ultrasound acting on air-water interface Hideyuki Nomura, Masaya Shimomura
16:45 - 17:00 Nonlinear parametric interaction of gravity-capillary waves Leonid Krutyanskiy, Vladimir Preobrazhensky, Dmitrii Makalkin,
under radiation pressure of ultrasound Andrey Brysev, Philippe Pernod
17:00 - 17:15 Study of Spectroscopic and Thermoacoustic Properties Priti Kabra, Omprakash Pandurang Chimankar,
in drug polymer suspension Vilas A. Tabhane
17:15 - 17:30 Reduced Propagation Path for B/A Nonlinear Parameter Evaluation Lionel Haumesser, François Vander Meulen
17:30 - 17:45 Ultrasonic and Spectroscopic investigation of Polychloroprene Sushama Uttamramrao Patil, Omprakash Chimankar,
and Poly Methyl Methacrylate Blends Milind Shankarrao Deshpande, Sugandha Khangar
17:45 - 18:00 A comparison of Scaling Subtraction and Pulse Pietro Burrascano, Antonio Gliozzi, Stefano Laureti, Marco Ricci,
Compression methods for the Analysis of elastic nonlinearity Muhammad Khalid Rizwan, Marco Scalerandi, Mauro Tortello

275
 INTERACTION AND DIFFRACTION OF INTENSE ACOUSTIC BEAMS
Sergey Gurbatov1, Mikhail Deryabin1,2, Dmitry Kasyanov2, Vasily Kurin1
1
Nizhny Novgorod State University, 23, Gagarin av., Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
2
Institute of Applied Physics, 46 Ul'yanov Street, 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

The propagation of intense acoustic beams at large Reynolds numbers having a complex
temporal and spatial structure is studied theoretically and experimentally. For plane acoustic
waves, dispersion can be neglected in a sufficiently wide frequency range, and therefore in
the one-dimensional case the synchronism conditions are satisfied for any triple of nonlinearly
interacting harmonics. This leads to an avalanche-like increase in the number of interacting
harmonics and, as a consequence, to the formation of discontinuities in the initially continuous
wave [1]. To qualitatively examine the features of the evolution of complex signals, we used
the one-dimensional Burgers equation. For acoustic beams, a spatial dispersion of the wave
components propagating at different angles appears, but nevertheless for sufficiently intense
fields the nonlinear interaction leads to the appearance of shock fronts.

An experimental setup based on the automatic measuring system of Precision Acoustics is

described. The experimental technique used makes it possible to investigate the propagation
of beams at large acoustic Reynolds numbers. The absolute accuracy of the displacement of
the receiving system in the volume under study is 6 μm. The installation uses PVDF-
membrane hydrophones, which allow to correctly carry out absolute measurements in the
frequency range up to 100 MHz.

The results of the following cycles of experiments are discussed.

A) Degenerate parametric interaction in intense acoustic beams. It is shown that at large times
the field has a universal structure, determined only by the period of the wave.
B) Degenerate parametric interaction of an intense acoustic pump beam and a weak signal
beam on a subharmonic. It is shown that the use of the energy of higher odd harmonics makes
it possible to substantially increase the amplification efficiency of a weak signal.
C) Evolution of noise quasimonochromatic beams at large Reynolds numbers. It is shown that
the nonlinear interaction in the propagation of the noise signal leads to the appearance of new
harmonics whose width increases with the number of the harmonic and at high frequencies a
continuous power spectrum is formed.
D) Diffraction of a nonlinear beam on a flat screen. It is shown that, because of the different
diffraction divergence of the beam harmonics, a significant distortion of the wave profile
occurs.

Keywords
Beams, noise, Burgers equation
References
[1]
S.N. Gurbatov, O.V. Rudenko, A.I. Saichev, Waves and Structures in Nonlinear Nondispersive
Media, General Theory and Applications to Nonlinear Acoustics. 2011, Springer-Verlag and Higher
Education Press, 472 p.

276
 EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF THE THEORETICAL RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN THE ACOUSTIC POWER AND CORRESPONDING RADIATION
FORCE FOR AN ULTRASONIC BEAM
Oleg A. Sapozhnikov1, 2, Dmitry A. Nikolaev1, Sergey A. Tsysar1, Vera A. Khokhlova1, 2,
Wayne Kreider2
1
Physics Faculty, Moscow State University, Russia
2
Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, USA

Knowledge of absolute levels of acoustic pressure is important in applications that use the
effect of ultrasound on the propagation medium. Such applications include ultrasound therapy,
when ultrasound is used to destroy tumor tissue, and ultrasound imaging, when it is important
to avoid tissue damage. Several methods have been developed for calibrating ultrasonic
sources and receivers, including the use of a radiation force balance to determine acoustic
power [1]. When an absorber is placed in the path of an ultrasonic beam of power W, it
experiences a force F due to momentum transfer. Using such an approach, it is possible to
characterize ultrasonic sources at low-MHz frequencies with uncertainties in the range 2–7%
[2]
. Radiation force theory has long been somewhat controversial [3]. The theoretical expression
for the coefficient of proportionality between F and W depends on a set of assumptions. The
widely accepted expression for a plane wave and an ideal absorber is F=W/c, where c is the
speed of sound in the propagation medium; however, the exactness of this relation cannot be
checked experimentally because no real sources emit a true plane wave. The goal of the
current work is to study the relation between acoustic power and radiation force for acoustic
beams radiated in water by megahertz-range sources with apertures on the order of
centimeters. To account for the spatial structure of the acoustic field, the method of acoustic
holography was employed using a 2D scan with a calibrated hydrophone [4]. The measured
hologram allowed determination of the beam's angular spectrum for predicting the associated
radiation force [5]. The force exerted on an absorber was measured by a digital scale. It was
shown that the use of holography with a calibrated hydrophone enables accurate estimation
of acoustic power for comparison with theoretical predictions. Work supported by NIH
R01EB025187, NIH R01EB007643, RFBR 17-02-00261, and RFBR 18-02-00991.

Keywords
Radiation force, acoustic holography, calibration
References
[1]
IEC61161:2006, Ed.2. Ultrasonics – Power measurement – Radiation force balances and
performance requirements, International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, 2006.
[2]
A. Shaw and M. Hodnett, Ultrasonics, 48(4), 2008, 234–252.
[3]
R.T. Beyer, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 63(4), 1978, 1025–1030.
[4]
O.A. Sapozhnikov, S.A. Tsysar, V.A. Khokhlova, and W. Kreider, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 138(3), 2015,
1515–1532.
[5]
S. Tsysar, W. Kreider, and O. Sapozhnikov, Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, 19, 2013,
055015.

277
 WATER SURFACE DISPLACEMENT INDUCED BY ACOUSTIC RADIATION
PRESSURE OF FOCUSED ULTRASOUND ACTING ON AIR-WATER INTERFACE
Hideyuki Nomura1, Masaya Shimomura1
1
Department of Computer and Network Engineering, The University of Electro-
Communications, 1-5-1, Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan

For the engineering and medical applications of ultrasound, the output of ultrasonic transducer
is evaluated by acoustic power measurement using radiation force balance (RFB) and the
measurement of sound pressure distribution using a hydrophone. A disadvantage of the RFB
is that it is difficult to measure the acoustic energy distribution, and that of the hydrophone
method requires a long time to measure the spatial distribution.

The impinging of ultrasounds radiated from a transducer in the water to the water surface
deforms the liquid surface shape, and more intense ultrasounds make acoustic fountains. The
balance of radiation force, gravity, and surface tension determines this surface shape. By
applying this phenomenon, we have investigated the simultaneous measurement of radiation
pressure distribution, sound pressure distribution, and sound power using water surface
displacement measurement [1]. Unlike the RFB using a solid target, the proposed method
allows us to measure the spatial distribution of radiation pressure.

The purpose of this report is the experimental evaluation of the relationship between water
surface displacement and radiation pressure with respect to sound pressure. A circular
aperture single element transducer with a focusing acoustic lens is placed on the bottom of a
water tank filled with water so that the maximum sound pressure amplitude is formed at the
water-air boundary position. While changing the focusing sound pressure, the shape of the
water surface is observed by a camera arranged at near the water level. The surface
displacement is measured from the obtained image, and the radiation pressure distribution is
estimated by the balance equation of the measured displacement, radiation force, and surface
tension.

It is theoretically predicted that the water surface displacement and the radiation pressure are
proportional to the square of the sound pressure measured by a hydrophone. However, the
experimental results show that the water surface displacement and the radiation pressure are
proportional to approximately the third power of the sound pressure. This suggests that the
water surface displacement is not determined simply by the balance of radiation pressure,
gravity, and surface tension. For example, the shape change of the interface and acoustic
streaming are considered to affect this phenomenon.

Keywords
Acoustic radiation pressure, Acoustic power, Sound pressure, Focused ultrasound, Displacement
References
[1]
M. Shimomura, H. Nomura, Acoustic radiation pressure and power of focusing ultrasound on
boundary, Tech. Rep. IEICE, 118 (409) 2019, 77–82 [in Japanese].

278
 NONLINEAR PARAMETRIC INTERACTION OF GRAVITY-CAPILLARY WAVES
UNDER RADIATION PRESSURE OF ULTRASOUND
Leonid Krutyansky1, Vladimir Preobrazhensky1, Dmitrii Makalkin1, Andrey Brysev1, Philippe
Pernod2
1
Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov str.,
119991 Moscow, Russia. Joint International Laboratory LIA LICS
2
Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000
Lille, France. Joint International Laboratory LIA LICS

Nonlinear parametric coupling of gravity-capillary waves (GCW) by ultrasound wave impinging

on a liquid surface was studied experimentally. Modulation of the plane wave radiation
pressure by dynamically curved surface of the liquid was considered as a mechanism of the
coupling. The standing GCW modes were excited near antinodes by ultrasound beam of
carrier frequency 1.030 MHz and coupled parametrically by a plane ultrasound wave with a
frequency 1.035 MHz. The beam was modulated at resonance frequencies of the second (M2)
and the fourth (M4) GCW overtones with f2 = 5.265 Hz and f4 = 7.873 Hz. The intensity of the
plane wave was modulated at the frequency fp=2f2 - f4 +∆fp=2.722 Hz, where ∆fp was a small
detuning from the exact nonlinear parametric resonance. This type of the excitation of the
GCW triads allowed for measurements of the three wave interaction amplitudes. The obtained
values were compared with critical condition for GCWs explosive instability[1]. The
measurements revealed the sub-threshold mode of the observed parametric interaction with
the increment factor about four times smaller than the critical value for the explosive instability.
A way for accomplishment of the instability conditions is discussed.
The work was supported by CNRS and RFBR grant 18-52-16001.

Figure 1: Spectral components of the nonlinear parametric interaction with simultaneous sub-pumps of
the second and the fourth modes at f2 = 5.265 Hz and f4 = 7.873 Hz respectively. (a) - the M2 frequency
band, (b) - the M4 frequency band. The frequency of the pump fp = 2.722 Hz is shifted by ∆fp=0.065
Hz off the exact parametric resonance. Dashed curves with their scales on the right are the resonance
lines.

Keywords
three wave parametric coupling, ultrasound pumping, gravity-capillary waves, instability threshold
References
[1]
V. Preobrazhensky, V. Aleshin, P. Pernod, Explosive Instability of Gravity-Capillary Waves under
Ultrasound Radiation Pressure, Physics of Wave Phenomena, 26 2018, 234-242.

279
STUDY OF SPECTROSCOPIC AND THERMOACOUSTIC PROPERTIES IN DRUG
POLYMER SUSPENSION
Priti Kabra1, O.P. Chimankar2, Vilas A. Tabhane3
1,2
Department of Physics, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur, 440033 India
3
Department of Physics, S.P. Pune University, Pune
Drug-macromolecule interactions are an important phenomenon in physiological media, such
as blood, membranes, and intra- and extra-cellular fluids. The ultrasonic waves are absorbed
relatively little by water, flesh and other tissues. Therefore, ultrasound can “see” into the body
at precise locations. This safe, non-invasive and painless transformation of energy into the
body is the key to ultrasonic-activated drug-delivery.

The present work deals with Microparticles of Olanzapine and Polyethylene Glycol are
prepared through solvent evaporation method using tween 80 as surfactant. The FTIR to
study stability of drug-polymer and SEM to study morphology are taken of prepared
microparticles. Ultrasonic velocity and absorption measurements are performed in drug
polymer suspension using Pulse-Echo technique. Scattering intensity for different ratios of
drug polymer have been also evaluated. The achieved results are discussed in correlation
with physical and thermodynamic properties of microsuspension. These properties are very
useful for the understanding the ionic, hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions in different
media of solution phase.

Synthesis of
Developing polymer Ultrasonic
microparticle loaded drug FTIR analysis velocity, Result ,
SEM to study
based novel microparticles to study
morphology.
density, Discussion &
drug delivery with different compatibility viscosity Conclusion
system drug polymer measurement.
ratio

Keywords
Drug macromolecules, Olanzapine, Ultrasonic velocity, FTIR, SEM.
References
[1] J. Moore, The Drug Delivery Outlook to 2005. Business Insights Ltd. 1999.

[2] K. Ramadevi, Y. Mahalakshmi, V. Susheela, T.Santhosh Kumar, G. Chandra Sekhara, Rao;

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Development & Technology; 5 (1), 2015,1-6.

[3] V. P. Torchilin, Recent advances with liposomes as pharmaceutical carriers, Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov.

4 (2) (2005) 145–160.

[4] F. M. Veronese, G. Pasut, PEGylation for improving the effectiveness of therapeutic biomolecules.,

Drugs Today 45 (9) (2009) 687–695.

[5] Priti Kabra, Vinitha Lukes, O.P.Chimankar, R. H. Gupta, V.A.Tabhane; International J. Science and

Research, ISSN: 2319-7064 (2013).

280
 REDUCED PROPAGATION PATH FOR B/A NONLINEAR PARAMETER
EVALUATION
Lionel Haumesser1, François Vander Meulen1
1
University of Tours, GREMAN UMR CNRS 7347,
INSA CVL, 3 rue de la chocolaterie CS 23410, 41034 Blois cedex, France

The nonlinear parameter B/A expresses the quadratic distortion of an acoustic wave as it is
propagated. For fairly collimated beam, it depends linearly on the propagation distance. The
longer the travel path, the better the ratio evaluation. However, in a industrial context, a
moderate amount of fluid can be required to fill the measurement cell.

Pulse echo methods have been shown to be good candidates for saving propagation length,
taking advantage of back and forth travel paths between the emitter/receiver transducer and
a reflector [1]. However, strategies are still needed to further reduce propagation distance in
order to limit the use of the product under test and handling time due to filling and emptying of
the tank for the control of successive samples. To overcome this drawback, we propose to
take advantage of the extended acoustic signature obtained from the pulse echo method,
taking into account several back wall echoes from the reflector.

We show that the combination in the frequency domain of the content of the first few non
overlapped echoes leads to enhance the distortion ratio. It suggests that the usual values of
distortion can be reached with a decreased length of the travel path using a standard device
for the measurement. Furthermore, the results obtained in water show that the accuracy of
the evaluation of the nonlinear parameter is maintained when using several echoes.

Acknowledgements
The authors thank Mr Christophe Brosseau for helpful support in the development of the experimental
device.
Keywords
Nonlinear Parameter, echo mode, propagation path
References
[1]
F. Vander Meulen, L. Haumesser, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol 92 (21) 2008, 214106 214106-3.

281
 ULTRASONIC AND SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION OF
POLYCHLOROPRENE AND POLY METHYLMETHACRYLATE BLENDS
Sushama U. Patil1, Omprakash P. Chimankar2, Milind S. Deshpande3, Sugandha V.
Khangar4
1
Acoustic Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur,
India.
2
Acoustic Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur,
India.
3
Department of Physics AnandNiketan College, Gondawana University, Chandrapur, India.
4
Acoustic Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur,
India.

Polymer blends are mixture of two structurally different polymers bonded together by
secondary force. Study of polyblend solutions and multiphase polymer systems are useful for
industrial development and solve technical problems and upgrade the products by working
with existing materials. In order to utilize polymers to create new multi-component polymer
systems the fundamental principles related with their microstructures, solubility, phase
separation, thermodynamical properties and degradation must be studied. Recently the use
of ultrasonic waves has shown a great potential for characterization of polymers and polymer
blends. The molecular interactions study using low amplitude ultrasonic waves retain intrinsic
state of polymer solution. The polymers under investigation are perturbed by such waves but
no permanent changes are induced. The study of molecular interactions present in the
polymer-solvent on one hand and polymer-polymer on the other hand is important as it throws
light on the processes involving polymer production and their uses. The present paper deals
with ultrasonic velocity, density measurements performed on solution blends of
Polychloroprene (PC) and Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA) in various blend ratios using
Tetrahydrofuran (THF) as solvent. Thermo-acoustical parameters viz. Fractional free
volume(f’), Repulsive exponent (n’), Moelwyn-Hughes parameter (C1), Bayer’s non-linearity
parameter (B/A), Observed absorption (α/f2)obs have been computed from the experimental
data. Polychloroprene and Poly Methyl Methacrylate blends were characterized at the
molecular level by FTIR spectroscopy. The variation of ultrasonic velocity and other thermo-
acoustical parameters shows nonlinear increase or decrease with variation in blend ratio. The
nature of polymer-polymer and polymer-solvent interactions and effect of blend ratio on
molecular interactions have been studied.

Keywords
Ultrasonic velocity, Polychloroprene, Poly Methyl Methacrylate, Blend ratio, Phase separation, FTIR
spectroscopy.

282
 A COMPARISON OF SCALING SUBTRACTION AND PULSE COMPRESSION
METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ELASTIC NONLINEARITY
P. Burrascano1, A. S. Gliozzi2, S. Laureti1, M. Ricci3, M. K. Rizwan1, M. Scalerandi2, M.
Tortello2
1
Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Strada di Pentima, 4 - 05100 Terni - Italy
2
Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli
Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
3
DIMES Department, Università della Calabria - Arcavacata di Rende (CS) -Italy
The identification and the analysis of the non-linear behavior of a structure under proper
excitation is a powerful tool to obtain information on its mechanical properties and for early-
detecting possible internal damages. Among the techniques proposed for this purpose, Pulse
Compression based techniques and the Scaling Subtraction Method seem to be efficient for
both damage detection and classification.
Pulse Compression based techniques for the analysis of non-linear systems modeled as a
cascade of Hammerstein non-linearities have been having considerable development in the
last years because the use of the pulse-compression assures a reliable identification up to
high orders of the model, even in conditions of very unfavorable signal to noise ratio. In this
case, the technique relies on exponential chirp excitation signals and it requires relatively wide
band transducers. This could be an issue from an experimental point of view, but a proper
modification of the pulse-compression scheme allows relaxing this constraint.
The Scaling Subtraction Method consists in subtracting from the ultrasonic or acoustic signal
(obtained in response to a stress of sufficient amplitude to induce a non-linear behavior), a
version appropriately scaled in amplitude of the response corresponding to an excitation of
much lower amplitude (such as to be considered for practical purposes as linear). The method
has proved to be effective and simple to implement, also because it allows operating even
with relatively narrow band signals, and therefore relaxing the choice of the transducers to be
used.
In this work, the two methods will be compared under the same experimental conditions to
highlight their respective advantages and/or complementarity. A laboratory test experiment
will be performed on mortar and/or concrete samples, to analyze the efficiency of the two
approaches to detect early damage in samples which already exhibit a nonlinear response in
their intact state.

Keywords
Scaling Subtraction, Pulse Compression, Nonlinear, Non Destructive Evaluation.
References
[1]
M.Scalerandi, A.S.Gliozzi, C.L.E.Bruno et al., A scaling method to enhance detection of a nonlinear
elastic response. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 101912 2008.
[2]
M.Scalerandi, A.S.Gliozzi, D.Olivero, Discrimination Between Cracks and Recrystallization in Steel
Using Nonlinear Techniques, Journal of NonDestructive Evaluation 33, 2014, 269-278.
[3]
P.Burrascano, S.Laureti, D.Hutchins, M.Ricci, L.Senni, A pulse compression procedure for the
measurement and characterization of non-linear systems based on exponential chirp signals,
Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), IEEE Int., 2015, 1-4.
[4]
P.Burrascano, S.Laureti, M.Ricci, Harmonic Distortion Estimate for Damage Detection, In NAECON
2018-IEEE National Aerospace and Electronics Conference, 2018, 274-279.
[5]
Z.Parsons, W.J.Staszewski, Nonlinear acoustics with low-profile piezoceramic excitation for crack
detection in metallic structures, Smart Materials and Structures 15, 1110 2006.

283
 Wednesday, September 4th, 2019 (4:00 pm)

POA - Opto-acoustics

POA: Opto-acoustics Location: VIVES room A304

Chair: Vitaly Borisovich Voloshinov and Nataliya
Vyacheslavovna Polikarpova

16:00 - 16:30 Elastically induced birefringence in

a cubic acousto-optic crystal KRS-5 Vitaly Voloshinov, Vladimir Khorkin, Mikhail Kuznetsov, Kirill Subbotin
16:30 - 16:45 Quasi-collinear acousto-optic interaction Konstantin B. Yushkov, Oleg Yu. Makarov,
in monoclinic crystals Vladimir Ya. Molchanov, Natalya F. Naumenko
16:45 - 17:00 Experimental search to develop a quasi-collinear acousto-optic tunable filter Nataliya Polikarpova, Vitaly Voloshinov
17:00 - 17:15 Opto- and Ionoacoustics in gas and liquids Wolfgang Rohringer, Balthasar Fischer, Richard Haindl, Mengyang Liu,
with an optical ultrasound microphone Wolfgang Drexler, Caterina Sturtzel, Martin Distel, Walter Assmann,
Daniel Haffa, Jörg Schreiber, Rong Yang
17:15 - 17:30 The crystal temperature influence examination on
phase matching frequency in tunable acousto-optic filters Sergey Mantsevich, Ekaterina Kostyleva, Vladimir Balakshy
17:30 - 17:45 Acousto-optic systems with hybrid optoelectronic feedback Vladimir Ivanovich Balakshy, Sergey Nikolaevich Mantsevich
17:45 - 18:00 Acousto-optical spatial phase corrector for pulsed lasers Vladimir Ya. Molchanov,
Alexander I. Chizhikov, Oleg Yu. Makarov, Konstantin B. Yushkov

284
 ELASTICALLY INDUCED BIREFRINGENCE IN A CUBIC ACOUSTO-OPTIC
CRYSTAL KRS-5
Vitaly Voloshinov, Vladimir Khorkin, Mikhail Kuznetsov, Kirill Subbotin
Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
Recently there has been a considerable interest in development of acousto-optic devices
operating in the middle and long infrared region of electromagnetic spectrum. Progress in this
field of Acousto-optics is related to application of new crystalline materials demonstrating good
acousto-optic efficiency and transparency in the infrared [1-3]. The single crystal KRS-5 being
a solid solution of thallium halides and containing 42% TlBr and 58% TlI, is a convincing
candidate for the application. The crystal belongs to the cubic class m3m of crystalline
materials. It means that KRS-5 is optically isotropic, therefore it is not possible to observe in
the material the most interesting, i.e., the “anisotropic” regime of light diffraction by ultrasound
[1]. As known the anisotropic regime in birefringent crystals has successfully been used in

acousto-optic deflectors and tunable filters. Since the crystal was optically isotropic, we
induced in it the anisotropy and made the KRS-5 crystal birefringent. In order to induce the
anisotropy, we applied to the crystal an external static pressure. Varying the pressure we
obtained absolute values of the birefringence up to Δn = 5•10-4.
The goal of the carried out research was to examine acoustic, optic and acousto-optic
properties of the crystal in order to find new geometries of interaction in the KRS-5 material.
In Fig.1, we demonstrate the Schaefer-Bergmann diagram[1] calculated (left) and registered
(right) in the crystal at the acoustic frequency f = 50 MHz. The traces corresponding to the
longitudinal and shear acoustic waves in the (001) plane of the crystal may be seen in the
picture.

The measured low magnitudes of the acoustic velocity 8.9•10-4 < V < 2.1•10-5 cm/s proved
that it was possible to observe efficient regimes of acousto-optic interaction in the crystal. Due
to the induced birefringence we also registered new interactions that have not been observed
in an optically isotropic KRS-5. The results of the present investigation may directly be applied
in designing of new acousto-optic instruments such as deflectors and tunable filters.

Acknowledgements
The work has been supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project 17-07-00369.
Keywords
Acoustic waves, thallium halide crystal KRS-5, birefringence, acousto-optic interaction, deflectors,
filters.
References
[1] J. Xu and R. Stroud, Acousto-optic Devices, N.Y. Wiley (1992).

[2] V. B. Voloshinov, D. L. Porokhovnichenko, E.A. Dyakonov, Optical Engineering, 56,

087102-1 - 087102-6 (2017).

[3] S. N. Mantsevich, Ultrasonics, 75, 91-97 (2017).

285
 QUASI-COLLINEAR ACOUSTO-OPTIC INTERACTION IN MONOCLINIC
CRYSTALS
Konstantin B. Yushkov1, Oleg Yu. Makarov1, Vladimir Ya. Molchanov1, Natalya F.
Naumenko1
1
Acousto-Optical Research Center, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS",
4 Leninsky Prospekt, 119049 Moscow, Russia

Quasicollinear acosuto-optic interaction is a type of anisotropic light-by-ultrasound diffraction

that takes place in birefringent crystals with parallel group velocities of light and ultrasound.
Up to date, quasicollinear diffraction was studied in trigonal (quartz) and tetragonal
(paratellurite, KDP) crystals.[1–3] Among promising for the application monoclinic acousto-
optical crystals there are PbMoO5 and KREW, i.e. KRe(W04)2, crystals.[4, 5]

The symmetry of elastic and photoelastic properties in all classes of monoclinic crystals
belongs to 2/m point group: a twofold symmetry axes is orthogonal to a symmetry plane (010).
There exists a pure shear bulk acoustic wave (BAW) polarized along the symmetry axis.
Propagation of waves during diffraction of light by this BAW mode is constrained to the
symmetry plane. Thus, one can provide propagation of light along the group velocity of
ultrasound as shown in Figure 1(a).

Figure 1: Wave vector diagram of quasicollinear acousto-optic diffraction (a) and phase matching
frequency (b) at the optical wavelength of 1064 nm in a symmetry plane (010) of KYW crystal.

We analyzed the geometry of quasicollinear diffraction in KYW crystal and found the directions
in (010) plane for experimental validation. Intersections of black and white thick lines in Figure
1(b) correspond to wide angle diffraction suitable for processing of divergent optical beams
without degradation of spectral resolution. These configurations are basic for high-
performance spectral filters and light dispersive delay lines for ultrashort laser pulses.

The research was supported by the RFBR (Project 17-07-00279) and by the Minobrnauka of
Russia (Project 02.A03.21.0004 / Grant K2-2017-079).

Keywords
Acousto-optics, quasicollinear filter, acoustic anisotropy, monoclinic crystal
References
[1]
J. Kusters, D. Wilson, D. Hammond, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 64 1974, 434-440.
[2]
V.Ya. Molchanov, V.B. Voloshinov, O.Yu. Makarov, Quant. Electron. 39 2009, 353-360.
[3]
V.Ya. Molchanov, S.I. Chizhikov, O.Yu. Makarov, Acoustics'08 Paris 2008, 827-831.
[4]
M.G. Mil'kov, M.D. Volnyanskii, A.M. Antonenko, V.B.Voloshinov, Acoust. Phys. 58 2012, 172-179.
[5]
M.M. Mazur, D.Yu. Velikovskiy, L.I. Mazur et al., Ultrason. 54 2014, 1311-1317.

286
 EXPERIMENTAL SEARCH TO DEVELOP A QUASI-COLLINEAR
ACOUSTO-OPTIC TUNABLE FILTER
Nataliya Polikarpova, Vitaly Voloshinov
Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia

We present results on a study of acoustic bulk wave reflection in the tellurium dioxide crystal.
Multiple reflections of the acoustic waves from two free boundaries separating the crystal and
the vacuum[1,2] are examined. For the purpose, we employed a special configuration of the
crystal in form of a tetragonal prism having two parallel and two mutually inclined facets. A
piezoelectric transducer generated a quasi-shear acoustic wave with the walk-off angle
between acoustic phase and group velocity equal to 740. The initial wave was generated by
the transducer at an incidence angle exceeding 900.

The acoustic energy walk-off provided incidence of the wave on the inclined crystal boundary.
The incidence was accompanied by a peculiar close-to-back reflection of the intrinsic wave
from the inclined facet[1]. It was proved that as much as five slow quasi-shear acoustic waves
could propagate in the plane (001) of the material. These waves propagated along different
directions each characterized by a specific walk-off angle. We calculated and measured
parameters of the reflected waves such as the directions of propagation, the phase velocities
and walk-off angles, the reflection and attenuation coefficients. All these parameters were
determined by the acousto-optic methods including the Schlieren imaging and the laser
probing methods. The prism was illuminated for the purpose by expanded and focused laser
beams[2,3].

Based on the obtained results, we examined a possibility to develop a new modification of a

quasi-collinear tunable acousto-optic filter[3]. The filter applies the studied multiple reflections
of the acoustic waves in paratellurite. As shown, the slow shear acoustic waves may be
launched in the crystal due to the multiple acoustic reflections and also due to transformation
of acoustic modes taking place after the reflections [2]. We propose usage of the acousto-optic
interaction in the (001) plane of the crystal. In this case, a few optic beams could
simultaneously be sent on the side facets of the prism collinearly with the acoustic energy
flows. Acousto-optic interaction geometries were examined in the crystal. Based on the
requirement of Bragg matching condition, we calculated frequency dependences of the optic
incidence angles on the frequency of ultrasound. Optimal geometries of the quasi-collinear
light diffraction by the acoustic waves were found. As compared to the traditional modifications
of the filters, the proposed instrument may be defied is an optic multichannel device capable
of a simultaneous operation with a few optic beams.

Acknowledgement
The work has been supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project 17-07-00369.
Keywords
Acousto-optic interaction, paratellurite, acoustic anisotropy, acoustic reflection, multichannel filter.
References
[1] B. Auld, Acoustic Fields and Waves in Solids, Robert Krieger Publ. (1990).

[2] N. V. Polikarpova, V. B. Voloshinov, A. M. Reznikov, Phys. Wave Phenom. 23, 52-57, (2015).

[3] V. B. Voloshinov, N. V. Polikarpova, P. A. Ivanova, V. S. Khorkin, Appl. Opt., 57, C19-C25 (2018).

287
 OPTO- AND IONOACOUSTICS IN GAS AND LIQUIDS WITH AN OPTICAL
ULTRASOUND MICROPHONE
Wolfgang Rohringer1, Balthasar Fischer1, Richard Haindl2, Mengyang Liu2, Wolfgang
Drexler2, Caterina Sturtzel3, Martin Distel3, Walter Assmann4, Daniel Haffa4, Jörg Schreiber4,
Rong Yang4
1
XARION Laser Acoustics GmbH, Ghegastraße 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
2
Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna,
Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
3
Innovative Cancer Models, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Zimmermannplatz 10,
1090 Vienna, Austria
4
Lehrstuhl für Medizinphysik, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München,
85748 Garching b. München, Germany
Conventional acoustic and ultrasound sensors, such as bulk piezoelectric transducers or,
more recently, CMUT and PMUT devices, use a mechanical transduction principle to convert
acoustic pressure transients to electrical signals. While being well-established and
customizable to a wide range of applications, these devices come with inherent tradeoffs
between sensitivity and available frequency range, due to the mechanical properties of the
mass-spring system constituted by a membrane or piezoelectric element.
Here, we present a purely optical microphone and its application in the fields of laser
ultrasonics, gas spectroscopy, photoacoustic microscopy and ionoacoustics. It does not rely
on any mass-spring system for sensing, allowing the broadband detection of acoustic signals
in a frequency range from 10 Hz up to 2 MHz in air, or up to 20 MHz in liquids, at high
sensitivity. The device employs a laser to detect the refractive index changes caused by
acoustic or thermal waves within a 5 mm – sized fiber-coupled capsule consisting of a
miniaturized, rigid Fabry-Pérot cavity. The detection laser is not leaving the microphone
capsule - in contrast to laser vibrometers - and no membrane or mechanically movable
elements take part in the transduction.
After a presentation of industrial applications of the gas-coupled optical microphone in non-
destructive testing and gas spectroscopy, we show results from two ongoing research
cooperations. For photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), a liquid-coupled version of the
microphone is used for spectroscopic optical resolution PAM imaging on Zebrafish embryos
[1,2]. Since the sensor cavity is optically transparent, the excitation light can be delivered
through the sensor, allowing for fast raster scanning of the excitation laser and combination
with other imaging modalities such as OCT, while the small dimensions of the capsule lend
themselves to the design of endoscopic probes. Finally, the compactness and high sensitivity
in the full range from audio-acoustic frequencies up to several MHz renders the sensor
attractive for ionoacoustics [3]. The group of Jörg Schreiber developed Ion-Bunch Energy
Acoustic Tracing (I-BEAT) [4], a method to analyze the energy spectrum of laser-accelerated
ions based on the ultrasound generated during energy deposition of the ion beam. In a
collaboration, we aim to develop new detectors using the benefits that an optical sensor
provides for I-BEAT. We show results from first feasibility tests, listening to a µm-sized short
plasma generated with a high power CPA laser system.
References
[1]
R. Haindl et al., Optics Letters, 42/21 2017, 4319-4322
[2]
R. Haindl et al., BIOS 2019,10878-43 (in submission)
[3]
K. Parodi and W. Assmann, Mod. Phys. Lett., A 30 2015, 1540025
[4]
D. Haffa et al., arXiv:1809.02546 (in submission)

288
 THE CRYSTAL TEMPERATURE INFLUENCE EXAMINATION ON PHASE
MATCHING FREQUENCY IN TUNABLE ACOUSTO-OPTIC FILTERS
Sergey Mantsevich1, Ekaterina Kostyleva1, Vladimir Balakshy1
1
Department of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobevy gory 1,
119991 Moscow, Russia

The media temperature effect on the acousto-optic (AO) phase matching condition was
examined both theoretically and experimentally on an example of wide-angle acousto-optic
filter fabricated from tellurium dioxide crystal with 10.5° cut-angle.
It was shown that the AO crystal temperature variation changes the acoustic wave velocity [1]
that is involved into the AO interaction and shifts the phase matching frequency of AO
diffraction. The AO phase matching frequency shift temperature coefficient was introduced,
characterizing the magnitude of the frequency shift.

The experimental examination of frequency shift magnitude was carried for the optical
wavelength band from 440 nm to 1.52 µm. It was shown that the temperature coefficient
decreases with increasing the optical wavelength.
A method was introduced that makes it possible to calculate the temperature shift coefficients
for the real AO devices in a wide range of optical wavelengths. The coefficients obtained with
the proposed method are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Ultrasound attenuation was also examined experimentally in the given AO cell for the wide
range of acoustic wave frequencies. Attenuation caused by the acoustic power absorption is
the main mechanism leading to the appearance of the inhomogeneous temperature
distribution inside the AO cell during the operation.

Examining the attenuation of ultrasonic waves, the following was discovered: the absorption
of the power of acoustic waves by paratellurite is a very complicated process. The shape of
acoustic wave power on distance from the transducer dependences varies greatly with
ultrasound frequency. It is necessary to investigate the acoustic anisotropy of tellurium dioxide
precisely. It is shown that under the influence of absorption the shape of the AOTF
transmission function changes. The presence of absorption leads to a decrease in the AO
interaction efficiency, an increase of the AO filter passband, the smoothing [3] of the
transmission function side lobes was also observed.

Acknowledgements
This research has been supported by Russian Scientific Fund, Project 18-72-00036
Keywords
Tellurium dioxide, acousto-optic interaction, acoustic beam attenuation, temperature
References
[1]
S.N. Mantsevich, O.I. Korablev, Yu.I. Kalinnikov, A.Yu. Ivanov, A.V. Kiselev, Examination of
temperature influence on wide-angle paratellurite crystal acousto-optic filters operation, Acta Physica
Polonica A, 127, 2015, 43 – 45.
[2]
V.B. Voloshinov, E.A. Lemyaskina, Wide-aperture Acousto-optic measurements od ultrasound
attenuation in tellurium dioxide crystal, Acta Physica Slovaca, 46, 1996, 733 –738.

289
 ACOUSTO-OPTIC SYSTEMS WITH HYBRID OPTOELECTRONIC FEEDBACK
Vladimir Balakshy, Sergey Mantsevich
Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
In modern acousto-optics, there exist two main directions of research. The first one is studying
new materials and new light scattering geometries that improve the performance of known
acousto-optic devices. The second direction consists in developing complex acousto-optic
systems with new functionality. The given work relates to the second area. It presents
theoretical and experimental results of studying acousto-optic systems with feedback, carried
out in Moscow State University [1-4].

Feedback in these systems is of hybrid nature: an optical signal in one of the diffraction
maxima is converted into an electrical signal by means of a photodetector and the electrical
signal controls amplitude, frequency and/or of an acoustic wave excited in an acousto-optic
cell. Introducing the feedback complicates greatly and even changes qualitatively the behavior
of the system. In these systems, diverse oscillations, including harmonic, self-modulation and
chaotic ones can be excited; bistable and multistable regimes of operation with stable states
distinguished by amplitude, frequency and propagation direction of diffracted waves can also
be achieved.

Acousto-optic systems with feedback have two important features. First, such systems are
basically distributed, because the time of acoustic wave propagation in the cell (i.e. the delay
time of the signal in the feedback circuit) is compared with the period of oscillations. Second,
these systems are principally nonlinear and the character of nonlinearities affects
fundamentally the system behavior. The nonlinearities, concerned in the first place with the
acousto-optic cell, give rise to diversity of regimes, but, at the same time, they complicate
essentially theoretical analysis of the systems.

The lecture represents a brief overview on investigations of feedback acousto-optic systems

proposed and worked out in our lab. The lecture includes the following issues:
• dynamic regimes in acousto-optic systems with amplitude and frequency feedback;
• multistability in acousto-optic systems with feedback;
• optical beam intensity and direction stabilization;
• acousto-optic filters with feedback;
• acousto-optic generators based on the effect of optical heterodyning;
• effect of acousto-optic mode competition.

Acknowledgement
The work has been supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project 17-07-00369.
Keywords
Acousto-optic interaction, acousto-optic devices, laser beam intensity and direction stabilization,
acousto-optic generator, hybrid feedback.
References
[1] V. I. Balakshy, A. V. Kazaryan, Optical Engineering, 38, 1154-1159 (1999).

[2] V. I. Balakshy, S. V. Emelianov, Proc. SPIE, 4514, 82-89 (2001).

[3] V. I. Balakshy, I. M. Sinev, J. Optics A: Pure & Applied Optics, 6, 469-474 (2004).

[4] V. I. Balakshy, Yu. I. Kuznetsov, S. N. Mantsevich, N. V. Polikarpova, Optics & Laser Techn., 62, 89-

94 (2014).

290
 ACOUSTO-OPTICAL SPATIAL PHASE CORRECTOR FOR PULSED LASERS
Vladimir Ya. Molchanov,1 Alexander I. Chizhikov,1 Oleg Yu. Makarov,1 Konstantin B.
Yushkov1
1
Acousto-Optical Research Center, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS",
4 Leninsky Prospekt, 119049 Moscow, Russia

Acousto-optic diffraction of laser pulses by chirped ultrasonic wave packets imposes spatial
phase modulation on diffracted light. Dynamically modulated ultrasonic grating is
synchronized at nanosecond scale with laser pulses providing shot-to-shot stable operation
parameters. Two configurations of a phase corrector are analyzed. An orthogonal
configuration of a phase corrector (FIG. 1a) is based on two multichannel Bragg cells.[1] This
configuration provides an array of M*N phase controlling elements in a single clear aperture
of requiring M+N independent RF drivers. The Bragg cells are configured as multichannel
acousto-optic deflectors (MAOD). A typical time aperture of 8*8 MAOD is 25 μs, i.e. ~3 μs per
spatial element, resulting in phase modulation in the range of 30 rad with temperature-limited
instability of 130 ppm/K. The maximum phase delay is on the order of 100 rad being
proportional to instantaneous RF bandwidth of controlling ultrasonic waveforms. A tiled
configuration of the wavefront corrector (FIG. 1b) is an array of M*N acousto-optic delay lines
(AODL), each with an independent RF driver. An AODL is a quasicollinear Bragg cell providing
arbitrary phase modulation of light owing to distributed phase matching in a birefringent
crystal.[2,3] This architecture provides a larger delay between channels being suitable for
adaptive synchronization of channels in multi-beam laser systems[4] with ~1 fs accuracy using
a temperature-stabilized AODL and delays up to 40 ps (10 krad) at the wavelength of 1 μm.

(a) (b)
Figure 1: Architecture of an a acousto-optical wavefront corrector: (a) matrix wavefront corrector; (b)
tiled-aperture collinear delay line.

Funding: RFBR (18-07-00670); Minobrnauka of Russia (02.A03.21.0004 / K2-2017-079).

Keywords
Acousto-optics, phase corrector, multichannel deflector, delay line
References
[1]
G. Aubin, J. Sapriel, V.Ya. Molchanov et al., Electron. Lett. 40 2004, 448-449.
[2]
F. Verluise, V. Laude, J.-P. Huignard et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 17 2000, 138-145.
[3]
V.Ya. Molchanov, K.B. Yushkov, Opt. Express 22 2014, 15668-15678.
[3]
S.A. Bel'kov, S. V. Bondarenko, G. A. Vergunova, et al. J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 127 2018, 539-548.

291
 Thursday, September 5th, 2019 (8:30 am)

Keynote session 5

Keynote Lecture by Vasilis Ntziachristos:

Rethinking light and sound: the revolution of optoacoustic imaging

Location: VIVES main auditorium

Chair: Jan D'hooge

292
 RETHINKING LIGHT AND SOUND: THE REVOLUTION OF OPTOACOUSTIC
IMAGING
Vasilis Ntziachristos1,2
1
Chair of Biological Imaging, Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675 Munich,
Germany
2
Institut of Biological and Medical Imaging, HelmholtzZentrum München, Ingolstädter
Landstr. 1
85764 Neuherberg, Germany

Optical imaging is unequivocally the most versatile and widely used visualization modality in
the life sciences. Yet it has been significantly limited by photon scattering, which complicates
the visualization of tissue beyond a few hundred microns. For the past few years, there has
been an emergence of powerful new optical and optoacoustic imaging methods that offer high
resolution imaging beyond the penetration limits of microscopic methods. The talk discusses
progress in multi-spectral opto-acoustic tomography (MSOT) and mesoscopy (MSOM) that
bring unprecedented optical imaging performance in visualizing anatomical, physiological and
molecular biomarkers. Advances in light technology, detection methods and algorithms allow
for highly-performing visualization in biology and medicine through several millimetres to
centimetres of tissue and real-time imaging. The talk demonstrates implementations in the
time and frequency domain, showcase how it is possible to accurately solve fluence and
spectral coloring issues for yielding quantitative measurements of tissue oxygenation and
hypoxia and demonstrate quantitative in-vivo measurements of inflammation, metabolism,
angiogenesis in label free mode.

Keywords
optoacoustic, imaging, biomedical imaging, multi-spectral optoacoustic tomography, optoacoustic
mesoscopy

293
 Thursday, September 5th, 2019 (9:30 am)

Poster session 2

POSTERNUMBER TITLE PRESENTING AUTHOR

1 Acoustic characterization of antibubbles for quantitative imaging Anastasiia Panfilova

2 Power evaluation and optimization of the 128-channel ultrasound transmit beamformer for
Damian Cacko
point-of- care applications
3 In Vivo Measurement of Human Skin Elasticity Using High Frequency Ultrasound Strain
Chih-Chung Huang
Shear Wave Imaging
4 Single-mode optical fibre-based laser ultrasound
Salvatore La Cavera III
5 Evaluation of influence of ultrasound exposure parameters on necrotic lesions induced in
Łukasz Fura
tissue by a robotic ultrasound-guided HIFU ablation device
6 Evaluation of targeting accuracy of a robotic ultrasound imaging-guided HIFU ablation
Tamara Kujawska
device for treating solid tumors in small animals
7 Ultrasonic wave attenuation in the swine skull
Itsuki Michimoto
8 Experimental substantiation of the temperature effect of HIFU on breast fibroadenoma
Rustemova Sarah
tissue
9 Directional-multiscale-based texture analysis of B-mode ultrasound images of the carotid
Spyretta Golemati
artery of asymptomatic subjects
10 Optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy for visualization of red blood cell
Yoshifumi Saijo
11 HIFU-triggered release of Paclitaxel encapsulated in nanoemulsions (therapeutiques
Nour AL Rifai
applications)
12 Computationally efficient algorithm for sound speed imaging in pulse-echo ultrasound
Piotr Karwat
13 Experimental observations of piezoelectric signals generated in cancellous bone at
Atsushi Hosokawa
megahertz frequencies
14 Ultrafast Ultrasound Doppler vs. confocal microscopy in a mouse brain model
Javier Brum
15 A design method of an annular array magnetostrictive patch transducer for shear-horizontal
Hong Min Seung
guided waves in plates
16 EMATs for the generation and detection of shear-horizontal guided waves in composite lap
Michel Castaings
joints
17 Nondestructive evaluation of delamination cracks in textile composites by using 3D
Wei-Jiang Xu
reconstruction from acoustical imaging
18 Application of ultrasonic C-scan techniques for damage evaluation of Carbon Fiber
Mário João Santos
Reinforced Polymers submitted to low energy impacts
19 Determination of elastic constant tensor for CFRP composite using V(z) inversion technique
Wei-Jiang Xu
20 Characterization of Bonding Quality of Cold-Sprayed Deposits by Resonant Ultrasound
Michaela Janovská
Spectroscopy
21 Ultrasonic temperature monitoring in tissue phantoms by locally resolved measurement of
Mario Wolf
longitudinal and transverse wave speed
22 An radial vibration axial slotted low frequency transducer with periodic structure
Guangbin Zhang
23 Acoustic monitoring of eye formation in Swiss type cheese
Mariana González
24 Simultaneous Temperature and Level Measurements of a Fluid using Ultrasonic Waveguide
Nishanth Raja
Sensors
25 Pipeline thickness monitoring using a shear wave EMAT system under high lift-off condition
Yang Zhao
26 High-Performance Ultrasonic Transducers based on PMN-PT Single Crystals Fabricated in
Frank Schubert
1-3 Piezo- Composite Technology
27 Air-coupled transducers for pulse-echo operation in industrial NDT.
Giovanni Ortiz
28 Size Control on Sonochemical Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles without Surfactants and
Yoshiyuki Asakura
Reducers

294
29 Ultrasound-assisted cryoconcentration to improve the efficiency extraction from model
Patricio Orellana-Palma
solutions: Study at laboratory scale
30 Acoustic cavitation in periodic structures for ultrasonic cleaning applications
J. Henrique Lopes
31 Microstructure and mechanical performance of the particle-reinforced surface layer of
Qinglong Zhang
Ti6Al4V substrate fabricated by ultrasonic shot peening
32 Microbial inactivation in lipid emulsions using supercritical CO2 assisted by high power
Jose Benedito
ultrasound
33 Optimization of Data Acquisition and Processing for Laser Induced Ultrasonic Phased
Peter Lukacs
Arrays
34 Analyses of dipole transmitter with flexible end supports in sonic logging
Yuyu Dai
35 Scanning acoustic microscopy study of biomechanical variations in corneal Descemet's
Nico F. Declercq
membrane with Fuchs endothelial dystrophy.
36 Ultrasonic investigation of bones with different post-mortem intervals
Andres Felipe Arciniegas
37 Radiation-induced vaporization of nanodroplets for in vivo dosimetry of radiation therapy
Sophie Heymans
38 Development of a 20 MHz annular-array - a first step to a multichannel microscope
André Juhrig
39 Researches on Coaxial Longitudinal-Transverse Transducers for Nonlinear Ultrasonic
Hui Zhang
testing
40 Enhancement of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells By Zno/MWNT nanocomposites via sonication.
Amit R Bansod
41 Effect of Sonication on Optical and Luminescent properties of CaO/Eu nanoparticles
Omprakash P Chimankar
42 Airborne Ultrasonic Testing of Pork Burger Patties
Jose Benedito
43 Evaluation of a multiple scattering sensor for water-in-oil emulsion monitoring
Nicolás Pérez
44 A new method to assess the ultrasonic attenuation in samples with non-distinguishable
Antonio Jiménez
echoes
45 Versatile low cost device for measuring the sound speed in liquids
Jaime Batista Santos
46 Numerical Study of Acoustic Field in an Ultrasonic Cleaning Tank with Existence of
Hanyin Cui
Honeycomb Panels
47 Introduction of ultrasound to particle synthesis process of microwave heating
Yusuke Asakuma
48 Instantaneous High-Power Phenomena in Pulsed Industrial NDE & Medical Ultrasonic
Enrique Riera
Applications
49 Estimation of Spatial Variation of the Attenuation Coefficient based on Ultrasound
Arun Muraleedharan
Backscatter Signals using a Linear Least Squares Approach

295
 ACOUSTIC CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTIBUBBLES FOR QUANTITATIVE
IMAGING
Anastasiia Panfilova1, Peiran Chen1, Ruud van Sloun1, Hessel Wijkstra1,2, Michiel Postema3,
Albert Poortinga1, Massimo Mischi1
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, De Groene
Loper 19, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
2
Urology Department, AMC University Hospital, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
3
School of Electrical & Information Engineering, University of The Witwaatersrand, 1 Jan
Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein 2000, Johannesburg, South Africa

Traditional ultrasound contrast agent consists of gas microbubbles with a stabilizing shell.
Theoretical analysis has shown that adding a sufficiently large liquid core to a gas bubble
introduces asymmetry to its oscillations and, therefore, strongly increases nonlinear behavior
[1]. Such bubbles with a liquid core are referred to as antibubbles. A recent paper compared
the harmonic response of antibubbles to that of identical bubbles when insonified at a
frequency of 1 MHz [2]. Our work extends upon this, adding multiple insonification frequencies
in the range of 0.5-3 MHz with a step of 0.5 MHz, and comparing our results with those
obtained with a traditional contrast agent, SonoVue (Bracco), approved for clinical use.
Besides this, we present dynamic measurements of the scattered signal at the frequency
identified to be the closest to antibubble resonance, producing time intensity curves (TICs)
typically observed in vivo.
The configuration of our experimental setup, comprising a gelatin cuvette with the contrast-
agent dilutions, an insonifing transducer (GE Panametrics), and a receiving hydrophone
(Onda HGL), is similar to that in [2] (Fig.1). The position of the insonifying circular transducer
(centered at 2.2 MHz) was adjusted by a motion stage such that the gelatin cuvette was
positioned in the focus for every frequency studied. The hydrophone was used to record the
scattered bubble signal at an angle perpendicular to the acoustic beam and a distance of 3
cm from the cuvette. For the dynamic
measurements, the cuvette was replaced by a
gelatin compartment, similar to the middle
section of the gelatin cuvette, positioned
horizontally. The flow through this compartment
was generated by a continuous pump.
Compared to traditional contrast agents,
stronger non-linear response at lower
frequencies and high-quality TICs motivate
further investigation of antibubbles for diagnostic
applications.
Figure 1: side view of the setup.
Keywords
Antibubbles, harmonic response, time intensity curve
References
[1]
S. Kotopoulis, K. Johansen, O. H. Gilja, A.T. Poortinga, M. Postema, Acta Physica Polonica A, 127,
99-102.
[2]
M. Postema, A. Novell, A.T. Poortinga, A. Bouakaz, Applied Acoustics, 13, 148-150.

296
 POWER EVALUATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF THE 128-CHANNEL
ULTRASOUND TRANSMIT BEAMFORMER FOR POINT-OF-CARE
APPLICATIONS
Damian Cacko1,2, Marcin Lewandowski1,2, Mateusz Walczak1,2, Beata Witek1,2
1
Laboratory of Professional Electronics, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research,
Polish Academy of Sciences, 5B Adolfa Pawińskiego Str., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
2
us4us sp. z o.o, 5B Adolfa Pawińskiego Str., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland

Portable and hand-held ultrasound imaging devices for Point-of-Care applications have a
great potential to conquer medical diagnostic imaging. Point-of-care scanners shall provide
high-quality, high-framerate, real-time imaging while maintaining low-power and compact size.
A dedicated design effort is needed in order to optimize the system performance in terms of
power consumption. An extended battery life is an important competitive advantage for mobile
devices. In this paper we focus on the evaluation and optimization of the power usage in the
transmit subsystem of ultrasound scanners.

For testing purposes, we have developed a dedicated standalone transmit beamformer. The
device can drive both phased-array and linear-array probes containing up to 128 elements.
The hardware integrates 128 independent transmit channels provided by 16 octal pulsers (3-
level, ±90V/2A). The FPGA-based transmit beamformer logic controls each of the transmit
channels and provides a fully-flexible transmit beam steering and shaping that can be
programmed from the PC software. The timing resolution of the transmit beamformer is 5ns.
Configurable parameters include: pulse repetition frequency, output signal central frequency,
number of cycles within a pulse, aperture setting, and transmission delay individual for each
transmit channel. The beamformer also supports arbitrary TX waveforms. All the TX
parameters can vary between every single transmission event what enables to implement
extensive set of transmit scenarios - including high-frame rate plane wave imaging (PWI),
coded transmission, high-frequency imaging or standard B-mode image capture.

We used our dedicated hardware platform to evaluate various techniques to minimize an

average power consumption of the ultrasound transmitter. A periodic operation with a limited
duty cycle gives opportunity for significant power savings by utilizing different solutions,
targeted to reduce dynamic power consumption without sacrificing overall system
performance. The techniques we have selected for tests, as the the most promising in this
application focused mainly on the transmit beamformer, are FPGA logic optimization and
included: clock distribution control, applying various waveform coding schemes, optimization
of the FPGA embedded on-chip memory usage, retiming and power supply control. During
the tests, these solutions were applied separately to evaluate what is their impact on the
average power consumption in a given set of transmit scenarios. Early power estimation
shows, that applying these techniques combined can lead to up to 60% reduction of the
dynamic power consumption in comparison to a naive design for B-mode imaging at 2MHz
fundamental frequency, 2-cycles transmit pulse, and 4kHz PRF.

Keywords
point-of-care ultrasound, power optimization, transmit beamformer, FPGA

297
 IN VIVO MEASUREMENT OF HUMAN SKIN ELASTICITY USING HIGH
FREQUENCY ULTRASOUND STRAIN SHEAR WAVE IMAGING
Pei-Yu Chen1, Chih-Chung Huang1
1
National Cheng Kung University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tainan, Taiwan

In dermatology, the severity of many skin diseases is related to the alteration of the mechanical
properties of skin. However, the thickness of human skin is typical in a few of millimeter range
(< 2 mm), the high image resolution is needed for skin imaging. Therefore, the purpose of this
study is to develop a high frequency ultrasound strain shear wave imaging for estimating the
skin elasticity. In order to create a longitudinal (along the ultrasonic beam axis) strain shear
wave, an external vibrator was mounted on a 40 MHz ultrasound array transducer connects
with a high frequency ultrasound research system. The shear wave velocities of skin from four
volunteers were calculated by using a linear regression of phase delay along the strain shear
wave propagation path. A typical B-mode image of human skin was shown in Fig. 1(a). The
image size is 5 mm × 13.54 mm. Three layers of human skin can be distinguished from the 40
MHz B-mode image. The propagation of strain shear wave was shown in Fig. 1(b). The strain
shear wave can be tracked within 5 mm range. The shear wave velocity was calculated by the
slope of the phase delay versus propagation path. The shear wave velocities from four young
volunteers were 7.19±0.39 m/s, corresponding to the Young’s modulus of 155.5±16.82 kPa.
The measured values are in good agreement with the measured values from optical
coherence tomography. All the results demonstrated the capability of using 40 MHz strain
shear wave to measure the elasticity of human skin, which can be used to understand the
pathophysiology of human skin.

Figure 1: 40 MHz B-mode image and shear wave propagation of skin

Keywords
High Frequency Ultrasound, shear wave, skin, elastography

298
 SINGLE-MODE OPTICAL FIBRE-BASED LASER ULTRASOUND
Salvatore La Cavera III1, Fernando Perez-Cota1, Richard J. Smith1, Matt Clark1
1
Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University Park, University of
Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK

The development of optoacoustic transducers with nanometer dimensions[1], which generate

and detect ultrasound in the GHz frequency regime, has enabled the emergence of phonon
microscopy as an imaging technique which offers both sub-optical axial resolution and
acoustic contrast. Phonon microscopy has already proven capable of imaging a wide range of
objects: from the microscopic imaging of a variety of cell-types[2], to the nanoscopic localisation
of sub-diffraction limit-sized metallic nanospheres[3].

If these transducers can be reproduced onto the tip of an optical fibre, this imaging technique
and the benefits that come with it, could be applied to situations and environments in which
optical endoscopy is already utilised. Performing this feat with a single-mode core optical fibre,
as opposed to multi-mode, is of particular interest, as the reduction in core size would allow
for scaling up pixel density and field of view.

This presentation will explore the current efforts to design, fabricate, and test an optical fibre-
based optoacoustic transducer, which generates and detects ultrasound in the 100MHz-GHz
frequency range (Fig. 1). A device which resonates in the hundreds of MHz would be attractive
for applications where high axial resolution is desired (compared to conventional ultrasonic
techniques) while still maintaining relatively long penetration depth (e.g. mm-scale). Whereas
a GHz-resonant device could provide sub-optical axial resolution for more proximal
applications.

Figure 1: (a) An optoacoustic device on the tip of a single-mode optical fibre, which generates and
detects GHz frequencies of ultrasound, has sufficient axial resolution to interrogate the environment
that is within the surrounding microns of the tip. (b) In theory, a device which resonates at 100MHz+
frequencies could take the form of an acoustic metamaterial or superlattice structure.

Keywords
Laser ultrasound, optical fibre, single-mode, ultrasonic endoscopy, Brillouin oscillations, Fabry-PÉrot
References
[1]
R.J. Smith et al, Optically excited nanoscale ultrasonic transducers, 137 2015, 219-227.
[2] F. Pérez-Cota Et Al, High Resolution 3d Imaging Of Living Cells With Sub-Optical Wavelength

Phonons, 6 2016, 1-11.

[3]
R. Fuentes-Dominguez Et Al, Super-Resolution Imaging Using Nano-Bells, 8 2018, 1-9.

299
 EVALUATION OF INFLUENCE OF ULTRASOUND EXPOSURE PARAMETERS
ON NECROTIC LESIONS IN TISSUE BY A ROBOTIC ULTRASOUND-GUIDED
HIFU ABLATION DEVICE
Ł. Fura1, W. Dera2, C. Dziekoński2, T. Kujawska1
1
Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research of the Polish
Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5B, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
2
Department of Theory of Continuous Media and Nanostructures, Institute of Fundamental
Technological Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5B,
02-106 Warsaw, Poland

Objectives
Ultrasound Imaging-guided High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (USIgHIFU) technique is
dynamically developing thermal technology for treating solid tumors due to its non-invasion
and non-ionization nature, repeatability and fewer complications after treatment. We have
designed and built a robotic USIgHIFU device for destroying solid tumors in small animals.
Before the device is used, a series of experimental studies on tissues ex vivo were needed to
assess the location and extent of necrotic lesions. The objective of this studies was to
investigate the influence of sonication parameters on the location and extent of necrotic
lesions induced in the tested tissue during exposure less than 3s. The results of this studies
were necessary to determine the step and speed of the HIFU beam movement to cover with
necrosis the whole treated tissue volume.

Methods
The HIFU beam was generated by a bowl-shaped, 64 mm transducer (f-number 0.98) with
a 20 mm central hole, operating at a 1.08 MHz or 3.21 MHz frequency. Multiple thermal lesions
were created within pork loin tissue ex vivo at a depth of 12.6 mm below its surface during 3
s of exposure. The in situ intensity estimated assuming nonlinear propagation model was
about 700 W/cm2. Beams with the same duty-factor and varying pulse duration (30 μs - 300
ms) as well as with the same pulse duration and varying duty factor (0.2 - 0.8) propagated in
two-layer media: water / tissue (50 mm / 40 mm) were studied.

Results
Dependence of lesion dimensions on frequency, pulse duration and duty-factor was
determined.

Conclusions
Lesion extent depended strongly on frequency and duty-factor, but slightly on pulse duration.
The lesions created by shorter pulses were hardly visible on ultrasound images. Based on the
experimental results the HIFU beam acoustic parameters, the step and speed of its movement
to cover the whole treated tissue volume were designated.

Acknowledgements
The financial support of the National Science Centre (Grant 2016/21/B/ST8/02445) is gratefully
acknowledged.
Keywords
ultrasound imaging-guided HIFU, ex vivo tissue, robotic system

300
 EVALUATION OF TARGETING ACCURACY OF A ROBOTIC ULTRASOUND
IMAGING-GUIDED HIFU ABLATION DEVICE FOR TREATING SOLID TUMORS
IN SMALL ANIMALS
Ł. Fura1, W. Dera2, C. Dziekoński2, T. Kujawska1
1
Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research of the Polish
Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5B, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
2
Department of Theory of Continuous Media and Nanostructures, Institute of Fundamental
Technological Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5B, 02-106
Warsaw, Poland
Objectives
Ultrasound Imaging-guided High Intensity Focused Ultrasound technique (USIgHIFU) is
dynamically developing thermal technology for treating solid tumors due to its non-invasion
and non-ionization nature, repeatability and minimal side effects after treatment. We have
designed and built a robotic ultrasound imaging-guided HIFU ablation device for preclinical
trials on small animals. Before the device is used, a series of experimental studies on tissues
ex vivo were needed to evaluate the accuracy of its targeting. The objective of this studies
was to estimate experimentally the accuracy of targeting using ex vivo pork loin samples
embedded in a cylindrical reference chamber. The treated volume was predetermined as a
small cylinder located coaxially with a chamber at a given depth below the tissue surface.

Methods
Experiments were carried out using a 64-mm HIFU transducer with 62.6-mm focal length,
operating at a 1.08-MHz or 3.21-MHz frequency and integrated coaxially with an ultrasound
imaging probe mounted in its central hole. HIFU beams of a 108W acoustic power (0.3s pulse
duration, 0.6 duty-factor) propagated in two-layer media: water/tissue (50mm/40mm) and
focused at a 12.6-mm depth below the tissue surface were used. Multiple thermal lesions were
created by moving the cylindrical tissue chamber using a computer-controlled precise
positioning system. For treated cylindrical volumes of about 6mm and 10mm in diameter the
ratio of necrotic lesion cross-sections to those intended for treatment was determined using
different visualization methods.

Results
The designated ratio for the studied cases was higher than 90%. The accuracy of targeting of
the proposed device was found to be around 1 mm.

Conclusions
The developed robotic USIgHIFU ablation device created well-defined necrotic lesions in the
intended targeted volume within the tested tissue without damaging surrounding tissues. It
suggests that this device will be effective and useful for treating solid tumors implanted into
small animals and for testing new anticancer drugs.

Acknowledgements
The financial support of the National Science Centre (Grant 2016/21/B/ST8/02445) is gratefully
acknowledged.
Keywords
robotic HIFU ablation system, ultrasound imaging, targeting accuracy

301
 ULTRASONIC WAVE ATTENUATION IN THE SWINE SKULL
Itsuki Michimoto1, Tsukasa Nakamura1, Nagomi Murashima1, Mami Matsukawa1
1
Doshisha University 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto, 610-0321 Japan

Ultrasound techniques attract attention in brain therapy. The skull bone consists of outer,
diploe and inner which are all heterogeneous. For the effective radiation of ultrasound into
the skull, the understanding of the ultrasonic wave properties is important. In this study, we
investigated ultrasonic wave attenuation in the diploe of a swine skull, which consists of
trabecular. A diploe specimen (13x13x11 mm3) was fabricated from a diploe in the anterior
part of a swine skull. A 3D image of the specimen was obtained by an X-ray micro CT
(Shimadzu, SMX-160CTS). Then, the degree of anisotropy (DA) and bone volume fraction
(BV/TV) were estimated by a software (Ratoc). An ultrasonic pulse immersion technique was
used to evaluate the attenuation. The specimen was set between the PVDF transmitter and
receiver. The amplitude changes of ultrasound propagated in the trabecular alignment
direction were carefully measured in the range of 0.5 to 2.0 MHz, following the technique of
Fujita et al [1]. We measured the attenuation in each part of the specimen by decreasing the
thicknesses from 11 to 4 mm.

Figure 1: An observed waveform of specimen at MHz, with thickness of 11 mm.

Figure 2: Ultrasound attenuation in the diploe with comparison of the equine data [1].

Figure 1 shows an example of the observed waveform. Two wave phenomenon (fast and slow
waves) was observed in the diploe. The large amplitude of the fast wave indicated the high
bone volume fraction. Actually, DA (1.53) and BV/TV (34,9%) of the specimen were higher
than those of bovine and human cancellous bones in femur [2].

Figure 2 shows the attenuation coefficients of the fast wave in each part of the specimen.
Here, the average attenuation coefficients of the diploe were 1.7 dB/mm, which was smaller
than those of the equine cancellous bone (2.3 dB/mm) and the bovine (2.2 dB/mm) [3]. The
results also tell us that the effects of high BV/TV to the fast wave propagation. In addition, it is
interesting that the attenuation did not change dramatically due to the position in the diploe.
The data of ultrasonic wave attenuation will be useful for the effective ultrasonic radiation from
outside of the skull.

Keywords
Ultrasound, skull, attenuation
References
[1] F. Fujita, et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 134, (6) 2013, 4777-4778
[2] K. Mizuno, et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 130 (2) 2011, 123-124
[3] T. Hosokawa, et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 101(1) 1998, 558-562

302
EXPERIMENTAL SUBSTANTIATION OF THE TEMPERATURE EFFECT OF HIFU
ON BREAST FIBROADENOMA TISSUE
S. Imankulov, T. Tuganbekov, S. Rustemova, Zh. Seidagaliyeva, A. Seidanova
Department of surgery, Medical University Astana, Beibitshilik 53, Astana, the Republic of
Kazakhstan,

The aim
to develop a new technique of HIFU treatment for breast fibroadenoma. To analyze relation
between the ablation power and morphological results. To verify effectiveness of the proposed
method through comparison between the main (HIFU treatment).We have used fiber Bragg
grating array for temperature measurement along the fiber during HIFU thermal ablation of the
breast fibroadenoma.

Actuality
Fibroadenoma is one of the most common breast conditions representing the largest part of
all benign tumors. Traditional invasive surgeries have their disadvantages, such as skin
damage and related recurrences and complications. Therefore, it is important to develop new
non-invasive techniques and compare them with surgical techniques in order to propose
effective fibroadenoma treatment.

Materials and methods

We used JC – (Chongqing HIFU Technology Company, China) equipment with 1 MHz
frequency, 21.5 cm lens diameter and 16.2 focused distance for HIFU treatment.
To study the power effect of ablation, we conducted in vitro investigations with 3 circular cross-
sections of breast fibroadenomas ablated by HIFU with 100W, 200W, 300W. One was used
as a reference and was not ablated. All of them were analyzed during morphocytological study.

Results
Power ablation investigations show that 100 W ablation created initial changes related to
coagulation necrosis in fibroadenoma, while full coagulation necrosis was observed at 200 W
and 300 W were we observed complete destruction of tissue.

Conclusion
HIFU therapy is an effective method of treatment for fibroadenoma of the breast, that has less
post-treatment complications and recurrences than surgical method, and may be used as an
independent treatment of fibroadenoma of the breast.

Keywords
fibroadenoma, experimental studies, Ultrasonics, .

303
 DIRECTIONAL-MULTISCALE-BASED TEXTURE ANALYSIS OF B-MODE
ULTRASOUND IMAGES OF THE CAROTID ARTERY OF ASYMPTOMATIC
SUBJECTS
Spyretta Golemati1, Symeon Lechareas1, Nikolaos Tsiaparas2, Konstantina S. Nikita2,
Achilleas Chatziioannou1, Despina N. Perrea1
1
Medical School, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
2
Biomedical Simulations and Imaging Laboratory, National Technical University of
Athens,Athens, Greece

The curvelet transform (CuT), a directional multiscale analysis method, which can detect
discontinuities along curves in an image, was shown to differentiate texture between
symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid plaque. Its significance, however, remains unclear,
due to the limited number of studies and the complexity of the mathematical procedures. In
an attempt to clarify its usefulness, we investigated differences in CuT-based texture in
asymptomatic subjects with high and low stenosis degrees.
The fast discrete CuT was applied for 3 levels of decomposition, including application of a 2D
fast Fourier transform (FFT), windowing in a parallelogram of finite support for different scales
and angles, wrapping around the origin, and application of the 2D inverse FFT. The entropy
of the subimages derived from the transform was used as the texture feature.
B-mode images of 25 carotid arteries of asymptomatic male subjects (14 with high (>70%)
and 11 with low (<70%) stenosis; similar ages) were studied. Three different wall areas were
interrogated, namely the plaque, the adjacent intima-media complex (IM), and the plaque
shoulder (SH), i.e. the small area at the boundary between the plaque and the wall.
Table 1 shows features significantly different between high and low stenosis cases. Ten
features were derived from the IM area, suggesting that IM contains valuable information for
tissue characterisation and should be interrogated in addition to plaque itself. The fact that
only 2 features from SH and none from the plaque were different indicates that different
treatment for high and low stenosis might not be optimal, and decision making guidelines might
be revisited.
Table 1. Texture features derived from CuT subimages which were significantly different between
low and high stenosis cases. The angle values indicate the range of the corresponding ‘wedge’.
Low stenosis (<70%) High stenosis (>70%) p-value
SH-ED, OI 76.0±39.1 121.9±42.8 0.03
SH-ES, OI 70.2±46.2 113.4±37.9 0.02
IM-ED, L2/450-900 10.7±2.5 14.3±4.5 0.03
IM-ED, L3/67.50-900 6.4±1.6 9.1±3.0 0.03
IM-ED, L3/3150-337.50 0.9±0.2 1.2±0.3 0.05
IM-ES, L2/1350-1800 1.8±0.4 2.5±0.7 0.01
IM-ES, L2/1800-2250 1.5±0.4 2.0±0.5 0.05
IM-ES, L2/2250-2700 1.9±0.7 2.7±0.7 0.02
IM-ES, L3/00-22.50 1.0±0.2 1.2±0.2 0.02
IM-ES, L3/202.50-2250 1.0±0.2 1.3±0.3 0.01
IM-ES, L2/2250-247.50 1.0±0.2 1.3±0.3 0.04
IM-ES, L2/337.50-3600 0.9±0.2 1.1±0.2 0.03
ED: end-diastole; ES: end-systole; IM: intima-media complex; L2 (L3): decomposition at level 2
(3); OI: original image; SH: plaque shoulder.
The p-values were obtained using the Wilcoxon rank sum test.

Keywords
Carotid, B-mode ultrasound, texture, curvelet transform

304
 OPTICAL RESOLUTION PHOTOACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY FOR
VISUALIZATION OF RED BLOOD CELL
Ryo Shintate, Sou Takahashi, Tatsuki Hiratsuka, Yoshifumi Saijo
Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University,
6-6-05 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, 980-8579, Sendai, Japan
Ultrasonic properties of cell are important to assess biomechanics. Since the dawn of scanning
acoustic microscopy in early 70's, red blood cell (RBC) has been interested as the imaging
target because of its biconcave shape. However, the resolution of ultrasound of 1 GHz is still
not enough for visualization of inner organelles in a cell. Optical resolution photoacoustic
microscopy (OR-PAM) has a potential of submicron optical resolution and penetration through
opaque material. The objectives of the present study are to develop OR-PAM system with
submicron resolution and to visualize biconcave shape of RBC.
Main part of the transmission mode OR-PAM was consisted of 532 nm laser, 75 MHz PVDF-
TRFE transducer, 5GHz digitizer and piezo XY scanner. The target was set in a dish filled with
saline and laser was irradiated from the bottom and PA signal was detected at the top of the
target. 200 µm × 200 µm area was observed by 0.25 µm step. The frequency response of the
PA signal covered 50-80 MHz. The lateral resolution was judged by USAF1951 test chart and
the edge spread function.
Figure 1 shows the PAM image of USAF1951 test chart and the minimum separation of 2.1
µm is clearly seen. Edge spread function of each line indicated that the lateral resolution was
660 nm. Figure 2 shows the PAM image of RBC. The biconcave shape and overlap of RBC
are clearly observed. The image of RBC indicated not only the shape but also the intracellular
distribution of hemoglobin. The axial resolution was 20 µm due to the frequency of the
transducer.
1
12
0.9
11
0.8
10
0.7
9
0.6
Y Length (μm)

8
0.5
7
0.4
6
0.3
5
0.2
4
0.1
3
0
8 10 12 14 16
X Length (μm)

Figure 1: PAM image of USAF1951 test chart Figure 2: PAM image of RBC

The PAM intensity indicates biomechanics of the RBC because PA signal is proportional to
the square of sound speed which is also proportional to the elastic bulk modulus. Further
development of the OR-PAM system by using higher frequency transducer may provide novel
information for assessment of cell biomechanics.

Acknowledgements
This study was supported by ImPACT (Impulsing Paradigm Change through Disruptive Technologies)
Program of Council for Science, Technology and Innovation and Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research
(Scientific Research (B) 26282142, Challenging Exploratory Research 25560235) from the Japan
Society for the Promotion of Science.
Keywords
Photoacoustic microscopy, red blood cell, biomechanics

305
 HIFU-TRIGGERED RELEASE OF PACLITAXEL ENCAPSULATED IN
NANOEMULSIONS (THERAPEUTIQUES APPLICATIONS)
N. AL Rifai1,4, S. Desgranges2, W. Urbach3, D. Le Guillou-Buffello1, M. Nassereddine4, J.
Charara4, C. Contino-Pépin2, N. Taulier1
1
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale (LIB), F-75006,
Paris, France
2
Équipe Chimie Bioorganique et Systèmes Amphiphiles, Inst itut des Biomolécules Max
Mousseron, UMR 5247, Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, 84911 Avignon,
France
3
Laboratoire de Physique Statistique de l’École Normale Supérieure,
4
Faculté des Sciences, Université Libanaise, Liban

To be potent, anticancer drugs should penetrate tissue efficiently to reach tumor cells in a
sufficient concentration to exert a therapeutic effect. A high dose of drugs is usually given to
a patient to locally reach the critical potent concentration at the tumor site [1], while in other
healthy tissues this drug concentration induces severe side effects. To reduce these effects,
drugs need to be encapsulated inside carriers that should specifically bring the drug to the
tumor. Indeed, these formulations improved drug efficacy and reduced toxicity on peripheral
healthy tissues compared to conventional therapeutics [2]. In addition, the drug delivery should
only be triggered after that the drug carrier is accumulated on the tumor site. A way to achieve
this is to control the drug release through an external stimulus like ultrasound. In this work,
nanoemulsions droplets made of perfluoto-octyl-bromide(PFOB) and Tributyl O-acetyl citrate
(oil solubilizing Paclitaxel) stabilized with fluorinated surfactants were produced using
microfluidizer. Droplets size were characterized using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). The
ability of our nanoemulsions to release the drug was demonstrated by quantifying the amount
of encapsulated Paclitaxel released at low pressure (0.4 MPa) and by testing the viability of
CT-26 used as a model of cancer cells and was monitored as a function of the ultrasonic
parameters (maximum pressure, insonification time and duty cycle) at 37°C using a HIFU
transducer operating at 1 MHz.

Keywords
Nanomedicines, tumor, drug delivery, nanoemulsions
References
[1] M. A. Hassan, Y. Furusawa, M. Minemura, N. Rapoport, T. Sugiyama, et T. Kondo, « Ultrasound-
induced new cellular mechanism involved in drug resistance », PloS one, vol. 7, no 12, p. e48291, 2012.
[2] T. Boissenot et al., « Paclitaxel-loaded PEGylated nanocapsules of perfluorooctyl bromide as
theranostic agents », European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, vol. 108, p. 136–144,
2016.

306
 COMPUTATIONALLY EFFICIENT ALGORITHM FOR SOUND SPEED IMAGING
IN PULSE-ECHO ULTRASOUND
Piotr Karwat1
1
Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research,
Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5B, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland

Information on the sound speed is required for correct reconstruction in ultrasound pulse-echo
imaging. In practice, a sound speed value that is an average for soft tissues is used. Locally
it may be far from reality and may cause aberrations. Development of a method for real-time
sound speed reconstruction will make possible to efficiently correct aberrations in pulse-echo
ultrasound imaging. Moreover, sound speed reflects mechanical properties of tissues and thus
may provide additional diagnostic information.
Recent scientific reports show that it is possible to image the sound speed spatial distribution
qualitatively [1], or even quantitatively [2] but at increased computational cost. This raises
doubts concerning the application of the quantitative method in real-time imaging systems.
Objective of this work was to develop a quantitative sound speed imaging algorithm capable
of operating in real-time at reasonable computing power.
Both, the reference algorithm [2] and the presented algorithm use low resolution images (LRI)
as the input data. The LRIs are reconstructed for a compounded plane wave imaging
sequence. Local phase relations between LRIs carry the information on the sound speed
spatial distribution. The reference algorithm uses the inverse transformation matrix to
reconstruct it. The proposed algorithm is based on simplified model with unified integration
paths which enables solving the inverse problem without use of large transformation matrix.
The proposed algorithm was verified through a number of simulations. The obtained results
(Fig. 1) differ from those of the reference algorithm but maintain the quantitative character of
sound speed imaging. The computational complexity of the new approach is proportional to N
while in case of the reference algorithm it is proportional to N2 (where N is a number of pixels
in the sound speed image). This means that the proposed algorithm allows the quantitative
sound speed imaging to operate in real time.

Figure 1: Sound speed maps: used in input data simulation (left), and reconstructed with the reference
algorithm [2] (middle) and with the presented algorithm (right).

Keywords
Ultrasound imaging, aberration correction, parametric imaging, speed of sound
References
[1]
M. Jaeger, G. Held, S. Preisser, S. Peeters, M. Grunig, M. Frenz, Computed Ultrasound Tomography
in Echo mode (CUTE) of speed of sound for diagnosis and for aberration correction in pulse-echo
sonography, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 9040, 90400A-1 - 90400A-12.
[2]
M. Jaeger, M. Frenz, Quantitative imaging of speed of sound in pulse-echo sonography, presentation
at 2015 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, url: www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ck75XbfLQtY.

307
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS OF PIEZOELECTRIC SIGNALS GENERATED
IN CANCELLOUS BONE
AT MEGAHERTZ FREQUENCIES
Atsushi Hosokawa1
1
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Institute of Technology,
Akashi College, 679-3 Nishioka, Uozumi, Akashi, 674-8501 Hyogo, Japan

Bone has piezoelectricity,[1] and the piezoelectric signal generated in bone can control the
osteoblastic activity.[2] To understand the mechanism of bone formation, it is necessary to
clarify the piezoelectric properties in bone. However, the piezoelectric properties in bone,
particularly in cancellous bone with a complicated porous structure, at megahertz frequencies
are not sufficiently investigated because the little piezoelectric signal is difficult to
experimentally observe. In the previous study,[3] the piezoelectric signal in air-saturated
cancellous bone at 1 MHz could be experimentally observed using "a piezoelectric cell (PE-
cell)". The PE-cell, in which a cancellous bone specimen is used as a piezoelectric element,
can correspond to an ultrasound receiver. In this study, the piezoelectric signals in water-
saturated cancellous bone were observed at 1-5 MHz.
The cancellous bone specimen in the PE-cell was cut from a bovine femur. The porosity was
approximately 0.65 (65%), and the network of the trabecular elements tended to be oriented
in the thickness direction. The burst ultrasound waves at 1-5 MHz were radiated from PZT
ultrasound transmitters toward the PE-cell and were received at the center of the cancellous
bone specimen in the thickness direction. The output electrical signals in the PE-cell, that is,
the piezoelectric signals generated in the cancellous bone specimen, were observed.
The observed waveforms are show in Fig. 1; (a), (b), and (c) show the signals at 1, 3, 5 MHz,
respectively. In Fig. 1, the amplitudes are normalized by that at 1 MHz. The piezoelectric
signals could be observed at all frequencies (the signals at 2 and 4 MHz could be also
observed). The signal amplitudes, namely the piezoelectric sensitivities, were not significantly
varied with frequency and were much larger than the amplitude of the previously observed
signal in air-saturated cancellous bone at 1 MHz.[3]

Figure 1: Piezoelectric signals generated in water-saturated cancellous bone by ultrasound irradiations

at (a) 1, (b) 3, and (c) 5 MHz.

This study was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science through a Grant-
in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (Grant No. 17K06479).

Keywords
Piezoelectric signal, Cancellous bone, Ultrasound
References
[1]
E. Fukada and I. Yasuda, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 12 1957, 1158-1162.
[2]
M. H. Shamos and L. S. Lavine, Clin. Orthp., 35 1964, 177-188.
[3]
A. Hosokawa, J, Acoust. Soc. Am., 140 2016, EL441-EL445.

308
 ULTRAFAST ULTRASOUND DOPPLER VS. CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY IN A
MOUSE BRAIN MODEL
Javier Brum1, Mariana Martinez2, Jerome Baranger3, Joaquín Fidalgo1, Miguel Calero4,
Mickael Tanter3, Carlos Negreira1, Alejandra Kun2
1
Laboratorio de Acústica Ultrasonora, Instituto de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad
de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
2
Departamento de Proteínas y Ácidos Nucléicos, IIBCE-Unidad Asociada Facultad de
Ciencias-UdelaR, Avda. Italia 3318, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
3
Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris,
France
4
Chronic Disease Programme (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBERNED, Carretera
Majadahonda Pozuelo, km 2,200, CP 2822, Madrid, Spain.

Ultrafast ultrasound Doppler (µDoppler)[1] has become a very powerful imaging modality of the
brain vasculature. Moreover, confocal microscopy is a fundamental tool in biological research.
However to our knowledge, no study comparing both imaging modalities has been reported
yet. In this study 5 healthy wild type mice were anesthetized using xilacine (16 mg/kg) and
ketamine (120 mg/kg) diluted in saline solution. After skin removal a cranial window of 6 mm
width and 5 mm length (equidistant from Bregma and Lambda, centered on the
interhemispheric fissure) was opened to allow undistorted propagation of ultrasound. Then,
each mouse was placed in a stereotaxic system and the ultrasonic probe was aligned in the
coronal plane. To image the whole brain, the probe was moved along the anteroposterior axis
at 0.25 mm step. For the µDoppler a 15 MHz probe (Vermon) driven by a 128 element
Verasonic Vantage System was used. A typical µDoppler image (Fig. 1a) is obtained after
SVD clutter filtering and averaging of 200 compound images acquired during 200 ms. After
µDoppler imaging the mouse was sacrificed and the brain was dissected, fixed and prepared
for structural cryopreservation at -20ºC. Successive 10 µm thick coronal sections were
collected onto poly-lysinated slides. For vascular endothelial cells staining, each section was
incubated with Isolectin GS-IB4 Alexa Fluor™ 488 Conjugate (ThermoFisher). Using a
confocal microscopy (Leyca SP5) fluorescence images were obtained (Fig. 1b). A very good
correlation was found between all images. Although confocal microscopy images present a
very high resolution, µDoppler allows performing experiments with alive animals. Future works
involve the study of neurodegenerative diseases using both imaging modalities.

Figure 1: Vasculature images acquired at bregma -4.5 mm for (a) µDoppler and (b) confocal microscopy
corresponding to the black rectangle in (a).

Keywords
Ultrafast doppler, brain vasculature, neuroimage
References
[1]
E. Macé, G. Montaldo, I. Cohen, M. Baulac, M. Fink, M. Tanter Nature Methods, 8 2011, 662-664.

309
 A DESIGN METHOD OF AN ANNULAR ARRAY MAGNETOSTRICTIVE PATCH
TRANSDUCER FOR SHEAR-HORIZONTAL GUIDED WAVES IN PLATES
Hong Min Seung1, Chung Il Park2, Jun Kyu Lee2, Yoon Young Kim2
1
Center for Safety Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science
(KRISS), 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
2
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Institute of Advanced Machinery and
Design, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea

For ultrasonic guided wave based nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of plate structures, annular
array transducers are usually preferred to achieve high-power generation of the target guided
wave mode in all directions. A successful generation of omnidirectional Lamb wave modes by
these transducers was reported and issues arising from annular excitation elements were
studied [1]. However, an annular array transducer generating shear-horizontal (SH) wave
modes, which are also effective guided wave modes in defect detection of plate structures has
not been investigated so far.

In this study, we developed a new annular array transducer generating omnidirectional SH

waves in plates using the magnetostrictive patch transducer (MPT) technique [2]. More
importantly, its systematic design method is newly established, which can be used to configure
optimal transducers with enhanced output and power concentration at a given excitation
frequency.

The proposed design method is based on the theoretical prediction of the strain fields
generated by the annular array MPT. To this end, the Green's function of plate guided waves
[3]
is used for the analytical calculation of omnidirectional SH waves fields by a circular line
source in a plate. Using the theoretical results, the transducer output can be obtained by
reflecting the number of annular array elements. Then, an optimal annular array MPT
generating high-power omnidirectional SH waves is designed for a given excitation frequency
and annular array number.

To check the validity of the design method, we first performed numerical simulations using a
finite element model. The theoretically predicted strain fields by the transducer source were
shown to be almost identical to the numerically calculated results. An MPT having three
annular excitation elements was designed and installed in an aluminum plate for experiments.
The experimental results were shown to be in good agreement with those of the theoretical
prediction. While the analysis and experiment were performed with the MPT, the proposed
design method can also be applied to the design of similar annular array transducers such as
piezoelectric transducers.

Keywords
Annular array transducers, Shear-horizontal waves, Magnetostrictive patch transducer
References
[1]
C. Borigo, J. L. Rose, Journal Acoustical Society of America, 133 2013, 127-135.
[2]
H. M. Seung, H. W. Kim, Y. Y. Kim, Ultrasonics, 53 2013, 1304-1308.

310
 EMATS FOR THE GENERATION AND DETECTION OF SHEAR-HORIZONTAL
GUIDED WAVES IN COMPOSITE LAP JOINTS.
S. Puliyakote1, M. Castaings1
1
Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Arts et métiers Paris Tech, I2M UMR 5295, F-
33400, Talence, France

Composites and adhesive joints are gaining popularity and as such, the need for reliable
inspection techniques also increases. This makes the study of ultrasonic guided wave
propagation in such large structures all the more important. In particular, Shear Horizontal
(SH) guided waves are interesting as their mode shape makes them sensitive to the shear
properties of the adhesive bond, usually indicative of the joint shear strength. EMATs are one
of the most common ways of generating SH waves. However, composites being non-metallic
make it difficult for EMATs to properly generate eddy current required for the generation (ands
detection) of ultrasonic waves.

This study deals with experimental measurements, using EMATs, intended to generate and
detect SH guided waves for the inspection of adhesive lap joints between composite panels,
which have [0/45/90/-45]rs stacking (r being the number of repetitions of the 4 elementary
plies and s the mirror symmetry of the stacking about its mid plane). Measurements are done
on different adhesive lap joints, prepared in such a way that each of them has a different joint
condition (strong bonding, weak bonding, pollutant in adhesive etc.). The study intends to
check if SH waves of different wavelengths are sensitive to the joint condition, and if so how
they behave when encountered with a lap joint. For that purpose, EMATs of specific
wavelengths were selected based on calculated dispersion curves that consider the
heterogeneous, anisotropic and viscoelastic nature of the composite panels.

Acknowledgement
We would like to thank Dr. David Barnoncel and the ARIANE Group for providing all the composite
samples and for their technical support during the work. We would also like to thank Dr. Bruce Maxfield
and Analogic Engineering, Inc for the design and fabrication of EMATs used in this work.
Keywords
SH-waves, composites, EMAT, lap joints, adhesives

311
 NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF DELAMINATION CRACKS IN TEXTILE
COMPOSITES BY USING 3D RECONSTRUCTION FROM ACOUSTICAL
IMAGING
Wei-Jiang Xu1, Yao Xu1, Franck Lauro2
1
Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, CNRS, Univ. Lille, Yncréa, Centrale Lille, UMR
8520, IEMN, Département d’Opto-Acousto-Electronique, F-59313 Valenciennes, France
2
Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, CNRS, UMR 8201, Laboratoire d’Automatique
de Mécanique et d’Informatique Industrielles et Humaines, F-59313 Valenciennes, France

Delamination crack is one of the most common failures in composite materials. Its evaluation
or characterization is a major issue either in mechanical testing or in-situ service for safety use
of the materials. The conventional evaluation techniques, such as acoustic emission,
ultrasonic echography, have their limits to perform complete characterization of delamination
cracks in their size, geometry, expansion and propagation, especially for complex structures
such as woven and textile composites. X-ray computed tomography gives high resolution
analysis but is time consuming either in data scanning and in image reconstruction, limiting its
use for real time failure evaluation.
An acoustical imaging technique performing fast acquisition and reconstruction was
developed. The method is based on 3D ultrasonic echography and the use of high frequency
focus transducer permitting high imaging resolution. "Matching cube" algorithm is
implemented to obtain efficient 3D reconstruction of composite material structure (interfaces)
and possible failures (delamination or cracks) from echographic data. 2D textile composite
samples (20mmx10mmx2mm in size) were employed as testing examples. The 6 layers, each
having 2 sublayers, and the woven interfaces of the composite are well shown in the 3D
echography image (figure 1-a). After the reconstruction, the sample surface, the bottom, the
interfaces and eventual delamination represented in surface objects can be observed in 3D at
any direction (figure 1-b), helping the sizing and localization of the delamination.

Figure 1. (a) 3D image data obtained from a 2x6 sublayers textile composite sample; (b) Reconstructed
laminate structure of the sample before and after an impact testing, where a delamination crack can be
identified in its geometry and localization hidden at the second interface after the impact.

Keywords
Nondestructive evaluation, acoustical imaging, textile composite material, delamination

312
 APPLICATION OF ULTRASONIC C-SCAN TECHNIQUES FOR DAMAGE
EVALUATION OF CARBON FIBER REINFORCED POLYMERS SUBMITTED TO
LOW ENERGY IMPACTS
Mário Santos1, Jaime Santos1, Paulo Reis2, Ana Amaro3
1
CEMMPRE, Dep. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua
Sílvio Lima, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
2
C-MAST, Dep. of Electromechanical Engineering, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal
3
CEMMPRE, Dep. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-
790,Coimbra, Portugal

Composite materials are susceptible to damage, especially when submitted to low velocity
impact loads, events that typically occur during the operational or maintenance activities. In
this context, matrix cracking, fiber-matrix interfacial demolding, delaminations or fiber breaks
are typical damages that may occur [1]. This type of damages are not easily detected, because
they occur generally without any evidence on the external surfaces. Therefore, non-
destructive testing techniques, such as ultrasonic C-scan images, are necessary to detect the
damage shape and size [2]. In this work, different approaches for damage evaluation in
composite laminates using ultrasonic C-scan imaging were used: (1) amplitude and (2) TOF
immersion pulse-echo and (3) air-coupled through-transmission. Five Carbon Fibre
Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) samples with different stacking sequences and thicknesses
were impacted. The immersion C-scan images were produced using different frequencies and
were compared with the ones obtained with the air-coupled system. The images show that the
different methodologies are all able to detect the defects and give reasonable information
about their size. The TOF images provide better information about the defects, whenever the
delaminations behavior over the sample thickness is of interest, for instance their location and
evolution. Better image resolution with sharp defects contour were obtained for high
frequencies, as expected. The main advantage of ultrasonic air-coupled system is the absence
of water in the inspection procedure, which makes it simpler and less expensive. It is also
important when the materials to inspect cannot be wetted for integrity or contamination
reasons. As disadvantage, the air C-scan requires transmitted waves of higher power and a
great amplification of the received signals in order to face the problem of acoustic losses
associated with air.

Keywords
Ultrasound, Immersion C-scan, Air-coupled C-scan; CFRP composites
References
[1]
M. Richardson, M. Wisheart, H. Robinson, Review of low-velocity impact properties of composite
materials, Compos Part A-Appl, 27 1996, 1123-1131.
[2]
R. Adams, P. Cawley, A Review of defect types and non-destructive testing techniques for
composites and bonded joints, NDT & Int, 21 1988, 208-222.

313
 DETERMINATION OF ELASTIC CONSTANT TENSOR FOR CFRP COMPOSITE
USING V(Z) INVERSION TECHNIQUE
Wei-Jiang Xu
Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, CNRS, Univ. Lille, Yncréa, Centrale Lille, UMR
8520 Institut d’Electronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, Département
d’Opto-Acousto-Electronique, F-59313 Valenciennes, France

An ultrasonic method is proposed to determine the complete set of the elastic constant tensor
for layered sample of anisotropic material. The technique is based on the inversion of the
Acoustic Material Signature (AMS) or the so called V(z) inversion. Compared to the
mechanical tensile tests or other ultrasonic techniques [1], the AMS method performs
nondestructive measurement with high precision and has advantages of using simple
experimental set-up, easy manipulation and fast data acquisition, which is of great significance
for practical use in material characterization.

The AMS measurement is carried out with a simple linear movement of an ultrasonic
transducer of large angular aperture and wide-band at the normal (z-direction) reflection of a
testing sample in immersion. The acoustic wave reflectance function as a function of incident
angle and frequency R(theta,freq) is reconstructed by the inversion of the recorded signal
V(z,t) at the transducer. This method is much more efficient compared to the ultrasonic pitch-
catch technique or double transmission method using plane wave transducers with a complex
mechanical goniometer system for angular measurement of R(theta,freq). The R(theta,freq)
function, equivalent to the dispersion relation of Rayleigh-Lamb modes of a layered structure,
is used as material properties indicator from which many parameters can be extracted.
The inversion algorithm of V(z) to the reflectance function, the data fitting and optimization for
layered material properties evaluation is described. The determination of the elastic constant
tensor for a CFRP composite plate (5 independent cij) is given as the application example.

(a) V(z,freq) function data measured from an unidirectional CFRP composite plate sample; (b)
Reflectance function R(theta,freq) obtained from the V(z,freq) inversion; (c) Elastic constant cij
determined from R(theta,freq) by optimization.

Keywords
Nondestructive evaluation, elastic constant tensor, composite material, V(z) inversion
References
[1]
V. Munoz, M. Perrin, M.-L. Pastor, H. Welemane, A. Cantarel and M. Karama, Determination of the
elastic properties in CFRP composites: comparison of different approaches based on tensile tests and
ultrasonic characterization. Advances in Aircraft and Spacecraft Science, 2 (3). 2015, 249-260.

314
CHARACTERIZATION OF BONDING QUALITY OF COLD-SPRAYED DEPOSITS
BY RESONANT ULTRASOUND SPECTROSCOPY
Michaela Janovská1, Petr Sedlák1, Jan Čížek2, Filip Šiška3, Hanuš Seiner1
1
Institute of Thermomechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 5, 182 00 Prague,
Czech Republic
2
Netme Centre, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Brno University of
Technology, Technicka 2896/2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
3
Institute of Physics of Materials, Czech Academy of Sciences, Žižkova 22, 616 62 Brno,
Czech Republic

Cold spraying (CS) is a versatile and efficient method for deposition of relatively thick metallic
coatings. Unlike the conventional thermal spraying methods such as plasma spraying the CS
process does not involve substantial heating or melting of the sprayed powders. Instead, the
formation of the coating arises from a severe plastic deformation of the accelerated powder
particles upon their impingement at the substrate.

Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) is an experimental method suitable for

determination of elastic constants and internal friction parameters of solids. Due to its resonant
nature, the RUS method is very sensitive to small variations of the elastic constants and is,
thus, suitable for detecting structural changes appearing for example in thin surface layers
deposited onto the measured sample.

Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy was utilized to determine the mechanical properties of a

planar interface between a cold-sprayed iron deposit and an aluminum alloy substrate. The
measurements were done at a room temperature and with a thermal cycle from room
temperature to 500 °C. The properties of the interface were assessed by analyzing the
resonant frequencies and resonant peak widths of a sandwich-like sample by means of a
numerical model. While the as-sprayed deposit at the room temperature exhibited a perfect
adhesion to the substrate, the thermal cycle lead to deterioration of the properties due to Fe3Al
precipitation and subsequent cracking.

Keywords
Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy, Cold spraying, Interface

315
 ULTRASONIC TEMPERATURE MONITORING IN TISSUE PHANTOMS BY
LOCALLY RESOLVED MEASUREMENT OF LONGITUDINAL AND
TRANSVERSE WAVE SPEED
Mario Wolf1, Lukas Timmermann1, André Juhrig1, Katharina Rath1, Emanuel Leipner1, Felix
Krujatz2, Elfgard Kühnicke1
1
Solid state electronics laboratories, TU Dresden, Mommsenstr. 15, 01069 Dresden,
Germany
2
Institute of natural materials technology, TU Dresden, Bergstr. 120, 01069 Dresden,
Germany,
To optimize hyperthermia in cancer therapy, a monitoring of temperature and tissue properties
inside the tumor and in the surrounding tissue is necessary during the therapy. As the use of
CT or MRI during the operation is very expensive, ultrasonic measurements are a very good
alternative.
This contribution presents a method to measure the longitudinal wave speed spatially resolved
by analyzing the ultrasonic signals reflected from small scatterers in a tissue phantom. Thus
no additional reflectors at known positions are necessary. The measurements are carried out
using a 10 MHz prefocused annular-array and the recorded signals are focused synthetically.
This means that delay times are calculated from the different propagation path lengths to the
assigned focus point and the sound velocity along this path. These delay times are used to
superpose the time shifted signals afterwards on the PC. This allows to determine the resulting
signal amplitude in a fixed time window as a function of the assumed longitudinal wave speed
used for focusing. The amplitude becomes maximal if the assumed sound velocity is similar
to the actual one of the phantom. Sliding the analysis window through the whole signal allows
determining the average longitudinal wave speed for each depth. As the longitudinal wave
speed depends on temperature, this results in the temperature distribution along the acoustic
axis of the transducer. Measurements are carried out on a tissue phantom that is synthesized
by polyacrylamide. Algae, chlorella vulgaris, are added to gain natural scattering in the
phantom.
This contribution demonstrates the
capabilities of the method by
monitoring the temperature distribution
during local heating of a phantom (see
figure 1). Comparative measurements
with thermocouples show a good
conformity. Additionally, the reachable
accuracy as well as reachable
temporal and local resolution are
discussed. Due to increasing heat
supply denaturation occurs, a second Figure 1: left: experimental setup to generate a temperature
gradient within a phantom (green) with a heat source at the
measurand is necessary. Therefore, top and a cooling at the bottom; right: reconstructed sound
the transverse wave speed is velocity profiles with the depth on the y-axis and the duration
determined by transient elastography. T on the x-axis. Heat supply is switched on at T = 0.

Keywords
Ultrasonics, Temperature monitoring, longitudinal wave speed, transient elastography, annular arrays,
tissue phantoms

316
 AN RADIAL VIBRATION AXIAL SLOTTED LOW FREQUENCY TRANSDUCER
WITH PERIODIC STRUCTURE
Yunyun Deng1, Guangbin Zhang1, Xiaofeng Zhang1
1
Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ultrasonics, School of Physics & Information Technology,
Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119, China

Low-frequency transducer is wide used in ocean exploration, including seabed exploration,

positioning, ranging and navigation. Much research has been done to manipulate low
frequency high power underwater transducer in the past years.

In this paper, an axial slotted low frequency transducer with periodic structure, which consists
of two sandwich transducers and a slotted circular tube with periodic structure, is proposed to
obtain low frequency radial vibration. The structure of the transducer is shown in Figure
1(a).The slotted circular tube is made by curving several vertical slots along the circumferential
direction of the circular tube, which is used to convert the energy generated by the longitudinal
vibration of sandwich transducers at both ends into the low-frequency radial vibration of the
slotted tube. The finite element model of the axial slotted low frequency transducer with
periodic structure is setup to analyze the transmitting voltage response (TVR) of the
transducer.

Figure 1: (a) the schematic diagram of the axial slotted low frequency transducer, (b) simulation results
of transmitting voltage response for the transducer.

Simulation results show that increasing slotted circular tube with the periodic structure can
effectively reduce the resonant frequency of the transducer, while the frequency range of the
TVR flat region can be broadened towards low frequency. The axial slotted low frequency
transducer with periodic structure is suitable for single-point resonance emission. It can be
also used for broadband emission when the requirement for the transmission power is not
high.

Keywords
low frequency, slotted circular tube, underwater transducer

317
 ACOUSTIC MONITORING OF EYE FORMATION IN SWISS TYPE CHEESE
Mariana González1, Nicolás Pérez Alvarez1, Eliana Budelli1, Patricia Lema1
1
Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ingeniería, Julio Herrera y Reissig 565, 11300,
Montevideo, Uruguay.

In Swiss type cheese ripening the eye formation is one of the most important paratmeters to
assure the quality of the product. Eye formation depends on the milk type, temperature,
moisture, initial inoculum, among others. The occurrence of eye formation and the time when
eyes appear may be experimentally determined. However, the non-destructive determination
of the eyes is a difficult task due to the heterogeneous nature and the high attenuation of the
Swiss type cheese.

In this work, we present an acoustic technique to detect eye formation and monitor the
ripening process of Swiss type cheese. The proposed technique is based on the evolution of
the Fourier spectrum during ripening. The spectrum is acquired as the response of a controlled
impact on the cheese surface. The response is measured in the opposite side of the cheese
wheels. For this type of cheese, three frequency bands were identified and analyzed in the
energy density and in the first order momentum of the spectrum.

In order to validate the proposed methodology, a qualitative evaluation of photographs of

cheese wheels cut in half is performed every five days during ripening. The results shows that
the acoustic technique allow to detect the time eyes appear and are consistent with qualitative
evaluation of images of cheese halves [1].

Figure 1: Eye formation during the ripening process

Keywords
Cheese ripening, eye formation, process monitoring
References
[1]
M. González, N. Pérez, E. Budelli, P. Lema, Acoustic Techniques for Monitoring the Ripening of
Emmental Cheese Wheels, In review, submitted to Acta Acustica united with Acusitca.

318
 SIMULTANEOUS TEMPERATURE AND LEVEL MEASUREMENTS OF A FLUID
USING ULTRASONIC WAVEGUIDE SENSORS
Nishanth Raja1, Krishnan Balasubramaniam1
1
Centre for Nondestructive Evaluation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India.

This paper reports an ultrasonic waveguide sensor for liquid level and temperature
measurements using three guided wave modes simultaneously. The fundamental wave
modes Longitudinal L(0,1), Torsional T(0,1) and Flexural(1,1) were simultaneously
transmitted/received in a thin stainless steel wire-like low-footprint waveguide using a standard
shear wave transducer which was oriented at an angle of 45° to the axis of the waveguide.
Experiments were conducted in non-viscous fluid (water) and viscous fluid (castor oil). It was
observed that the flexural F(1,1) wave mode showed a significant change in both time of flight
(due to dispersion effects) and amplitude (due to leakage into the fluid) for different levels (0-
9cm) of immersion of the waveguide in a fluid media. For the same level of immersion in the
fluid, the L(0,1) and the T(0,1) modes show only relatively smaller change in amplitude and
no change in time of flight were observed. The experimental results were validated using Finite
Element Model (FEM)studies. The measured change in time of flight and/or the shift in central
frequency of F(1,1) was related to the liquid level Measurements. Multiple trials show
repeatability with a maximum error of 2.5% in level measurement. Also, by monitoring all three
wave modes simultaneously, a more versatile and redundancy in measurements of the fluid
level inside critical enclosures of processing industries can be achieved by compensating for
changes in the fluid temperature using one mode (L(0,1) or Torsional T(0,1)) while the level is
measured using another. This ultrasonic waveguide technique will be helpful for remote
measurements of fluids in physically inaccessible areas and in hostile environments.
Ultrasonic Transducer

Ultrasonic
Personal
Pulser-
Computer
Receiver

Waveguide

Transmitted signal
Reflected signal

Figure 1: Schematic of the experimental setup and the A-scan signals observed at different fluid levels

Keywords
Ultrasonic, Waveguide sensor, Guided wave, Temperature measurement.
References
[1]L. C. Lynnworth, Ultrasonic measurements for process control: theory, techniques, applications.

Academic Press, 2013.

[2]T. J. Knowles, Acoustic flexural order level sensor. U.S. Patent 9,285,261. 2016.
[3]K. Balasubramaniam and S.Periyannan, Waveguide technique for the simultaneous measurement of

temperature dependent properties of materials. U.S. Patent 20,160,153,938, 2016.

319
 PIPELINE THICKNESS MONITORING USING A SHEAR WAVE EMAT SYSTEM
UNDER HIGH LIFT-OFF CONDITION
Yang Zhao1, Jiangfeng Song 1, Xue Bai 1, Rui Guo 1, Jianwei Chen1, Jian Ma 1
1
Laser Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 250103,
Jinan, Shandong, China

Leak of pipeline caused by corrosion can lead to major accidents, thus monitoring thickness
of pipeline is an effective means to avoid the accidents in a real-time nondestructive way. The
present work provides a novel EMAT system with maximum lift-off value of 6 mm to solve the
problem of pipe thickness on-line nondestructive testing in the explosive surroundings [1-2].
The system is first used for the measurement of the standard test block with the thickness
ranging from 3 to 22 mm under condition of lift-off value of 6mm, and the testing accuracy is
shown to be less than ±0.05 mm (Figure 1). The serviced pipe with thickness of 12.16 mm is
then measured by the proposed EMAT system with various lift-off values ranging from 3 to
6mm. It is found that the maximum testing error is about ±0.05 mm for the case with the lift-
off value of 6 mm. The results show that the developed EMAT system in this work can satisfy
the requirement of monitoring pipeline thickness in the refining factory, which provides the
ability of explosion-proof design and certification for EMAT technology.

(a) (b)
Figure 1: (a) waveforms of shear wave echoes and (b) results of thickness measurement for the
standard test block with the thickness ranging from 3 to 22 mm under condition of lift-off value of 6mm

Acknowledgment
This work was supported in part by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province
(ZR2017QEE002), and the Key technology for prevention and control of serious accidents in production
safety (Shandong-0001-2017AQ).
Keywords
Nondestructive testing, Electromagnetic acoustic transducer, Pipeline, Thickness
References
[1]
D. Kosaka, F. Kojima and K. Umetani, Studies in Applied Electromagnetics & Mechanics, 35, 2011,
267-274
[2]
B. Dai and M. L. Ma, Applied Mechanics & Materials, 229-231, 2012, 1427-1436

320
 HIGH-PERFORMANCE ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS BASED ON PMN-PT
SINGLE CRYSTALS
FABRICATED IN 1-3 PIEZO-COMPOSITE TECHNOLOGY
Thomas Herzog1, Susan Walter1, Sang-Goo Lee2, Jeong-Ho Lee2, Frank Schubert1, Henning
Heuer1
1
Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Branch Materials
Diagnostics, Maria-Reiche-Str. 2, 01109 Dresden, Germany
2
Ibule Photonics Co., Ltd., 22, Gaetbeol-ro 145 beon-gil, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon (406-840),
South Korea

Ultrasonic transducers for NDE applications are commonly based on Lead Zirconate Titanate
or PZT, an inorganic compound and ceramic perovskite material. Usually these conventional
transducers are fabricated in piezo-composite technology in order to adapt the acoustic
impedance of the active element to the specific material under test. For applications with low
signal amplitudes, high electronic noise and small transducer elements, the performance of
ultrasonic probes can be significantly enhanced by using Lead Magnesium Niobate-Lead
Titanate (PMN-PT) instead of PZT. This single-crystal material offers significantly better piezo
parameters and leads to a higher sensitivity and larger bandwidth. Similar to PZT it can also
be fabricated in 1-3 piezo-composite technology. In a cooperation between Fraunhofer IKTS
and Ibule Photonics, PMN-PT ultrasonic transducers are developed and optimized. As a result
various single element and phased array transducers with improved performances are
available. In the present poster contribution several PMN-PT probes are presented and
compared with identically constructed PZT transducers. Moreover, an outlook to the next
generation PIN-PMT-PT (lead indium niobate-lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate) NDE
probes is given.

Figure 1: Comparison of signal amplitude (on the left) and bandwidth (on the right) of a single element
PZT (grey curve) and PMN-PT ultrasonic transducer (green curve). Both transducers were constructed
in the same way.

Keywords
Ultrasonics, Transducers, PMN-PT, Single Crystals, Piezo-Composite Technology, PIN-PMN-PT

321
 AIR-COUPLED TRANSDUCERS FOR PULSE-ECHO OPERATION IN
INDUSTRIAL NDT.
Giovanni Ortiz Perez1, Alberto Pinto1, Tomas Gómez Álvarez-Arenas1
1
Instituto de Tecnologías Físicas y de la Información, Spanish National Research Council
(CSIC) C/Serrano 144, Madrid 28006, Spain

The pulse-echo ultrasonic technique is widely used in industrial NDT for the detection of
internal discontinuities, cracks, as thickness gauge, etc. in many different solids. Water
immersion, gels or dry contract are normally used to couple the transducer to the test
specimen. However, there are practically no applications of this technique when coupling by
air / gas is required. This is mainly due to the reduced frequency band of the existing air-
coupled transducers (long pulse duration and long dead zone), the limited sensitivity and the
negligible amplitude of backwall (or internal surfaces) echoes compared with the one coming
from the front surface. Actually all industrial applications of air-coupled ultrasonic transducers
operate in through transmission mode. However, there is an increasing number of industrial
applications of air-coupled ultrasound and the possibility to operate in pulse-echo would be an
enormous advantage.
Therefore, for this challenge, a stratified matching structure has been designed as part of a
piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer to enable operation in pulse-echo mode trying to
simultaneously optimized both sensitivity and frequency bandwidth. Thicknesses and
impedances of the different layers in the matching structure are optimized by a simulated
annealing optimization algorithm. The resulting structure combines both resonant and non-
resonant layers. The realization of this design reveals that it is possible to build transducers
up to 1 MHz centre frequency with a sensitivity (∼35 dB) and 6-dB bandwidth (∼50%), capable
to operate both a room conditions or for pressurized gases. In general, it is observed that
transducer sensitivity increases linearly with gas pressure.
Figure 1 shows the obtained response of the transducer built according to this design in pulse
echo mode.

Figure 1: Impulsive response (a) and sensitivity band (b) of the 1 MHz transducer in air at 5 room
pressure.

Keywords
Ultrasonic, transducers, pulse-echo, air/gas coupling, NDT

322
SIZE CONTROL ON SONOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES
WITHOUT SURFACTANTS AND REDUCERS
Yoshiyuki Asakura1, Tomofumi Sato2, Keiji Yasuda2
1
Honda Electronics Co., Ltd., 20 Oyamazuka, Oiwa-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-3193, Japan
2
Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya
University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan

Gold nanoparticles have electronic, magnetic and optical characteristics depending on their
sizes and shapes. Ultrasonic irradiation to an aqueous solution with gold ion is able to
synthesize gold nanoparticles without surfactants and reducers [1]. However, size control and
stable colloid formation of gold nanoparticles without surfactants are difficult. Bubbles of less
than 1 micrometer in diameter are called ultrafine bubbles (UFB). UFB have a very long life
and high charge in water. In this study, gold nanoparticles were synthesized by ultrasound
with UFB and, the mean diameter and diameter distribution of gold nanoparticles were
investigated. Ultrasound at 495 kHz was indirectly irradiated to the sample in a glass vessel.
Electrical power applied to the transducer was 50 W. The sample was HAuCl4 aqueous
solution. The sample volume was 50 mL. Water containing UFB was prepared from ultrapure
water by a pressurized dissolution method. The initial number concentrations of UFB are about
5 × 109 mL-1.
50
Mean diameter [nm]

Pulsed wave
Continuous wave
40

30

20

10

0
0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 15 20 200 400 600 800

Pulse-on time [ms]

Figure 1: Electron micrographs of gold Figure 2: Effect of pulse-on time on mean
nanoparticles with / without ultrafine diameter of gold nanoparticles using
bubbles. pulsed wave with ultrafine bubbles

Figure 1 shows electron micrographs of gold nanoparticles with and without UFB. The mean
diameter decreased and diameter distribution became narrower by the addition of UFB.
Furthermore, the mean diameter decreased with the increasing number concentration of UFB.
To further reduce the size of gold nanoparticles, power-modulated pulsed ultrasound was
irradiated to the solution. Pulse-on time was equal to pulse-off time. Electrical power during
pulse-on time was 100 W in order to be the same time-average power as continuous wave.
Ultrasonic irradiation time for pulsed wave is the same as that for continuous wave. When
pulse-on time is 2 ms, the mean diameter of gold nanoparticles became the smallest as shown
in Figure 2. The size control of gold nanoparticles without surfactants and reducers was
accomplished by optimization of number UFB and pulsed ultrasound condition.
Keywords
Gold nanoparticle, ultrafine bubble, particle size
References
[1]
T. Sakai, H. Enomoto, K. Torigoe, H. Sakai, M. Abe, Colloid and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng.
Aspects, 347 2009, 18-26.

323
 ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED CRYOCONCENTRATION TO IMPROVE THE
EFFICIENCY EXTRACTION FROM MODEL SOLUTIONS: STUDY AT
LABORATORY SCALE
Patricio Orellana-Palma1,2, Guillermo Petzold3, Rommy Zuñiga1,2
1
Department of Biotechnology, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile
2
Programa Institucional de Fomento a la I+D+i, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana,
Santiago, Chile
3
Department of Food Engineering, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
Cryoconcentration (CC) has gained increasing attention, as it is an environmentally friendly
technology, requires lower energy costs and presents higher separation efficiency than other
concentration techniques such as evaporation or membrane technology, because the process
occurs at sub-zero temperatures. The concentrated fraction in CC has been obtained by
gravitational methods (natural thawing), but the efficiency is relatively low [1]. Therefore,
assisted techniques such as microwaves [2], vacuum [3] or centrifugation [4] have been added
to the CC, to improve the separation (efficiency) and other process parameters. However, to
date, these assisted techniques have presented problems as an important freezing time for
each sample, high-energy costs of the repeated processes of freezing and finally a reduced
final volume of concentrated fraction. Thus, there are challenges that must be overcome in
assisted technique to reach optimal results. Thus, we examined ultrasound as a new assisted
technique to determine the optimum process parameters in CC to obtain the highest
separation (efficiency) and amount of concentrated fraction during the extraction of solutes-
rich concentrate from model solutions (sucrose and fructose).
The ultrasound-assisted cryoconcentration process was optimized by Response Surface
Method (RSM) using initial concentration (C0: 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt.%) and time (t: 3, 4 and 5
min) as independent variables, and efficiency (η), percentage of concentrate (PC) and solute
yield (Y) as dependent variables under radial and axial freezing condition.
Ultrasound-assisted cryoconcentration allowed obtainment of a rich concentrate exceptionally
higher in solutes (increased up to 5.9 times) than the initial concentration. The ultrasound
addition improved the separation rate, since the process parameters showed values close to
86%, 63% and 0.87 kg of sucrose obtained per 1 kg of initial sucrose for efficiency, percentage
of concentrate and solute yield, respectively, in the optimum conditions (C0 = 5 wt.%, t = 4
min and axial freezing condition). Therefore, the ultrasound allowed the migration of solutes
between the crystals, and improved the separation and elution process of the concentrated
solution from the ice fraction.
Acknowledgements
Author Patricio Orellana-Palma is grateful for the financial support provided by CONICYT-Chile through
FONDECYT PostDoctoral 2019 Project No. 31904204.
Keywords
Ultrasonics, Cryoconcentration, RSM, Model solutions
References
[1]
M. Aider, D. de Halleux, Production of concentrated cherry and apricot juices by cryoconcentration
technology, 41 2008, 1768–1775.
[2]
M. Aider, D. de Halleux, Passive and microwave-assisted thawing in maple sap cryoconcentration
technology, 85 2008, 65–72.
[3]
P. Orellana-Palma, G. Petzold, N. Torres, M. Aguilera, Elaboration of orange juice concentrate by
vacuum-assisted block freeze concentration, 42 2018, 13438.
[4]
P. Orellana-Palma, G. Petzold, M. Guerra-Valle, M. Astudillo-Lagos, Impact of block
cryoconcentration
on polyphenol retention in blueberry juice, 20 2017, 149–158.

324
 ACOUSTIC CAVITATION IN PERIODIC STRUCTURES FOR ULTRASONIC
CLEANING APPLICATIONS
J. Henrique Lopes1,4, M. A. B. Andrade2, Nicolás Pérez3, Julio Cezar Adamowski4
1
Condensed Matter Physics Group, Center of Exact Sciences, Federal University of
Alagoas, Arapiraca, AL 57309-005, Brazil
2
Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05314-970, Brazil
3
Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ingeniería, Montevideo, 11300, Uruguay
4
University of São Paulo, Department of Mechatronic and Mechanical Systems Engineering,
São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil

Many studies have been carried out using acoustic cavitation for ultrasonic cleaning process.
However, much of this works has been limited to small and simple geometry structure. One of
the main difficulties is to guarantee high pressures across the entire structure using a single
excitation frequency. In this work, we investigate the propagation of high intensity ultrasonic
waves in a 2D periodic structure. The structure consists of an aluminum block containing
vertical cylindrical holes of 10 mm in diameter. As shown in Fig. 1, the block is immersed in
water and the ultrasonic wave is generated by a Langevin transducer attached to one side of
the structure. The goal is to achieve a high pressure distribution inside the cylindrical holes by
changing the frequency according to the structure vibration modes. A numerical model was
implemented using the Finite Element software COMSOL Multiphysics. Using a 3D acoustic
structure simulation, a parametric study with different excitation frequencies was developed.
As result, high acoustic pressure waves were generated inside the cylindrical holes.
Furthermore, measurements of acoustic pressure inside the holes using a calibrated
hydrophone are being conducted to validate the numerical model. Preliminary experimental
results show the potential of high power ultrasound field to produce high pressure inside the
holes. Our results indicated that high intensity ultrasonic waves can be a useful tool for
applications in cleaning process of large periodic structures such as those found in industrial
heat exchangers.

Figure 1: Experimental setup of the problem

Keywords
Acoustic cavitation, Ultrasonic cleaning, High power ultrasonic transducer.

325
 MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF THE PARTICLE-
REINFORCED SURFACE LAYER OF TI6AL4V SUBSTRATE FABRICATED BY
ULTRASONIC SHOT PEENING
Zhang Qinglong1, Zhai Menggang1, Zhou Yuting1, Xu Hongtao1
1
Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201,China

Preparation of particle-reinforced layer on the surface of metal part by ultrasonic shot peening
is a novel surface strengthening method[1-3]. In the present work, 1-5μm Aluminum oxide
(Al2O3) particles were successfully implanted into Titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) substrates by
ultrasonic shot peening in argon atmosphere. An ultrasonic shot peening system with steel
needle as impact pellet was designed and manufactured, which includes an ultrasonic
generator, a 20 kHz ultrasonic transducer and specially designed fixtures. The effective
treatment time was about 2 minutes and no additional static load is applied except dead
weight. Based on the microstructure characterization, a stable particle-reinforced and grain
refinement layer was formed on the Ti6Al4V substrate surface, and the gradient microstructure
and Al2O3 particles distribution in depth direction can be observed in the surface layer. The
Al2O3 particles were implanted in the surface layer of Ti6Al4V substrate in the form of a
physical mosaic. Based on the test results of mechanical performance, the surface
microhardness was significantly improved due to hard-particle implantation and gradient
microstructure induced by plastic deformation. Finally, the friction test of the particle-reinforced
layer was conducted and the wear mechanism was investigated. It was concluded that the
particle implantation in the surface layer is the prime reason of the wear resistance strengthen
effect[4].

Figure 1: a) Ultrasonic shot peening system and the schematic diagram of particle implantation, b) The
SEM picture of the cross-section microstructure of the Ti6Al4V substrate.

Keywords
Ultrasonic shot peening, Particle implantation, Microstructure, Wear resistance, Microhardness
References
[1]
Barrioni, Breno Rocha, et al, Improved biocompatibility of polyurethane film by association with
bioactive glass through ultrasonic implantation, 223, 2018, 53-56.
[2]
Z. Tao, D. Wang, W. Ying, et al, Surface alloying method of ultrasonic shot peening on iron surface,
, 265, 2013, 671-676.
[3]
Q. Gao, S. Wu, Shulin Lü, et al, Effects of ultrasonic vibration treatment on particles distribution of
TiB2 particles reinforced aluminum composites,680, 2016, 437-443.
[4]
C. Cui, X. Cui, X. Li, et al, Plastic-deformation-driven SiC nanoparticle implantation in an Al surface
by laser shock wave: Mechanical properties, microstructure characteristics, and synergistic
strengthening mechanisms,102, 2018, 83-100.

326
MICROBIAL INACTIVATION IN LIPID EMULSIONS USING SUPERCRITICAL CO2
ASSISTED BY HIGH POWER ULTRASOUND
A. Gómez-Gómez1, E. Brito-de la Fuente2, C. Gallegos2, J.V. García-Pérez1, J. Benedito1
1
Dpto. Tecnología Alimentos. Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, España
2
Fresenius-Kabi Deutschland GmbH, Process and Product Engineering Center, Global
Manufacturing Pharmaceuticals, Bad Homburg, Germany

The application of supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) has proven to be a satisfactory non-thermal

inactivation technology which preserves the nutrients and physicochemical properties of the
treated products [1]. The combination of SC-CO2 and High Power Ultrasound (HPU) allows
to reduce the time of the treatment or to apply less intense conditions [2]. The aim of this study
was to evaluate the effectiveness of the pasteurization of lipid emulsions using the SC-
CO2+HPU technology. For that purpose, the inactivation kinetics of Brevundimonas diminuta
and Aspergillus niger were studied at 51ºC and two different pressures (100 and 350 bar).
As the treatment medium, a 20% soybean emulsion was used and distilled water was
considered as control. Treatments were carried out in a supercritical CO2 plant with an
embedded ultrasound system (65 ± 5 W; 30kHz).

Shorter processing times were required to inactivate B. diminuta compared to A. niger. In SC-
CO2 treatments, the inactivation of both microorganisms was faster when the pressure value
was higher (e.g. to achieve the total inactivation of A. niger in water, more than 90 min were
required at 100 bar while only 55 min at 350 bar). When applying ultrasounds this pressure
effect was less noticeable and similar reduction values were achieved at 100 and 350 bar
(5.44 and 5.92 log-cycles in 40 min, respectively). The application of ultrasound to inactivate
B. diminuta reduces substantially the process time both for water and lipid emulsion. In the
emulsion, more than 90 min were required to obtain the total inactivation without HPU, while
only 12 min were needed with HPU. However, the effect of HPU was smaller in the case of
spores of A. niger. For B. diminuta, longer inactivation times were required in the lipid emulsion
than in water, however this effect was not observed for A. niger.

Therefore, the type of microorganism has an important influence, not only on the inactivation
effectiveness, but also on the effect of ultrasound and the treatment medium. Results show
that SC-CO2+HPU technique has a great potential for inactivating microorganisms in the food
and pharmaceutical industry.

Acknowledgements
This study was funded by Fresenius Kabi.
Keywords
Brevundimonas diminuta, Aspergillus niger, supercritical CO2, ultrasound
References
[1]
Garcia-Gonzalez, L. et al. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 51 2009, 74- 82.
[1]
Ortuño, C. et al. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 15 2012,31-37.

327
 OPTIMIZATION OF DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING FOR LASER
INDUCED ULTRASONIC PHASED ARRAYS
Péter Lukács1, Theodosia Stratoudaki1, Paul D. Wilcox2, Matt Clark3, Anthony Gachagan1
1
Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, UK.
2
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of
Nottingham, UK.
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, UK

Laser induced phased array (LIPA) synthesizes an ultrasonic array, performing the
beamforming in post processing and using lasers for ultrasonic generation and detection. It is
a non-contact technique, with small footprint and no need for couplant, offering remote
ultrasonic imaging. As a result, it could be used for in-process monitoring, for example for
additive manufacturing or in situ non-destructive testing in places of restricted access, such
as inside aero-engines. In a previous work [1], LIPA’s have been synthesized by capturing the
Full Matrix (FMC) and the Total Focusing Method (TFM), as imaging algorithm, and shown to
provide superior imaging quality, overcoming the challenges of poor signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR) of conventional laser ultrasonics. However long scanning times to synthesize the array,
compromise industrial applications. Our aim is to optimize FMC and TFM for LIPAs, to achieve
faster acquisition and data throughput, while ensuring that ultrasonic imaging is not
undermined.

In the work presented, optimization of the data acquisition and signal processing is achieved
by considering the directivity and sensitivity patterns of laser generated and detected
ultrasound. The characteristics such as the number of elements, pitch, distribution and
ultrasonic frequency of the synthesized array are optimized according to the location of defects
or needs of the overall image that is being composed, receiving input through post-processing
performed in parallel.

The potential of this method is demonstrated using previously experimentally acquired full
matrices. These simulated results are compared to the scanning times and image quality of
conventional FMC and TFM. Results confirm that scanning time can be significantly reduced,
leading to six times faster data acquisition, at the time of writing this abstract.

Keywords
Laser Ultrasonics, Phased Arrays, Total Focusing Method, Remote Ultrasound, Non-Contact,
Ultrasonic Imaging.
References
[1]
Stratoudaki T., Clark. M., Wilcox P. D. Laser induced ultrasonic phased array using full matrix capture
data acquisition and total focusing method, Optics Express, 24(19) 2016, 21921

328
 ANALYSES OF DIPOLE TRANSMITTER WITH FLEXIBLE END SUPPORTS IN
SONIC LOGGING
Qian Wei1,2, Jiansheng Cong1,2, Bin Liu1,2, Chengxuan Che1,2, Xiuming Wang1,2,3, Yuyu Dai1
1
Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, North 4th Ring Road 21, 100190,
Beijing, China
2
Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Deep Drilling Exploration, North
4th Ring Road 21, 100190, Beijing, China
3
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19(A), 100049, Beijing, China

Dipole acoustic logging is an effective technique to measure shear wave velocity of the
formations, which is important for oil and gas exploration. Flexural bar transducers with triple
laminated structure are often used as dipole transmitters. Flexural vibrations are excited by
the external electric field. Theoretical, numerical and experimental studies on tri-laminated
transducers have been reported on effects of boundary conditions, geometrical sizes, material
parameters, and also polarization arrangements on frequency and emitting performances.
Despite the optimum transmitting performance of simple support condition, fixed boundary
condition is usually used to mount on the logging tool because of its stability. The practical
realization of simple support is approximately flexible support, such as flange hinges and leaf
hinges.

In this paper, a tri-laminated transducer with elastic end supports was analyzed numerically
using the finite element method and tested experimentally. The physical model of the
transducer with elastic end supports were established. The flexural vibration modes are
obtained and analyzed. Through harmonic response study, the admittance characteristics,
transmitting voltage responses and directivity patterns of the transducer were obtained. The
transducer samples with fixed and flexible support conditions were made and tested
experimentally. Comparisons between numerical and experimental, and between fixed and
flexible boundary conditions were carried out. Results showed that flexible ends support got
better frequency bandwidth and higher transmitting voltage response level than that with fixed
supports. This study provides a basis for the research of high performance transmitter with
small size in sonic borehole logging.

Acknowledgements
This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41874214),
Strategic Pilot A Science and Technology Special of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA14020303)
and Youth Talent Project in Institute of Acoustics of Chinese Academy of Sciences (QNYC201734 and
QNYC201738).
Keywords
Sonic logging, Dipole transmitter, Flexural bar, flexible support, Flange hinge
References
[1]
R.S. Woollett, The Flexural Bar Transducer, U.S: Naval Underwater System Center 1986, 139-159.

329
 SCANNING ACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY STUDY OF BIOMECHANICAL
VARIATIONS IN CORNEAL DESCEMET'S MEMBRANE WITH FUCHS
ENDOTHELIAL DYSTROPHY.
Esam T. Ahmed Mohamed1, Jean-Marc Perone2, Sebastian Brand3, Michael Koegel3, Nico
F. Declercq1
1
Laboratory for Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation "LUNE", UMI Georgia Tech–CNRS
2958, 2 rue Marconi, 57070 Metz, France
2
Ophthalmology Department of the Regional Hospital Center of Metz-Thionville, Mercy
Hospital Metz, France, 1 Allée du Château 57530 Ars-Laquenexy, 57085 Metz cedex 03
3
Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Center for Applied
Microstructure Diagnostics CAM, Walter-Huelse-Strasse 1, 06120 Halle, Germany

The well-established V(z) technique manifests the sensitivity of Scanning Acustics Microscopy (SAM)
to surface and sub-surface regions. V(z) is known to be an efficient quantitative method to characterize
biological tissues as stiff as bone. In this study GHz-band scanning acoustic microscopy (GHz-SAM) is
utilized to characterize Descemet's membrane (DM) with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD)
in comparison to normal tissues. Our recent data proofs the potential of V(z) in quantifying the
biomechanical variations in soft tissues such as Descemet's membranes. Results are presented and
the versatility of the GHz-SAM as a complementary tool in the biomechanical investigations of tissues
and in tissue engineering is discussed.

Figure 1: 400 MHz SAM Micrograph of Figure 2: I GHz SAM Micrograph of Descemet's
Descemet's membrane with Fuchs endothelial membrane with Fuchs endothelial corneal
corneal dystrophy. The red arrows points towards dystrophy. The red arrows points towards
examples of endothelial cells with dystrophy examples of endothelial cells with dystrophy
(Guttata). Image size is 90µm𝗑𝗑62µm (Guttata). Image size is 90µm𝗑𝗑62µm

Keywords
GHZ-SAM, Descemet's membrane, biomechanical, quantitative study

330
 ULTRASONIC INVESTIGATION OF BONES WITH DIFFERENT POST-MORTEM
INTERVALS
Arthur Angermuller1, Andres Felipe Arciniegas1, Loïc Martinez1, Stéphane Serfaty1,
Jean-Yves Le Huérou1, Nicolas Wilkie-Chancellier1
1
Laboratoire SATIE – UMR 8029, Université de Cergy-Pontoise,
5 mail Gay Lussac, 95031 Neuville sur Oise, FRANCE

In the interest of constantly improving their diagnoses, the experts in forensic anthropology of
the french Gendarmerie Nationale are interested in new evaluation methods to estimate post-
mortem interval (PMI) of human bone. Indeed, currently used physico-chemical methods
based on Nile Blue colorimetry allow to estimate PMI up to 30 years. However, the prescription
period is 20 years and the desired estimation must be less than this delay.

The development of non-destructive methods would allow coupling PMI estimations of

different methods without alteration of the sample and thus improving accuracy. There are
several studies validating the use of ultrasonic waves for the structural characterization of
bones in medical applications. The objective of this work is therefore the implementation of
non-destructive ultrasonic evaluation techniques to determine whether wave parameters
allowing the estimation of PMI emerge from structural variations between individuals.

Firstly, this paper studies the wave propagation along the main axis of the bone. In
collaboration with the Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale (IRCGN),
the experiments were performed on bone samples with different PMI using (1) contact
transducers (1 MHz center frequency) for the measurement of acoustic signature in
transmission mode and (2) a laser vibrometer for monitoring the propagation of the generated
waves. Preliminary results show that the acoustic signatures make possible to monitor the
structural changes of bone.

Secondly, the problem of extracting relevant characteristic parameters of bones arises when
taking into account the composition and the internal architecture that change from one
individual to another and for which storage conditions and ageing are variable. Statistical study
on a large number of individuals should make it possible to define the robustness of the
parameters selected for the estimation of the PMI.

Keywords
Ultrasonic instrumentation, Bone, Post-Mortem Interval

331
 RADIATION-INDUCED VAPORIZATION OF NANODROPLETS FOR IN VIVO
DOSIMETRY OF RADIATION THERAPY
Sophie V. Heymans1, Bram Carlier2, Andrea Giammanco3, Yosra Toumia4, Sjoerd Nooijens5,
Gonzalo Collado6, Edmond Sterpin2, Nico de Jong6, Emiliano d'Agostino7, Gaio Paradossi4,
Jan D'hooge5, Koen Van Den Abeele1
1
Department of Physics, KU Leuven Campus KULAK, Kortrijk, Belgium; 2Department of
Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; 3Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano,
Milan, Italy; 4Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor
Vergata, Italy; 5Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium;
6
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The
Netherlands; 7DoseVue, Philips Open Manufacturing Campus, Turnhout, Belgium
Nanodroplets have recently emerged as promising platforms for a variety of imaging and
therapeutic applications, owing to their ability to extravasate and vaporize into microbubble
contrast agents when locally triggered by acoustic or optical energy sources. Bubble chambers
and superheated drop detectors have relied on the capability of ionizing radiation to vaporize
drops of superheated liquid for decades, and are successfully employed in neutron dosimetry
and dark matter search. Our ambition is to apply this concept to shell-coated, nanometer-
sized, perfluorocarbon filled droplets, and develop a novel in vivo dosimetry tool for radiation
therapy. Such a dosimeter would be of great value for clinicians, as the radiation dose
delivered during the treatment cannot currently be measured in situ. Proton therapy, which is
becoming increasingly affordable and popular, could also benefit from this nanodroplet-based
dosimeter for proton range verification. Indeed, the sharp dose deposition profile characterized
by the presence of the Bragg peak is proton therapy's best asset but also one of its greatest
weaknesses as range uncertainties prevent proton therapy from reaching its full potential.
These limitations could be overcome if real-time verification of the proton range was achieved.

The thermodynamic conditions necessary for vaporization of the droplets superheated liquid
core can be derived from homogeneous nucleation theory. Particularly, the degree of
superheat required for droplet vaporization, i.e. the difference between the operating
temperature and the boiling point of the perfluorocarbon liquid, is inversely related to the
amount of energy that the radiation beam deposits per unit length. Therefore, the degree of
superheat necessary for proton beam dosimetry is lower than for photon beam dosimetry.

In this contribution, we present a novel approach to in vivo radiation dosimetry based on

nanodroplet vaporization upon exposure to ionizing radiation. The choice of the droplet liquid
core material is dictated by theoretical considerations on the required degree of superheat and
supported by numerical simulations. Superheated nanodroplets with a perfluorobutane or
octafluoropropane liquid core (boiling point. -2°C and -39°C, respectively) encapsulated in a
polymerized fatty acid monolayer shell of 10,12 pentacosadiynoic acid (PCDA), are exposed
to a clinical photon beam (Varian TrueBeam, University Hospital Leuven, Belgium) and an
experimental proton beam (Cyclotron Research Center, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium). The
droplet to bubble conversion is visualized through passive acoustic detection of vaporization
events, along with comparisons of B-mode images of droplet dispersions in phantoms before
and after radiation exposure.

Keywords
Nanodroplets, Radiotherapy, Proton Therapy, Dosimetry

332
 DEVELOPMENT OF A 20 MHZ ANNULAR-ARRAY - A FIRST STEP TO A
MULTICHANNEL MICROSCOPE
André Juhrig1, Ulrike Schmidt1, Mario Wolf1, Elfgard Kühnicke1
1
Solid State Electronics Laboratory, Technical University Dresden, Mommsenstr. 15,
01069 Dresden

Scanning Acoustic microscopes (SAM) are used for imaging in NDT, for instance to test
microelectronic devices. Conventionally strong focussing probes with centre frequencies from
30 to 230 MHz are used. In dependence of the inspection depth and material of the test object,
a resolution in the range of 10 to 100 µm is reached. Unfortunately the small lateral extension
of sensitivity zone (for a good resolution) also results in a short axial extension. Therefore, for
each inspection depth a separate C-scan is necessary.
A multichannel microscope with an annular-array enables C-images with a high resolution in
different depth with a single scan procedure. High frequency annular arrays with a centre
frequency up to 40 MHz belong to the latest developments of medical diagnosis.
Unfortunately, these medical arrays consisting of PVDF are inadequate to test solids.
This paper describes the development of an annular-array transducer with a centre frequency
of 20 MHz (Fig.1) constructed of custom-built composite material. In contrast to linear element
arrays, they can work effectively despite a small number of large transducer elements. To
reach a resolution in the range of a conventional microscope, the active aperture and the
layout of the array were optimized with sound field calculations for water, and solids after a
water delay. Despite the large elements, contact plating and bonding of the 20 MHz annular-
array transducer is a challenge due to physical as well as chemical properties of the composite
material. An annular-array with four quartered rings (16 elements) and an outer diameter of
5,4 mm (aperture) was manufactured. The sound field of the different elements are
characterized by scanning with a point reflector in water (Fig. 2). Applying synthetic focusing
yields a sensitivity zone in the range of 100 µm. Finally, the measurement results are
compared to the sound field simulation for that transducer.

Figure 1: Construction of the 20 MHz Figure 2: Sound field of the central ring of the manufactured
annular-array transducer, consisting 20 MHz transducer, measured with a point reflector.
of 16 single elements.

Keywords
Ultrasonics, scanning acoustic microscopy, NDT, transducer design, simulations, 20 MHz annular-
array, composite

333
 RESEARCHES ON COAXIAL LONGITUDINAL-TRANSVERSE TRANSDUCERS
FOR NONLINEAR ULTRASONIC TESTING
Hui Zhang, Hao Luo
Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments,
School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China

In the early stages of defect formation, the defect areas are associated with stress
concentration or plastic deformation. The nonlinear mechanical properties are difficult to
detect by linear ultrasonic testing. Therefore, it is an important issue to reveal nonlinear
ultrasound testing for early defects. Here, the coaxial longitudinal-transverse waves for
nonlinear ultrasound testing are investigated, in which transverse effect of a longitudinal wave
has been used for designing a coaxial longitudinal-transverse transducer. Theoretically, the
effects of two chip shapes for exciting the longitudinal and transverse waves are investigated.
The exciting longitudinal wave and transverse wave generate a nonlinear mixing resonance
in the defect formation zone, in which the amplitude of the nonlinear mixing wave is in
association with the level of stress concentration or plastic deformation. Meanwhile, the results
of finite element method (FEM) show that the designed coaxial longitudinal-transverse
transducer can effectively excite coaxial longitudinal-transverse ultrasonic waves, which can
enhance the nonlinear mixing resonance due to the high sound field coupling in the coaxial
direction. In applications, the coaxial longitudinal-transverse transducer can be used for
increasing nonlinear mixing wave and improving testing accuracy of early defects.

Acknowledgement
The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of
China (Grant No. 11874110).
Keywords
Nonlinear ultrasound, Nonlinear mixing wave, Coaxial longitudinal-transverse transducer
References
[1]
Z. Chen, G. Tang, Y. Zhao, L. J. Jacobs, J. Qu, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 136 2014, 2389-2404.
[2]
H. Zhang, S. Y. Zhang, L. Fan, Y. R. Wang, J. Appl. Phys., 111 2012, 033504.

334
 ENHANCEMENT OF DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL BY ZNO/MWNT
NANOCOMPOSITE VIA SONICATION
Amit R. Bansod1, Omprakash P. Chimankar2, Sanjay J. Dhoble2
1
Department of Physics, Dr. Ambedkar College Deekshabhoomi, Nagpur India 440010
2
Department of Physics, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur India

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on ZnO/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)

nanocomposite films are prepared by sonochemincal method. As prepared nanocomposite
films are further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–vis absorption
and impedance spectroscopy. The photoelectric performances of the DSSCs based on
ZnO/MWCNT nanocomposite film electrodes with various concentrations (from 0.1 wt % to 1
wt %) are compared. The mesoporous ZnO/MWNT films were fabricated into the working
electrodes of [DSSCs]. The sonication treatment resulted in the disentanglement of MWNTs
and facilitated the dispersion of MWNTs in the ZnO matrix in its reactive phase. The effects of
surface property and loading of MWNTs on DSSC performance were investigated.The
performance of DSSCs was found to depend greatly on the type and the amount of MWNTs
incorporated. The power conversion efficiency of MWCNT nanocomposite films increases
with MWNT% to certain extent. The optimum concentration of MWCNTs in ZnO for the best
performance in DSSCs is found to be 0.3 wt %. The reason for this increment is that MWCNTs
enhance the transport of electrons from the film to ITO substrate while for the decrease in the
efficiency at higher concentrations (MWCNT) is due to light shielding effect of the denser
composite, respectively.

Keywords
Zinc oxide, Sonochemical method, DSSC, MWNT

335
EFFECT OF SONICATION ON OPTICAL AND LUMINESCENT PROPERTIES OF
CAO/EU NANOPARTICLS
Amit R. Bansod1, Omprakash P. Chimankar2, Sanjay J. Dhoble2
1
Department of Physics, Dr. Ambedkar College Deekshabhoomi, Nagpur India 440010
2
Department of Physics, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur India

Series of Eu²⁺ activated CaO nanopowders by conventional co-precipitation method.

Ca(NO3)2·4H2O, Eu(NO3)3 and NaCO3 were taken as precursors, and the effects of the
sonication and Eu3+doping concentration on the phosphor structure and its luminescent
properties were investigated by XRD, and PL-PLE. The results confirm that the Eu3+ ions as
luminescent centers substitutes Ca2+ sites without changing the crystal structure of cubic
CaO. The optimum sonication time and the optimum concentration of Eu3+ are determined
respectively, under which the best crystallinity and highest PL intensity appeared. The
maximum emission occured at perticular wavelength promoted that Eu3+ ion mainly locates
in the symmetric position (Oh) in the crystal lattice of CaO. The proposed sample should be
the most suitable candidate for white LED applications.

Keywords
Photoluminescence, sonication, calcium oxide, white LED.

336
 AIRBORNE ULTRASONIC TESTING OF PORK BURGER PATTIES
Fariñas, M.D.1, Diaz-Almanza, S.2, Gómez Álvarez-Arenas, T.E.3, Benedito, J.1, Garcia-
Perez, J.V.1
1
Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Universitat Politècnica de València, España
2
Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, México
3
Instituto de Tecnologías Físicas y de la Información (ITEFI-CSIC), Madrid, España

Meat industry is demanding non-destructive sensors in order to estimate both the composition
and the textural properties of raw meat and processed-products [1]. Airborne ultrasound
emerges as a potential alternative for testing, due to its non-destructive and non-invasive
nature and its easy on-line automation.

Therefore, the feasibility of air-coupled ultrasonic technology to assess the percentage of lean
and fatty tissues and the textural properties of burger-shaped ground pork meat was
addressed in this study [2]. For this purpose, samples were prepared by mixing lean and fatty
pork tissues (0, 30, 50, 70 and 100% of fatty tissue) previously ground. Burger patties were
manufactured by using a household tool consisting of two parallel stainless steel plates, which
separation could be adjusted by acting over a screw. In this case, patties from 1 to 1.5 cm
were obtained, wrapped with low-density polyethylene and kept at 3 ºC until ultrasonic
measurements. Burgers were measured at different points, both at 3ºC and room temperature
(22ºC), using an air-coupled ultrasound technique in through-transmission mode and normal
incidence. The piezoelectric transducers, designed and built by US-BioMat group (CSIC,
Madrid, Spain), were optimized for air-coupled wide-band applications, at working frequencies
ranging from 0.15 to 0.35 MHz [3]. Finally, compression-relaxation tests were carried out in
the burger patties at 3 and 22ºC. From the transmitted ultrasonic signal, different parameters
were calculated, such as the magnitude of the transmission coefficient and the time of flight.

Ultrasonic parameters were strongly affected by temperature. Overall, the most remarkable
difference between both temperatures was found for attenuation, which, on average, was
lower at 3ºC than at 22ºC. Moreover, the maximum magnitude of the transmission coefficient
followed a similar pattern than instrumental relaxation test parameters; the good relationship
between both parameters (R2=0.96) allowing an adequate estimation of the burger texture.
Therefore, airborne ultrasound technology presents a high potential to be applied in non-
destructive testing of meat products.

Keywords
Ultrasound, Air-coupled, Meat, Texture
References
[1]
Villamiel, M. et al. (eds) (2017) Ultrasound in Food Processing: Recent Advances. 1st edn. West
Sussex: Wiley Blackwell.
[2]
J Benedito, et al., Meat Science, 57 2001, 368–370.
[3]
Álvarez-Arenas, T. E. G., Sensors (Switzerland), 13(5) 2013, 5996–6013.

337
 EVALUATION OF A MULTIPLE SCATTERING SENSOR FOR WATER-IN-OIL
EMULSION MONITORING
Nicolás Pérez Alvarez1, Florencia Blasina1, Flávio Buiochi2, Alberto Lemos Durán2, Julio
Cesar Adamowski2
1
Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ingeniería, Julio Herrera y Reissig 565, 11300,
Montevideo, Uruguay.
2
University of São Paulo, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, São Paulo, 05508-900,
Brazil

Ultrasonic techniques are suitable for monitoring complex processes in several industrial
applications. In the case of liquids with time-varying properties, two different approaches can
be used. The first is to directly measure a property of the medium under study, such as
ultrasonic speed or attenuation, leading to the absolute determination of the state in the fluid.
The second is to measure the relative changes of an acoustic property during the process. In
this work, a multiple scattering sensor is used to monitor the water concentration in a water-
in-oil emulsion and its stability. The multiple scattering sensor consists of an array of fixed
wires positioned in front of a piezoelectric transducer to scatter the wave [1]. Two types of
experiments were carried out. The first using air bubbles to detect changes and to evaluate
the ability to follow fast processes. The other experiment is focused to determine the water
concentration in water-in-oil emulsions. The selected range is up to 10% volume of water in
the emulsion. The results show that the ultrasonic technique is able to determine the water
concentration in emulsions. Also, a critical influence of temperature in the reproducibility of
measurements was observed.

Figure 1: Multiple scattering sensor with a 3.5 MHz transducer

Keywords
Scattering, Process Monitoring, Emulsion
References
[1]
F. Blasina, N. Pérez, E. Budelli, P. Lema, R. Kiri Ing and C. Negreira, Development of a multiple-
scattering acoustic sensor for process monitoring: Application to monitoring milk coagulation,
Proceedings of 2017 IEEE I2MTC, 2017, 1-5.

338
A NEW METHOD TO ASSESS THE ULTRASONIC ATTENUATION IN SAMPLES
WITH NON-DISTINGUISHABLE ECHOES
Antonio Jiménez1, M. Montaña Rufo1, Jesús M. Paniagua1, Alberto González-Mohino2
1
Department of Applied Physics, School of Technology, University of Extremadura, Avenida
de la Universidad, s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
2
Department of Food Technology, IPROCAR, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la
Universidad, s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain

Acoustic attenuation is one of the non-destructive ultrasonic parameters that permits the state
of several specimens to be determined quickly and cheaply, thus satisfying the demands faced
by today's producers.

The ultrasonic pulse attenuation is a measure of the progressive energy loss experienced by
the signals as they propagate through the material. This loss is mainly due to two mechanisms:
energy absorption (mainly corresponding to thermo-elastic effects) and scattering (effects of
reflection of the pulse front at discontinuities in the material). Attenuation is usually measured
from the echoes observed on the A-scan which originates from reflections in the material. This
paper describes a new method of quantifying the attenuation of ultrasonic waves in samples
whose nature (grain size, geometry, etc.) makes it impossible to distinguish reflections.

The attenuation is calculated from the signal’s progressive energy loss. This loss is quantified
in terms of the time taken to receive the energy, expressed as a multiple of the time of flight
TOF (n·TOF). Basically, the method starts from the A-scan data taken from the moment at
which the signal begins to be received until its complete attenuation, omitting the trigger signal.
The received energy is related to the square of the amplitude of the ultrasonic wave. This
value of the energy is plotted versus n·TOF, noting the values of n times the TOF at which
10%, 20%, ..., 90% of the total energy received are reached.

Figure 1: Attenuation curve corresponding to an A-scan

The paper includes a checking of the method by its use in different specimens (cubic samples
of granite and raw samples of pork loins). The results show interesting relationships between
the new attenuation values and other non-ultrasonic parameters of the specimens.

Keywords
Nondestructive testing, ultrasonic characterization, A-scan, attenuation

339
 VERSATILE LOW COST DEVICE FOR MEASURING THE SOUND SPEED IN
LIQUIDS
Jaime Santos1, Abel G.M. Ferreira2, Mário Santos1
1
CEMMPRE - Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, University of
Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
2
GERST – Group on Environment, Reaction, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-
790
Coimbra, Portugal

This work aimed to develop a portable acoustic cell capable of measuring the velocity of sound
in liquids such as monitoring the biodiesel production process, where the cell is immersed in
the reaction mixture. The continuously monitoring of transesterification reaction in industrial
production is of high relevance in order to avoid operational problems, eliminate batch
sampling and analysis delay, and guarantee the quality of the final product through a process
control system. An appreciable number of analytical procedures have been developed to
assess the quality of biodiesel in terms of the specified standards. However, due to the rapid
conversion of transesterification reaction, most of the analytical techniques are not suitable for
on-line monitoring of the process. For this purpose, analytical methods based on easily
measurable physical properties such as the refractive index, viscosity, density and speed of
sound have been developed. The first goal with the acoustical cell is measuring the sound
speed, which value allows the evaluation of important parameters as viscosity and density.
The measuring cell is composed basically by two fundamental modules: (1) two ultrasonic
probes mounted in stainless steel drilled holes working in the through-transmission (pulse-
echo) mode. The probes are protected by thin metal films to prevent the chemical attack of
surfaces. A detachable cavity is also available for offline liquid testing; (2) the processing unit,
manages the signal acquisition, processing and result display (sound speed and attenuation).
A schematic representation of the device is shown in Fig.1.

This combination flexibility and portability make the system a helpful instrument for the spot
measurement of speed of sound at a remote site, in the laboratory or in industry.

Figure 1: Sonic Device

Keywords
Ultrasound, Speed of sound, Attenuation, versatile, low cost

340
 NUMERICAL STUDY OF ACOUSTIC FIELD IN AN ULTRASONIC CLEANING
TANK WITH EXISTENCE OF HONEYCOMB PANELS
Chang Su1,2,3, Chao Li1,2, Weijun Lin1,2,3, Delong Xu1,2,3, Hanyin Cui1
1
Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, N. 4th Ring Rd. W. 21, 100190
Beijing, China
2
Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Deep Drilling Exploration, N. 4th
Ring Rd. W. 21, 100190 Beijing, China
3
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19(A), 100049 Beijing, China

Ultrasonic cleaning uses high-intensity ultrasound waves in a liquid to facilitate or enhance the
removal of foreign contaminants from surfaces. It is a technology unique in its ability to
effectively remove contaminants from small areas that are not accessible using other
technologies, such as honeycomb panels. The cleaning effect relies on the jetting action of
collapsing cavitation bubbles in contact with a surface to provide a high-pressure jet of fluid
against the surface, and the cavitation bubbles are formed by the tension wave portion of an
ultrasonic wave in a fluid medium. When the frequency is fixed, an acoustic field with standing
waves is formed in the fluid, which produce variations of cavitation energy with position.
Besides, the existence of the honeycomb panel and its positioning can also affect the
cavitation energy distribution, since reflections from surfaces may change the acoustic field.
Therefore, to ensure the cleaning effectiveness of the honeycomb panels in an ultrasonic
cleaning device, the acoustic field distribution needs to be studied.

In this study, we establish a 3-dimensional model of honeycomb panels placed in an ultrasonic

cleaning tank. The ultrasonic wave field inside the ultrasonic cleaner is studied numerically by
the finite element method. The acoustic field distribution pattern variations with different
frequencies, cleaner tank sizes and honeycomb panel positioning are analyzed.

The results show that when keeping the walls of honeycomb structure parallel to the wave
propagation direction, the panel plays little role in affecting the acoustic field distribution.
Frequency and tank size are the main factors that determine the acoustic field. In order to
effectively clean multiple honeycomb panels placed in different positions, the frequency
sweeping may be used. These results provide instructions for designing a customized
ultrasonic cleaning device for the cleaning of honeycomb panels.

Keywords
Ultrasonic cleaning, honeycomb panel, finite element method

341
 INTRODUCTION OF ULTRASOUND TO PARTICLE SYNTHESIS PROCESS OF
MICROWAVE HEATING
Atsuya Shibatani1, Haruka Kan1, Yusuke Asakuma1
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Hyogo,
2167, Shosha, Himeji Japan 617-2280
In previous study, it was found that combination of ultrasound and microwave is useful in order
to prevent bumping of a solvent in nano-particle synthesis process by microwave heating. In
this study, ultrasound was introduced before microwave irradiation, and bubble and particle
sizes were measured through an in situ nano-size measurement system [1]. Finally, the
mechanism of smaller particles was investigated to stabilize the process.
In this experiment, colloidal particle was observed during the microwave when ferric chloride
solution is heated [1]. First, ferric chloride (0.01 mol/L) was dissolved in aqueous solution, and
the solution in an optical quartz cell (10 mm x 10 mm x 40 mm; 4 mL) was heated up to
designated temperature (90 oC). Probe of ultrasound (1.6 MHz and 1 W) is inserted from the
top into the cell, and ultrasound is irradiated for 15, 30, 45, 180 and 300 s before the microwave
(100 W). Size profile during and after microwave irradiation were measured every 10–15 s by
DLS system [1].

Figure 2 shows relation between maximum bubble size during the microwave irradiation and
final particle size, they were compared with data without ultrasound in previous study [1].
Ultrasound irradiation before microwave irradiation was effective for getting smaller particle.
Bubble growth around the particle during the microwave was inevitable because the particle
absorbs microwave. In this case, at first, many bubbles are produced by cavitation of
ultrasound irradiation. Although microwave is absorbed in solvent, the energy is distributed on
liquid and air interface of theirs bubbles produced by ultrasound. Accordingly, the bubble size
became smaller. Finally, excessive concentration of microwave absorbance on particle was
avoided, and then process of particle growth became more stable. Moreover, smaller particle
could be obtained by method of microwave only.
Ultrasound probe 600
Quartz cell 500 Without US
Photo-
Particle size [nm]

400
multiplier
300
200
100
Laser 0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
Bubble size [s]

Figure 1: Microwave reactor with ultrasound Figure 2: Relation between bubble and particle
probe and DLS system size

Keywords
Microwave, Ultrasound, Dynamic light scattering
References
[1]
Y.Asakuma, S.Matsumura, A.Saptoro, R.Nakata, In-situ observation of nano-particle formation under
different power of microwave irradiation, Crystal Research and Technology, 52 2017 108-114

342
 INSTANTANEOUS HIGH-POWER PHENOMENA IN PULSED INDUSTRIAL NDE
& MEDICAL ULTRASONIC APPLICATIONS
Antonio Ramos1, Enrique Riera1, Abelardo Ruiz1
1
R&D Group Ultrasonic Systems and Technologies.
Institute of Information and Physical Technologies (CSIC). Serrano 144, 2806.Madrid. Spain

In applications classified as of very-low power (Industrial NDE & Medical Diagnosis), where
the total integrated power consumed from the electrical supply, is < 1 Watt, very-high-power
aspects can be observed by a rigorous analysis of their instantaneous performances in
transient regime. Even though the consumed "mean" power is very small, the emitted pulsed
ultrasonic intensity EPUI and the instantaneous electrical power IEP delivered to drivers (HV
pulsers) during short emission stages (at PRF: 1-5 KHz), can attain higher levels than in typical
CW high-power ultrasonic application: up to 2,5 Kw of instantaneous power, in each pulse.
Some unforeseen aspects, like maxima levels supported by electronics (as peak intensities)
and piezoelectric transducers (as peaks in driving voltage & elongation) are registered, with
the risk of appearing non-linear electrical / piezoelectric responses. This must be considered
in transient regime applications.

From an electronic aspect, due to non-linear circuits in typical NDE pulsers, i.e. semiconductor
devices [1] under pulsed intensities of up to tens of amperes, those can enter in saturation,
with unpredictable non-linear responses (devices characteristics curves contemplate only
linear responses under moderate intensities). The piezoelectric devices, working in transient
regime, do not show serious heating problems, because mean power dissipation remains < 1
Watt. However, very-high levels in both, instantaneous electrical intensities (5-10 A) and
voltages across electrodes (300-700 V), could lead to non-linear behaviors [2].

Here, an analysis of emitted EPUI and IEP delivered to drivers (HV pulsers), during short
emission stages in typical NDE systems, is performed, using simulated and experimental
signals from usual settings. Influences of transducer operation and non-linear responses
during the driving process are evaluated. Results are compared with usual values of EUI and
IEP in high power ultrasonic systems. It will be shown that non-linear risks, in the broadband
signals finally radiated, are rather of moderate importance, because a harmonic performance
remains in all their spectral components, not showing saturation phenomena due to over-
driving are shared by all of them. Non-linear echo-waveforms simulated for extreme cases are
shown.

Keywords
Instantaneous high-power, Ultrasonic, Industrial applications
References
[1] A. Ramos, A. Ruiz; P. T. Sanz, J. L. San Emeterio, Some non-linear aspects of the electronic stages
in time-domain modelling of NDE Pulse-echo ultrasonic systems, Ultrasonics, 40 2002, 253-258.
[2] A. Ramos, A. Ruiz, J.L. San Emeterio, P.T. Sanz, Simulation de Piezoelectric Multilayer Probes
under High-Voltage Pulse Excitation in Medical and Industrial Applications, Ferroelectrics, 304 2004,
213-215.

343
ESTIMATION OF SPATIAL VARIATION OF THE ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT
BASED ON ULTRASOUND BACKSCATTER SIGNALS USING A LINEAR LEAST
SQUARES APPROACH
Arun Muraleedharan1,2, Alexander Bertrand2, Jan D'hooge1
1Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Dynamics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
2 Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), Stadius Center for Dynamical Systems, Signal
Processing and Data Analytics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
Introduction: Estimation of the tissue attenuation coefficient based on backscattered data has drawn
interest for over three decades as it could provide important information for tissue characterization and
for adaptive time gain compensation to enhance imaging. We recently proposed and validated a linear
least squares solution to this problem assuming a homogeneous attenuating medium. In this study, we
build on this prior framework in order to enable the estimation of spatial variations in the attenuation
coefficient.
Signal Model and Method of Estimation: For a plane wave, the magnitude of the backscattered signal
spectrum can be expressed by 𝑆𝑆(𝑓𝑓, 𝑧𝑧) = 𝐺𝐺 |𝑃𝑃(𝑓𝑓)|𝑒𝑒 −2𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 , where 𝑃𝑃(𝑓𝑓) represents the spectrum of the
electrical signal used to excite the transducer along with the transducers’ transmit-receive transfer
characteristics, 𝛼𝛼, the attenuation coefficient and a scaling factor 𝐺𝐺, for taking into account of the
uncertainty in the transmitted energy into the medium. For a medium with 𝐿𝐿 layers, this can be
generalized to:
𝑆𝑆(𝑓𝑓, 𝑧𝑧)𝑖𝑖 = 𝐺𝐺 𝑃𝑃(𝑓𝑓)𝑒𝑒 −2𝛼𝛼1𝑓𝑓𝐷𝐷1 𝑒𝑒 −2𝛼𝛼2𝑓𝑓𝐷𝐷2 … 𝑒𝑒 −2𝛼𝛼𝑖𝑖𝑓𝑓𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 , (1)
where 𝛼𝛼1 , 𝛼𝛼2 … 𝛼𝛼𝑖𝑖 are the attenuation coefficients of the layers from 1 to 𝑖𝑖 . In order to obtain the
estimates of the attenuation coefficients of all layers as well as of the scaling factor 𝐺𝐺, this model is
linearized by taking the natural logarithm and fit to the experimentally observed data in a least squares
sense. Interestingly, this formulation has a closed-form solution and can thus be solved simply by matrix
multiplications enabling a real-time implementation.

As an initial validation of the proposed method, data was generated synthetically for a Gaussian transmit
pulse centered at 2.25 MHz. A bi-layered medium was assumed to have layers of 20mm thick and
1=0.8 dB/cm/MHz and 2=0.4dB/cm/MHz respectively. 100 RF lines were generated by positing point
scatterers at random in the medium at a density of 530/mm. During the estimation, the window-length
chosen was 8mm, window overlap 25% and usable bandwidth defined at -10 dB. To test robustness,
both layers were also swapped position.
Results/conclusion: The proposed method estimated the attenuation coefficient in both layers
accurately irrespective of their relative position (Figure 1). More extensive validation of the method is
ongoing but these findings show the proposed methodology has promise for real-time estimation of
spatial variations in the local attenuation coefficient.

(a) (b)
Figure 1: The relative error of estimation of attenuation coefficient shown as box plot for a bi-layered medium
(subfigure (a)) with 1=0.8 dB/cm/MHz and 2 =0.4 dB/cm/MHz and the reverse (subfigure(b)).
Keywords: Quantitative Ultrasound, Attenuation Estimation, Spatially varying attenuation, Least
Squares

344
 Thursday, September 5th, 2019 (11:00 am)

IPU (1/2) - Industrial applications of power ultrasound

IPU (1/2): Industrial applications of power ultrasound Location: VIVES room C201
Chair: Enrique Riera Franco de Sarabia
and Luis Gaete-Garretón

11:00 - 11:30 Inverted near-field acoustic levitation for contactless Marco Aurelio Brizzotti Andrade, Asier Marzo,
pick-and-place of small objects Tiago dos Santos Ramos, Julio Cezar Adamowski
11:30 - 12:00 Quantifying cavitation by robust sensors Dushyanth Giridhar, Nicolas Candia,
and spectral analysis Samuel Howard, Petrie Yam, Claudio Zanelli
12:00 - 12:15 Residual stress relief of welded aluminum plates
using high intensity ultrasonic vibrations Su Zhao, Qinglong Zhang, Lei Yu
12:15 - 12:30 Current advances in the development of airborne power Roque R. Andrés, Enrique Riera, Juan A. Gallego-Juárez
ultrasonic technologies to assist atmospheric freeze drying process

345
 INVERTED NEAR-FIELD ACOUSTIC LEVITATION FOR CONTACTLESS PICK-
AND-PLACE OF SMALL OBJECTS
Marco A. B. Andrade1, Asier Marzo2, Tiago S. Ramos3, Julio C. Adamowski4
1
Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
2
Computer Science, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona 31006, Navarre, Spain
3
Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
4
Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil

Picking and placing small objects such as electronic components, food items or delicate pieces
is one of the basic operations performed across multiple industries. Most of the methods are
based on physical contact, for instance using tweezers or suction cups. Contact methods lead
to undesired adhesion, contamination or damage of fragile objects[1]. These problems can be
avoided by employing contactless handling methods. Among the different noncontact
methods, inverted near-field acoustic levitation presents several advantages, such as being
able to work on a wide range of materials and offering good trapping force to input power. In
this work, we present the use of power Langevin transducers for contactless pick-and-place
of millimetric flat objects. Unlike near-field acoustic levitation in which a planar object levitates
above the transducer vibrating surface, here the transducer points downwards and the emitted
wave causes an attractive force on the object[2], with the force becoming repulsive when the
object approaches the transducer surface. Thereby, the object is trapped few micrometers
away from the transducer vibrating face. To understand the behavior, a Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD) model was implemented to simulate the force as a function of the distance
between the transducer and the object. The numerical model predicts the conditions that
cause a repulsive force or an attractive force on the object. In addition, prototypes were built
and utilized for contactless picking, alignment, transporting and releasing of circular objects
[Fig. 1(a)] and SMD (surface-mount device) components [Fig. 2(b)].

Figure 1: Inverted near-field acoustic levitation of small flat objects. (a) Circular object. (b) SMD
component.

Keywords
Contactless pick and place, Langevin transducer, acoustic levitation, Finite Element Method
References
[1]
V. Vandaele, P. Lambert, A. Delchambre, Precision Engineering, 29 2005, 491-505.
[2]
M. Takasaki, D. Terada, Y. Kato, Y. Ishino, T. Mizuno, Physics Procedia, 3 2010, 1059-1065.

346
 QUANTIFYING CAVITATION BY ROBUST SENSORS AND SPECTRAL
ANALYSIS
Dushyanth Giridhar, Nicolas Candia, Samuel Howard, Petrie Yam, Claudio Zanelli
Onda Corporation, Sunnyvale, California, U.S.A.

Cavitation as a chaotic phenomenon has been difficult to quantify. Making local measurements
of the pressure in such an environment presents challenges. On the mechanical aspect, it is
essential to have a sensor that is small relative to the wavelength, sensitive to local pressures
(not transmitted by the holding device) and resistant to the localized yet high pressures found
in transient cavitation. The abrasive nature of transient cavitation presents the largest
challenge. In order to obtain a true measure of the acoustic pressure field (and not a signal
determined by the transfer function of the specific sensor) it is necessary to process the signals
derived from such sensor in a way that removes the sensor effect on the signal.

We present a new probe that contains a 1.5 mm diameter sensor at its tip, is acoustically
isolated from its shaft, can withstand typical cavitation fields, and is encapsulated in a
chemically inert material. To provide a complete solution, the sensor is coupled with an
electronic unit programmed with its transfer function, which is then deconvolved from the raw
readings to obtain the true pressure spectrum. Spectral analysis, following the IEC Technical
Specification on cavitation1, then allows isolating the pressures generated by the direct field,
stable cavitation and transient cavitation and displaying them in real time.

Figure 1: Hydrophone with its calibration encoded in the connector, and the processing unit to display
and record the cavitation pressure measurements.

Keywords
Cavitation, spectral analysis, hydrophone
References
[1]
IEC TS 63001: 2019, Measurement of cavitation noise in ultrasonic baths and ultrasonic reactors

347
 RESIDUAL STRESS RELIEF OF WELDED ALUMINUM PLATES USING HIGH
INTENSITY ULTRASONIC VIBRATIONS
Su Zhao1, Qinglong Zhang1, Lei Yu1

1
Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201,China

Residual stress has a negative impact on the dimensional stability and performance of the
metal parts[1-3]. Conventional residual stress relief methods include natural aging, heat
treatment[4] and vibration stress relief[5]. In this paper, high power ultrasonic vibration was
employed for relieving residual stress of welded aluminum alloy plates. An ultrasonic vibration
stress relief system was developed, which includes an ultrasonic generator, a 20 kHz
ultrasonic transducer and specially designed fixtures to exert the ultrasonic vibration to the
treated parts. The effective output power from the transducer is about 150 W. The residual
stresses parallel and vertical to the weld were measured using hole-drilling strain gauge
method before and after the treatment at different time interval. Results show that stress relief
of the presented method mainly lies in two aspects: reducing the maximum stress value and
homogenizing the overall stress level over the whole plate. The maximum residual stress
removal rate reached 80% and the overall residual stress distribution interval was reduced
from 50-120MPa to 10-60MPa after 60 minutes’ treatment. The stress relief effect is directly
related to the vibration intensity of the aluminum alloy plate. Greater the vibration intensity on
the plate results in quicker stress relief. Total stress relief rate is positively proportional to
treating time. Stress level drops constantly within the first 60 minutes. However, the stress
relieving effect is no longer obvious when further increasing the treating time.

Figure 1: Effect of ultrasonic vibration treatment time on residual stress relief: a) parallel to the weld, b)
vertical to the weld

Keywords
residual stress relief, ultrasonic vibrations, vibration intensity, stress homogenization
References
[1]
Y. F. Song, X. F. Ding, X. J. Zhao, The effect of stress-aging on dimensional stability behavior of Al-
Cu-Mg alloy, 718, 2017, 298-303.
[2]
G. Bussu, P. E. Irvin, The role of residual stress and heat affeted zone properties on fatigue crack
propagation in friction stir welded 2024-T351 aluminium joints, 25(a), 2003, 77-88.
[3]
Y. Lu, H. Hu, J. G. Gong, Influence of Welding Strength Matching Coefficient and Cold Stretching on
Welding Residual Stress in Austenitic Stainless Steel, 2018, 1-13.
[4]
A. Mitra, N. S. Prasad, G. D. J. Ram, Influence of Temperature and Time of Post-weld Heat Treatment
on Stress Relief in an 800-mm-Thick Steel Weldment, 25(4), 2016, 1384-1393.

348
 CURRENT ADVANCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AIRBORNE POWER
ULTRASONIC TECHNOLOGIES TO ASSIST ATMOSPHERIC FREEZE DRYING
PROCESS
Roque R. Andrés1,2, Enrique Riera1, Juan A. Gallego-Juárez3
1
Departamento de Sensores y Sistemas Ultrasónicos (DSSU), Instituto de Tecnologías
Físicas y de la Información (ITEFI), CSIC, Serrano 144, E28006 Madrid, Spain
2
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial (ETSII), Universidad Politécnica de
Madrid (UPM), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, E20086 Madrid, Spain
3
PUSONICS S.L., Pico Mulhacen 34, E28500 Arganda del Rey, Madrid, Spain

Airborne power ultrasound (APU) has a great potential for food industry applications due to its
ability to induce desired physical changes in solid products such as vegetables and fruits. The
use of APU for drying process intensification has been reported extensively [1, 2]. To accelerate
drying kinetics the acoustic vibration produces a microsponge effect in the internal structure
of the products that favors the outflow of the moisture to the sample surface by its natural
capillaries. In addition, high-intensity airborne ultrasound causes microstreaming at the
solid/gas interface that reduces the diffusion boundary layer, increases material transport, and
accelerates diffusion. These mechanical effects result in a reduction in the internal resistance
to mass transport and consequently, an increase in the internal diffusion of moisture. In
parallel, ultrasonic waves introduce pressure variations at air/liquid interface increasing the
sublimation rate of the superficial moisture and reducing the external mass transport
resistance. Therefore, the application of APU accelerates the drying rate without producing a
significant impact on the final quality of the product.

Presently, it has been shown that the application of APU is more effective at low temperature
forced-air drying process, such as Atmospheric Freeze Drying (AFD), than at high temperature
convective forced-air drying. In fact, at high temperatures, the kinetic rate is reduced as well
as the final product quality. In order to obtain high-quality products the DSSU of the ITEFI-
CSIC, Pusonics, and the ASPA Group of the Universitad Politécnica de Valencia, have work
together introducing novel APU systems and methods in food drying processes. This work
focus on the design, development, integration and testing of the typology of APU transducers
with extensive plate radiators to ensure efficient energy transmission, as well as on final
product quality and cost reduction. The experimental results achieved confirm that the APU
application leads to a significant intensification in the AFD processes.

Keywords
Airborne power ultrasound, ultrasound processing, atmospheric freeze drying, mass transport
References
[1]
J.V. García-Pérez, J.A. Cárcel, A. Mulet, E. Riera, J.A. Gallego-Juárez. Ultrasonic drying for food
preservation, Chapter 29 in “Power ultrasonics: applications of high-intensity ultrasound”, ed. J.A.
Gallego-Juárez and K. F. Graff, Woodhead Publishing, UK, 2015, 875–910.
[2] J.A. Cárcel, J.V. García-Pérez, E. Riera, C. Rosselló and A. Mulet. Ultrasonically Assisted Drying,
Chapter 14 in “Ultrasound in Food Processing. Recent Advances”, ed. M. Villamiel, J.V. García-Pérez,
A. Montilla, J.A. Cárcel and J. Benedito, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. USA, 2017, 372-391.

349
 Thursday, September 5th, 2019 (11:00 am)

MCT+MEI (1/3) - Ultrasonic Characterization of Tissues and Elasticity Imaging

MCT+MEI (1/3): Ultrasonic Characterization of Tissues and Location: VIVES room A207
Elasticity Imaging Chair: Nico Declercq and Guillermo Rus

11:00 - 11:30 When bubbles snowplough! Rodolphe Antoine

11:30 - 11:45 Calcium sulfate setting monitoring with Josep Rodríguez-Sendra, Noé Jiménez,
ultrasonic backscattering analysis Rubén Picó, Joan Faus, Francisco Camarena
11:45 - 12:00 Magnetic force induced vibration on a ferromagnetic Alejandro Cebrecos, Miguel Company, Noé Jiménez,
sphere for viscoelastic media characterization José María Benlloch, Francisco Camarena
12:00 - 12:15 Mechanical biomarkers by torsional wave Guillermo Rus, Jorge Torres, Rafael Muñoz, Juan Melchor, Ruben Molina,
elastography for gestational diagnosis Antonio Callejas, Miguel Riveiro, José Cortes, Inas H Faris, Francisca Molina
12:15 - 12:30 Assessing viscoelasticity of torsional
propagation in cervical tissue Antonio Callejas, Juan Melchor, Inas H. Faris, Jorge Torres, Guillermo Rus

350
 WHEN BUBBLES SNOWPLOUGH!
Rodolphe Antoine2
2
Institut Lumiére Matiére, UMR5306 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard
Lyon 1, 69100,Villeurbanne, France

Cavitation is the process by which a liquid under an external force breaks violently, leaving
behind a vacuum or bubble that subsequently implodes under the action of external fluid
pressure. Cavitation has attracted huge interest, particularly in the manipulation of
nanoparticles in liquids or localized interaction in biological environments. Thanks to an
innovative imaging technique, the expansion dynamics (from picosecond to millisecond) of
microbubbles generated by a Bessel laser beam in the presence of metallic nanoparticles has
been explored and for the first time the effect of capturing nanoparticles at the interface of the
bubble was evidenced.

This work opens a fundamental perspective in the understanding of laser-induced processes

and the hydrodynamics of cavitation in the presence of nanoparticles. In addition to these
fundamental aspects, the observed "snowplough" effect also opens up interesting prospects
for the manipulation of laser-induced bubbles in liquids containing particles and could find
innovative applications in microfluidics, drug delivery, virus detection and other techniques
using biochips.

Figure 1: Particular time snapshots in the cavity evolution involving the gold nanoparticles (GNPs)
containing-mixture of water and ethylene glycol (70:30%). Dynamic optical transmission (OTM) and
positive phase-contrast (PCM) microscopy are employed. (inset) Same in PCM. The perturbed interface
by GNPs is visible.

Keywords
Cavitation, laser-induced bubbles, picoseconds, multiscale dynamics, gold nanoparticles
References
[1]
M.K. Bhuyan, A. Soleilhac, M. Somayaji, T.E. Itina, R. Antoine, R. Stoian, Scientific Reports 8 2018,
9665.

351
 CALCIUM SULFATE SETTING MONITORING WITH ULTRASONIC
BACKSCATTERING ANALYSIS
Josep Rodríguez-Sendra1, Noé Jiménez1, Rubén Picó2, Joan Faus3, Francisco Camarena1
1
Instituto de Instrumentación para Imagen Molecular (i3M), Universitat Politècnica de
València (UPV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Camino de Vera,
s/n, 46022, Valencia, (Spain)
2
Insituto para la Gestión Integral de Zonas Costeras (IGIC), Universitat Politècnica de
València (UPV), Campus de Gandia. C/Paranimf, 1. Grao Gandía (Spain)
3
Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Odontológicas (IVIO). Valencia. C/ Loreto, 6.
46700 Gandia (Spain)

Ultrasonic backscattering techniques are used to monitor the setting process of calcium
sulfate. A 3.5 MHz frequency A-scan pulse-echo system is used to obtain the acoustic
properties of a cylindrical sample of calcium sulfate (diameter= 36 mm; thickness= 18 mm).
The temperature of the sample and the rf backscattering signal are measured every two
seconds during the whole setting process (53 min; 1590 rf-signals). Apparent backscattering
integral (AIB) [1], Nakagami parameter [2] and sound speed are calculated from each measured
rf signal. A positive correlation is observed between the sound velocity, the AIB and the
Nakagami parameter during the setting process, identifying three states of the sample: liquid,
transient and solid. Sound velocity changes from 1480 m/s (liquid) to 2700 m/s (solid),
meanwhile AIB changes between -15 dB and 0 dB. In the transient phase, the three
parameters are sensible to the fast change in the mechanical properties of the medium. The
presented results show that, by performing backscattering analysis, the state of a sample in a
setting process can be determined, which could have application in monitoring changes in
guided bone regeneration processes for dental implant procedures.

Figure 4: Left: AIB and Amplitude of the echo at the end of the sample during the experiment. Right:
Temperature and sound velocity during the experiment.

Keywords
Ultrasound backscattering, AIB, Guided Bone Regeneration.
References
[1]
Hoffmeister B. K, Mcpherson J. A, Smathers M. R, Spinolo P. L, Sellers M. E, Ultrasonic backscatter
from cancellous bone: the apparent backscatter transfer function, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr.
Freq. Control. Vol. 62(12), 2015. 2115-25.
[2]
Caixinha, M., Jesus, D. A., Velte, E., Santos, M. J. & Santos, J. B. Using ultrasound backscattering
signals and Nakagami statistical distribution to assess regional cataract hardness. IEEE Trans Biomed
Eng. 61, 2014. 2921–2929

352
 MAGNETIC FORCE INDUCED VIBRATION ON A FERROMAGNETIC SPHERE
FOR VISCOELASTIC MEDIA CHARACTERIZATION
Alejandro Cebrecos1, Miguel Company1, Noé Jiménez1, José María Benlloch1, Francisco
Camarena1
1
Instituto de Instrumentación para Imagen Molecular (i3M) CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de
València, Camino de Vera, S/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain

A new method that combines transient magnetic forces with ultrasonic imaging and allows the
local experimental characterization of the complex shear modulus of a viscoelastic medium is
presented. By measuring the dynamics of a ferromagnetic inclusion under the application of a
magnetic force, the viscoelastic properties of the medium are extracted. The system is
composed of a coil, which creates a magnetic field that induces displacement on a
ferromagnetic particle located inside a test phantom, and an ultrasound transducer operating
in pulsed-echo mode, utilized to track the displacement of the particle with spatial resolution
of several μm. Experiments were conducted embedding a ferromagnetic sphere on test
phantoms with different compositions and at different temperatures. The obtained results are
in good agreement with the theoretical estimation of the dynamical response of a sphere [1]
and show robustness on the estimation of the viscoelastic parameters. Moreover, temperature
dependent results show asymptotic elasticity values which are physically consistent for soft-
solid media.

Figure 1: Experimental setup used for the experiments.

Figure 2: Dynamics of the sphere embedded in the (visco)-elastic media. (a) Displacement waveform
for the phantom A at T = 23:99 C, measured experimentally (circles), using elastic theory (red line), and
using viscoelastic theory (blue line).

Keywords
Ultrasound, MMUS, viscoelastic, transducer, magnetic, shear modulus.
References
[1]
S. R. Aglyamov, A. B. Karpiouk, Y. A. Ilinskii, E. A. Zabolotskaya, S. Y. Emelianov, Motion of a solid
sphere in a viscoelastic medium in response to applied acoustic radiation force: Theoretical analysis
and experimental verification, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 122 4, 2007, 1927–1936.

353
 MECHANICAL BIOMARKERS BY TORSIONAL WAVE ELASTOGRAPHY FOR
GESTATIONAL DIAGNOSIS
Guillermo Rus1,2,3, Jorge Torres1, Rafael Munoz1, Juan Melchor1,2,3, Ruben Molina1, Antonio
Callejas1,2, Miguel Riveiro2, Jose Cortes1, Inas H Faris1,2, Francisca Molina2,4
1
Department of Structural Mechanics, University of Granada, Politécnico de Fuentenueva,
Granada E-18071, Spain; 2Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA),
University Hospitals of Granada-University of Granada, Granada, Spain; 3MNat Scientific
Unit of Excellence, University of Granada, Granada E-18071, Spain; 4Hospital Universitario
San Cecilio, Campus de la Salud, Granada, Spain

Introduction The WHO estimates that in 2017 approximately 15 million babies will be born
preterm, this is a rate above 1 in 10 newborns[1]. Worldwide, complications of preterm births
have supplanted pneumonia as the primary cause of child mortality[1,2]. Currently, there is no
clinical tool to quantitatively evaluate the cervical biomechanical state. Ultrasonic
characterization and understanding of soft tissue has been developed as a clinical diagnostic
tool over the last two decades[3] and evolved through different technologies: quasi-static,
dynamic elastography, based acoustic radiation force: ARFI, vibroacoustography or pSWE, or
on direct excitation: sonoelastography and our emerging torsional wave principle[4].
Methods Existing ultrasonic techniques are restricted to map first order tissue stiffness. In
contrast, our recent advances covering (a) torsional waves (shear elastic waves that
propagate in quasifluids radially and in-depth in a curled geometry), (b) sensors (based on a
novel arrangement of concentric sandwiches of piezo- and electro-mechanical elements), (c)
propagation models and (d) patient testing, are allowing to quantify the mechanical
functionality through relevant parameters beyond linear: dispersive and nonlinear. These
higher order mechanical parameters may become key discriminating biomarkers since (1) the
physics of wave propagation is explaining how dispersion is a compound expression of the
rheological, poroelastic, and microstructural scattering phenomena governed by the complex
fibrous multiscale microarchitecture of the stroma, which undergoes characteristic changes
during pathologies[5]; and (2) the extreme hyperelasticity that soft tissue exhibits clearly
manifests as quantifiable harmonic generation, hypothesized to strongly depend on the
unfolding of its collagen fibers, which again controls the tissue’s mechanical functionality.
Results
a) To understand how the structural architecture of soft tissue is intimately linked and controls
a broad range of pathologies, which underpins the foundation of new diagnostic technology.
b) To develop new sensor technologies capable of effectively sensing tissue elasticity and
yield simple and robust diagnostic tests and instruments.
c) To ground a new generation of biomarkers of physical nature based on the mechanical
micro-architecture and properties of the tissue.

Keywords
Human cervix, Shear wave elasticity imaging, Torsional wave elasticity
References
[1]
WHO, March of Dimes, The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn & Child Health, and Save
the Children. Geneva: Eds CP Howson, MV Kinney, JE Lawn. 2012
[2]
WHO. Fact sheet - preterm birth. 2016.
[3]
R. G. Barr et al. Ultrasound Quarterly 28(2012) 13-20.
[4]
J. Melchor and G. Rus Ultrasonics, 54(2014): 1950-1962.
[5]
L. Peralta et al. J. of Biomechanics 48(2015) 1557-1565.

354
 ASSESSING VISCOELASTICITY OF TORSIONAL WAVE PROPAGATION IN
CERVICAL TISSUE
Antonio Callejas1,2, Juan Melchor1,2,3, Inas Faris1,2, Jorge Torres1,2, Guillermo Rus1,2,3
1
Department of Structural Mechanics, University of Granada, Spain; 2Biosanitary Research
Institute of Granada, Spain; 3MNat Scientific Unit of Excellence, University of Granada,
Granada E-18071, Spain

Introduction: The preterm birth is the main cause of infant mortality and morbidity[1] and evaluating the
viscoelastic mechanical parameter changes during pregnancy is a pressing need for obstetricians as a
potential preterm birth prevention tool, as well as a challenging problem. The increasing interest in
elastography techniques for measuring viscoelastic parameters in cervical tissue is demanding
appropriate viscoelastic models. Regarding the torsional wave elastography technique employed in this
work[2], since torsional waves propagate through the surface and in depth tissue, there is a need for
understanding cervical tissue behavior considering multilayer models. To this purpose, three different
viscoelastic models have been proposed in which epithelial and connective layers were considered.

Figure 1: cervix micrography versus two dimensional finite difference time domain scheme (left), 2D
FDTD model simulation at 0.9 miliseconds using the Kelvin-Voigt model (right).
Methods: The proposed methodology for selecting the most plausible model that reconstruct the
cervical tissue viscoelastic parameters consists of four steps: (1) an idealization of the nature of the
cervical tissue with three viscoelastic models (elastic, Kelvin-Voigt and Maxwell model) (Figure 1); (2)
a finite difference time domain numerical model in cylindrical coordinates which simulates torsional
wave propagation through a bilayer cervical tissue is implemented (Figure 1); (3) a study in pregnant
women to obtain experimental signals from cervical tissue using the torsional wave probe is presented;
finally (4) the plausibility of each rheological model is found by applying a probabilistic inverse problem
and the reconstruction of cervical tissue viscoelastic parameters is performed by using the selected
rheological model.
Results and discussion: It is shown that the rheological model that best describes the nature of
cervical tissue is the Kelvin Voigt model. The reconstructed viscoelastic parameters, using the selected
model are: μepithelial=1.9 kPa, ηepithelial=0.27 Pa s, thepithelial=0.51 mm, μconnective=7.9 kPa, ηconnective=0.13 Pa
s. To our knowledge, there are no references to allow comparison with the results obtained in the
epithelial and connective layer of cervical tissue. In the literature there is only one reference of the
thickness of the vaginal epithelium[3], whose values are close to those inferred in this study.
Keywords
Torsional wave probe, cervical tissue, viscoelastic model, finite difference time domain method.
References
[1]
F. Althabe, Born too soon: the global action report on preterm birth, World Health Organization, 2013.
[2]
A. Callejas, A. Gomez, J. Melchor, M. Riveiro, P. Massó, J. Torres, M. López-López, G. Rus,
Performance study of a torsional wave sensor and cervical tissue characterization, Sensors, 17(9) 2017,
2078.
[3]
D. Patton, S. Thwin, A. Meier, T. Hooton, A. Stapleton, A. Eschenbach, Epithelial cell layer thickness
and immune cell populations in the normal human vagina at different stages of the menstrual cycle,
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 183(4) 2000, 967-973.

355
 Thursday, September 5th, 2019 (11:00 am)

NCC (1/3) - Characterization of Composites

Location: VIVES room A303

NCC (1/3): Characterization of Composites
Chair: Shiro Biwa and Lukasz Jacek Pieczonka

11:00 - 11:30 Guided wave propagation and scattering

in adhesively-bonded composite structures Michel Castaings, Sreedhar Puliyakote
11:30 - 11:45 Porosity characterization of CFRP laminates using
interlaminar interface echo features Shiro Biwa, Toru Koyama, Yosuke Ishii
11:45 - 12:00 Determination of effective parameters of composite
materials using surface acoustic waves Evgeny Glushkov, Natalia Glushkova, Artem Eremin, Olga Boyko
12:00 - 12:15 Characterization of the full viscoelastic tensor Arvid Martens, Jannes Daemen, Mathias Kersemans,
of anisotropic multilayered material plates by means Steven Delrue, Erik Verboven, Wim Van Paepegem,
of the Ultrasonic Polar Scan Koen Van Den Abeele
12:15 - 12:30 Ultrasonic characterization of polymer composites Vytautas Samulionis, Jan Macutkevic, Alla Zak,
with inorganic nanoinclusions Antoni Sanches-Ferrer, Juras Banys

356
 GUIDED WAVE PROPAGATION AND SCATTERING IN ADHESIVELY-BONDED
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
M. Castaings, S. Puliyakote
University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Arts et métiers Paris Tech, I2M UMR 5295,
F-33400, Talence, France

The increasing use of adhesive bonds in composites structures multiplies the need for reliable
non-destructive inspection (NDI) techniques, especially for safety reasons, e.g. in Aeronautics.
Ultrasonic guided modes are well-known for their strong potential to propagate long distances
and to detect damages. However, as composite materials are usually heterogeneous,
anisotropic and often viscoelastic, wave propagation is complicated in such medium and the
establishment of efficient ultrasonic NDI requires proper numerical simulations to be made.
The presence of adhesive bonds between various components of a composite structure
should also be considered in the models to understand the behavior of guided modes and to
optimize their use for material inspection (defect detection, imaging…).

This study deals with experimental and numerical works intended to understand the
propagation of guided waves in a widely-used composite type, namely [0/45/90/-45]rs carbon
epoxy panel, where r is the number of repetitions of the 4 elementary plies and s stands for
mirror symmetry of the stacking. The presence of adhesive bonds and their effect on guided
modes are investigated. Material characterization is first made, so that appropriate set of
properties can be used as input data to numerical models. Dispersion curves and through-
thickness mode shapes are predicted and analyzed for mode selection. FE models are built
and run to simulate the generation, propagation, detection and scattering of guided waves.
Finally experiments are made and results compared to the numerical predictions for validation
purposes.

Keywords
Guided waves, Composites, Adhesive bonds

357
 POROSITY CHARACTERIZATION OF CFRP LAMINATES USING
INTERLAMINAR INTERFACE ECHO FEATURES
Shiro Biwa1, Toru Koyama1, Yosuke Ishii2
1
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto
615-8540, Japan
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Hibarigaoka,
Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan

The increased use of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) in aircraft structures highlights
the importance of ultrasonic methods for nondestructive characterization of their quality. The
porosity, i.e., distributed minute pores resulting in the manufacturing process of CFRP
laminates, is one of the main concerns since it may reduce the structural strength significantly
when its concentration exceeds a certain level. Existing methods utilize the velocity or
attenuation of ultrasonic waves in the thickness direction of the laminate, but they only yield
the material property averaged over the laminate thickness. Recent numerical analysis and
experiments have shown that the temporal decay rate of the ultrasonic backscattered signals
(interlaminar interface echoes) at the stop-band frequency changes with the porosity content
of the CFRP laminate[1]. In the present study, the temporal decay characteristics of
interlaminar interface echoes are evaluated together with the ultrasonic wave velocity and
attenuation from the reflection waveforms obtained in the immersion test for CFRP laminate
specimens with different concentrations of porosity. As a result, it has been found that the
echoes tend to disappear after shorter durations for the specimens with higher porosity
contents. Moreover, the echo duration times are clearly different when they are measured
from both sides of the specimen with an uneven porosity distribution in the thickness direction.
This suggests that the interlaminar interface echo features can be used to characterize the
porosity content in near-surface regions of the laminate, in contrast to the averaged porosity
content which can be characterized by the wave velocity and attenuation.

Keywords
Ultrasonics, carbon fiber reinforced plastics, laminate, interlaminar interface echo, porosity
References
[1]
Y. Ishii, S. Biwa, A. Kuraishi, Compos. Struct., 152 2016, 645-653.

358
DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVE PARAMETERS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
USING SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVES
Evgeny Glushkov1, Natalia Glushkova1, Artem Eremin1, Olga Boyko2
1
Institute for Mathematics, Mechanics and Informatics, Kuban State University,
350080 Krasnodar, Russia
2
Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, Sorbonne Universités, CPRS,
75252 Paris cedex 05, France

Non-destructive evaluation of the effective material parameters of composite materials is

motivated by various practical needs such as the need for reliable input data for numerical
simulation and design, the operational control of material degradation to predict a catastrophic
failure of constructions, etc. In the present contribution, we would like to discuss the recent
results in the use of ultrasonic surface acoustic waves (SAWs) for the restoration of material
parameters of two kinds of composite materials of quite different spatial scales: mesoscale
carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites [1] used in aerospace industry, and polymer
(e.g., hydrogen silsesquioxane – HSQ) micro-composites with embedded nitride nano-wires
(NWs) [2,3] designed and fabricated for micro-piezoelectric generators, energy harvesting,
micro-sensors, and similar micro-devices.

These rather different areas of applications are united by a common mathematical approach,
which is based on the use of the Green matrix of the multilayered anisotropic structure under
study in the Fourier transform domain. The effective elastic moduli, density, and thickness of
each sublayer are obtained via the minimization of a certain goal function that specifies a
discrepancy between the measured and calculated SAW characteristics. As the goal function,
we use the inverted Green’s matrix elements, which must be infinite at the poles that yield
SAWs.

This approach has been experimentally tested with unidirectional and cross-ply CFRP plates
and validated by destructive tensile tests. With the HSQ-NW samples, the experimental data
are obtained on the basis of transient grating spectroscopy [2]. The numerical examples
illustrate the validation of the developed computer model against the experimental data
acquired for sandwich microstructures with known elastic moduli as well as demonstrate the
property restoration of HSQ-NW compositions with unknown mechanical properties and
sublayer thicknesses.

Keywords
CFRP plates, GaN nanowires, HSQ polymer, effective material constants, surface acoustic waves,
Green’s matrix
References
[1]
A.A. Eremin et al. Evaluation of effective elastic properties of layered composite fiber-reinforced
plastic plates by piezoelectrically induced guided waves and laser Doppler vibrometry, Composite
Structures, 125, 2015, 449–458.
[2]
L. Lu et al. Probing elastic properties of nanowire-based structures, Appl. Phys. Lett., 113, 2018,
161903, 5p.
[3]
E. Glushkov et al. Evaluation of Effective Elastic Properties of Nitride NWs/Polymer Composite
Materials Using Laser-Generated Surface Acoustic Waves, Appl. Sci., 8, 2018, 2319, 16p.

359
 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE FULL VISCOELASTIC TENSOR OF
ANISOTROPIC MULTILAYERED MATERIAL PLATES BY MEANS OF THE
ULTRASONIC POLAR SCAN
Arvid Martens1, Jannes Daemen1, Mathias Kersemans2, Steven Delrue1, Erik Verboven2,
Wim Van Paepegem2, Koen Van Den Abeele1
1
Department of Physics, University of Leuven Campus Kulak, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500
Kortrijk, Belgium
2
Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University,
Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium

Recent studies have shown that inversion algorithms using data from the Ultrasonic Polar
Scan (UPS) are capable of characterizing relevant mechanical properties of solid materials
(e.g. aluminum) or statically homogenized composites (e.g. unidirectional carbon/epoxy).
During a UPS experiment, a specific material spot is insonified by an ultrasonic beam
(harmonic or pulsed signal) at multiple combinations of out-of-plane and in-plane incident
angles Ψ(𝜃𝜃, 𝜙𝜙) on the hemisphere above the spot. The amplitude, time-of-flight or phase are
then extracted from the recorded transmitted signals and mapped on a polar diagram, with 𝜃𝜃
and 𝜙𝜙 the radial and circumferential direction respectively. Subsequently, the UPS data is
supplied to a state-of-the-art two-stage inversion procedure based on the particle swarm
optimizer (PSO) to infer the full viscoelastic stiffness tensor.

Despite the success of this procedure for large classes of materials, the current technique is
not applicable on composites where the thickness of the laminae is large compared to the
wavelength of the impinging waves, thereby invalidating the static homogenization theory.
This is the case in for instance a carbon/epoxy cross-ply. To advance the utilization of the
technique, we first investigated the performance of the developed two-stage algorithm to
determine the homogenized effective stiffness tensor from simulated harmonic UPS data on
multilayered media in the low frequency range. The resulting frequency dependent
𝑅𝑅 𝐼𝐼
viscoelastic tensors (𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝜔𝜔) = 𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝜔𝜔) − 𝑖𝑖𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝜔𝜔)) are compared to the effective moduli
obtained by means of a Floquet wave based approach. In the second part of the study, the
stiffness tensor of the individual lamina of a multilayered material is probed for a given layer
stacking and thickness. The model is tested for stability in the lamina orientation and thickness
using simulated UPS data on a multilayered structure. Finally, an experimental UPS recording
of a carbon/epoxy cross-ply is considered in order to retrieve both the long wavelength
homogenized effective moduli and the stiffness tensor of the unidirectional layers.

Keywords
Ultrasonic Polar Scan, Material characterization, Viscoelasticity, Non-destructive testing,
Homogenization

360
 ULTRASONIC CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYMER COMPOSITES
WITH INORGANIC NANOINCLUSIONS
V. Samulionis1, J. Macutkevic1, A. Zak2, A. Sanchez-Ferrer3, J. Banys1
1
Physics Faculty of Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 9, LT-00122 Vilnius, Lithuania
2
HIT - Holon institute of Technology, 52 Golomb st., Holon 58102 Israel
3
ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, 8092 Zurich,
Switzerland
Composites are considered to be any multiphase materials that show a combination of
properties of their components. Inorganic-organic elastomer nanocomposites have the
combined advantages of organic polymers (flexibility and processability), and inorganic
nanoparticles (optical and electric properties) [1]. Inorganic nanotubes such as MoS2 and WS2
are promising candidates to be used as fillers for nanocomposites with enhanced thermal,
mechanical and electrical properties. High frequency ultrasonic spectroscopy is one of
nondestructive methods for probing dynamic elastic properties and relaxation phenomena that
govern polymer nanocomposites elastic behavior and to reveal variation of these processes
because of the change of the nanofiller concentration. Our present study is devoted to the
investigation of the elastic properties of polyurethane (PUT) and polyurea (PU) elastomers
with inorganic MoS2 and WS2 nanoparticles in the widest temperature range.

The pure polymers were investigated at first, as reference materials, where ultrasonic
anomalies in glass transition region as well as at crystalline to amorphous melting transition
temperatures were observed. Anomalies related to the glass transition appeared as wide
ultrasonic attenuation maxima and associated ultrasonic velocity dispersion. These
relaxations can be described using Vogel-Fulcher relation [2]. The relaxation parameters
slightly changed with increasing of nanofiller concentration: the glass transition temperature
decreased and activation energy of activated process increased [2-4]. In PU composites at
semicrystalline to amorphous phase transition the step like change in ultrasonic velocity and
sharp peak of attenuation was observed. The addition of nanotubes resulted in the shift of this
semicrystalline melting transition to lower temperatures. In all investigated nanocomposites
the increase of longitudinal ultrasonic velocity caused by elastic reinforcement was observed.

In composites with MoS2 and WS2 nanoinclusions the photosensitive increase of ultrasonic
attenuation and velocity dispersion were observed after illuminating samples by white, or laser
light using optical waveguide. Such photosensitive attenuation can be related to the ultrasonic
interaction with nanoparticles of sufficiently higher temperature than polymer matrix. We can
conclude that ultrasonic method allows evaluate relaxation processes in the composites
caused by nanoinclusions.

Keywords
Ultrasonics, polymer composites, inorganic nanoinclusions
References
[1]
H. Allthues, J. Henle, S. Haskel, Chem.Soc.Rev. 36, 2007, 1454- 1465.
[2]
J. Belovickis, J. Macutkevic, S. Svirskas, V. Samulionis, J. Banys, O. Shenderova, V. Borjanovic,
Phys. Status SolidiB, 252, 2015, 2778-2783.
[3]
J. Macutkevic, S. Svirskas, J. Banys, A. Sanchez-Ferrer, SJ. Chin, T. McNally, Phys. Status SolidiA,
210, 2013, 2348-2352.
[4]
J. Macutkevic, J. Belovickis, G. Otrgust, H. Dodiuk, S. Kenig, V. Samulionis, J. Banys, A. Zak, Polymer
Composites, 39, 2018, 4477-4485.

361
 Thursday, September 5th, 2019 (11:00 am)

NCI - NDE & NDT for Civil Infrastructures

Location: VIVES room A304

NCI: NDE & NDT for Civil Infrastructures
Chair: Mathias Kersemans and Xiuming Wang

11:00 - 11:15 2D numerical modeling for ultrasounds propagation in heterogeneous Jean-François Chaix, Ting Yu, Dimitri Komatitsch,
media - Validation and application in concrete structures Vincent Garnier, Jean-Marie Hénault, Lorenzo Audibert
11:15 - 11:30 Time reversal of acoustic emission signals used to Zdenek Prevorovsky, Josef Krofta,
localization of leaks in pipelines and vessels Jan Kober, Milan Chlada, Michal Mracko
11:30 - 11:45 Noncontact acoustic inspection of outer wall by acoustic Tsuneyoshi Sugimoto, Kazuko Sugimoto,
irradiation induced vibration from UAV equipped with sound source Itsuki Uechi, Noriyuki Utagawa, Chitose Kuroda
11:45 - 12:00 Noncontact two-dimensional defect detection using identifying Kazuko Sugimoto, Tsuneyoshi Sugimoto,
each resonance frequency of defective part and laser Doppler Noriyuki Utagawa, Chitose Kuroda
vibrometer by spatial spectral entropy
12:00 - 12:15 Development of low-frequency phased array for Yoshikazu Ohara, Kosuke Kikuchi,
highly attenuative materials Toshihiro Tsuji, Tsuyoshi Mihara
12:15 - 12:30 Multi-parametric approach for assessment of deterioration Alexey Tatarinov, Viktors Kurtenoks, Gennady Shahmenko,
in construction materials using ultrasonic surface waves Evgeny Barkanov, Jelena Mironova

362
 2D NUMERICAL MODELING FOR ULTRASOUNDS PROPAGATION IN
HETEROGENEOUS MEDIA -
VALIDATION AND APPLICATION IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Jean-François Chaix1, Ting Yu2, Dimitri Komatitsch1, Vincent Garnier1, Jean-Marie Hénault2,
Lorenzo Audibert2
1
Laboratory of Mechanics and Acoustics, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale School, 4
Impasse Nikola Tesla, 13453 Marseille, France.
2
Electricity of France, Research and Development (EDF R&D), 78401 Chatou, France.
Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Testing is more and more used for the monitoring of civil
engineering structures, usually built in reinforced concrete. Concrete is a material with high
compressive strength, and it protects the reinforcing steel bars from corrosive environment.
The steel bars are embedded in the concrete and are not directly accessible. In fact, the
concrete is the first material to explore in order to evaluate and improve the durability and
maintenance of concrete structures.
Concrete is a highly heterogeneous medium consisting of aggregates of different sizes and a
porous cement matrix (mortar). In order to take into account this particular property of
concrete, we need to consider the viscoelasticity of the mortar. In this work, we aim to get a
2D numerical model of ultrasonic wave propagation in concrete with the multiple scattering
phenomena [1]. To do this we use a geometric model of concrete with circles of different radii
and another with polygons, the shapes of which are close to the real aggregates in concrete
(figure1).
To get our numerical model, we used a step-by-step methodology based on the comparison
between numerical results from Specfem2D software and experimental measurements. First,
we validated our model with the controlled samples in epoxy matrix containing aluminum bars,
then we showed the equivalence of ultrasonic wave propagation in medium with circles and
polygons by comparisons in terms of phase velocity and attenuation.
Secondly, we considered the viscoelasticity of the cement matrix in the simulations, by two
factors Ql and Qt respectively for the behaviors of longitudinal and transversal waves. We
compared the phase velocity and attenuation from the simulations with the ones obtained
experimentally on mortar samples to validate the values of the two Q-factors.
Finally, we combined heterogeneous geometric description of concrete with the viscoelasticity
of the cement matrix and took into
account the steel bars, in order to
simulate, as close as possible, the real
case of concrete structures. 2D SAFT
images obtained from the numerical and
experimental results show a very good
agreement, and that displays the potential
of this 2D numerical model to simulate
ultrasonic non-destructive testing of civil Figure 1: Geometric description for the 2D modeling
engineering structures. of wave propagation in concrete

Keywords
Ultrasounds, numerical modeling, heterogeneous media, viscoelasticity, concrete structures, Non-
Destructive Testing (NDT).
References
[1]
T. Yu, J-F. Chaix, L. Audibert, D. Komatitsch, V. Garnier J-M. Hénault, Ultrasonics, 92 2019, 21-34.

363
 TIME REVERSAL OF ACOUSTIC EMISSION SIGNALS USED TO
LOCALIZATION OF LEAKS IN PIPELINES AND VESSELS
Zdenek Prevorovsky1, Josef Krofta1, Jan Kober1, Milan Chlada1, Michal Mracko1
1
NDT Laboratory, Institute of Thermomechanics of the Czech Academy of Sciences,
Dolejskova 1402/5, 18200 Prague, Czech Republic

Reliable location of Acoustic Emission (AE) sources is one of the most important inverse
problems in non-destructive testing (NDT) and structural health monitoring (SHM) of
engineering structures. Standard AE source location procedures often fail at more complicated
structures with wave dispersion, velocity or geometry changes, etc. More difficult than
localization of short burst signal sources, is location of continuous AE signals generated by
leakage noise. Effective tool in such situation is time reversal (TR) signal processing [1] which
results in space time wave focusing, partial source signal reconstruction and more precise
leakage source location than other techniques (up to 1 mm). After artificial AE sources location
tests on various plates reported in [1], we applied TR technique to the large steam pipeline
(length =4140, diameter = 245, and thickness =37.5 mm) and smaller pressure vessels to
prove its practical use under industrial conditions. Leaks were simulated by piezoelectric
transducers emitting random noise signals recorded during the real leaks on power plant. That
signals were overlapped with other more intensive signals reproducing real large background
noise on power plant (steam flow in the pipe). Noise mixture was detected by AE transducers
mounted on 1m long waveguides welded to tested structure. Long signals from two
transducers were recorded, time reversed and rebroadcast to the structure (reciprocal TR
method). Maximum of their cross-correlation denotes the leakage source on structure surface,
which needs detailed scanning around roughly pre-localized source. Scanning can be realized
e.g. by scanning laser interferometer or numerically in the reliable computer model of the
structure (digital twin). Computer model allows better and easier analysis of AE sources and
related defects, which has special importance at inaccessible structures like flying aircrafts,
satellites, nuclear power plants, etc. TR based source location eliminates all problems
connected with dispersion, attenuation, reflections, etc. in relatively simple way.

Acknowledgements
The work was supported by Czech Science Foundation grant No. 17--22615S and by Institutional
support No. RVO:61388998.
Keywords
Acoustic emission, pipeline, leakage location, time reversal
References
[1]
Z. Prevorovsky, J. Krofta, J. Kober, M. Chlada, and M. Mracko, Time Reversal Localization of
Continuous and Burst Acoustic Emission Sources Under Noise, 33rd Europeen Conf. on Acoustic
Emission Testing (EWGAE 2018), Senlis, France, 12-14 Sept. 2018, 15 pp.
https://www.ndt.net/article/ewgae2018/papers/54.pdf

364
 NONCONTACT ACOUSTIC INSPECTION OF OUTER WALL BY ACOUSTIC
IRRADIATION INDUCED VIBRATION FROM UAV EQUIPPED WITH SOUND
SOURCE
Tsuneyoshi Sugimoto1, Kazuko Sugimoto1, Itsuki Uechi1, Noriyuki Utagawa2, Chitose
Kuroda2
1
Graduate School of Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama, 225-8503,
Japan
2
Technical Research Institute, SatoKogyo Co. Ltd, Atsugi, 243-0123, Japan
The noncontact acoustic inspection method[1] is an excellent method capable of detecting
defects at the same level as a hammering test from a long distance. However, there is a
disadvantage that it becomes difficult to generate the same flexural resonance as the
hammering test when the angle of the measurement target surface viewed from the sound
source increases. Fortunately, when a sound source itself is mounted on an unmanned aerial
vehicle (UAV) which is becoming popular in recent years, it becomes possible to make the
sound source position directly face the measurement target surface, and this problem of angle
dependence is expected to be resolved. Furthermore, as the distance between the sound
source and the laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) increases, the S/N ratio improves and high-
speed measurement can be also expected.
Therefore, in this research, we investigated the outer wall inspection by noncontact acoustic
inspection method using sound source mounted type UAV. A planar speaker, a laser pointer
and a laser range finder are mounted on the lower surface of the prototype UAV's body as
shown in Fig.1. A simulated defect sheet (foamed sheet thickness 1 mm + double-sided tape
0.5 mm) having a different planar scale is buried in the outer wall tile specimen (2 × 1.6 × 0.2
m3) in about 9 mm from the tile surface. Figure 2 shows the vibration energy ratio distribution
of a foamed sheet with a defect size of 200 mm2 when a sound wave irradiation experiment
from UAV in flight was performed (white frame shows the size of the defect).

Figure 1: Sound source mounted type UAV. Figure 2: An example of the experimental result.

From this result, we confirmed that it is possible to detect delamination defects of outer wall
tiles by our proposed method utilizing deflection resonance even using compact sound
sources that can be mounted on UAV. Also, with this method, since it can be brought close to
the defect part, it is possible to eliminate both angle dependency and environmental noise
problem which were problems of conventional non-contact acoustic exploration method at the
same time. Therefore, it is expected that it will be possible to carry out long-distance
measurement up to the measurable limit of LDV.

Keywords
Noncontact acoustic inspection, Tone burst wave, Outer wall, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
References
[1]
T. Sugimoto, K. Sugimoto, N. Kosuge, N. Utagawa, K. Katakura, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 56, 2017,
07JC10.

365
NONCONTACT TWO-DIMENSIONAL DEFECT DETECTION USING IDENTIFYING
EACH RESONANCE FREQUENCY OF DEFECTIVE PART AND LASER
DOPPLER VIBROMETER BY SPATIAL SPECTRAL ENTROPY
Kazuko Sugimoto1, Tsuneyoshi Sugimoto1, Noriyuki Utagawa2, Chitose Kuroda2
1
Graduate School of Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama, 225-8503,
Japan
2
Technical Research Institute, SatoKogyo Co. Ltd, Atsugi, 243-0123, Japan
In our non-contact acoustic inspection method, we have studied a method to detect and
visualize internal defects of composite material (especially concrete) by NDT from a long
distance. The target surface is excited by aerial plane acoustic waves by a long range acoustic
device (LRAD) and the vibration velocity distribution on the two-dimensional lattice points is
measured with a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV). Signal processing has been
performed and defects were detected by combining vibration energy ratio and spectral entropy
[1,2]
. This time, we propose spatial spectral entropy (SSE). SSE can automatically detect the
resonance frequency of the internal defect, and at the same time, can detect the resonance
frequency of galvano mirror etc. of a high sensitivity scanning laser Doppler vibrometer. Each
resonance frequency can be identified.

Figure 1: Vibration velocity spectrum at an internal

Figure 2: Analysis result of spatial spectral entropy.defect point in measured plane.

Fig.1 shows an example of a vibration velocity spectrum measured in vicinity of an internal

defect point, and several peaks are seen at resonance frequency of internal defects.
Moreover, several peaks are seen at resonance frequency of a laser Doppler vibrometer. Fig.
2 shows the analysis result by SSE. At the resonance frequency of internal defects, the value
of SSE decreases. And the value of SSE increases at the resonance frequency of a laser
Doppler vibrometer. In SSE, the resonance frequencies detected in the measured plane are
displayed in one figure. As a data, the measured result of a floor slab of elevated bridge (lower
surface of concrete) was used. The distance from the measurement surface to a LRAD or a
laser Doppler vibrometer was about 33 m.

Keywords
Noncontact NDT, Spatial spectral entropy, Detection of resonance frequency, Noncontact acoustic
inspection, laser Doppler vibrometer, LRAD
References
[1]
K. Sugimoto, R. Akamatsu, T. Sugimoto, N. Utagawa, C. Kuroda, and K. Katakura, Defect-detection
algorithm for noncontact acoustic inspection using spectrum entropy, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 54,
2015,07HC15.
[2]
K. Sugimoto, T. Sugimoto, N. Utagawa, C. Kuroda, and A. Kawakami, Detection of internal defects
of concrete structures based on statistical evaluation of healthy part of concrete by the noncontact
acoustic inspection method, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 57, 2018, 07LC13.

366
 DEVELOPMENT OF LOW-FREQUENCY PHASED ARRAY FOR HIGHLY
ATTENUATIVE MATERIALS
Yoshikazu Ohara1, Kosuke Kikuchi1, Toshihiro Tsuji1, Tsuyoshi Mihara1
1
Department of Materials Processing, Tohoku University, 6-6-02 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-
ku, 980-8579 Sendai, Japan
Aging of infrastructures (bridges, tunnels, highways, etc.) made of concrete has been a serious
problem in many countries. Although quantitative nondestructive inspection is strongly
desired, conventional techniques such as visual testing and hammering test can qualitatively
measure only surface or subsurface defects. Recently, dry-point-contact phased array (PA)
system (MIRA)[1] with approximately 50 kHz has been studied to visualize delamination.
However, it may not be able to measure crack-type defects owing to low sensitivity and low
directivity caused by tens of kHz. To quantitatively measure not only delamination but also
crack-type defects while suppressing the effect of high attenuation, a PA operated at a
frequency between MHz (developed for metallic samples) and tens of kHz (MIRA) would be
highly promising. However, such PA system is not available. In this study, we have developed
a new low-frequency phased array (LFPA) with hundreds of kHz by designing and fabricating
an efficient array transducer. First, we designed the structure of LF array transducer without
using backing and filling materials to suppress crosstalk and internal reflection echoes.
Subsequently, we selected soft PZT[2] as a piezoelectric material, since it has an excellent
characteristic of a high piezoelectric constant d33 for high sensitivity and a low mechanical Q
factor for short pulse. Note that although soft PZT with a very high permittivity cannot be used
for monolithic transducers, a small size of element can increase its electrical impedance for
the excitation by commercially available PA system with an output impedance of 50 Ohm. On
the other hand, soft PZT has a high piezoelectric constant d31, which generates a serious
noise due to lateral resonance vibrations. To solve this problem, we designed a shape of a
piezoelectric element by finite element simulation (PZFlex). We found a very nice coupled
mode with a single resonance frequency. Based on the aforementioned design, we fabricated
32-elements array transducer with a center frequency of 350 kHz. It was demonstrated in
concrete specimens with a delamination (Fig. 1), a slit and a crack. LFPA would be useful for
inspecting not only concrete structures but also other highly attenuative materials such as
composite, welds, etc.
( ) ( )

50 mm 50 mm
Figure 1: Schematic experimental setup (left), imaging results of a delamination in a concrete specimen
by conventional PA (2.5 MHz) (middle) and LFPA (right).

Keywords
Low-frequency phased array, coupling mode, concrete, internal defects
References
[1]
P. Shokouhi, et al., J. Bridge Eng., 19 2014, 04013005-1-04013005-11.
[2]
K. Kikuchi, et al., Proc. Symp. Ultrason. Electron., 39 2018, 3P2-2.

367
MULTI-PARAMETRIC APPROACH FOR ASSESSMENT OF DETERIORATION IN
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS USING ULTRASONIC SURFACE WAVES
Alexey Tatarinov1, Viktors Kurtenoks1, Gennady Shahmenko1, Evgeny Barkanov1, Jelena
Mironova1
1
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Riga Technical University, Kipsalas 6A, Riga, LV-1048, Latvia

Routinely, the condition of construction materials like concrete and composites is examined
non-destructively by means of ultrasonic devices utilizing a single parameter like pulse velocity
calculated from time-of-flight. Often, it is not enough to accurately identify the early stage of
degradation process initiated from the surface and to quantify its expansion by depth. A multi-
parametric approach is proposed based on acquisition of ultrasonic signals in the surface
transmission and stepwise profiling by the surface at several frequencies in the range from 80
to 300 kHz (Figure 1A). Complex analysis of the spatio-temporal waveform profiles, as
implemented earlier in an experimental bone ultrasonometer [1] allows for calculation of the
following informative deterioration parameters: a) group and phase velocities of head
(longitudinal) and surface Rayleigh waves - the common indicators of stiffness and strength
affected by the material properties; b) the ratio of signal intensities at different frequencies
indicative of the deterioration process expanding by the depth due to the known dependency
of the effective propagation depth of Rayleigh waves on the wavelength; c) signal dispersion
parameters showing increased scattering due to accumulation of micro-defects in the
structure; d) morphologic parameters of the spatio-temporal waveform profiles processed as
images.

A B 2500C

9000C
Figure 1: Experimental ultrasonic setup with manual scanning probe (A); waveform profiles in fire
resistant concrete subjected to high temperatures (B)

The method was successfully demonstrated in three case studies: a) frost resistant concrete
with and without rubber admixtures during freeze-thaw cycles; b) fire resistant concrete with
and without metal fibers subjected to high temperature with a gradient from 250 to 9000C; c)
composite pultruded profiles with inner delamination. Figure 1B gives an illustrative example
of assessment of stages of concrete degradation in the second case study manifested in
transformation of the spatio-temporal waveform profiles according to the temperature gradient.

Keywords
Construction materials, deterioration, surface waves, multi-parametric testing
References
[1]
A. Tatarinov, V. Egorov, N. Sarvazyan, A. Sarvazyan. Multi-frequency axial transmission bone
ultrasonometer. Ultrasonics, 2014, Vol. 54(5), 1162-1169.

368
 Thursday, September 5th, 2019 (11:00 am)

PGM+PMM (3/4) - Metamaterials and granular materials

Location: VIVES room A306

PGM+PMM (3/4): Metamaterials and granular materials
Chair: Vincent Tournat

11:00 - 11:15 Unwrapping Bloch-Floquet simulation results by means of a spatial-Fourier approach

Ludovic Labelle, N.B. Roozen, Christ Glorieux
11:15 - 11:30 Ray tracing in an acoustic metamaterial Mengting Yao, Rafael Fuentes-Dominguez, Don Pieris, Paul Dryburgh,
Alexander Jackson-Crisp, Meisam Askari, Rikesh Patel, Andrea Colombi,
Daniel Colquitt, Richard Craster, Richard J. Smith, Adam Clare, Matt Clark

11:30 - 11:45 Dynamic topological transition in a nonlinear phononic lattice Rajesh Chaunsali, Georgios Theocharis
11:45 - 12:00 Time-domain modeling of resonant acoustic metasurfaces Marie Touboul, Cédric Bellis, Bruno Lombard
12:00 - 12:15 Hybridization of Love surface acoustic waves in SiO2/ST-Quartz Yuxin LIU, Abdelkrim Talbi, El Houssaine El Boudouti,
structure with resonant pillars grafted on the meta-surface Olivier Bou Matar, Philippe Pernod, Bahram Djafari-Rouhani
12:15 - 12:30 Study of coherent shear waves in metamaterial with
subwavelenght dipolar resonances Alverède Simon, Régis Wunenburger, Tony Valier-Brasier

369
 UNWRAPPING BLOCH-FLOQUET SIMULATION RESULTS BY MEANS OF A
SPATIAL-FOURIER APPROACH
L. Labelle1, N.B. Roozen1, C. Glorieux1
1
Department of Physics, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Heverlee,
Belgium

Numerical simulations of periodic structures at ultrasonic frequencies can be performed in a

highly efficient manner by the modelling of a Representative Elementary Volume (REV) and
applying Bloch-Floquet periodic boundary conditions at its boundaries. Dispersion
relationships can be computed numerically by prescribing the wavenumber within the
Irreducible Brillouin Zone (IBZ) and solving an eigenvalue problem.

For a given frequency ω, the dispersion relation is valid for any value of the computed
wavenumber k+2nπ/d, where d is the typical dimension of the REV and where n is an arbitrary
integer. This makes that eigenmodes that are computed at a specified frequency ω and a
specified Bloch-Floquet wavenumber boundary condition, contain wave components within
the IBZ and beyond the IBZ. A method is proposed to reconstruct the participating
wavenumbers, in or outside the IBZ, by applying a spatial Fourier transform.

The method is applied to a 3D printed polyamide frame with grid size of 7.5 mm and a rod
thickness of 1.1 mm. The calculated strengths of the participating wave components are
consistent with the ones found in experiments in which flexural waves on the 3D printed
polyamide frame were photoacoustically excited. The obtained dispersion relationships exhibit
bandgap behavior, as demonstrated both experimentally and numerically.

Keywords
Bloch-Floquet, simulations, experiments, periodic structures

370
 RAY TRACING IN AN ACOUSTIC METAMATERIAL
Mengting Yao1, Rafael Fuentes-Dominguez1, Don Pieris1, Paul Dryburgh1, Alexander
Jackson-Crisp1, Meisam Askari1, Rikesh Patel1, Andrea Colombi2, Daniel Colquitt3, Richard
Craster4, Richard J. Smith1, Adam Clare1, Matt Clark1
1
Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
2
Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
3
Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
4
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK

We have previously reported on a rainbow metawedge which can be used to control seismic
Rayleigh waves [1]. This utilised a distribution of pillars on the sample surface to control the
surface acoustic wave speed. By exploiting this it is possible to make a wide variety of devices
such as acoustic lenses and waveguides. However, the regions covered with pillars have a
highly dispersive wavespeed and at higher frequencies acoustic bandgaps occur with complex
behaviour. These structures have been studied with finite element modelling and experimental
techniques but it is instructive to use a ray tracing approach to examine such structures and
to investigate both the dispersion and the effect of the bandgaps on the propagation of sound
in these materials.

In this paper we show how a classical ray tracing approach may be used to model and design
these structures using the complex dispersion relations introduced by the pillars (figure 1) and
we will compare the model outputs with experimental measurements.

Figure 1: Classical ray tracing approach for an acoustic metalens made of several pillars with different
heights.

Keywords
Acoustic metamaterials, ray tracing, Rayleigh waves.
References
[1]
A Colombi, V Ageeva, R Smith, A Clare, R Patel, M Clark, D Colquitt, P Roux, S Guenneau, R Craster.
Enhanced sensing and conversion of ultrasonic Rayleigh waves by elastic metasurfaces. Scientific
Reports, 7(1), 2017, 6750.

371
DYNAMIC TOPOLOGICAL TRANSITION IN A NONLINEAR PHONONIC LATTICE
Rajesh Chaunsali1, Georgios Theocharis1
1
LAUM, CNRS, Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France

Phononic crystal is a periodic arrangement of structural constituents or properties, aimed at

filtering a specific range of input elastic wave frequencies from propagating in the medium. It
is recent that the topological characterization of such phononic crystals has enabled
researchers to see them in a new light. Two phononic systems showing similar bandgaps can
still be different on topological grounds. This difference is mathematically quantified in terms
of their topological invariants. At a physical level, the difference manifests as special surface
modes in topologically nontrivial systems. Such modes are “topologically protected” in a sense
that small impurities near the surfaces do not affect their presence. Therefore, such robust
vibrations could be useful for futuristic sensing and energy harvesting devices for a range of
applications.[1][2]

Studies on the topological phononic system have been limited to linear wave dynamics so far.
It is not clear how topological characterization could be extended to control nonlinear waves.
Can nonlinearity provide a novel tuning knob to control band topology of structures, and thus
drastically alter their dynamic properties? In this presentation, we will show how by employing
strategic nonlinearity management in lattice we can venture into novel topological dynamics.
We will show that simply by changing the excitation amplitude to the system, we could
dynamically change the system’s topology. In the process, we observe the emergence of
topological surface vibration mode. We also report the existence of nonlinear solutions, such
as kink solitons, that exist in the regime where the lattice makes the transition from
topologically trivial to nontrivial state.

Keywords
Topological mechanics, phononic crystal, nonlinear waves
References
[1]
R. Chaunsali, E Kim, A Thakkar, P. G. Kevrekidis, J. Yang, Physical review letters 119 (2), 024301,
2017
[2]
R. Chaunsali, C.-W. Chen, J. Yang, New Journal of Physics 20, 113036, 2018

372
 TIME-DOMAIN MODELING OF RESONANT ACOUSTIC METASURFACES
Marie Touboul1, Cédric Bellis1, Bruno Lombard 4
1
Aix-Marseille Univ. CNRS, Centrale Marseille, LMA Marseille, France

Homogenization of a thin micro-structured medium with an adequate scaling on the physical

parameters gives effective jump conditions with resonances. These jump conditions apply
across a thick interface and involves frequency-dependent coefficients in the harmonic
regime. This paper aims to propose a numerical method able to handle these resonant jump
conditions in order to do time-domain simulations. To do so, we adapt an immersed interface
method which allows to handle arbitrary-shaped interfaces on a Cartesian grid. Auxiliary
variables are introduced to take into account the resonances [1]. Numerical experiments are
performed to test the numerical method [2].

Keywords
Homogenization, acoustic metamaterials, auxiliary variables, scientific computing
References
[1] C. Bellis, B. Lombard, "Simulating transient wave phenomena in acoustic metamaterials using
auxiliary fields". Wave Motion 86 (2019), 175-194.
[2] M. Touboul, C. Bellis, B. Lombard, "Numerical modeling of transient acoustic waves scattered by
resonant metasurfaces", submitted (2019).

373
HYBRIDIZATION OF LOVE SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVES IN SIO2/ST-QUARTZ
STRUCTURE WITH RESONANT PILLARS GRAFTED ON THE META-SURFACE.
Yuxin Liu1, Abdelkrim Talbi1, El Houssaine El Boudouti2, Olivier Bou Matar1, Philippe
Pernod1, Bahram Djafari-Rouhani1
1
Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520 - IEMN & LIA
LICS/LEMAC, F-59000 Lille, France
2
LPMR, Department of Physics, Faculty of sciences, University Mohammed I, 60000 Oujda,
Maroc
The existence of band-gaps in electroacoustic devices combined with phononic structures has
been demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally [1-4]. The control of propagating
waves can be achieved by modifying portions of the phononic structure to induce a line or
point defect state. The acoustic energy with frequencies in the band gaps may be localized in
the defect and therefore the propagation can be engineered. In the case of locally resonant
structural unit cells, the phononic crystals can exhibit band-gaps with a lattice constant smaller
than the relevant wavelength. The eigen-frequencies of the localized modes generally depend
on the precise geometrical properties (such as size or shape) and the composition of the
supporting structure. Many authors have studied the defect states in such phononic crystals
combined with surface acoustic or Lamb waves and demonstrated their usefulness as
waveguides, filters, and cavity modes [5-6].
In this work, we investigate the interaction of guided pure shear surface waves in SiO2/Quartz
structure (called Love waves) with grafted Ni pillars. The analysis is based on the band
structures and the transmission spectra calculations with the finite element method (FEM,
COMSOL Multiphysics). Two configurations are considered: 1) Pillars deposited on the
surface of the SiO2 guiding layer. 2) Pillars deposited on a SiO2 portion surrounded from each
side by a phononic crystal that consists of a square array of holes drilled in SiO2 (h-PnC).
Different types of couplings are highlighted and their physical mechanisms are explained:
Pillar-Waveguide, Pillar-Pillar and Pillar-Cavity interactions. The configurations studied make
it possible to consider the strong and weak couplings by tuning the geometrical parameters of
each element. As example of coupling, we consider an optimal sized cavity in the h-PnC
enabling to obtain a cavity mode that matches the torsional resonance mode of the pillars. We
showed that the Cavity mode/Pillar resonance coupling depend drastically on the positions of
pillars related to nodes and anti-nodes of the cavity mode. These effects are used to design a
micro-electromechanical resonator presenting high quality factor in comparison to cavity
without pillars. The experimental validations of these concepts are in progress and will be
presented in the conference.
Keywords:
Phonnic Crystal, Love waves, Shear Waves, Cavity modes, defects states, Electroacoustic devices
References
[1]
N. Wang, F.-L. Hsiao, J. M. Tsai, M. Palaniapan, D.-L. Kwong, and C. Lee, J. Micromech. Microeng.
23, 065030 (2013).
[2]
S. Benchabane, O. Gaiffe, R. Salut, G. Ulliac, V. Laude, and K. Kokkonen, Appl. Phys. Lett. 106,
081903 (2015).
[3]
R. Pourabolghasem, S. Mohammadi, A. A. Eftekhar, A. Khelif and A. Adibi, s. Appl. Phys. Lett. 105,
23, 231908 (2014).
[4]
Yankin, S., Talbi, A., Du, Y., et al., J. Appl. Phys., 2014, 115, p. 244508
[5]
Y. Jin, N. Fernez, Y. Pennec, B. Bonello, R. P. Moiseyenko, S. Hemon, Y. Pan, and B. Djafari-
Rouhani, Physical Review B 93 2016.
[6]
Y. Pennec, J. O. Vasseur, B. Djafari-Rouhani, L. Dobrzynski, and P. A. Deymier, Surface Science
Reports 65 2010, 989-992.

374
 STUDY OF COHERENT SHEAR WAVES IN METAMATERIAL WITH
SUBWAVELENGHT DIPOLAR RESONANCES
Alverède Simon1, Régis Wunenburger1, Tony Valier-Brasier1
1
Institut Jean Le Rond d’Alembert, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris,
France

We study both experimentally and theoretically the propagation of shear waves through a
random suspension of dense spheres embedded in an elastic matrix. This kind of scatterer
exhibits two strong subwavelength dipolar resonances: a translationnal resonance which
affects the longitudinal and shear waves and a rotationnal resonance which affects only the
shear waves [1] . The influence of the translationnal resonance on the coherent longitunal
waves propagating in a dispersion of tungsten carbide spheres embedded in an epoxy resine
has highlighted that such resonances are very promising in the context of acoustic
metamaterials [2]. The translational resonance affecting much more the shear waves than the
longitudinal waves, it appears of fundamental interest to study the propagation of coherent
shear waves in our samples.

The mesurements of coherent shear waves in our metamaterial samples are performed with
an original experiment which has been set up to measure reflection and transmission
coefficient of unknown materials with longitudinal and shear waves [3]. This higly reproductible
method is based on Fabry and Pérot interferences in a multiple layer medium made. Thanks
to this bench, measurements are performed over a wide frequency range around the dipolar
resonance frequencies for different concentrations of scatterers. The loss of transmission
around both resonance frequencies are observed, even at low concentration (2%).

Keywords
Metamaterial, shear waves, resonance
References
[1]
Valier-Brasier T et al. Propagation of coherent transverse waves : Influence of the translational and
rotational subwavelength resonances. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 142, August 2017
[2]
Duranteau et al. Random acoustic metamaterial with a subwavlength dipolar resonance, Journal of
Acoustical Society of America, 139 (6), June 2016
[3]
Lefebvre et al., Ultrasonic Rheology of visco-elastic materials using shear and longitudinal waves,
Applied Physics Letters, 112 (24), June 2018

375
 Thursday, September 5th, 2019 (11:00 am)

PPL (1/3) - Picosecond Laser Ultrasonics

Location: VIVES room B303

PPL (1/3): Picosecond Laser Ultrasonics
Chair: Vitalyi Gusev, Oliver B. Wright

11:00 - 11:30 Electronic, magnetic and phononic excitations as competing

drivers of lattice motion: Ultrafast x-ray diffraction experiments Matias Bargheer
11:30 - 11:45 Boson peak and room temperature sound attenuation
in vitreous silica in the 1 THz frequency range Chi-Kuang Sun, Tsung-Chi Hung
11:45 - 12:00 Hypersound scattering by silica nanoparticles in water
probed by picosecond opto-acoustics Marie-Fraise Ponge, Liwang Liu, Serge Ravaine, Bertrand Audoin
12:00 - 12:15 Photoacoustic investigation of nanogranular ultra-thin films Marco Gandolfi, Giulio Benetti, Claudio Giannetti,
Emanuele Cavaliere, Luca Gavioli, Francesco. Banfi
12:15 - 12:30 Investigation of the glass transition in nanometric Delia Brick, Marcel Hofstetter,
polymer films by picosecond ultrasonics Vitalyi Gusev, Thomas Dekorsy, Mike Hettich

376
 ELECTRONIC, MAGNETIC AND PHONONIC EXCITATIONS AS COMPETING
DRIVERS OF LATTICE MOTION: ULTRAFAST X-RAY DIFFRACTION
EXPERIMENTS
Matias Bargheer1,2
1
Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-St. 25-26,
14667 Potsdam, Germany
2
Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany

Ultrafast X-ray diffraction (UXRD) experiments provide a unique access to coherent

longitudinal acoustic phonons (coherent strain wave packets) [1,2] and heat transport at the
nanoscale (flow of incoherent excitations) [3]. Bragg-peak shifts are especially useful
experimental observables in nano-layered systems, and contemporary laser-based sources
of hard x-rays with femtosecond pulse duration have sufficient x-ray flux and stability to
analyze the dynamics of films with single-digit nanometer thickness. [3]
UXRD can be considered as an emerging tool of materials science as it hast been applied in
experiments on various heterostructures composed of simple metals, semiconductors and
insulators as well as nanoscale materials with long range order such as ferroelectric,
ferroelastic and (anti-)ferromagnetic materials. [1-4]

Fig.1: Schematic of the strain actuation by excitation various quasiparticles

The basis of our analysis of ultrafast (non-)thermal expansion are macroscopic Grüneisen-
parameters for the electronic, magnetic, and phononic system. Ultrafast lattice contraction can
result from ultrafast entropy changes in the spin system. By UXRD experiments with double-
pump excitation we can distinguish different contributions to the thermal expansion by
saturating the excitation of one of the contributing quasiparticles.

Keywords
Ultrafast x-ray diffraction, negative thermal expansion, (anti-)ferromaget
References
[1]
Pudell et al., “Ultrafast negative thermal expansion driven by spin-disorder”, 2018, arXiv:1810.03036
[2]
Zeuschner et al., “Tracking picosecond strain pulses in heterostructures that exhibit giant
magnetostriction”, 2018, arXiv:1812.01512
[3]
Pudell et al., “Layer specific observation of slow thermal equilibration in ultrathin metallic
nanostructures by femtosecond X-ray diffraction”, Nature Communications, 9, 3335 (2018)
[4]
von Reppert et al., „Ultrafast laser generated strain in granular and continuous FePt thin films“,
Applied Physics Letters 113, 123101 (2018) .

377
 BOSON PEAK AND ROOM TEMPERATURE SOUND ATTENUATION IN
VITREOUS SILICA IN THE 0.4-1 THZ FREQUENCY RANGE
Chi-Kuang Sun1, Tsung-Chi Hung1
1
Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical
Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan

Glasses are amorphous solids rather than liquids, in the sense that they display elastic
behaviors. In crystalline solids, elasticity is associated with phonons, which are quantized
vibrational states due to ordered lattice structures. Acoustic phonons govern heat transport as
well as sound propagation. Phonon-governed heat transport and sound propagation also exist
in glasses without ordered lattice structures. This is especially interesting at the mesoscopic
hypersound frequencies, in which the THz phonon propagation is related to a universal feature
of amorphous systems: the boson peak anomaly [1,2]. As the most standard amorphous solid,
sound transportation in vitreous silica glass has been intensively studied over decades [3-7].
With shortages in techniques in the THz to sub-THz range, the most critical evidence of the
boson peak anomaly has been missing. Picosecond ultrasonics study measured the sound
attenuation below 400GHz [3-5], while inelastic X-ray scattering could only measure above
1THz. Femtosecond ultrasonics technique has previously measured sound attenuation up to
650GHz [6,7], close to the boson peak frequency, in vitreous silica at room temperature;
however, the results were proved to be overestimating the acoustic attenuation and did not
show any boson peak signal.

Here with an advanced femtosecond acoustics system with a record bandwidth over 2THz,
the sound attenuation coefficient is measured from 0.3THz up to the boson peak frequency of
1THz in vitreous silica at room temperature for the first time. Our result not only bridges the
spectral gap between the previous measurements but also reveals the full picture of acoustic
phonon transportation in the vitreous silica glass. A negative dispersion and a fourth power
frequency dependency of acoustic attenuation, resulted from the boson peak, were measured.
A saturable Rayleigh scattering model, based on the random fluctuation elasticity theory, was
found to simultaneously well explain our observed hypersound interaction quantitatively with
disordered glass structures in this mesoscopic wavelength regime, and the previous boson
peak plateau measured in thermal conductivity around 10K. Our study thus provides critical
evidence to finally create a clear physical picture not only for the interaction of sound and
disordered structures in glass but also the boson peak anomaly.

This work is sponsored by Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan under MOST 106-
2112-M-002-004-MY3.

Keywords
Boson peak, amorphous, terahertz, acoustics, coherent phonons, ultrasonics, hypersound, disorder
References
[1]
B. Frick, D. Richter, Science 267 1995, 1939-1945.
[2] C. A. Angell, Science 267 1995, 1924-1935.
[3] A. Huynh et al., Phys Rev B 96 2017, 174206.
[4] C. Klieber et al., Appl Phys Lett 98 2011, 211908.
[5] T. C. Zhu, H. J. Maris, J. Tauc, Phys Rev B 44 1991, 4281-4289.
[6] Y. C. Wen, S. H. Guol, H. P. Chen, J. K. Sheu, C. K. Sun, Appl Phys Lett 99 2011, 051913.
[7] K. H. Lin et al., Aip Adv 3 2013, 072126.

378
 HYPERSOUND SCATTERING BY SILICA NANOPARTICLES IN WATER
PROBED BY PICOSECOND OPTO-ACOUSTICS
Marie-Fraise Ponge1, Liwang Liu2, Serge Ravaine3, Bertrand Audoin2
1
Bordeaux INP, Physical Acoustics Department, I2M, CNRS UMR 5295, Talence, France,
2
University of Bordeaux, Physical Acoustics Department, I2M, CNRS UMR 5295, Talence,
France
3
University of Bordeaux, CRPP, CNRS UMR 5031, Pessac, France

Picosecond ultrasonics enable the mechanical characterization of transparent media by

means of Brillouin oscillations. This technique is based on the interaction of a probe light beam
with a propagating acoustic wave. Two femtosecond lasers with slightly different repetition
rates generate and probe the acoustic waves in the GHz range. By heating the bottom of a
metallic transducer, the pump beam generates ultrashort acoustic waves. The probe beam is
focused at the top of the transducer and faces exactly the pump beam. In this work, we
propose the use of silica nanoparticles to discriminate the Brillouin oscillations in a soft
transparent medium immersed in water. The size of the beads is chosen so that the frequency
of their acoustic resonance matches the Brillouin frequency for water. As a result, there is no
coherent acoustic propagation in water at this frequency and consequently no Brillouin
oscillations. The phenomenon is enhanced by the high contrast of acoustic impedance
between silica and water. Moreover, the refractive index for silica is close to that for water at
the probe wavelength and there is no diffusion of the probe light due to the beads.

We have first demonstrated that when a sapphire/titanium transducer is immersed in water,

nanoparticles cause a large decrease of the spectrum amplitude at the Brillouin frequency for
water. In a second configuration, a layer of a transparent medium covers the optoacoustic
transducer. The addition of nanoparticles attenuates the Brillouin oscillations in water,
whereas the Brillouin signature for the transparent medium remains unaffected.

Keywords
Picosecond ultrasonics, Brillouin oscillations, nanoparticules

379
PHOTOACOUSTIC INVESTIGATION OF NANOGRANULAR ULTRA-THIN FILMS
Marco Gandolfi1, Giulio Benetti2, Claudio Giannetti3, Emanuele Cavaliere3, Luca Gavioli3,
Francesco Banfi4
1
Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU
Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
2
Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Magnetism, Department of Physics and Astronomy,
KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
3
Interdisciplinary Laboratories for Advanced Materials Physics (I-LAMP) and Dipartimento di
Matematica e Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro, via Musei 41, 25121 Brescia, Italy
4
FemtoNanoOptics group, Institut Lumière Matière (iLM), Université Lyon 1 and CNRS, 10
rue Ada Byron, 69622 Villeurbanne, France

Ultrathin metal nanoparticles coatings, synthesized by gas-phase deposition, are emerging as

go-to materials in a variety of fields ranging from pathogens control [1] to sensing. Accessing
their mechanical properties is a crucial issue limiting their exploitation in real-life applications.
The morphological and mechanical properties of nanoparticles-based ultrathin Ag films are
here unveiled exploiting ultrafast optoacoustic supported by X-ray and electron
spectromicroscopy and diffraction techniques [2]. The films, with thicknesses in the 10−50 nm
range, have a porous structure composed of metallic Ag nanoparticles with a crystalline
structure and average diameter of 6 nm. The films acoustic modes are in the hypersonic
frequency range. The acoustic spectra are well accounted for modeling the nanoparticles film
as an effective continuous medium. The modes quality factors show the existence of
acoustically quasi-dark and bright states. The film effective density and effective elastic
stiffness constants are found to be respectively 0.8 and 0.5 that of bulk Ag. Molecular
dynamics simulations allow retrieving the nano-film morphology.
Applications to photoacoustic sensing of trapped fluids in nanoporous thin films [3] and
mesoscale gas-dynamics [4] are discussed together with device engineering and sensing
schemes.

Figure 1: Photoacoustic sensing of trapped fluid. Figure 2: Granular film 3D voids scaffold
(white).

FB acknowledges financial support from Université de Lyon in the frame of the IDEXLYON
Project -Programme Investissements d’Avenir (ANR-16-IDEX-0005). MG acknowledges
financial support from KU Leuven Research Council (C14/16/063 OPTIPROBE).

Keywords
Picosecond laser ultrasonics, granular materials, nanometrology
References
[1]
G. Benetti, E. Cavaliere, R. Brescia, S. Salassi, et al., Nanoscale, 11 2019, 1626-1635.
[2]
S. Peli, E. Cavaliere, G. Benetti, M. Gandolfi, et al., J. Phys. Chem. C, 120 2016, 4673-4681.
[3]
G. Benetti, M. Gandolfi, et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 10 2018, 27947-27954.
[4]
G. Benetti, C. Caddeo, C. Melis, et al., J. Phys. Chem. C, 121 2017, 22434-22441.

380
 INVESTIGATION OF THE GLASS TRANSITION IN NANOMETRIC POLYMER
FILMS BY PICOSECOND ULTRASONICS
Delia Brick1, Marcel Hofstetter1, Vitalyi Gusev2, Thomas Dekorsy1,3, Mike Hettich1,4
1
Department of Physics and Center of Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, D-78457
Konstanz, Germany
2
LAUM, UMR-CNRS 6613, Le Mans Université, Avenue O. Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans,
France
3
Institute for Technical Physics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), D-70569 Stuttgart,
Germany
4
Research Center for Non-Destructive Testing GmbH, 4040 Linz, Austria

The glass transition marks an important crossover where polymers change their behavior from
rubbery to glassy properties at a material specific temperature. Especially the thin film
behavior of the glass transition has raised a lot of research interest during the last decades
due to expected surface and confinement effects.
We apply asynchronous optical sampling (ASOPS), a femtosecond resolved pump-probe
method, to the investigation of coherent longitudinal acoustic phonon dynamics in nanometric
polymer films. The setup operates in a reflection geometry for both the pump and probe beam
and exhibits a central pulse wavelength of 800 nm, i.e., the PMMA layer is transparent at the
used optical wavelengths. Thus, a thin (~18 nm) chromium layer is used as an opto-acoustic
transducer as shown in Fig. 1 (a).

Figure 1: (a) Sample schematic (b) Temperature dependence of three acoustic eigenmodes
of the 458 nm PMMA sample. (c) Different representation of the data shown in (b) for selected
temperatures.

Acoustic eigenmodes for all the investigated PMMA samples with thicknesses from 458 nm
down to 32 nm can be observed. In most cases also higher order modes are apparent. The
PMMA thicknesses have been confirmed by ellipsometry measurements.
Monitoring the temperature dependence of the acoustic eigenmodes shows clear evidence of
the glass transition in all samples (see Fig 1. (b,c)). We will discuss the contributions and a
possible disentanglement of the temperature dependent changes in thickness and sound
velocity to the changes in the acoustic eigenmode spectrum. Finally some intricacies and
possible improvements of the sample geometry as well as of the measurement setup will be
reviewed.

Keywords
Picosecond Ultrasonics, Polymers, Phase Transition, Thin Films, ASOPS

381
 Thursday, September 5th, 2019 (11:00 am)

PUS (4/6) - Ultrasonic Scattering

Location: VIVES room B302

PUS (4/6): Ultrasonic Scattering
Chair: Sigrun Hirsekorn and Christopher Kube

11:00 - 11:15 Controlling acoustic waves by the disorder Arnaud Tourin, Maxime Lanoy, Valentin Leroy
11:15 - 11:30 Quantifying frequency dependent absorption phenomena Leander Claes, Sarah Johannesmann, Elmar Baumhögger,
Bernd Henning
11:30 - 11:45 Multiple Scattering by a cluster of cylinders: Numerical study Adrien Rohfritsch, Jean-Marc Conoir,
Régis Marchiano, Tony Valier-Brasier
11:45 - 12:00 High pulse through a multiple scattering medium using 1-bit time reversal in a solid waveguide
Gonzalo Garay, Nicolas Benech, Carlos Negreira
12:00 - 12:15 Real-time scattering of ultrasound from laser generated melt pools Christopher Michael Kube, Tao Sun,
toward fundamental understanding of metallic additive manufacturing Yongfeng Song, Xiongbing Li

382
 CONTROLLING ACOUSTIC WAVES BY THE DISORDER
Arnaud Tourin1, Maxime Lanoy1, Valentin Leroy2
1
Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 1 rue Jussieu, F-75005 Paris
2
Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Paris Diderot University, CNRS, F-75013
Paris

A lot of devices have been developed for centuries to manipulate waves, i.e., to focus, guide,
or filter them. These devices are usually based on homogeneous materials (e.g., lenses,
mirrors, optical fibers) or at least on media structured in a controlled way (e.g., gradient index
or photonic crystal fibers, Bragg mirrors). In the mid-1990s M. Fink et al. carried out the first
time reversal focusing experiment for ultrasound propagating in a disordered multiple
scattering medium[1]. They showed that waves could thereby be focused with a finer resolution
than in a homogeneous medium. That important result contributes to creating a new paradigm
for the manipulation of waves in complex media: contrary to long-held beliefs disorder is not
only an impediment to focusing and imaging but can be turned into an ally for controlling
waves.

Here we show two more recent examples of how disorder can be engineered to control
acoustic wave propagation.

In the first example, we exploit the concept of strong localization that was introduced 50 years
ago by Anderson to explain the metal-insulator transition. It results from interferences of
multiple elastically scattered waves by random defects altering the eigenmodes from being
extended to exponentially localized. In 1989, Lagendijk et al. [2] suggested a form of
localization in which a wave is propagating in one direction but is confined by disorder in the
other two. Taking benefit of this regime, referred to as transverse localization, we report on an
experiment where of a set of parallel randomly distributed 2D scatterers is used as a
waveguide for a broadband acoustic wave. For a given incoming beam size, the flow of
acoustic energy can be controlled with an appropriate choice of the transport mean free path
leading to a localization length less than the waveguide diameter.

The second example exploits multiple scattering of acoustic waves in bubbly media, which is
known to be strong due to the low-frequency monopolar resonance of bubbles. A random
distribution of monodisperse bubbles exhibits a band gap that originates from the coupling
between the propagation mode of the embedding medium and bubble resonances. We will
explain how a transparency window with a negative index of refraction can be opened by
imposing a pair-wise spatial correlation between bubbles[3]. The demonstration will be based
on numerical results obtained with a Multiple Scattering Theory (MST) code that fully
incorporates multiple-scattering effects.

Keywords
Multiple scattering, disorder, strong localization, waveguide, resonance, band gap, negative refraction
References
[1]
A. Derode, P. Roux, and M. Fink, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4206 (1995)
[2]
H. De Raedt, A. Lagendijk, and P. de Vries, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 47 (1989)
[3]
M. Lanoy, J. H. Page, G. Lerosey, F. Lemoult, A. Tourin, V. Leroy, Phys. Rev. B 96, 220201 (2017)

383
 QUANTIFYING FREQUENCY DEPENDENT ABSORPTION PHENOMENA
Leander Claes1, Sarah Johannesmann1, Elmar Baumhögger2, Bernd Henning1
1
Measurement Engineering Group, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100,
33098 Paderborn, Germany
2
Thermodynamics and Energy Technology, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100,
33098 Paderborn, Germany

Amid all fluid and solid properties, quantities that describe losses, are among the most
challenging to quantify. In part, this is due to superimposed dissipative mechanisms, such as
diffraction effects from spatially limited sources. Inherent to all these phenomena however, is
a specific frequency dependence. The nature of the frequency dependence differs and results
from the respective absorption mechanism. Pure fluids, for example, exhibit absorption of
acoustic waves with quadratic frequency dependence[1]. In solids, there are several absorption
models (e.g. Rayleigh) that can be applied, each having different characteristics with respect
to frequency. Other dissipative effects, such as diffraction, also show frequency dependence.
In an approach using the raw moments of the signals from acoustic transmission
measurements, a method to quantify absorption and dissipation phenomena with arbitrary
frequency dependence is presented.

Assuming a signal transmitted by an acoustic source has a given amplitude spectrum,

frequency dependent absorption effects cause changes to this spectrum as the acoustic signal
propagates through the medium. One approach is to observe the change in the centre
frequency of the spectrum[2]. However, this only enables the quantification of one dissipative
parameter. As an alternative, we present a method which links the derivative of a raw moment
of the signal spectrum at a given propagation distance to raw moments of higher order, with
the order depending on the frequency characteristic of the absorption mechanism. This
method enables the determination of an arbitrary number of polynomial absorption
parameters, provided the signal is measured at the same or preferably a larger number of
distances from the signal source.

The described method is applied to different absorption measurement problems. To verify that
accurate results can be achieved under ideal conditions, the method is applied to signals
generated using acoustic field simulation. To show its numerical stability, it is used qualitatively
to evaluate the absorption of a fluid at different thermodynamic states. To demonstrate that
different absorption models can be quantified, the method is applied to measurement signals
of an acoustic wave travelling through a solid plate waveguide.

Keywords
Absorption, Acoustics, Frequency dependence
References
[1]
M. J. Buckingham, On the transient solutions of three acoustic wave equations: van Wijngaarden’s
equation, Stokes’ equation and the time-dependent diffusion equation, The Journal of the Acoustical
Society of America 124 2008, 1909.
[2]
M. Fink, F. Hottier, J. F. Cardoso, Ultrasonic Signal Processing for in Vivo Attenuation Measurement,
Ultrasonic Imaging 2 1983, 117-135.

384
MULTIPLE SCATTERING BY A CLUSTER OF CYLINDERS: NUMERICAL STUDY
A. Rohfritsch1, J.-M. Conoir1, R. Marchiano1, T. Valier-Brasier1
1
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, UMR 7190, 4 Place Jussieu,
Paris, F-75005, France

We are interested in computing the multiple scattering from a cluster of N elastic cylinders
immersed in a fluid. To solve this problem for large values of N (up to N = 10 000), a numerical
method based on iterative algorithms and parallel computing is implemented. A radius of
exclusion around each cylinder is introduced and quantified in order to avoid calculating the
interaction between cylinders too far apart from each other. This makes matrices sparse,
allowing new strategies to solve the problem. Using this efficient resolution method, we start
by calculating the transmission through a randomly distributed slab of cylinders. The effective
phase velocity and the effective attenuation associated to the coherent wave that propagates
in the cluster are identified. A good agreement is found with the Foldy's model at low
concentration.
The second study is based on the scattering by a cluster of cylindrical shape. We compare
our numerical results to those corresponding to a homogeneized cluster, with parameters
based on Foldy's model. This leads to an analysis of the validity of homogenization models
and also to the observation of the construction of the effective acoustic wave.

Figure 1: Energy scattered by a cylindrical cluster of 1500 steel cylinders. Incident wave is a plane wave
propagating toward x-axis, with a frequency of 47,7 kHz

Keywords
Multiple Scattering of sound, Parallel Computing, Propagation in Heterogeneous media

385
 HIGH PULSES THROUGH A MULTIPLE SCATTERING MEDIUM USING 1-BIT
TIME REVERSAL IN A SOLID WAVEGUIDE
Gonzalo Garay1, Nicolás Benech1, Carlos Negreira1
1
Instituto de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, UdelaR.

In this work, we study the focusing of ultrasonic waves through a multiple scattering medium
using 1-bit time reversal in a solid waveguide. The experimental setup allows generating high-
intensity waves using low-power devices. The method consists in coupling 7 low-power
ceramics of 1.75 MHz central frequency into a solid waveguide and use 1-bit time reversal[1].
The multiple scattering medium, a set of random positioned parallel copper rods, is placed
between the waveguide and the focal spot as shown in figure 1(a). The experiments show that
the time reversed wave reaches amplitude values as high as to generate nonlinear waves. In
particular, we observe the generation of the second harmonics.

For this study, two points are relevant. First, we study the focal spot as function of the thickness
L of the multiple scattering medium. As expected, the amplitude of the focus exponentially
decreases as L increases. However, the amplitude decay is not directly related to the mean
free path within the medium. The attenuation is lower than that obtained for the coherent wave,
i.e., the ensemble average over multiple disorder configurations. This result shows that the
time reversal process "catches" a portion of the incoherent energy of the wavefield. Thus, high
pulses are generated in a broad range of values of L. A concomitant result is that the width of
the focal spot decreases as L increases.

The second point is related to the generation of nonlinear waves. We show evidence that the
nonlinearity is generated at the focal spot as shown in figure 1(b). We studied the amplitude
of the first and second harmonics along the propagation direction. The second harmonics is
almost negligible before the focal spot. Thus, the nonlinear wave does not propagate through
the multiple scattering medium but is generated at the focal spot. Therefore, the medium has
no risk of being damaged by the high pulse.

Figure 1: (a) Schematic of the experimental setup used. (b) High pulse obtained at the focal position
after time-reversal. (c) Power spectrum where the presence of the second harmonics is clearly seen.

Keywords
1-bit time reversal, multiple scattering, nonlinear waves.
References
[1]
G. Montaldo, P. Roux, A. Derode, C. Negreira, and M. Fink. Generation of very high pulses with 1-
bit time reversal in a solid wavegide. The Journal of the Acoustical society of America, 110(6) 2001,
2849-2857.

386
 REAL-TIME SCATTERING OF ULTRASOUND FROM LASER GENERATED
MELT POOLS TOWARD FUNDAMENTAL UNDERSTANDING OF METALLIC
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
Christopher M. Kube1, Tao Sun2, Yongfeng Song3, Xiongbing Li3
1
Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University,
212 Earth and Engineering Science Building, University Park, PA, USA
2
X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont,
IL, USA
3
School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha,
Hunan, China

Fundamental to metallic additive manufacturing (AM) is the laser-powder-substrate interaction

that leads to localized melting of metallic powder to a previously solidified substrate. The
formation of the melt pool and the subsequent solidification dictate the resultant
microstructures and properties of the processed materials, which then influence both part
quality and performance. Open ended questions involving further improvements of part quality
and performance remain at the heart of AM science. Further understanding of melt pool
behavior is required to help answer these questions.

This presentation will introduce an ultrasonic scattering method that can be used to monitor
the initiation, evolution, and stabilization of laser generated melt pools in real-time. The method
relies on 25 MHz ultrasonic transducers for generating and receiving the scattered field
produced at the dynamic fluid-solid melt pool interface. Signals are collected at a rate
compatible with the characteristic times associated with melt pool initiation and solidification
(sub-ms). Results of real-time ultrasonic measurements conducted with simultaneous
synchrotron X-ray imaging will be provided. The X-ray imaging offers the ability to quantify the
true melt pool behavior and is employed to validate the melt pool influence on the scattering
of ultrasound. Additionally, these results are connected and used to validate an ultrasonic
scattering model that captures the salient characteristics of this problem. Lastly, extensions of
this work within the context of characterization of part quality will be highlighted.

Keywords
Ultrasonic Scattering, Additive Manufacturing, In-situ Measurement, Weld Monitoring

387
 Thursday, September 5th, 2019 (1:30 pm)

Keynote session 6

Keynote Lecture by Roy Edgar Hansen:

Mapping the Ocean Floor in Extreme Resolution Using Interferometric Synthetic
Aperture Sonar

Location: VIVES main auditorium

Chair: Koen Van Den Abeele

388
 MAPPING THE OCEAN FLOOR IN EXTREME RESOLUTION
USING INTERFEROMETRIC SYNTHETIC APERTURE SONAR
Roy Edgar Hansen1,2
1
Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI). Instituttveien 20, N-2027 Kjeller,
Norway.
2
University of Oslo, Department of Informatics. Gaustadalléen 23 B, N-0373 OSLO, Norway.

The principle of synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) is based on coherent combination of pulses in
order to improve angular resolution. The classical approach is to use a relatively small
sidelooking transmitter-receiver array on a moving platform in order to synthesize a large array
(or aperture). The real to synthetic aperture resolution gain can be 10-100 in sonar. SAS has
matured substantially the last decade. Today, SAS represents state-of-the-art in sonar
imaging, being able to produce images and maps of the seabed in extreme resolution.

The Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) has a long standing collaboration with
Kongsberg Maritime to develop the HISAS interferometric SAS for the HUGIN autonomous
underwater vehicle (AUV). The main data products are seabed maps and acoustic reflectivity
images in high resolution of the seabed. The main feature of SAS is very high resolution in
combination with large area coverage rate.

In this work, we describe the principle of SAS, the limitations in SAS, and show example
images from the HISAS system illustrating its capabilities and performance limitations. Figure
1 shows a SAS image of a ship wreck in the Skagerrak chemical munitions dumpsite. The
data were gathered using a HUGIN AUV. The image is a fusion of acoustic reflectivity and
estimated seabed depth from interferometry. The image size is 160 x 80 m, and the theoretical
resolution is 3 x 3 cm in the image before despeckling, 10 x 10 cm after despeckling and 18 x
18 cm in the depth estimate. The seabed depth is 585 m, and the depth variation in the render
is 8 m.

Figure 1: Interferometric SAS image of a 115 m long ship wreck in the Skagerrak Chemical Munitions
dumpsite. The theoretical resolution in the image is approximately 10x10 cm after despeckling. Data
courtesy of the Norwegian Coastal Administration.

Keywords
Sonar, Beamforming, Imaging

389
 Thursday, September 5th, 2019 (2:30 pm)

ERA (3/4) - Reservoir Acoustics and Borehole Acoustic Logging

Location: VIVES room C201

ERA (3/4): Reservoir Acoustics and Borehole Acoustic Logging
Chair: Xiuming Wang and Hengshan Hu

14:30 - 15:00 Challenges in Cased Borehole Cement Evaluation Arthur Cheng

15:00 - 15:15 Unipole sonic logging while drilling with eccentric tools and the anisotropy evaluations Xiao He, Jianqing Wei, Hao Chen
15:15 - 15:30 Optimization design of a monopole transducer
for slim-hole acoustic logging Yinqiu Zhou, Yuyu Dai, Hongbin He, Zhengbo Wang, Xiuming Wang

390
 CHALLENGES IN CASED BOREHOLE CEMENT EVALUATION
Arthur Cheng
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1
Engineering Dr. 2, Blk E1A 07-03, Singapore 117576

Cased borehole cement evaluation technology has lagged behind open borehole acoustic
logging. Current casing evaluation technologies are still more qualitative than truly
quantitative. There had been extensive research of elastic wave propagation in an open
borehole, but very limited for the cased borehole, especially with regards to cement evaluation.
While open hole logging tools are typically made up of multipole (monopole, dipole and
quadrupole) sources and have multiple receiver arrays, cement evaluation tools often consist
of a single transceiver (acting both as source and receiver) or a very small number of receivers.
Thus, it is not surprising that signals from these tools lack the resolution power of the open
hole tools. With the raising importance of plug and abandon operations, more detailed cement
evaluation behind casing, and in many cases, multiple casings, are desired. Current tools
cannot satisfy these more challenging requirements.

I will discuss the needs and challenges of cased hole cement evaluation in this presentation.
One of the obvious challenges is the presence of the steel casing that reflects over 90 percent
of the acoustic energy generated in the borehole, leaving the signal to noise ratio of the
returned acoustic signal low. The need for an azimuthal image around the borehole presents
significant engineering challenges. Properly characterizing the material properties as well as
channels and voids in the cement and formation requires a significant study of how elastic
wave propagate through such media. I will discuss several approaches that may each address
a part of the problem. These include array sources and receivers, padded devices, different
frequency ranges, and different processing approaches. All of these can provide engineering
and acquisition challenges, but needs to be considered if we truly want to address the problem
of detailed and accurate cement evaluation behind multiple casings.

Keywords
Cased hole logging, cement evaluation, ultrasonic

391
 UNIPOLE SONIC LOGGING WHILE DRILLING WITH ECCENTRIC TOOLS AND
THE ANISOTROPY EVALUATIONS
Xiao He1,2, Jianqing Wei1,2, Hao Chen1,2
1
State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 21
North 4th Ring Road West, Beijing, 100190, China
2
Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sea Deep Drilling and Exploration, 21 North 4th
Ring Road West, Beijing, 100190, China

Logging while drilling (LWD) tools are inevitably off-centered in deviated or horizontal
boreholes due to gravity. It is necessary to investigate the wave propagation of unipole
acoustic LWD with eccentric tools. The unipole transducer can be characterized as a single
point source deviated from borehole axis. The signals of unipole transmitters with arbitrary
azimuths can approximately be equivalent to a linear combination of monopole, dipole, and
quadrupole sources. According to analyses of the wave separation, it is concluded that the
dipole components are dominant in the full wave arrays of unipole tools. The formulation of
responses at the opposite azimuth with respect to a unipole source reveals that the unipole
data by this gathering mode would have less sensitivity to the tool positions. Numerical
simulations further confirm this. For conventional multipole LWD including dipole and
quadrupole logging, it is quite hard to evaluate the true shear velocity of the formation once
the tool is highly off-centered [1]. For the unipole data gathered at the opposite azimuth to the
source, however, the signal properties are very stable, with little dependence on either the tool
eccentricity or the source orientation in the borehole. Both the fast and the slow shear
velocities of an anisotropic formation [2] can therefore be measured with good accuracy
according to inversion tests in this study. Numerical examples further show it is feasible to
evaluate the formation shear anisotropy by the unipole data during the tool rotating, as shown
in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Shear anisotropy evaluation from synthetic unipole data

Keywords
Acoustics, shear wave, logging while drilling, anisotropy
References
[1]
J. Wei, X. He, H. Chen, X. Wang, Wavefield characteristics of unipole sonic LWD with eccentric tools,
SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2018, 734-738.
[2]
X. He, H. Hu, W. Guan, Fast and slow flexural waves in a deviated borehole in homogeneous and
layered anisotropic formations, Geophysical Journal International 2010, 181, 417-4268.

392
 OPTIMIZATION DESIGN OF A MONOPOLE TRANSDUCER FOR SLIM-HOLE
ACOUSTIC LOGGING
Yinqiu Zhou, Yuyu Dai, Hongbin He, Zhengbo Wang, Xiuming Wang
State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deep Drilling
Exploration, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China

Monopole transducer is a core component of acoustic logging instrument, which is widely used
in digital acoustic logging, cement cementing logging, array acoustic logging and so on.
Conventional monopole transducer uses a piezoelectric circular tube to generate sound waves
in borehole of normal size. However, for the slim-hole acoustic logging, the transducers should
be much smaller than usual. Moreover, the monopole excitation spectrum has changed, and
the traditional transducers are unable to adapt to the new logging conditions. Therefore, how
to optimize the monopole transducer under the slim-hole logging condition becomes a very
important issue. In this paper, the vibration modes of the monopole transducer are first
analyzed, and the main influencing factors affecting the frequency of each mode are
discussed. Numerical simulation and optimization of the slim-hole transducer are carried out.
The resonant frequency and performance of the monopole transducer under different logging
conditions are compared, so as to provide a theoretical basis for development of the monopole
source for practical slim-hole acoustic logging.

Keywords
Monopole, transducer, slim-hole, acoustic logging

393
 Thursday, September 5th, 2019 (2:30 pm)

MCT+MEI (2/3) - Ultrasonic Characterization of Tissues and Elasticity Imaging

MCT+MEI (2/3): Ultrasonic Characterization of Tissues and Location: VIVES room A207
Elasticity Imaging Chair: Nico Declercq and Guillermo Rus

14:30 - 14:45 Impact of different contact conditions on the human

cervix using a Torsional Elastographic probe Jorge Torres, Antonio Callejas, Inas Faris, Juan Melchor, Guillermo Rus
14:45 - 15:00 Assessment of a breast cancer response to neoadjuvant Ziemowit Klimonda, Piotr Karwat, Katarzyna Dobruch-Sobczak,
chemotherapy using backscatter ultrasound statistics Hanna Piotrzkowska-Wróblewska, Jerzy Litniewski
15:00 - 15:15 Acoustic radiation torque in soft solids generated by vortex beams Diego Baresch
15:15 - 15:30 Measuring Muscle Contractions from Single Element
Transducer Ultrasound Data Using Machine Learning Strategies Lukas Brausch, Holger Hewener

394
 IMPACT OF DIFFERENT CONTACT CONDITIONS ON THE HUMAN CERVIX
USING A TORSIONAL ELASTOGRAPHIC PROBE
Jorge Torres1, Antonio Callejas1, Inas Faris1, Juan Melchor1,2,3, Guillermo Rus1,2,3
1
Department of Structural Mechanics, University of Granada, Politécnico de Fuentenueva,
Granada E-18071, Spain
2
Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of
Granada-University of Granada, Granada, Spain
3
MNat Scientific Unit of Excellence, University of Granada, Granada E-18071, Spain

Introduction: The microstructure of the cervix has become a challenge in the area of soft
tissues. Unraveling the causes of preterm birth or induction failure are key points that remain
on the public health agenda. Since the conception of elastography, the scientific community
have been trying to optimize it to provide a quantitative diagnosis that objectively ascertain the
stiffness of the tissue, enabling clinicians to plan necessary actions with less uncertainty [1].
Our team has developed a probe that, unlike commercial devices, is capable of emitting and
receiving torsional waves, which are elastic shear waves that propagate radially and axially,
which, a priori, are ideal for cylindrical geometries such as the cervix. In order to become a
clinical tool, it must be consistent and robust in a real measuring environment, preserving the
quality of the signals received in the face of alterations during the operation and operator
errors.

Methods: Several tests were planned to validate the proposed hypotheses about contact
conditions, which were later statistically analyzed by the Anova test considering a significance
of p < 0.05. Three non-pregnant women volunteered. Cervical stiffness was obtained from the
received signal velocity as explained in [2].

Results and conclusions: The analysis results provide a first approximation to the
measurement protocol, preventing the operator from making certain errors during the test,
namely: (I) the use of the speculum is recommended to avoid contact of the probe with the
vaginal walls while allowing correct alignment, by visual observation, towards the cervix. (II)
the use of a lubricant both for the placement of the speculum and on the probe shows hardly
any effect, it is recommended to facilitate the test. (III) an off-centering greater than 1cm with
respect to the external os means an increase in dispersion in the measurements, it is not
recommended. (IV) pressures exerted in the range of 50 to 200 g vary the rigidity obtained, it
is advisable to maintain a constant pressure during the measurement, although the non-linear
behaviour of the tissue will be decisive. (V) measurements must be taken in apnea, which is
achieved thanks to the short duration of the pulse emitted and the burst mode.

Keywords
Human cervix, Elastography, Anova, Contact conditions
References
[1]
Feltovich, Helen, Timothy J. Hall, and Vincenzo Berghella, Beyond cervical length: emerging
technologies for assessing the pregnant cervix. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 207.5
2012, 345-354.
[2]
Callejas, Antonio, et al., Performance Study of a Torsional Wave Sensor and Cervical Tissue
Characterization, Sensors 17.9 2017, 2078.

395
 ASSESSMENT OF A BREAST CANCER RESPONSE TO NEOADJUVANT
CHEMOTHERAPY USING BACKSCATTER ULTRASOUND STATISTICS
Ziemowit Klimonda1, Piotr Karwat1, Katarzyna Dobruch-Sobczak1,2, Hanna Piotrzkowska-
Wróblewska1, Jerzy Litniewski1
1
Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish
Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
2
Radiology Department, Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, M. Skłodowska-Curie
Memorial, Warsaw, Poland
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is used in breast cancer treatment. A correct assessment
of the cancer response to therapy is necessary to decide whether to continue treatment,
change the drug or refer the patient to the surgery of tumor removal. Quantitative Ultrasound
(QUS) techniques can help in assessing and monitoring therapy by providing quantitative
parameters related to changes in tissue structure, which could help in the decision-making
process. The aim of this study was to assess the tumor response to therapy, basing on the
backscattered ultrasound statistics. The radio-frequency (RF) images was acquired from 30
tumors being treated using NAC. The first measurement took place before the start of
chemotherapy, the next measurements took about a week after each administration of the
NAC. After the NAC therapy, the tumors were excised, examined histopathologically, and the
percentage of residual malignant cells (RMC) in tumor tissue was estimated. As part of the
ultrasound data analysis, the experienced physician specified the tumor area (Region of
Interest - ROI) on each image. Then, the probability distribution function (PDF) of the signal
amplitude within ROI was estimated. Next, the difference between PDF corresponding to data
acquired before the therapy and PDFs corresponding to successive NAC courses was
measured for each tumor using the Kullback-Leibler symmetrized divergence (KLSD) [1]. The
results are shown in figure 1, where each circle represents the tumor, and its color shows in
what range was the value of the normalized KLSD parameter after subsequent NAC course.
The tumors are grouped along the y axis according to the RMC value, where 0 represents
complete response (no malignant cell in histopathology), and 100 represents no response to
NAC. It is visible, that higher (above 0.04) values of KLSD at later courses are correlated with
effectiveness of NAC
treatment (lower RMC).
The results suggest that
such QUS parameters
obtained from amplitude
statistics can be useful in
NAC monitoring and
provide additional
information for the
physician.
Figure 1: Normalized KLSD range in breast tumors after subsequent NAC
courses.

Keywords
Quantitative ultrasound, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, cancer response monitoring
References
[1]
S. Kullback, Information Theory and Statistics, Wiley, New York, 1959.

396
 ACOUSTIC RADIATION TORQUE IN SOFT SOLIDS GENERATED BY VORTEX
BEAMS
Diego Baresch1
1
Institut de Mécanique et d'Ingénierie, Université de Bordeaux

The acoustic radiation force (ARF) has widely been investigated in fundamental research and
clinical applications of ultrasound. In the context of tissue elastography, the ARF is used to
locally push the medium by visco-elastic absorption of the incident momentum flux. Acoustic
vortex beams[1], are special fields that additionally carry a flux of angular momentum useful
for rotation[2]. In this presentation, we investigate the angular momentum transfer mechanisms
in soft visco-elastic solids for potential use in applying remote torques. A vortex beam has a
well-defined linear-to-angular momentum flux ratio that scales with the topological charge, a
number describing the beam helicity. The value of this number is therefore important for the
magnitude of the resulting torque. Transduction towards propagating shear waves in the solid
will also be discussed. As for the ARF, we expect that the acoustic radiation torque will open
opportunities to probe soft and biological matter and develop novel ultrasonic imaging
strategies.

Keywords
Acoustic radiation force, Elastography, Radiation torque, soft solids
References
[1]
B. Hefner and P-L. Marston, An acoustical helicoidal wave transducer with applications for the
alignment of ultrasonic and underwater systems, Journ. Acous. Soc. Am., 6 (106), 1999.
[2]
A. Anhäuser, R. Wunenburger and E. Brasselet, Acoustic rotational manipulation using orbital
angular momentum transfer, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 109 (3), 2012.

397
 MEASURING MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS FROM
SINGLE ELEMENT TRANSDUCER ULTRASOUND DATA
USING MACHINE LEARNING STRATEGIES
Lukas Brausch1, Holger Hewener1
1
Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Ensheimer Strasse 48, 66386 St.
Ingbert, Germany
Being able to distinguish non-invasively between contracted and relaxed muscle states is
crucial for rehabilitation and sports athletes alike. The analysis of muscle activities is often
performed using optical systems (movement tracking) or kinetic approaches (e.g. muscle
circumference measurements) but these only provide information from the body surface and
therefore can only serve as surrogates with varying accuracy. Ultrasound measurements,
however, can provide a more detailed view on muscle activities, which can be used to monitor
the correct execution of certain fitness exercises (e.g. squats). Machine learning approaches
on ultrasound data often rely on ultrasound images for classifications. In this work, the raw
ultrasound RF data is used for muscle activity feature extraction and classification. A setup to
classify muscle contractions using single element transducer ultrasound data in combination
with artificial neural networks (ANNs) and traditional time series analysis algorithms, such as
dynamic time warping (DTW), is presented. Several experiments were performed with the
pulser-receiver Olympus 5800PR and Panametrics transducers to obtain these A-scans from
the calves of healthy volunteers serving as input data for the proposed algorithms. In order to
gain a better understanding of the data, several statistical methods and dimensionality
reduction techniques, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Kernel-PCA and t-
Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) were applied providing information about
the distribution of A-scans belonging to relaxed and contracted muscle states. A
comprehensive comparison of different classification methods with individual F1-scores of up
to 89% is presented. It is shown that a deviation of less than 5 % between the amount of
predicted contractions and the ground
truth can be achieved after appropriate
post-processing, which takes the
underlying physiology of muscle activities
into account. The results show that the
classification performance of most tested
ANNs is comparable to DTW while being
much faster than the latter and that low-
cost ultrasound measurement setups can
be used for reliable muscle activity
tracking and monitoring.
Figure 1: Data visualization after applying the t-SNE
dimensionality reduction technique.
More data acquired using automated
annotation approaches is expected to result in even more robust solutions. In the future, the
presented approaches might also be used for the classification of muscle fatigue levels or as
a supplementary tool for chronic muscle pain diagnoses.

Keywords
Machine learning, artificial neural nets, dynamic time warping, muscle activity feature extraction

398
 Thursday, September 5th, 2019 (2:30 pm)

NAS+NTD (2/2) - NDT and industrial transducers and sensors

Location: VIVES room B303

NAS+NTD (2/2): NDT and industrial transducers and sensors
Chair: Tomas Gomez Alvarez-Arenas

14:30 - 14:45 Miniaturized sector array with additive-manufactured Jorge camacho Dias, Giovanni Ortiz,
mirror for low diameter pipe inspection Julio Quirce, Tomas Gomez Alvarez-Arenas
14:45 - 15:00 Method for piezoelectric transducers testing using
high frequency ultrasonic imaging Darius Kybartas, Dobilas Liaukonis, Linas Svilainis
15:00 - 15:15 Study of the opening, damage or maladjustment of an operating industrial
valve by means of the continuously acoustic emission measurement Anthony Rondeau, Florian Cartier, Eric Lafargue
15:15 - 15:30 Probing Corium in Nuclear Severe Accident Experiments: Development Matthieu Cavaro, Kevin Paumel, Nourdine Chikhi,
of Acoustical Techniques Resisting to Very High Temperature Pascal Fouquart, Jules Delacroix, Romain Le Tellier, Viviane Bouyer

399
 MINIATURIZED SECTOR ARRAY WITH ADDITIVE-MANUFACTURED MIRROR
FOR LOW DIAMETER PIPE INSPECTION
Jorge Camacho, Giovanni Ortiz, Julio Quirce, Tomás Gómez Álvarez-Arenas
Ultrasound Systems and Technology Group, Institute of Physical and Information
Technologies, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain

The ultrasonic inspection of low diameter pipes remains challenging, particularly in the power
industry where new heater exchanger designs include tight curvatures and severe access
restrictions. Moreover, advances in welding techniques require performing not only normal-
incidence corrosion maps typical in pipe inspection, but also the more complex weld evaluation
procedures that require oblique incidence at different propagation angles and modes.

This work presents the design, fabrication and preliminary characterization of a miniaturized
sector array for low diameter pipe inspection, with 7.8 mm exterior diameter, 8 sector elements
and 2.0 MHz center frequency. The electrical impedance plots are presented and analyzed,
along with the pulse-echo frequency response of all elements. An excellent matching was
achieved, with very low deviation of principal parameters. The generated acoustic field was
characterized for single element emission, and also for beam steering with excitation delays.

In order to evaluate the performance of the array in a real application, a simple experiment
was conducted for the inspection of a 12 mm internal diameter pipe. A 45º reflector cone was
developed by additive manufacturing for obtaining normal incidence at the pipe wall, and the
signals generated by flat bottom holes and wall thickness variations are presented and
analyzed. Additive manufacturing is a cost-effective and rapid technology for prototyping this
kind of devices, which usually require a fine tuning process based on experimental
measurements and small geometry adjustments.

Figure 1: Different view of the sector array and the reflector cone for the pipe inspection tests.

Keywords
Sector array, pipe inspection, additive manufacturing

400
 METHOD FOR PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCERS TESTING USING HIGH
FREQUENCY ULTRASONIC IMAGING
Darius Kybartas, Dobilas Liaukonis, Linas Svilainis
Department of Electronics Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu g. 50 -
340, 51368 Kaunas, Lithuania

Piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers usually is are complex multilayered structures of

protective, matching, piezoelectric and damping layers. Quality of bonding between layers and
their thickness accuracy are the factors affecting overall performance. Transducer testing
procedure usually uses electric impedance and acoustic directivity measurements. In this
study, an alternative method for non-destructive transducers testing is presented. Method is
based on scanning transducers' structure using higher frequency ultrasonic focused
transducer.

Tests were performed using focused 14-25 MHz transducers with focal spot diameter 0.35
mm. It was mounted on ultrasonic scanner and immersed into water above surface of lower
frequency transducers under test (TUT). Two-dimensional positioning parallel to the surface
of TUT was performed collecting arrays of A-scans. Echo signals of single pulse mode were
acquired using 100MHz ADC system. Another feature of proposed method is in
simultaneously acquisition of signal received in TUT electric port as a result to short acoustic
pulse of scanning signal.

Data processing was performed by aligning data array in time domain to make transducer
surface parallel to scanners plane. Array slicing to layers corresponding transducers face,
matching, piezoelement and backing (Figure 1 a) and consequent visualization as C-scans is
informative in evaluation of their bonding and integrity (Figure 1 b and c). Higher intensity of
echoes from deeper layers indicate defects in bonding between layers, delamination of poor
acoustic matching.

a) b) c) d)
Figure 1: Received echo from 2 MHz transducer under test with window-separated layers (a), front face
C-scan (b), piezoelement layer C-scan (c), and sensitivity distribution in transducer under test (d).

Comparison of C-scan images with received signals from TUT electric port (Figure 1 d) show
good correlation between places with higher intensity echoes from structure and decrease of
sensitivity.
Proposed method can be used not only in manufacturing process, but also for periodical
evaluation of transducers quality in process of their use.
This work was supported by grant 09.3.3-LMT-K-712 from Lithuanian Research Council.

Keywords
Piezoelectric transducers, non-destructive testing, ultrasonic focused scanning, delamination.

401
 STUDY OF THE OPENING, DAMAGE OR MALADJUSTMENT OF AN
OPERATING INDUSTRIAL VALVE BY MEANS OF THE CONTINUOUSLY
ACOUSTIC EMISSION MEASUREMENT
Anthony Rondeau1, Florian Cartier1, Eric Lafargue1

1
Laboratoire de Recherche Chpolansky (LRC), 3 rue Angiboust, 91460 Marcoussis, France.
Valves are used in industrial sites where flows (gas, liquid or diphasic) are in action — for
example, industries of energy, oil and gas, water cycle or chemistry. The damage or the
maladjustment of valves cause leak flows which induce financial costs, environmental
problems and safety hazards. A continuous evaluation of valves would detect leak flows
occurring during critical operating phase of an industrial facility — like the pressure rise of a
valve circuit. Leak or passing flows generate Acoustic Emissions (AE) which can be measured,
in a non-intrusive way, by mean of piezo-electric sensors[1] deposited on the valve. We had
the opportunity to instrument an industrial valve — y-pattern globe valve (DN 722.5 mm)
closed in the studied operating phase — to measure the AE and the upstream relative
pressure. To do this, we developed an ad-hoc measuring bench to operate at high temperature
(until to 540 °C) and to acquire, continuously and simultaneously, data from two measurement
channels at a frequency of 1 MHz. The experience lasted 11 days. The upstream pression
and temperature of the fluid (water) increased from around 0 bar to 70 bar and from around
10 to 400°C, respectively. At the valve downstream, we had air at atmospheric pression.
Figure 1, we present the acoustic intensity, spectral average on frequencies exited by leak
flow, calculated from our AE measurements during the studied operating phase.

Figure 1: AE measured continuously on the analysis valve during the studied operating phase

In addition, a data processing to denoise AE signals, contaminated by industrial noises, was

developed and validated by our experimental data. The AE signal being stationary, our
denoising algorithm is based on the elimination of non-stationary phenomena from a time
scale analysis. From the evolution of AE statistical parameters (here, the spectral average),
which are correlated to the rate flow[1], we detected the apparition of valve opening, damage
or maladjustment in an industrial environment.

Keywords
Acoustic emission, valve, industry, leak flow
References
[1]
A. Rondeau, E. Lafargue, F. Cartier, Leakage noises in valves, 32 030015 2018, 1-5.

402
 PROBING CORIUM IN NUCLEAR SEVERE ACCIDENT EXPERIMENTS:
DEVELOPMENT OF ACOUSTICAL TECHNIQUES RESISTING TO VERY HIGH
TEMPERATURE
Matthieu Cavaro1, Kevin Paumel1, Nourdine Chikhi2, Pascal Fouquart2, Jules Delacroix2,
Romain Le Tellier3, Viviane Bouyer2
CEA, DEN, Cadarache, 13108 St Paul lez Durance, France
1
DTN/STCP/LISM, 2DTN/SMTA/LEAG, 3DTN/SMTA/LMAG

Since Fukushima Daiichi’s accident, there has been an appropriate reconsideration of severe
accident research. In the case of a nuclear reactor severe accident, the core could melt and
form corium, a high temperature complex mixture of molten fuel, containment and structural
materials that varies in composition depending on the reactor condition at the start of the
severe accident. In order to improve the reactor safety and be able to mitigate the accident on
the site, it is important to understand corium behavior in the various configurations considered
for severe accidents.

In the context of in vessel retention (IVR) studies, the knowledge of formation of the immiscible
phases stratification phenomenon is limited. This knowledge could be enhanced thanks to
experiments with in-line dedicated instrumentation following the transient of the metal
relocation below the oxide phase and the stratification inversion kinetics. This instrumentation
has to cope with an aggressive liquid and multiphase environment which is at high temperature
(1700 – 3000 °C).

The study of an ultrasonic technique – based on time of flight measurements – using a

refractory material waveguide is in progress. We present the feasibility approach with the
choice of the waveguide (withstanding high temperature, no interaction with steel,
transmission of acoustic wave in the waveguide and at the waveguide/steel interface), the
choice of the ultrasonic transducer, the numerical simulations and the results obtained during
preliminary experiments at high temperature (1850°C).

Figure 1: View at room temperature of the acoustical experiment: a ceramic waveguide probing liquid
steel. The liquid steel is molten thanks to induction.

Part of this work has been carried out within the framework of the PLINIUS2 project funded by CEA,
EDF and AREVA/FRAMATOME.

Keywords
Corium, Nuclear Severe Accidents, Waveguides, High Temperature, Liquid Steel

403
 Thursday, September 5th, 2019 (2:30 pm)

NGW (3/4) - Guided Waves and their Applications in NDT & SHM

Location: VIVES room A304

NGW (3/4): Guided Waves and their Applications in NDT & SHM
Chair: Xiuming Wang and Mathias Kersemans

14:30 - 14:45 Modeling the acoustic emissions produced by dynamic fracture Valentin van Gemmeren, Jurg Dual
14:45 - 15:00 Acoustic sensing with micro-explosions: optical breakdown
as a non-contact source for leaky Lamb wave measurements in underwater plates Athanasios G Athanassiadis
15:00 - 15:15 Laser-based ultrasonic inspection of cracks Peilong Yuan, Lisha Huo, Tommaso Seresini, Yang Liu,
in a rotating tube under dynamic load Sevilia Sunetchiieva, Helge Pfeiffer, Martine Wevers, Christ Glorieux
15:15 - 15:30 Lesson Learned from Korean Round Robin Test Kyungcho Kim, Jin-Gyum Kim,
Results using Guided Wave for Buried Pipes Dong-youl Kim, Myungjo Jhung, Younho Cho

404
MODELING THE ACOUSTIC EMISSIONS PRODUCED BY DYNAMIC FRACTURE
Valentin van Gemmeren1, Jurg Dual1
1
Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland

In structural health monitoring, acoustic emissions (AE) are widely used to detect and
characterize cracks. AE exhibit a wide variety of characteristics, such as frequency content or
rise time, which could be useful to identify the underlying failure mode of the crack, e.g. in fiber
reinforced plastics. To this end, researchers aim to model the fracture process and the
resulting elastic waves.

Recently, we have presented a method to induce precisely controlled dynamic fracture in a

glass beam (length 1.5 m, diameter 4 mm) by focusing multiply reflecting flexural waves at an
arbitrarily chosen location in space and time[1]. During the fracture event, a single AE occurs,
propagates through the glass beam and is measured by laser Doppler vibrometry. The AE
from this experiment is reproducible as the loading conditions during fracture are highly
controlled, which also facilitates the modeling.

Figure 1: Comparison of the measured and simulated AE (lateral surface velocity). Time is measured
from the start of the experiment. The AE is recorded between 350.8 ms and 351 ms.

In our spectral element simulation[2], we model the glass beam following Timoshenko beam
theory and compute the generation and propagation of the AE. As proposed in previous
research[3], we model the fracture as an instantaneous crack through the beam with the
subsequent unloading of the newly created fracture surfaces. The sudden unloading of the
fracture surfaces causes the flexural waves to be reflected at the site of fracture instead of
being transmitted through it. The sharp transition between wave transmission and reflection
at the crack position causes the high frequency content that can be seen both in the
measurement and the simulation (see Figure 1). The AE signals obtained from experiment
and simulation show good agreement. This suggests that the application of this modeling
approach to more complex load cases is worthwhile and may help to better understand the
characteristics of AE.

Keywords
Acoustic emission, dynamic fracture, guided waves
References
[1]
V. van Gemmeren, B. Zybach, J. Dual, Phys. Rev. Applied, 10 2018, 044021.
[2]
J. F. Doyle, Wave Propagation in Structures, 1997, Springer-Verlag, New York.
[3]
M. V. Lysak, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 55 1996, 443-452.

405
ACOUSTIC SENSING WITH MICRO-EXPLOSIONS: OPTICAL BREAKDOWN AS
A NON-CONTACT SOURCE FOR LEAKY LAMB WAVE MEASUREMENTS IN
UNDERWATER PLATES
Athanasios G. Athanassiadis1,2
1
Micro, Nano, and Molecular Systems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems,
Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02143 USA

When a high-power laser is focused to a small spot in a fluid, nonlinear interactions at the
focus can excite a plasma that expands explosively and emits a strong mechanical shock
wave into the ambient medium. Traditionally, this process – called optical breakdown – has
been used for micromachining, as a source of plasma, and for cavitation studies. However,
the nonlinear phenomena involved also make optical breakdown a unique source of
broadband ultrasound. By using the underlying physics to enhance sound production, optical
breakdown produces a sound source that is simultaneously compact (sub-mm), loud (MPa
peak pressures), and very broadband (<100kHz – 5MHz). These characteristics make optical
breakdown a valuable source for acoustic sensing in a wide range of settings.

Figure 1: A broadband point source of sound is generated in the lab by focusing a high-power laser into
a tank of water to cause optical breakdown.

Here, I describe how optical breakdown can provide new capabilities in nondestructive
measurements of underwater structures. By creating a broadband sound source in the water,
optical breakdown can excite broadband leaky Lamb waves in submerged plates, which can
be measured remotely with a hydrophone array. This sensing configuration couples into both
symmetric and antisymmetric leaky Lamb modes, making it possible to map a broadband slice
of the plate’s dispersion spectrum. Using these results, I demonstrate how both time- and
frequency-domain analyses of the response make it possible to remotely measure a plate’s
sound speeds and thicknesses, for a variety of plate materials and thicknesses.

Keywords
Optoacoustics, optical breakdown, broadband sensing, Lamb waves, wave mechanics
Acknowledgements
This project was carried out at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with support from the US
Office of Naval Research.

406
LASER-BASED ULTRASONIC INSPECTION OF CRACKS IN A ROTATING TUBE
UNDER DYNAMIC LOAD

Peilong Yuan1, Lisha Huo2, Tommaso Seresini1, Yang Liu1, Sevilia Sunetchiieva2, Helge
Pfeiffer2, Martine Wevers2, Christ Glorieux1

1
Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B3001 Leuven
Belgium
2
Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, B3001 Leuven
Belgium

Laser-based ultrasonic inspection is an emerging versatile non-contact technique for defect

detection of a variety of critical components. This article reports on the adaptation of this
technology for the inspection of rotating cylindrical components undergoing varying stress.
Hereto the detection of the dynamically changing crack response inducing guided wave
modulation is focused on. Optical interferometry is thus used for the remote detection and the
guided ware are excited photo-acoustically. The interaction between guided waves and
defects is systematically investigated by varying the wave packet parameters, the material
properties and the defect characteristics. The mode conversion, which occurs when guided
waves are encountering a crack or delamination, is also numerically modeled, both in the case
of static and dynamic stress that modifies the elastic response of a defect in a cylindrical
component. The experimentally assessed effects of defects on the envelope, arrival time,
spectrum and other receiving wave characteristics are compared with the simulation results
and exploited for their detection and characterization, giving a basis for the use of laser
ultrasonic for NDT.

Keywords
Laser-based ultrasonics, nondestructive testing method, opening cracks, rotating cylindrical
components

407
 LESSON LEARNED FROM KOREAN ROUND ROBIN TEST RESULTS USING
GUIDED WAVE FOR BURIED PIPES
Kyungcho Kim1, Jin-Gyum Kim1, Dong-youl Kim1, Myungjo Jhung1, Younho Cho2*
1
Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety, 62 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejoen, Republic of Korea
2
School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea

The buried pipes are exposed to corrosion, mechanical/chemical damage and high load
fatigue due to internal fluid and external soil. If the leakage on pipes occurs, it is difficult to find
the cause of the leak as well as to repair them by limitation of access. Therefore, the
appropriate aging management program applicable to nuclear power plants is necessary. As
a part of the aging management program, in this research, the applicability of the guided
ultrasonic inspection techniques to the buried pipes was investigated by round robin test
(RRT).

Round robin test for buried pipes were conducted by 6 teams in Korea. The purpose of the
RRT is to evaluate the detection performance of guided wave techniques for buried pipes. The
mock-up specimens was made up of six groups (5 groups in the mock-up box, 1 group in the
soil) to distinguish the weld joint on pipe/elbow, axial/circumference flaw, coating, fitting. The
test protocol and procedures for RRT were documented. And the test data were analyzed by
data analysis group (DAG) independently.

For the analysis of result data, the 8 essential variables by EPRI Report “Obtaining Credit for
Guided Wave as a Buried Pipe Direct Examination” (No. 3002000468, 2013.12) and 1 self-
selected variable were selected. However, we identified that standardization of some other
variables is necessary. Representative signals such as weld joints and pipe end signal could
be obtained high signal to noise ratio(SNR) and well-checked. On the other hand, it is difficult
to distinguish the flaw and coating signal except for lengthwise notch signal. For the buried
mock-up in the soil, no flaw signals were seen due to the corrosion over long time in soil.
In this study, the applicability of the guided ultrasonic inspection was confirmed as the screen
test method for the buried pipe. Lessons learned from RRT and the limitation of Guided wave
were summarized.

Keywords
RRT(Round Robin Test), GW(Guided Wave), Buried Pipe

408
 Thursday, September 5th, 2019 (2:30 pm)

PGM+PMM (4/4) - Metamaterials and granular materials

Location: VIVES room A306

PGM+PMM (4/4): Metamaterials and granular materials
Chair: Vincent Tournat

14:30 - 14:45 Acoustic Time Reversal in Granular Materials Yamil Abraham, Maxime Harazi, Nicolas Benech,
Carlos Negreira, Mathias Fink, Xiaoping Jia, Arnaud Tourin
14:45 - 15:00 Slowdown of Rayleigh-like waves in Javier Brum, Jean-Luc Gennisson,
unjammed granular suspensions Mathias Fink, Arnaud Tourin, Xiaoping Jia
15:00 - 15:15 Evaluation of particle deposition in double porosity Fatima Zahraa Kachkouch, Hervé Franklin,
medium by means of ultrasonic measures Alain Tinel, Abdellah Alem, Huaqing Wang

409
 ACOUSTIC TIME REVERSAL IN GRANULAR MATERIALS
Yamil Abraham1,2, Maxime Harazi1,3, Nicolas Benech2, Carlos Negreira2, Mathias Fink1,
Xiaoping Jia1, Arnaud Tourin1
1
Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France
2
Laboratorio de Acustica Ultrasonora, Instituto de Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias, UdelaR,
Montevideo, Uruguay
3
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France
A Time Reversal Mirror (TRM) is a device able to capture a wavefield and to send it back in a
reverse chronological order, resulting in a wave that converges back onto its source. It has
been known for a long time that the more complex the medium the sharper the focus[1].
We will report on acoustic time-reversal experiments in a dry granular medium, i.e., an
assembly of macroscopic grains that interact through repulsive and frictional contact forces.
Pulsed elastic waves transmitted from a compression or a shear source are measured by a
TRM (left and middle panels of figure 1), time reversed and back-propagated. The ability of
the time-reversed wave to focus at the source is checked as a function of the source amplitude.
We find that time reversal of the ballistic coherent wave is very robust to perturbations but
provides poor resolution. By contrast, the short-wavelength scattered waves offer a finer
focusing but are sensitive to rearrangements induced by the forward propagation wave itself:
at large source amplitudes, time reversal focusing is broken (right panel of figure 1).
Experimental results are confronted with predictions from a numerical model in which the
propagation medium is modeled by a percolating network of spherical balls interacting via
linear springs.

1 Compression
Shear
0.8
SNR

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Source Amplitude (a.u.)

Figure 1 Left: 1.5-mm diameter glass beads are placed between the source S and the 16-element TRM.
Detectors D1 to D6 allow for spatial focusing measurements. Middle: a typical ultrasonic waveform
transmitted through the glass bead packing consists of a low-frequency coherent wave followed by
high-frequency scattered waves (c) Ratio of the time-reversed peak amplitude to the RMS of the side
lobes as a function of the source amplitude for a compression (blue dots) and a shear wave source (red
dots).

Finally we will discuss some recent experiments where time-reversal focusing is used as a
means to focus high-amplitude ultrasound at a particular position to trigger rearrangements.

Keywords
Granular media, ultrasound, multiple scattering, disorder, time-reversal focusing
References
[1]
A. Derode, P. Roux, and M. Fink, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 1995, 4206.
[2]
Eur. Phsy. J. Special Topics 226, 1487 Leopoldes, G. Conrad, X. Jia, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 2013,
248301.

410
 SLOWDOWN OF RAYLEIGH-LIKE WAVES IN UNJAMMED GRANULAR
SUSPENSIONS
Javier Brum1,2, Jean-Luc Gennisson1,3, Mathias Fink1, Arnaud Tourin1, Xiaoping Jia1
1
Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France
2
Instituto de Física, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
3
IR4M, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, CEA HFJ, Orsay, France

We present an experimental investigation of Rayleigh-like wave propagating along the surface

of a dense granular suspension. Using an ultrafast ultrasound scanner, we monitor the
decrease of such wave velocity (close to the shear wave velocity), inside the optically opaque
medium as the driving amplitude increases (Fig. a). Two regimes of nonlinear behavior are
found: firstly, we observe a significant shear modulus weakening due to the micro-slip on the
contact level but without macroscopic rearrangements of grains (Fig. b). Secondly, we do
observe the macroscopic grain rearrangement accompanied by a modulus decrease up to
88% (Fig. c). A friction model is proposed to describe the interplay between nonlinear elasticity
and micro-plasticity on the contact level, which highlights the crucial effect of contact slipping
before contact breaking or loss. Investigation of these nonlinear Rayleigh-like waves may
bridge the gap between two disjoint approaches for describing the dynamics near unjamming:
linear elastic soft modes and nonlinear collisional shock [1].

Figure: Experimental investigation of a Rayleigh-like shear wave along the surface of a granular
medium. (a) Sketch of the experimental setup: the wave is excited by a rough plate in a water-saturated
glass bead packing. (b) Softening of the shear modulus or group velocity, as a function of the dynamic
driving force in a case without macroscopic rearrangement of grains. Solid line is the prediction by the
friction model. (c) Ultrasound imaging of particle motion during plastic rearrangement of grains.
Comparison of the ultrasonic speckle patterns recorded before, during and after the high-amplitude
wave passage after an excitation at 100 Hz by a large dynamic force of about 2.5 N. This induces a
macroscopic grain rearrangement localized in a zone close to the driving (white rectangle).

Keywords
Granular suspensions, Rayleigh-like waves, nonlinear friction dynamics, elastic weakening
References
[1]
J. Brum J.-L. Gennisson, M. Fink, A. Tourin, X. Jia, arXiv 2018, 1810.0855

411
EVALUATION OF PARTICLE DEPOSITION IN DOUBLE POROSITY MEDIUM BY
MEANS OF ULTRASONIC MEASURES
F. Kachkouch1, H. Franklin1, A. Tinel1, A. Alem1, H. Wang1
1
Université de Normandie – Université du Havre, Laboratoire des Ondes et Milieux
Complexes, UMR CNRS 6294, 75, rue Bellot, 76600 Le Havre, CS 80 540 76058 Le Havre
France

Particle deposition can cause the clogging in hydraulic structures. This phenomenon is hardly
detectable and not very visible in its first manifestations. A protocol for the detection of fine
particles, their transport and their deposition in a porous medium could be of interest for
predicting the first appearances in the hydraulic structures.

The study is realized for a fluid-saturated double porosity medium, because of its strong
presence in nature contrary to a simple porosity medium. One of the main characteristics of a
hydraulic structure, therefore of a porous skeleton, is to allow a good flow of fluid by a fairly
sufficient permeability. The decrease of this latter, which is one of the most important
consequences when the porous material is subjected to the clogging phenomenon, can affect
the proper functioning of the structure. The clogging affects several mechanical parameters of
the medium (permeability, porosity…). One can note also that the acoustic properties are
influenced by particles deposition, which manifest firstly by a decrease in the transmitted wave
amplitude through the medium. Some other ultrasonic properties are also affected such as the
phase velocity, the attenuation and the energy of the transmitted wave. One notices a good
agreement between the variations of the mechanical parameters and the variations of the
acoustic properties.

Keywords
Particle deposition, double porosity medium, acoustic wave transmission

412
 Thursday, September 5th, 2019 (2:30 pm)

PMA+MUT (2/3) - Ultrasonic Transducers: Technologies and Applications

PMA+MUT (2/3): Ultrasonic Transducers: Technologies and Location: VIVES room A303
Applications Chair: Alessandro Stuart Savoia and Guillaume Ferin

14:30 - 14:45 Design and characterization of multi-frequency Hang Gao, Pieter Gijsenbergh, Alexander Halbach, Yongbin Jeong,
polymer-based PMUTs for novel imaging applications Margo Billen, David Cheyns, Xavier Rottenberg, Veronique Rochus
14:45 - 15:00 Design and fabrication of a piezoelectric micromachined
ultrasound transducer (pMUT) array for underwater sensor networks Sina Sadeghpour, Michael Kraft, Robert Puers
15:00 - 15:15 Reduced order modelling for electro-mechanical-acoustic Gianluca Massimino, Alessandro Colombo, Attilio Alberto Frangi,
analyses of an array of PMUTs Raffaele Ardito, Fabio Quaglia, Alberto Corigliano
15:15 - 15:30 Opto-mechanical ultrasound Wouter Jan Westerveld, Md. Mahmud-Ul-Hasan,
sensor (OMUS) in a silicon photonic chip Xavier Rottenberg, Simone Severi, Veronique Rochus

413
DESIGN AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTI-FREQUENCY POLYMER-BASED
PMUTS FOR NOVEL IMAGING APPLICATIONS
Hang Gao, Pieter Gijsenbergh, Alexander Halbach, Yongbin Jeong, Margo Billen, David
Cheyns, Xavier Rottenberg, Veronique Rochus
IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
Portable, wearable, high-resolution and deeply penetrating are the emerging trends in
Ultrasound imaging. Multi-frequency Ultrasound Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic
Transducers (PMUTs) are highly recommended due to their capabilities of overcoming the
intrinsic trade-off (penetration depth vs. image resolution), their high density, their low-cost
and low-energy consumption as compared to the traditional single-frequency transducer. In
this paper, we demonstrated the design and characterization of multi-frequency polymer-
based PMUTs intended for novel imaging applications.
As shown in Fig. 1a and Fig. 1b, PMUTs are fabricated with circular microcavities with 15 µm
polyimide membranes suspended on top, actuated by 500 nm polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
sandwiched between two conductive layers. The diameter ratio of the top and bottom
electrode is selected as 67% in order to achieve the optimal driving efficiency based on prior
research. For imaging applications, 1 um Parylene coating is subsequently applied on the
surface to make the devices immersible.
Different combinations of circular diameters (D) and membrane mode shapes (M01, M02,
M03, see Fig. 1c) dominate the performance of PMUTs. For this reason, the resonance
frequencies of the different mode shapes for different discrete devices (D = 80 µm to 400 µm)
is measured in air by using a Laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) as shown in Fig. 1d. Based on
this, devices with D=320 µm are selected for 5x5 array tape-out and these are characterized
before and after coating both in air and in water. Fig. 1e shows that the proposed Parylene
coating has limited effect on resonance frequency, bandwidth and membrane velocities. In
water, however, the resonance frequency is reduced to 40%-75% while the bandwidth
increased 3 to 4 times at different modes. Interestingly, the measured membrane velocity
increases around 7 MHz (M04) compared to other mode shapes. It is in agreement with the
pressure measurement at 7 mm from the PMUT array swept at different frequencies (driven
by 5-cycle 10Vp pulses) as shown in Fig. 1f, resulting in 80 Pa pressure per driven voltage at
7 MHz.

Figure. 1. (a) & (b) Fabricated PMUTs. (c) Mode shapes and (d) Resonance frequencies
characterization in air before coating. (e) LDV measurement of one 320 µm PMUT before & after coating
in air & in water. (f) Pressure measurement of a 5x5 PMUT array at different frequencies.

Keywords
Multi-frequency, PMUTs, Polyimide-based, Medical imaging

414
 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A PIEZOELECTRIC MICROMACHINED
ULTRASOUND TRANSDUCER (PMUT) ARRAY FOR UNDERWATER SENSOR
NETWORKS
Sina Sadeghpour1, Michael Kraft1, Robert Puers1
1
Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT-MICAS), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
Following the introduction of Internet of Things (IoT) as a technological revolution of computing
and communications to interconnect with terrestrial applications, Underwater Sensor
Networks (USN) were adopted to tackle many scientific and industrial underwater activities.
For specific USN applications, such as the sensory exploration of hard-to-reach underwater
environments, small size nodes with limited power budget are indispensable. To render these
applications viable, it is mandatory that the submerged devices perform ultrasonic
communication.
Accordingly, the main objective of this abstract is to represent the procedure of the design and
fabrication of a pMUT array, which is able to communicate in a distance range of 1-2m
underwater with low actuation voltage. This device will be used in small and low power
underwater sensor nodes. The design parameters, fabrication process, and interface
electronic circuits are discussed. Moreover, the effect of the array’s directivity on the multi-
path communication and power intensity were investigated.
Figure 1(a) shows the fabricated pMUT array, in which there are four subarrays. Each
subarray has different directivity and can be selected by a separate bond-pad. The RC value
of the parasitic resistor and capacitor of a pMUT play and important role in its efficiency.
Because, the RC acts as a low-pass filter; therefore, to not affect the performance, its 3dB
bandwidth should be kept below the mechanical resonance frequency of the pMUT. Hence,
the fabrication process of a pMUT was modified by using Ti/Pt/Ti/Ag as the top electrode and
SiO2 as an isolation layer between the top electrode and PZT, in order to reduce the parasitic
resistor and capacitor, respectively.
The array was further characterized by laser doppler vibrometer (LDV) in-air and by needle
hydrophone underwater. Figure 1(b) shows the underwater beam-pattern of two channels,
which were measured by a needle hydrophone. The time domain response of the array to a
burst sinus signal with 10 cycles is shown in Figure 1(c). The subarray with the narrowest
directivity has the lowest measured reflected signal from the surface of the water.
Consequently, a directive pMUT array will be beneficial in multi-path communication.
However, it was shown both analytically and practically that directivity, which is obtained by
modifying the array structure, does not affect the axial power intensity and neither the
communication distance range.

Figure 1: The fabricated pMUT array (a); the measured beam-pattern (b); the time response to a burst
10 cycles sinus signal (c).

Keywords
pMUT, PZT, Directivity, beam-pattern

415
 REDUCED ORDER MODELLING FOR ELECTRO-MECHANICAL-ACOUSTIC
ANALYSES OF AN ARRAY OF PMUTS
Gianluca Massimino1, Alessandro Colombo1, Attilio Frangi1, Raffaele Ardito1, Fabio Quaglia2,
Alberto Corigliano1
1
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo
da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
2
Analog, MEMS & Sensors Group, ST Microelectronics, Via Tolomeo 1, 20010 Cornaredo,
Italy

Piezoelectric MUTs are widely used for many applications like rangefinding, fingerprinting
recognition and medical sonography. Ultrasonic imaging exploits the in-water propagation due
to the vibration of an array of several PMUTs. While standard numerical models [1] are
typically computational very expensive, in this work we present a new multiphysics reduced
order modelling of the electro-mechanical-acoustic problem conceived to analyze several
transducers, as it is shown in figure 1.

Figure 1: Finite element model: mesh detail PMUT transducer (left), mesh detail fluid domain (center),
pressure map in the transversal plane at the final time for 1V sinusoidal excitation at the fundamental
PMUTs frequency (right).

The solution strategy consists of two stages. In the former one, the eigenvalue piezoelectric
problem is solved for the complete stack of a representative PMUT modelled with quadratic
wedge elements, considering a linear stress-charge constitutive model in the active layer [2]
and few selected modes are extracted. Then, the acoustic-structure interaction surface of each
transducer is mapped on the fluid boundary. In the latter stage, the time piezo-acoustic
problem is solved through a staggered procedure in which the electro-mechanical behaviour
is represented as a combination of the selected modes, reducing each transducer to few
DOFs, while for the complete acoustic problem the solution is computed by means of quadratic
tetrahedral elements, in the presence of absorbing boundary conditions, to simulate the
radiation into an infinite medium. The numerical model shows very good agreement and faster
computational time with respect to Ansys 19.2 and Comsol 5.4 and represents a powerful tool
to study beamforming problem based on array of PMUTs.

Keywords
Array, microsystems, modelling, multiphysics, piezoelectricity, ultrasonics.
References
[1]
G. Massimino, A. Colombo, L. D’Alessandro, F. Procopio, R. Ardito, M. Ferrera and A. Corigliano,
Multiphysics modelling and experimental validation of an air-coupled array of PMUTs with residual
stresses, J. Micromech. Microeng., 28 05, 2018, 4005-4014
[2]
A. Corigliano, R. Ardito, C. Comi, A. Frangi, A. Ghisi and S. Mariani, Mechanics of Microsystems,
ISBN: 978-1-119-05383- 5, 2018, John Wiley & Sons.

416
 OPTO-MECHANICAL ULTRASOUND SENSOR (OMUS) IN A SILICON
PHOTONIC CHIP
Wouter J. Westerveld, Md. Mahmud-Ul-Hasan, Xavier Rottenberg, Simone Severi,
Veronique Rochus
Imec, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
Micromachined ultrasound transducers (MUTs) are increasingly used in ultrasonography
because of their cost-effective wafer-scale fabrication, integration with electronics (ASIC), and
wide bandwidth. Although Capacitive MUTs have no intrinsic noise, capacitively coupled noise
can be significant. Transducer arrays require a coaxial wire for each element, or alternatively
a heat dissipating ASIC. Integrated optical sensors use light as information carrier and have
good prospects: small, low-noise sensors[1,2], wafer-scale fabrication, and remote array read-
out via one optical fiber using on-chip optical multiplexing[3].
We propose a new OMUS with innovative rib-type waveguide that is extremely susceptible to
mechanical deformation of an acoustical membrane. Light is guided by the waveguide which
consist of a slab-part on the membrane and a rib-part on a fixed substrate, separated by a tiny
gap (Fig. 1ab). This waveguide is looped into a photonic ring resonator. A tiny change in
waveguide gap causes a large change in waveguide effective index and thus a large shift in
the optical resonance wavelength. This shift is accurately measured using a laser[2]. We
optimized the design with semi-analytical opto-acousto-mechanical modelling and arrived at
a design with resonance at 15 MHz, bandwidth 50%, and detection limit of only 2.4 Pa
(assuming 15 MHz noise bandwidth, laser phase noise 100 kHz, relative intensity noise -88
dB/Hz, photo-receiver noise 20.5 pV/sqrt(Hz) and saturation 55 µW, estimated from [2]). This
is two orders of magnitude lower than a corresponding waveguide-on-membrane OMUS as in
[2].
Sensors are being fabricated in Imec's CMOS pilot line. Wafer-to-wafer oxide fusion bonding
is planned to achieve the challenging 15 nm gap. This gap is defined by a SiO2 layer at the
bottom wafer. The top wafer has amorphous silicon (quantitative measurements showed
optical transmission) and low-stress SiO2 (measured ~80 MPa) for the mechanical
membrane. Preliminary fusion bonding tests showed zero bonding defects.
A matrix of these sensors combined with passive optical multiplexing may enable miniaturized
photo-acoustic imaging systems e.g. for brain imaging of freely moving rodents[1].

Figure 1: New opto-mechanical ultrasound sensor. (a) Sketch. (b) Simulated electric field intensity of
sensitive split rib-type waveguide. (c) SEM picture of bottom wafer intermediate processing step.

Keywords
Optical ultrasound sensor, micromachined ultrasonic transducer (MUT), silicon photonics, opto-
mechanics
References
[1]
Wissmeyer, Light: Science & Applications 7, 53 (2018).
[2]
Leinders, Scientific Reports 5, 14328 (2015).
[3]
Bogaerts, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 16, 33 (2010).
[4]
Wang and Yao, Nature Methods 13, 627 (2016).

417
 Thursday, September 5th, 2019 (2:30 pm)

PUS (5/6) - Ultrasonic Scattering

Location: VIVES room B302

PUS (5/6): Ultrasonic Scattering
Chair: Sigrun Hirsekorn and Christopher Kube

14:30 - 15:00 Seismological Applications of Wave Propagation Theory in Polycrystalline Media Ludovic Margerin, Marie Calvet
15:00 - 15:15 Observation of two coupled multiply scattered propagating Sébastien O. Kerhervé,
components of the total wave field in an aluminum beads suspension Sergey Skipetrov, John H. Page
15:15 - 15:30 Ultrasonic wave propagation in scattering media with Manda Ramaniraka, Sandrine Rakotonarivo,
imperfect contact at the matrix-inclusions interfaces Cedric Payan, Vincent Garnier

418
 SEISMOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF WAVE PROPAGATION THEORY IN
POLYCRYSTALLINE MEDIA
Ludovic Margerin1, Marie Calvet1
1
Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Paul Sabatier University and
CNRS,Toulouse, France

It is nowadays widely accepted that scattering of short period (T<1s) seismic waves is an
ubiquitous process on Earth. The prominence of scattering has been revealed over the years
by a number of key observations: seismic codas and precursors –long lasting signals
respectively following/preceding the ballistic arrivals- as well as attenuation and dispersion of
seismic pulses generated by earthquakes. Seismic scattering reveals the presence of small-
scale (10m-10km) heterogeneities in the main layers composing our planet: crust, mantle and
core. One of the current challenges in seismology is to identify the geodynamical mechanisms
at the origin of Earth’s heterogeneity through quantitative modeling of scattering phenomena.

In this talk, we will explain how the theory of wave propagation through random media has
helped seismologists in interpreting key seismic observations of seismic scattering with a
particular emphasis on the inner core of the Earth. This enigmatic body displays a number of
striking features related to scattering: seismic phases reflected at the inner core boundary
show a strong coda which is associated with a hemispherical pattern of dispersion of the
transmitted seismic longitudinal waves. Furthermore, careful analysis of waveforms reveals a
strong positive correlation between velocity and attenuation, in sharp contrast with what is
observed in other layers such as the mantle.

To interpret the peculiar seismic properties of Earth’s inner core, a number of textural models
have been proposed in the geophysical literature. However, these models which are mostly
based on geodynamical modeling are contradictory and do not make quantitative link with
seismic data. Using the theory of wave propagation through polycrystals as developed in the
field of ultrasonic scattering, we will show how quantitative modeling of dispersion properties
may be exploited to put constraints on the symmetry, the size and the shape of Iron grains
composing the inner core of the Earth. In the light of these results, we will critically review the
textural models proposed in the literature and explain how some of them may be rejected
based on quantitative seismic modeling. Finally, we will show how the hemisphericity of
seismic properties may be explained by a simple dynamical model of grain growth, which
suggests the existence of convective motions in the inner core dominated by a degree-1
pattern.

Keywords
Multiple Scattering, Attenuation, Dispersion, Polycrystals, Seismology, Earth’s Core

419
 OBSERVATION OF TWO COUPLED MULTIPLY SCATTERED PROPAGATING
COMPONENTS OF THE TOTAL WAVE FIELD IN AN ALUMINUM BEADS
SUSPENSION
Sébastien O. Kerhervé1, Sergey Skipetrov2, John H. Page1
1
Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
2
LPMMC, Université Grenoble Alpes - CNRS, Grenoble, France

In heterogeneous media, in which the constituents have very different acoustic impedances,
very strong scattering can occur. We have studied wave transport in a "simple" system
consisting of randomly closed packed aluminum beads surrounded by low viscosity silicone
oil. In this system, ultrasound undergoes many scattering events and there are very low
dissipative losses, so that the transmitted signals in pulsed experiments last a long time. This
long-time coda shows that two coupled multiply scattered propagating components travel
together: a fast component travelling through the liquid scattering off the aluminum beads and
a slower component using the network of touching beads as the propagating medium.

Figure1: (a) Intensities of the transmitted ultrasonic signal at different distances (ρ) from the on-axis
position at 1250 kHz. (b) Transverse widths squared of the intensity of the acoustic beams. The dashed
lines represent the experimental results and the solid lines are the results of the model.

The change of slope in the decay of the intensities (Figure 1a) at intermediate times, and the
presence of maxima in the time-dependent widths (Figure 1b) of the spatial intensity profile
are clear indications of the presence of two components. The ballistic properties measured in
this sample gave us information about the fast component and showed that its propagation is
expected to be diffusive[1]. We have shown using model calculations that the slower
component has to be sub-diffusive and can be described by the self-consistent theory of
localization[2]. A model, in which these two propagating components are coupled together, has
been developed to characterize the total propagation in the sample and explain the observed
behaviour. The good overall correspondence between the predictions of the model and the
experimental data provide convincing evidence that the novel transport in this sample is
governed by strong multiple scattering that follows two coupled pathways, with each
component dominating at different propagation times.

Keywords
Multiple scattering, Particulate suspensions, Self-consistent theory, Unconsolidated porous media
References
[1]
J.H. Page, H.P. Schriemer, A.E. Bailey, D.A. Weitz, Phys. Rev. E, 52(3) 1995, 3106-3114.
[2]
S.E. Skipetrov, B.A. van Tiggelen. Phys. Rev. Letters, 92(11), 2004, 113901.

420
 ULTRASONIC WAVE PROPAGATION IN SCATTERING MEDIA
WITH IMPERFECT CONTACT AT THE MATRIX-INCLUSIONS INTERFACES
Manda Ramaniraka, Sandrine Rakotonarivo, Cédric Payan, Vincent Garnier
Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, LMA, Marseille, 4 impasse Nikola Tesla, CS
40006, 13453 Marseille Cedex 13, France

Ultrasonic wave propagation is directly linked to the microstructure of the medium. For the
case of heterogeneous and random media, the heterogeneities make the wave multiply
scattered. The scattering power of the medium depends on the physical properties of the
inclusions and the matrix. Globally, the higher the impedance contrast, the higher the
scattering power. Ultrasonic parameters such as velocity, attenuation or diffusivity are
impacted by this scattering power and are used to characterize the medium. The ultrasonic
Non-Destructive Evaluation of concrete is an example of application.

Thanks to advances in computational tools, numerical simulations became an essential step

in the study of the multiple scattering of ultrasonic waves. In fact, they offer a lot of possibilities
in terms of geometries, emission/reception configurations, etc.… and constitute a first test bed
before experimental measurements. In this context, the simulated medium should represent
as closely as possible the real one. Most simulations consider perfect contact at the interface
between the inclusion and the matrix. However, this is not always the case in real media.
Indeed, in natural materials such as rocks or manufactured materials as concrete and other
composite materials, the interfacial zone is often porous. Therefore, imperfect contacts need
to be integrated in numerically simulating such media in order to account for this interfacial
zone.

Numerically, the imperfect contact could be described as a thin layer with lower physical
properties around each inclusion. But it would cost a tremendous time of calculation. Another
way is to use jump conditions at the interface so that rheological "spring-mass" model could
be sufficient to describe the contact. This approach is implemented in the "Prospero" software
developed at the LMA by Bruno Lombard [1]. This study aims at understanding and modeling
the behavior of that interface in order to optimize agreement between numerical ultrasonic
simulations and experimental ultrasonic measurements. Both cases, perfect contact and
imperfect contact are numerically compared [2] and experimentally investigated with
polyol/aluminum specimens and concrete specimens.

Keywords
Multiple scattering, imperfect contact, spring-mass model, numerical, experimental.
References
[1]
B. Lombard, J. Piraux, Numerical modeling of elastic waves across imperfect contacts, Society for
Industrial and Applied Mathematics 28 2007, 172-205.
[2]
T. Yu, J.-F. Chaix, L. Audibert, D. Komatitsch, V. Garnier, J.-M. Hénault, Simulations of ultrasonic
wave propagation in concrete based on a two-dimensional numerical model validated analytically and
experimentally, Ultrasonics 92 2019, 21-34.

421
 Thursday, September 5th, 2019 (4:00 pm)

IPU (2/2) - Industrial applications of power ultrasound

IPU (2/2): Industrial applications of power ultrasound Location: VIVES room C201
Chair: Enrique Riera Franco de Sarabia
and Luis Gaete-Garretón

16:00 - 16:15 New ultrasonic technology based on transducers with stepped

circular radiators for lyophilization at atmospheric pressure Roque Rubén Andrés García, Alberto Pinto, Enrique Riera
16:15 - 16:30 Accelerating sedimentation of suspended Luis Gaete-Garretón, Yolanda Vargas-Hernández,
solids in water using ultrasound Josué Meneses-Diaz, Alvaro Videla-Leiva, Claudio Zanelli
16:30 - 16:45 Treatment of petroleum slops by power ultrasound Luis Gaete-Garretón, Yolanda Vargas-Hernández,
Josué Meneses-Díaz, Alvaro Videla-Silva, Claudio Zanelli

422
 NEW ULTRASONIC TECHNOLOGY BASED ON TRANSDUCERS WITH
STEPPED CIRCULAR RADIATORS FOR LYOPHILIZATION AT ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
Roque Rubén Andrés García1,2, Alberto Pinto1, Enrique Riera1
1
Departamento de Sensores y Sistemas Ultrasónicos (DSSU), Instituto de Tecnologías
Físicas y de la Información (ITEFI), CSIC, Serrano 144, 28006 Madrid, Spain
2
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial (ETSII), Universidad Politécnica de
Madrid (UPM), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 20086 Madrid, Spain

The application of airborne power ultrasounds in freeze drying processes provides a good
performance due to lower energy consumption with good quality yield. It has been proved that
the ultrasonic technology accelerates drying kinetics because of two reasons: the incident high
energy ultrasonic waves are capable of producing the so-called "sponge effect", which
facilitates the displacement of the internal moisture to the boundaries of the samples;
furthermore, the incident wave provokes a microstreaming in the solid-gas interphase that
reduces the external resistance, enabling an easier sublimation of the moisture into the gas
medium.

The effectiveness of this process comes from the possibility of generating a high-energy
ultrasonic field. An airborne power ultrasonic transducer, composed by a Langevin type
transducer, a mechanical amplifier and an extensive radiator, is the tool whose mission is to
generate a high-energy coherent ultrasonic field. This transducer has to solve the two main
issues regarding the generation and propagation of high-intensity ultrasonic fields in air: the
impedance matching between the transducer and the gas media and the high attenuation of
the acoustic waves in the ultrasonic range. The solution for these two problems comes from
the use of extensive radiators acting as an ultrasonic generator. A stepped circular plate,
vibrating flexurally with seven nodal circles, has been used for this purpose, and allows a good
impedance matching with the gas media because of the high surface of the radiator; and a
coherent ultrasonic field due to the steps applied in the surface of the radiator and the high
vibration amplitude of this surface.

These requirements may lead the system to work in a nonlinear regime, both in the generation
process (frequency shifts, hysteresis, etc.) and in the acoustic propagation through the gas
medium (shock waves, harmonics, etc.). The ultrasonic system has been designed in order to
have a resonant mode behavior with a very high quality factor and narrow bandwidth.

The aim of this work is to integrate this ultrasonic system within the dehydration chamber for
lyophilization at atmospheric pressure of food samples, and to show the efficiency of this novel
technology in freeze drying of apple slices.

Keywords
Airborne power ultrasound, lyophilization at atmospheric pressure, ultrasonic transducers, mass
transport

423
ACCELERATING SEDIMENTATION OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN WATER USING
ULTRASOUND
L. Gaete-Garretón1, Y. Vargas-Hernández1, J. Meneses-Díaz1, A. Videla-Leiva2, C. Zanelli3
1
Universidad de Santiago de Chile.
2
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.
3
Onda Corporation.
[email protected]

Accelerating sedimentation of solids in water is important whenever the water is needed for
re-processing, as is the case in the mining industry. We present a method to evaluate the
effect of high intensity ultrasound for this purpose. Sedimentation occurs naturally as the
density of the solids is higher than that of water. Naturally, the time to settle increases as the
size of the particles decreases. The approach is to use ultrasound to agglomerate small
particles into larger ones (flocculation) that settle faster.

The need for a repeatable suspension was solved by placing a mix of water and solid particles
in a tube that rotated around an axis perpendicular to the tube’s axis and in the middle of it.
The rotational speed was adjusted to ensure that the mix was visibly uniform along the tube.

To replicate an environment where the mix was processed in line, two transducers were
coupled to the sides of the tube. To simulate what might happen in a tank, an ultrasonic
transducer was placed at each end of the tube (only one working at any given time). Care was
taken to maintain intensities below the cavitation threshold because transient cavitation breaks
up the agglomerated particles.

We found that the settling time can be shortened by at least a 10%, without any attempt to
optimize the process. This work shows that this can be achieved, and a method for optimizing
the process is described.

Keywords
Power ultrasound, industrial waste, tails, cooper mining process, flocculation velocity

424
 TREATMENT OF PETROLEUM SLOPS BY POWER ULTRASOUND
L. Gaete-Garretón1, Y. Vargas-Hernández1, J. Meneses-Díaz1, A. Videla-Leiva2, C. Zanelli3
1
Universidad de Santiago de Chile. 2Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.3Onda
Corporation.
[email protected]

One important environmental challenge faced today is the elimination of waste. For the fuel
oil industry one form of waste is a mix of water, crude oil, dissolved substances and solids in
suspension called slop. The properties of slop are such that it can neither be processed nor
discarded in its natural state. We analyze the effect of power ultrasonic application to separate
water and solids from oil so the two main components can be disposed of separately. In this
work we present experiments aimed at assessing the effect that ultrasound in both continuous
and chopped wave have on the separation process.

Clearly high amplitudes that cause cavitation must be avoided because cavitation produces
very stable emulsions. At high amplitudes, higher frequencies decrease cavitation but
increase attenuation. Our results show that there is a range of amplitudes and frequencies
that are most effective for this, and a method to optimize for a given slop composition.

In course of this study, devices and methods were developed, one of which is interesting in
itself. Currently the fraction of water and sediment in slop is measured according to ASTM
standard D1796-97 (R02). This method is complex and slow, so we developed an alternate
approach using ultrasonic spectroscopy. The proposed method allows obtaining the same
information with greater speed and precision, and it might act as a surrogate for the accepted
method whenever the speed of the measurement is important. The spectroscopic method was
used in a wide range of slop varieties found in an oil refinery. This alternate method is
accurate, quick and has a lower operating cost than the traditional one. We present a
comparison between the two.

Keywords
Power ultrasound, industrial waste, slop, fuel oil, petroleum

425
 Thursday, September 5th, 2019 (4:00 pm)

MAC (2/2) - Cellular and antibubble acoustics

Location: VIVES room A203

MAC (2/2): Cellular and antibubble acoustics
Chair: Michiel Postema and David Rubin

16:00 - 16:15 Cell membrane manipulation under biochemical and biomechanical loading Nasma Mazzawi, Eitan Kimmel, Ilan Tsarfaty
16:15 - 16:30 Genotoxic Effects of Ultrasound Paul Campbell
16:30 - 17:00 Nonstationary Forcing of Ultrasound Contrast Agents:
Subharmonics, Bjerknes Force and Biological Effects John Allen
17:00 - 17:30 A Nested Phase Change Agent with an Acoustic Signal Steven Wrenn, Michael Cimorelli, Aaron Fafarman,
that depends on Electric Field Michael Flynn, Brett Angel, Andrew Kohut
17:30 - 18:00 Contrast-enhanced ultrasound and the kidney during
obesity development and weight-loss in dogs Katrien Vanderperren, Daisy Liu, Myriam Hesta

426
 CELL MEMBRANE MANIPULATION UNDER BIOCHEMICAL AND
BIOMECHANICAL LOADING
Nasma Mazzawi1, Eitan Kimmel1, Ilan Tsarfaty2
1
Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - IIT, Haifa, Israel.
2
Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv
University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

In cancer therapy, low-intensity ultrasound (LIUS) was shown to have a great potential in
chemotherapeutic drug activation, drug delivery enhancement and gene transfection
improvement. In 2011, the bilayer sonophore (BLS) model suggested that cell intramembrane
cavitation is the underlying mechanism for ultrasound-induced bio-effects [1]. According to the
BLS model, ultrasound affects cell shape and functionality by inducing intramembrane gas
bubbles that deform the cell membrane. This mechanical effect might involve alterations in the
bio-chemical signaling pathways. For cancer cells, the binding of hepatocyte growth factor
(HGF) and a scatter factor (SF) to the MET tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor activates
cellular signaling pathways which contribute to tumor progression, invasion and metastasis [2].
I will demonstrate the crosstalk between the MET pathway activation and LIUS under the
assumption that both induce cell membrane alterations whereby affecting the cell motility and
micro-morphology [3]. In a set of experiments we explored the effect of chemotherapeutic drug
(DOXIL) on cells. The combination of LIUS magnified the effect of the drug by formation of
bubble-like dynamic circular shapes within the cell membranes. Investigating the balance
between inner cellular processes (MET signaling pathways) and external forces (LIUS
exposure) might help explore the mechanism of ultrasound-cell interaction. These findings
would hopefully improve the performance of chemotherapy and help develop new LIUS-based
cancer treatment modalities.

Keywords
LIUS, cell, membrane, motility, cancer, treatment, chemotherapy.
References
[1] B. Krasovitski, V. Frenkel, S. Shoham, E. Kimmel. Intramembrane cavotation as a unifying
mechanism for ultrasound-induced bioeffects, 108, 2011,3258-3263.
[2] A. Laser-Azogui, T. Diamant-Levi, S. Israeli, Y. Roytman, I. Tsarfaty. Met-induced membrane
blebbing leads to amoeboid cell motility and invasion, 33, 2014,1788.
[3] N. Mazzawi, E. Kimmel, I. Tsarfaty. The effect of low-intensity ultrasound and met signaling on
cellular motility and morphology, 143, 2019, 1-6.

427
 GENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF ULTRASOUND
Paul Andrew Campbell1
1
CiCaSS Group, Carnegie Physics Laboratory, Nethergate, University of Dundee DD1 4HN.
Scotland.

Ultrasound-based technologies pervade the medical field. All such methodologies require the
direct exposure of biological specimens to an ultrasound energy field, which can give rise to a
variety of biological effects on the irradiated tissues. In the diagnostic ultrasound field, such
side-effects may have detrimental consequences, and optimised imaging protocols must seek
to minimise or completely remove such outcomes - a procedure that underscores present safe
limits for exposure thresholds. In therapeutic contexts on the other hand, whilst the inducement
of specific bioeffects may indeed be desirable, the parallel introduction of iatrogenic effects
must be avoided, and again, protocol optimisation seeks to enhance specificity of the target
effect, whilst balancing this against a tolerable level of side-effect. A focus, and indeed often
also a paramount concern, in this latter arena is the potential for damaging chromosomes
during ultrasound exposure. Such genotoxic effects may be desirable as an oncological
treatment, but may on the other hand form an iatrogenic consequence for other therapeutic
approaches such as with targeted drug delivery. In recent years the emergence of refined
assays to assess chromosomal damage at the level of single- and double strand breaks on
DNA have not only revolutionised our understanding of the biophysical mechanisms whereby
such damage can arise [1], but also facilitated detailed biochemical analyses of the pathways
that that are regulated by ultrasound exposure, as well as the those which participate in DNA
repair. The purpose for the present paper is to review the use of such assays in the general
context of therapeutic ultrasound, and to highlight which research directions still require
substantial attention in this regard. The aspiration is to provide a firmer understanding of the
biophysical and biochemical underpinnings of genotoxic effects so as to guide future
translation in terms of safety thresholds.

Keywords
Genotoxicity, Bioeffects, ultrasound, cells, tissues.
References
[1]
Furusawa, Yukihiro; Fujiwara, Yoshisada; Campbell, Paul; et al.,DNA Double-Strand Breaks Induced
by Cavitational Mechanical Effects of Ultrasound in Cancer Cell Lines. PLoS One 2012, e29012.

428
 NONSTATIONARY FORCING OF ULTRASOUND CONTRAST AGENTS:
SUBHARMONICS, BJERKNES FORCE AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
John S. Allen III1
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii Manoa, 2540 Dole Street,
Holmes Hall 302, Honolulu, HI, United States of America

The optimum acoustic forcing for diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound contrast agent
applications has been subject of previous studies with extensive investigations on the
nonlinear aspects of the acoustic scattering. However, the determination of nonlinear features
such as the subharmonic threshold have been done with linear time invariant Fourier spectral
analysis. Given both the nonstationary and nonlinear characteristics of the ultrasound contrast
agent response, it can be shown this is not the most appropriate or rigorous method especially
for amplitude and frequency modulation from pulse forcing. Adaptive signal processing using
the Empirical Mode Decomposition and Hilbert Transform has been used as method to obtain
the instantaneous phase and frequency from both numerical and experimental data. A more
robust criteria for the subharmonic threshold may obtained in terms of the phase locking
(difference) between the fundamental and 2/1 subharmonic components of the signal.
Furthermore, an equivalent criteria in terms of the IMF signal energy may be found. These
criteria are not sensitive to the side lobes and windowing artifacts associated with the empirical
criteria from the Fourier approach. The physical basis of the criteria in investigated in terms of
an auto-resonance response.

Figure 1: Instantaneous phase difference from the fundamental and 2/1 frequency scattering signals
from a polymer Philips agent. First panel shows the onset of the subharmonic response with a constant
phase difference that is missed in the Fourier spectra of the signal.

A more comprehensive understanding and analysis of the nonstationary components has

significant implications with respect to ultrasound drug delivery and acoustic induced bio-
effects. Recent investigations of Mechanical Index and alternative bioeffects criteria have
relied on threshold definition based on the power spectrum. Both Primary and Secondary
Bjerknes Forces may be enhanced through pulsed forcing and direction of attractive/repulsive
force can be explicated in term of its instantaneous phase and frequency. Cellular interactions
with ultrasound contrast agents remain an outstanding topic especially with respect to
discerning the underlying mechanisms. Nonstationary analysis provides novel insights into the
time window of permeability and the transport through the pores and intercellular junctions.

Keywords
Ultrasound Contrast Agents, Subharmonic, Bjerknes Force, Adaptive Signal Processing

429
 A NESTED PHASE CHANGE AGENT WITH AN ACOUSTIC SIGNAL
THAT DEPENDS ON ELECTRIC FIELD

Steven P. Wrenn1, Michael J. Cimorelli1, Aaron T. Fafarman1, Michael A. Flynn1, Brett

Angel2, Andrew R. Kohut3
1
Chemical & Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
2
College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
3
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
Corresponding author: [email protected]

We present an ultrasound contrast enhancing agent with an acoustic signal that depends on
electrical field. This sensitivity to voltage gradient has utility for myocardial perfusion imaging
because the agent exhibits selective enhancement within the myocardium relative to the
ventricle [1]. This talk will summarize key features of the nesting architecture and present key
results, both in vitro and in vivo, that demonstrate clinical relevance. Specifically, we will
present results from acoustic scattering studies performed using a home built acoustic
spectrometer. The influence of nesting shell chemistry on sensitivity to electric field will be
quantified for a range of speaking peak negative pressures (0 - 4 MPa) across a range of
listening frequencies (<1 – 10 MHz). Additionally, we will present results from both small (rat)
and large (swine) animal studies, showing selective enhancement within the myocardium in
each case. Lastly, we will present the results of infarct studies in swine, both closed- and
open-chest, demonstrating the ability of the voltage-responsive, nested agent to distinguish -
using ultrasound - healthy, perfused regions of the myocardium from those that are ischemic.

Keywords
Nested, Voltage, Electric, Myocardial Perfusion
References
[1] Cimorelli MJ, Angel B, Fafarman A, Kohut AR, Andrien BM, Barrett KJ, and Wrenn SP, Introducing a

nested phase change agent with an acoustic response that depends on electric field: A candidate for
myocardial perfusion imaging and drug delivery, Applied Acoustics, 138 2018, 9-17.

430
 CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASOUND AND THE KIDNEY DURING OBESITY
DEVELOPMENT AND WEIGHT-LOSS IN DOGS
Katrien Vanderperren1, Daisy Liu1, Myriam Hesta2
1
Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals and Orthopedics of Small Animals,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke,
Belgium
2
Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent
University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium

Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) of the kidney shows potential applications in the

early diagnosis of renal diseases involving changes in renal perfusion. In humans, CEUS can
distinguish between patients with early- and late stage diabetic kidney disease as well as
between patients with early-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) and healthy volunteers. In
cats, differences in CEUS renal perfusion parameters have been described for patients with
CKD and hyperthyroidism. CEUS is also able to detect changes in renal perfusion earlier than
Doppler sonography in a dog model of chronic ischemic renal disease. Ultrasound contrast
agents are very safe with low side effects in humans and animals. However, experimental
studies in pigs and rodents have shown that glomerular capillary hemorrhage might be a
consequence of the biological effects of CEUS. In cats, the risk for kidney injury by CEUS is
minimal when used in clinical conditions.

In humans, being obese increases the risk of obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG), a disease
characterized by proteinuria, glomerulomegaly, progressive glomerulosclerosis and loss of
renal function. Furthermore, because increased renal plasma flow is a typical finding in animal
models of early ORG as well as microvascular rarefaction in later stages, CEUS might be an
important diagnostic tool in obesity-related kidney disease. In research beagles fed to develop
obesity, only a significantly shorter cortical time-to-peak was found during the early part of
weight gain, and was reversed after subsequent weight-loss. Lack of significant changes in
other cortical time-related and intensity-related parameters and medullary parameters could
be due to the large amount of variability they exhibit as seen in previous studies of healthy
dogs and cats. Although CEUS was repeatedly used on the kidneys over time, increases in
the concentrations of selected kidney injury markers in the overweight and obese dogs were
most likely due to the effect of their nutritional status when compared to lean control dogs.
Future studies need to investigate whether other CEUS techniques, e.g., the flash-
replenishment technique, can reduce the variability and to improve its diagnostic potential.

Keywords
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound, kidney, obesity, dogs

431
 Thursday, September 5th, 2019 (4:00 pm)

MCT+MEI (3/3) - Ultrasonic Characterization of Tissues and Elasticity Imaging

MCT+MEI (3/3): Ultrasonic Characterization of Tissues and Location: VIVES room A207
Elasticity Imaging Chair: Nico Declercq and Guillermo Rus

16:00 - 16:15 Assessment of Cortical Bone Structural Properties from Kaustav Mohanty, Omid Yousefian, Yasamin Karbalaeisadegh,
Ultrasonic Attenuation: An Artificial Neural Network Approach Micah Ulrich, Marie Muller
16:15 - 16:30 Measurement of skeletal muscle elasticity by continuous
shear wave elastography Yoshiki Yamakoshi, Yuki Horiguchi, Takumi Ito, Kenichi Iga
16:30 - 16:45 Transurethral Shear Wave Elastography for prostate cancer:
an in-silico feasibility study Antonio Gomez, Guillermo Rus, Nader Saffari
16:45 - 17:00 Validation of the transurethral shear wave elastography Antonio Gomez, Beatriz Blanco, Antonio Callejas,
probe in prostate-like gelatine phantoms Guillermo Rus, Nader Saffari
17:00 - 17:15 Role of ultrasonic bioreactors in soft tissue mechanics Juan Melchor, Guillermo Rus, Manuel Hurtado, Elena López-Ruiz,
Juan Soto, Gema Jiménez, Antonio Callejas,
Inas Faris, Macarena Perán, Juan Antonio Marchal
17:15 - 17:30 Ex-vivo human cervix acoustical shear ultrasonic properties Inas H Faris, Antonio Callejas, Jorge Torres,
Sofia Contreras, Juan Melchor, Guillermo Rus
17:30 - 17:45 Independent Scattering Approximation to model ultrasound attenuation in
random porous structures mimicking cortical bone.
Solving the direct and inverse problems Omid Yousefian, R.D. White, H.T. Banks, Marie Muller
17:45 - 18:00 Reflection matrix approach for ultrasound tomography William Lambert, Laura Cobus, Mathieu Couade,
of speed-of-sound and multiple scattering Mathias Fink, Alexandre Aubry

432
 ASSESSMENT OF CORTICAL BONE STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES FROM
ULTRASONIC ATTENUATION: AN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
APPROACH
Kaustav Mohanty1, Omid Yousefian1, Yasamin Karbalaeisadegh1, Micah Ulrich1, Marie
Muller1
1
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, NC-
27695

This study aims at predicting micro-architectural properties of cortical bone such as pore
diameter, pore density, pore distribution and porosity from ultrasound attenuation
measurements using an artificial neural network (ANN). 2D finite-difference time-domain
simulations were conducted to calculate the frequency-dependent attenuation in the range of
1-8 MHz in mono-disperse structures (constant pore size) with pore diameter and density
ranging from 20-120 microns and 3-16 pore/mm2 respectively.

Figure 1: ANN Prediction for Pore Size and Porosity for the poly-disperse model

Furthermore, poly-disperse structures (non-uniform pore distribution) were obtained from high
resolution CT scans of human cortical bone and 2D FDTD simulations of ultrasound
propagation were carried out in the same frequency range. Using image processing, the
distribution of pore diameter, porosity and pore density were calculated. The attenuation data
combined with the pore parameters were used to build the training data set. The dataset
consisted of 330 structures for the mono-disperse model and 640 structures for the poly-
disperse model.
An ANN was developed using Python (Keras), with 3 hidden layers and 615 trainable weights.
The frequency-dependent attenuation was utilized as the feature vectors. The desired outputs
were set as the micro-architectural properties, namely the average pore diameter, pore density
and porosity. The ANN was found to have an accuracy of 88% and loss of 2.64%. The R-
squared values between the actual parameters and predicted parameters were found to be
0.84 (slope = 0.91), 0.95 (slope = 0.96), 0.96 (slope=0.96) and 0.97 (slope 0.96) for pore
density, average pore diameter, standard deviation of pore diameter and porosity respectively.
This work demonstrates the potential of combining ultrasound methods with deep neural
networks to quantify cortical bone parameters with high accuracy.

Keywords
Quantitative Ultrasound, Attenuation, Cortical Bone, Neural Networks
References
[1]
Omid Yousefian, R. D. White, Yasamin Karbalaeisadegh, H. T. Banks, and Marie Muller. The effect
of pore size and density on ultrasonic attenuation in porous structures with mono-disperse random pore
distribution: A two-dimensional in-silico study. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 144(2)
8 2018, 709–719.

433
 MEASUREMENT OF SKELETAL MUSCLE ELASTICITY BY CONTINUOUS
SHEAR WAVE ELASTOGRAPHY
Yoshiki Yamakoshi, Yuki Horiguchi, Takumi Ito, Kenichi Iga
Faculty of Science & Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515 Japan

Evaluation of elasticity of skeletal muscle provides useful information for quantitative

evaluation of skeletal muscle characteristics in rehabilitation, sport medicine, and pain
treatment as well as orthopedic surgery. We have proposed continuous wave elastography
(Continuous SWE) for visualizing the shear wavefront in soft tissues. The shear wave is
excited by a compact vibration source attached to the surface of the skin and the wavefront is
obtained by CD SWI (color Doppler shear wave imaging) [1]. Feature of CD SWI is that the
shear wavefront appears directly on the color flow image without changing the conventional
ultrasound imaging system, which provides a simple and quantitative shear wave velocity
measurement method in skeletal muscle evaluation.
In order to apply proposed continuous SWE to skeletal muscles, we introduced three novel
methods. Firstly, a miniature vibrator (weight: 19g) was developed. This vibrator was attached
to the surface of target tissue with a taping tape or an elastic tape to excite the shear wave.
This reduces measurement errors due to the excitation position and to realize long-term
measurement (for example, one hour) such as elasticity change owing to exercise or
rehabilitation. Secondly, we introduced an adaptive two-dimensional Winer filter based
directional filter in order to suppress the measurement error due to reflection of the shear
wave. Thirdly, a shear wave direction index (SWDI) was adopted to measure the velocity along
the muscle fiber. Schematic diagram of the imaging system is shown in Fig.(a).
This imaging system was implemented in LOGIQ 7 (GE Healthcare) and EUB-7500 (Hitachi).
The shear wave frequency was set to one quarter of the pulse repetition frequency of the color
Doppler imaging system (frequency: about 75 Hz) so that the shear wave reaches the deep
skeletal muscles. The time required to obtain one image is about 2 seconds. Photograph of
the measurement is shown in Fig.(b). Fig.(c) shows the shear wavefront map measured with
the biceps brachii muscle. The shear wave velocity changed with posture, and it was in the
supine /elbow extension position was 4.27 ± 0.18 to 6.15 ± 1.57 (m/s). Sitting/elbow mild
flexion position was 2.24 ± 0.14 to 2.65 ± 0.28 (m/s).
The proposed continuous SWE using CD SWI for shear wavefront reconstruction is a simple
and inexpensive method but it provides valuable information on skeletal muscle elasticity.
Power O.S.C. Control
amplifier PC

Ultrasound
10mm

color flow
Vibrator Ultra- imaging system
sound
probe Video signal

Quantitative shear
wave maps are
Ultrasound reconstructed
wave Miniature US probe
Propagation map
PC vibrator

(c) Reconstructed shear wave

(a) Continuous Shear Wave Elastography (b) Photograph of experiment
wavefront (Propagation map)

Figure 1: Continuous shear wave elastography for evaluating skeletal muscle elasticity

Keywords
Continuous shear wave elastography, Skeletal muscle, Shear wave velocity
References
[1] Y. Yamakoshi et al. IEEE Tran. on UFFC, 64, 340 (2017).

434
 TRANSURETHRAL SHEAR WAVE ELASTOGRAPHY FOR PROSTATE
CANCER: AN IN-SILICO FEASIBILITY STUDY
Antonio Gomez1, Guillermo Rus2, Nader Saffari1
1
UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, WC1E 7JE,
London, United Kingdom
2
Department of Structural Mechanics, University of Granada, Politécnico de Fuentenueva,
Granada E-18071, Spain
Introduction: Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide and the
fifth leading cause of death from cancer in men. The diagnosis effectiveness is still low. MRI
is providing good results, however its high cost and low accessibility holds back its wide
implementation. Elastography techniques are emerging as promising imaging methods as
cancer nodules are usually stiffer than adjacent normal tissue [1]. Transrectal High Intensity
Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) ablation is emerging as a focal treatment for prostate cancer and
it may greatly benefit from a monitoring system. The stiffness of treated tissue undergoes a
dramatic increase during the lesion formation, which provides the basis for using elastography
to monitor the progress of the treatment [2]. We propose a new elastography technique,
Transurethral Shear Wave Elastography (TU-SWE), based on shear waves transmitted and
measured transurethrally as a detection and HIFU ablation monitoring method for prostate
cancer [3].
Objectives and methods: Shear waves are propagated into the prostate as the result of
applying oscillatory rotational forces on the urethral wall. If stiff lesions are present, the
wavefront undergoes reflection due to the change in mechanical impedance. The reflection
travels back to the urethra where it can be detected. The location, size and viscoelastic
properties of the stiff lesion can be reconstructed from the detected echoes. A wave
propagation model based on a Kelvin Voigt Fractional Derivative (KVFD) constitutive law
solved by a finite difference time domain approach is developed as a forward model. Two
reconstruction methods are proposed for solving the inverse problem, one based on a
Reverse-Time Migration (RTM) and other based on a Genetic Algorithm (GA).
Results and conclusions: In-silico preliminary results demonstrate proof of principle of the
TU-SWE technique and warrant further studies. Applying RTM for reducing the search domain
in the GA proves to be more efficient and provides improved reconstruction results.

Figure 1: From left to right; scenario to be reconstructed and cost functions of the inverse problem.
Keywords
Elastography, prostate cancer, HIFU, modelling, inverse problem
References
[1] J.M Correas, A. Tissier, A. Khairoune, V. Vassiliu, A. Mejean, O. Helenon, R. Memo, R.G. Barr,

Prostate cancer: diagnostic performance of real-time shear wave elastography, Radiology, 275(1) 2015,
280-289.
[2] B. Arnal, M. Pernot, M. Tanter. Monitoring of thermal therapy based on shear modulus changes, IEEE

Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 58 2011, 369-378.

[3] A.
Gomez, Transurethral shear wave elastography for prostate cancer, PhD Thesis University College
London, 2018.

435
 VALIDATION OF THE TRANSURETHRAL SHEAR WAVE ELASTOGRAPHY
PROBE IN PROSTATE-LIKE GELATINE PHANTOMS
Beatriz Blanco1, Antonio Gomez2, Inas H. Faris1, Jorge Torres1, Antonio Callejas1, Rafael
Marques1, Juan Melchor1, Manuel Hurtado1, Mariano Carusso1, Nader Saffari2, Guillermo
Rus1
1
Department of Structural Mechanics, University of Granada, Politécnico de Fuentenueva,
Granada E-18071, Spain
2
UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, WC1E 7JE,
London, United Kingdom

Introduction: A novel elastography sensor named Transurethral Shear Wave Elastography

(TU-SWE) [1,2] was designed to characterize mechanical properties of prostate tissues, proving
promising preliminary in-silico results for the future detection of prostate cancer. IElastography
is a widely used technique since the 1990s to map tissue stiffness. Moreover, quantitative
elastography uses the velocity of shear waves to achieve the shear stiffness. This technique
exhibits significant limitations caused by the difficulty of the separation between longitudinal
and shear waves and the pressure applied while measuring. To overcome these drawbacks,
the proposed TU-SWE sensor isolates a pure shear wave, avoiding the possibility of multiple
wave interference. It comprises a rotational actuator disk and four piezoceramic receivers
circumferentially aligned. Both allow the transmission of shear waves that interact with the
tissue before being received.The main objective of this work was the validation of the TU-SWE
sensor developed by our group in prostate-like gelatine phantoms.

Methods: The proposed methodology consists of two parts: 1) a experimental setup to obtain
shear wave stiffness in prostate-like gelatine phantoms with the proposed transducer and 2)
Verasonics dispersion curve obtention for validation. The variables object of the study are both
the applied suction pressure and the distance of emisor and receivers within phantom. A series
of phantoms were tested at different gelatine concentrations (from 7,5% to 15%), suction
pressures (from 0 to 10 kPa) and emisor-receivers distances (from 0 to 10 mm).

Results and conclusions: a) A carefully calibration is required for compensating

electromechanical cross-talk of the TU-SWE probe b) Verasonics calibration curves are
compatible with TU-SWE shear wave speed measurements c) Experimental results show that
the applied suction pressure and the emisor-receivers distance does not influence the shear
wave stiffness measurements. Preliminary results indicate that the proposed probe
successfully allows the reconstruction of the mechanical constants from the propagated shear
wave.

Keywords
Experimental validation, elastography, prostate cancer
References
[1]
A. Gomez, G. Rus, N. Saffari, Use of shear waves for diagnosis and ablation monitoring of prostate
cancer: a feasibility study, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 684, 2016, 012006.
[2]
A. Gomez, Transurethral shear wave elastography for prostate cancer, PhD Thesis University College
London, 2018.

436
 ROLE OF ULTRASONIC BIOREACTORS IN SOFT TISSUE MECHANICS
Juan Melchor1,2,3, Guillermo Rus1,2,3, Manuel Hurtado2, Elena López2,3,4,5, Juan Soto6, Gema
Jiménez2,3,4,5, Antonio Callejas1,2, I. Faris1,2, Macarena Perán2,3,4,5, Juan Antonio
Marchal2,3,4,5.
1
Department of Structural Mechanics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
2
Biomechanics Group, Biosanitary Research Institute IBS Granada, Spain
3
MNat Excellence Research Unit “Modelling Nature” (MNat)
4
Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical
Research.
5
Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of
Granada.
6
Department of Optics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid.
The use of the rational principles of the mechanics of solids is proposed to understand and
control the characterization and interaction of tissues through ultrasonic propagation to
generate diagnostic techniques of pathological processes that manifest themselves in
changes of tissue consistency. This multidisciplinary work will allow a better understanding of
the structural and mechanical functioning of the tissues.
To quantify the variations of the mechanical
properties, the inverse problem based on models
is proposed to reconstruct the linear and nonlinear
mechanical properties from the measurement of
the ultrasonic waves as it propagates through the
tissue and interacts with it. Ultrasounds are ideally Figure 1:Ultrasonic Bioreactor of
sensitive to mechanical properties. The chondrocytes and result of velocity and
application areas are focused on (1) proliferation during one month.
computationally modeling the ultrasound-tissue interaction, focusing on the constitutive
models, (2) designing and testing transducers and measurement devices, (3) designing and
applying a robust algorithm to reconstruct the relevant mechanical parameters from the
measured signals, (4) explore the physiological, histological and biochemical variables to
provide a rational view of the clinical processes and (5) designing of bioreactors to monitor the
biological processes and contribute to the approach of biomedical aims and challenges (See
Figure 1). Wave velocity and attenuation are some of the parameters that results from this
process, they indirectly determine histological parameters non-invasively in real time[1,3]. There
is a correlation among velocity, attenuation and the development of the culture[2]. So, to
conclude, the usefulness of this technology in the field of regenerative medicine appears
promising. Ongoing works will propose a biologically plausible explanation of the changes in
the culture taking into account more medical information such as a genetic profile analysis.
Keywords
Ultrasonics, Mechanical Characterization, Bioreactors, Soft Tissue Mechanics.
References
[1]
J. Melchor, E. López-Ruiz, J. Soto, G. Jiménez, C. Antich, M. Perán, J.M. Baena, J.A. Marchal, G
Rus. In-bioreactor ultrasonic monitoring of 3d culture human engineered cartilage. S&A, 266 2018, 841-
852.
[2]
G. Rus, N. Bochud, J. Melchor, M. Alaminos, and A. Campos. Dispersive model selection and
reconstruction for tissue culture ultrasonic monitoring. In AIP Conf. Proc.,1433 2012 375-378.
[3]
M.A. Rice, K. R. Waters, and K.S. Anseth. Ultrasound monitoring of cartilaginous matrix evolution in
degradable peg hydrogels. Act. Biomat., 5(1) 2009 152–161.

437
 EX-VIVO HUMAN CERVIX ACOUSTICAL SHEAR ULTRASONIC PROPERTIES
Inas H Faris1,2, Antonio Callejas1,2, Jorge Torres1, Sofia Contreras3, Juan Melchor1,2,4,
Guillermo Rus1,2,4
1
Department of Structural Mechanics, University of Granada, Granada E-18071, Spain
2
Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
3
Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Campus de la Salud, Granada, Spain
4
MNat Scientific Unit of Excellence, University of Granada, Granada E-18071, Spain
Introduction The WHO estimates that in 2017 approximately 15 million babies will be born
preterm, this is a rate above 1 in 10 newborns[1]. Being able to quantify the mechanical
properties of the cervix is a challenge for the global health community. This would detect
premature births and the mechanisms for induction at birth would be more effective. Currently,
dynamic elastography which depends on the propagation of the shear waves is one of the
best techniques to quantify the mechanical properties of soft tissue in the field of medical
applications[2]. Torsional waves are shear elastic waves that propagate through soft tissue
radially and in-depth in a curved geometry. A mathematical result by Reissner and Sagoci in
1944 renders the torsional wave formulation seed that will be elaborated. Application of
torsional ultrasound waves to sense soft tissue architecture has been proved to enable a new
class of biomarkers that quantify the mechanical functionality of any soft tissue. The objective
of this work is the validate that the new torsional wave elastography technique (TWE) which
is being developed by our group[3] precisely interrogates soft tissue mechanical functionality.
This is done comparing the results obtained from shear wave elastography (SWE) in 5 ex-vivo
human cervix samples in the same range of frequencies.
Methods Several tests have been carried out to obtain biomechanical results from both
techniques; TWE and SWE. For this, 5 human cervix samples have been measured in the
non-destructive evaluation laboratory of the University of Granada. The torsion device
proposed by the group has been and a Verasonics vantage 128 system has been used.
Results

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 1: (a) Displacement map (in meters) of ex-vivo human cervix sample I due to ARFI excitation.
The box represents the ROI chosen. (b) SWE test (c) TWE experiment set-up (d) cross-section of TWE
probe.
Keywords
Human cervix, Shear wave elasticity imaging, Torsional wave elasticity
References
[1] WHO, March of Dimes, The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn & Child Health, and Save the

Children. Geneva: Eds CP Howson, MV Kinney, JE Lawn. 2012

[2]
Y. Deng, NC. Rouze, ML. Palmeri, KR. Nightingale Ultrasonic Shear Wave Elasticity Imaging (SWEI)
Sequencing and Data Processing Using a Verasonics Research Scanner. IEEE transactions on
ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control 2017, 164(1), 164-176.
[3]
A. Callejas, A. Gomez, J. Melchor, et al Performance Study of a Torsional Wave Sensor and Cervical
Tissue Characterization. Sensors 2017, 17, 2078.

438
 INDEPENDENT SCATTERING APPROXIMATION TO MODEL ULTRASOUND
ATTENUATION IN RANDOM POROUS STRUCTURES MIMICKING CORTICAL
BONE. SOLVING THE DIRECT AND INVERSE PROBLEMS.
Omid Yousefian1, R.D. White2, H.T. Banks2, Marie Muller1
1
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, NC State University, Raleigh, NC
27695-8212, USA
2
Center for Research in Scientific Computation, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-
8212, USA

The goal of this study is to estimate the porosity (pore size and density) of numerically
simulated random porous 3D structures mimicking simplified geometries of cortical bone using
attenuation of ultrasonic waves in MHz range. To do so we use a physics-based model derived
from the independent scattering approximation to model the frequency-dependent attenuation
of elastic waves in porous structures as a function of the parameters we wish to identify, pore
size and density. Frequency-dependent attenuation data is generated using 3D finite-
difference time-domain simulations in the range of 1-8 MHz in mono-disperse structures with
pore diameter and density ranging from 100-200 microns and 20-50 pore/mm^3 respectively.
We then solve the inverse problem using an ordinary least squares (OLS) method to recover
the porosity parameters, by minimizing the sum of squared errors between the simulated data
and the model prediction. In doing so, we verify that we can estimate with confidence the
parameters quantifying porosity using a model based on the Independent Scattering
Approximation, on 3D numerically simulated attenuation data.

Keywords
Ultrasonics, FDTD, Attenuation, Cortical bone

439
 REFLECTION MATRIX APPROACH FOR ULTRASOUND TOMOGRAPHY OF
SPEED-OF-SOUND AND MULTIPLE SCATTERING
William Lambert1,2, Laura Cobus1, Mathieu Couade2, Mathias Fink1, Alexandre Aubry1
1
Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
2
SuperSonic Imaging, 510 Rue René Descartes 13857 Aix-en-Provence, France

Quantitative ultrasound imaging aims to provide indicators based on quantitative

measurements of mechanical parameters. When such parameters are impacted by a disease,
these bio-indicators become relevant candidates for assessing, monitoring and detecting the
stage of the disease. For instance, non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) are
characterized by the accumulation of fat droplets within the liver cells. Fat tissues don't have
the same speed of sound than healthy liver tissues (𝑐𝑐𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ≈ 1480 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 vs 𝑐𝑐𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ≈ 1600 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠).
From the ultrasound point of view, those droplets are unresolved scatterers that will impact
the effective speed of sound of the medium. In addition, by modifying the micro-architecture
of the tissue, such a disease or any tumor are most likely to have an impact on the multiple
scattering level in tissues.

In this work, a matrix approach of ultrasound imaging is developed in order to measure the
medium sound speed and to assess the level of multiple scattered intensity in the ultrasound
image. This method is based on the study of the reflection matrix R that contains all the back-
scattered wave-fronts for a set of incident waves [1]. By back-propagating R to any focal plane
in transmit and receive, a focused reflection matrix Rf is built between virtual transducers at
each depth (fig. 1 a). Rf enables a direct and local measurement of the focusing quality that
can be used as a criterion (fig. 1 b) for a local measurement of the sound speed (fig. 1 d). It is
also well suited for
discriminating
multiply-scattered
echoes from those
that have only
interacted once with
the medium (fig. 1
e). Analyzing such
echoes from the far-
field enables the
observation of a
Figure 1: Application of the matrix approach to an in-vitro stratified medium.
coherent back
(a) Focused reflection matrix at z=30 mm. (b) Back-scattered intensity versus
scattering peak. The the distance between virtual source and recever, for z=30:32 mm. (c)
latter phenomenon Ultrasound image. (d) Sound speed profile. c_m and c_p: estimated sound
is a proof that speed in muscle tissue and phantom. (d) Ratio of multiple scattered intensity
over backscattered intensity.
extracted echoes
indeed result from a multiple scattering process [2].

Keywords
Matrix approach, quantitative imaging, speed of sound, Ultrasonic Scattering
References
[1]
A. Badon, D. Li, G. Lerosey, A. C. Boccara, M. Fink, A. Aubry, Sci. Adv. 2, 2016, e1600370
[2]
A. Aubry and A. Derode, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 129, 2011, 225-233

440
 Thursday, September 5th, 2019 (4:00 pm)

NCC (2/3) - Characterization of Composites

Location: VIVES room A303

NCC (2/3): Characterization of Composites
Chair: Shiro Biwa and Lukasz Jacek Pieczonka

16:00 - 16:15 Opportunities and limitations of LDR for Joost Segers, Saeid Hedayatrasa, Erik Verboven,
defect detection: a parametric study Gaétan Poelman, Wim Van Paepegem, Mathias Kersemans
16:15 - 16:30 Numerical Modeling of Ultrasonic Wave Propagation in CFRP Radii Zhongbing Luo, Song Zhang, Huanqing Cao, Li Lin
16:30 - 16:45 Simulation of ultrasonic wave in arbitrarily oriented carbon
fiber plies using elastic stiffness components derived from wavefield data Kazuyuki Nakahata, Yuui Amano
16:45 - 17:00 Evaluation of Interfacial Characteristics of Adhesive Naoki Matsuda, Naoki Mori, Yasuaki Furuta, Masaaki Nishikawa,
Joints by Ultrasonic Reflection Technique Masaki Hojo, Takayuki Kusaka
17:00 - 17:15 Virtual Wave Concept for Thermographic Reconstruction
using Inverse Wave Propagation Methods Gregor Thummerer, Günther Mayr, Peter Burgholzer
17:15 - 17:30 Evaluating nonlinear ultrasonic scanning Erik Verboven, Mathias Kersemans, Arvid Martens, Jannes Daemen,
techniques for advanced NDT of composites Steven Delrue, Koen Van Den Abeele, Wim Van Paepegem
17:30 - 17:45 Structural damage imaging in laminated composites Lukasz Pieczonka, Jakub Spytek, Jakub Mrówka,
with use of local wavenumber estimation Kajetan Dziedziech, Łukasz Ambroziński
17:45 - 18:00 Imaging of BVID in Composites: Mathias Kersemans, Saeid Hedayatrasa, Joost Segers,
Comparison of Advanced NDT Methodologies Erik Verboven, Gaetan Poelman, Wim Van Paepegem

441
 OPPORTUNITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF LDR FOR DEFECT DETECTION: A
PARAMETRIC STUDY
Joost Segers1, Saeid Hedayatrasa1,2, Erik Verboven1, Gaétan Poelman1,2, Wim Van
Paepegem1, Mathias Kersemans1
1
Mechanics of Materials and Structures (UGent-MMS), Department of Materials, Textiles
and Chemical Engineering (MaTCh), Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46,
9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
2
SIM Program M3 DETECT-IV, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, B-9052 Zwijnaarde,
Belgium

Local Defect Resonance (LDR) is a non-destructive testing (NDT) technique which uses high
frequency (often ultrasound) vibrations to get a localized resonant activation of defected
zones. Analyzing the displacement field at this localized resonance frequency reveals the
defect location and provides information about the defect’s characteristics, i.e. type, size and
depth.

The LDR technique relies on the local stiffness difference between the defect and sound
material. As such, it may be expected that a deep defect results in a small stiffness difference
which can make the detection based on LDR challenging.

In this study, the opportunities and limitations of the linear LDR technique for NDT are
investigated in a parametric way. Both finite element simulations and experiments (using 3D
scanning laser Doppler vibrometry) are performed for aluminum and CFRP coupons with flat
bottom holes ranging in both depth and diameter. The resonance frequencies as well as the
associated signal-to-noise ratio are parametrically evaluated. The possibility to detect deep
defects with LDR is investigated and discussed.

Acknowledgments:
Joost Segers is a PhD fellow of the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO, Grant no. 1148018N). The
authors further acknowledge FWO (through grants G0B9515N, G066618N and 12T5418N) and the
SBO project DETECT-IV (Grant no. 160455), which fits in the SIM research program MacroModelMat
(M3) coordinated by Siemens (Siemens PLM software, Belgium) and funded by SIM (Strategic Initiative
Materials in Flanders) and VLAIO (Flemish government agency Flanders Innovation &
Entrepreneurship).
Keywords
Local defect resonance, NDT, laser Doppler vibrometry

442
 NUMERICAL MODELING OF ULTRASONIC WAVE PROPAGATION IN CFRP
RADII
Zhong-bing LUO, Song ZHANG, Huan-qing CAO, Li LIN
NDT & E Laboratory, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116085, China
E-mail: [email protected]; Tel.: 86-411-84707117

The application of various types of composite materials such as carbon fiber reinforced
plastics (CFRP) is becoming more and more extensive in aerospace. To achieve optimal
structural efficiency, aeroelasticity and strength, etc., the components are commonly with
complex surface, such as stringers, ribs and spars. Due to limited manufacturing technique
and possible stress concentration in service, some internal defects may occur at prevalent
radii sections and propagate under external loadings, which will degrade the mechanical
property and structure integrity. This puts forward higher requirements for development of
reliable nondestructive testing techniques[1]. Phased array ultrasonic technique (PAUT) has
been demonstrated to be able to customize characteristics of transmitted acoustic beam and
the detection and sizing capabilities could be improved compared with conventional ultrasonic
testing. However, the complex geometry of component and anisotropic elasticity of material
complicate the wave propagation behavior, which directly degrade the precision, efficiency
and probability of inspection.

In this paper, the numerical modeling based on finite element was investigated on L-shaped
CFRP components. The elastic stiffness matrix, density, and laminate structure information
were determined. Based on elasticity distribution calculation, a 2-D wave propagation model
was established. Two typical conditions inside the radii, transmitting element on the top center
and off center, were comparatively analyzed. Anisotropic wave propagation, structural noise
and multiple mode transformation were observed. It is indicated that the oblique incidence
resulted in obvious kinking of quasi-longitudinal propagation path and the wave front with the
first arrival to ribbed plate was also a dominant disturbance to the signal recognition.
The results will be helpful to enhance inspection strategy and guide a basis of precise image-
based signal processing technique.

Figure 1: Snapshot of wave propagation inside radii of CFRP

Keywords
CFRP, radii, phased array ultrasonic testing, wave propagation, modeling
References
[1]
M. E. Ibrahim, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 64 2014, pp. 36-48.

443
 SIMULATION OF ULTRASONIC WAVE IN ARBITRARILY ORIENTED CARBON
FIBER PLIES USING
ELASTIC STIFFNESS COMPONENTS DERIVED FROM WAVEFIELD DATA
Kazuyuki Nakahata1, Yuui Amano1
1
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo,
Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan

The use of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) as structural components has significantly
increased in recent years. CFRP is made of stacks of plies, each of which is reinforced by
carbon fibers. The wave velocity varies in accordance with directions because of the
anisotropy due to the orientation and lay-up of plies. Therefore, it is of primarily important to
predict the wave propagation in CFRP in advance of ultrasonic nondestructive testing.

This study focuses on using meso-scale modeling approach for ultrasonic wave simulation.
For that, it is necessary to know the elastic stiffness in a ply. In this study, the elastic stiffness
in a ply is obtained from wavefield data. First, wave propagation in a stacked-plies sample in
the same direction are experimentally measured by a non-contact ultrasonic method using a
scanning laser source. Then, distributions of the phase velocity are extracted from the
wavefield data processed by the time-space Fourier transform. By optimizing the elastic
stiffness components expressed in the Christoffel equation[1] using phase velocities,
independent five components are determined. Applying the rotated elastic stiffness
components in each ply, we make a numerical CFRP model whose plies are orienting in any
direction. Here the wave propagation is calculated using a three-dimensional (3D) explicit finite
element method. The accuracy of the numerical model is validated by visualization using the
laser ultrasonic method (see Figure 1).

Figure 1: (a) Numerical model of a cross-ply CFRP, (b) simulation result of wave propagation using 3D
finite element simulation, (c) visualization result by laser ultrasonic method.

Keywords
Ultrasonics, CFRP, meso-scale modeling, wavefield data
References
[1]
B. A. Auld, Acoustic Fields and Waves in Solids, Volume 1, Krieger Publishing, 1990, 220.

444
EVALUATION OF INTERFACIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ADHESIVE JOINTS BY
ULTRASONIC REFLECTION TECHNIQUE
Naoki Matsuda1, Naoki Mori2, Yasuaki Furuta1, Masaaki Nishikawa1, Masaki Hojo1, Takayuki
Kusaka2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Science, Kyoto University, C Cluster Kyoto
daigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu
Shiga 525-8577, Japan

Adhesive bonding is attractive in terms of application to aircraft structures for its lightness and
air tightness. It also distributes stress over the entire bond area while the mechanical
fastening, such as riveting, needs holes which occur stress concentrations. However, the
mechanical fastening has not been completely replaced by the adhesive bonding. One of the
reason for this is that a reliable nondestructive evaluation of bonding qualities is not yet
established.
In this research, interfacial characteristics of adhesive joints were evaluated by using reflection
technique. The experiments were conducted on two types of specimen, namely, properly
bonded (PB) specimen and release agent (RA) specimen. Both specimen were aluminum-
alloy plates bonded by a polymer-based film adhesive. For the RA specimen, a release agent
was intentionally introduced at an adhesive-adherend interface for simulating contamination
in industrial bonding processes. The reflection coefficient was evaluated by spectral analysis
for the measured waveform of each specimen obtained by the reflection method which is
shown in Figure 1.
The theoretical analyses on the reflection coefficients of the adhesive joints has been carried
out for further discussion. The adhesive joint was modeled as a double-interface model, which
contains two adherend layers and an adhesive layer. Two adhesive-adherend interfaces were
modeled by linear spring-type interfaces, which are characterized by interfacial stiffnesses
(see figure 2). The reflection coefficients were calculated based on the stiffness matrix
method[1]. The interfacial stiffnesses of the PB and RA specimens were estimated by
comparing the notch frequencies of the measured and theoretical reflection coefficients. As a
result, the interfacial stiffness of the interface with contamination has been estimated to be
approximately 60 percent of properly bonded interface. The proposed method is a practical
method that can evaluate the interfacial stiffnesses of the adhesive-adherend interfaces with
a simple experimental system. It should be noted that this method can be applied by using an
existing ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation equipment for the C-scan method.

Figure 1: Schematics of experimental setup Figure 2: Theoretical model of adhesive joint

Keywords
Nondestructive evaluation, Adhesive interface, Bonding quality, Interfacial stiffness
Reference
[1]
S.I. Rokhlin, L. Wang, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 112 2002, 822-834.

445
VIRTUAL WAVE CONCEPT FOR THERMOGRAPHIC RECONSTRUCTION USING
INVERSE WAVE PROPAGATION METHODS
Gregor Thummerer1, Günther Mayr1, Peter Burgholzer2
1
Josef Ressel Centre for Thermal NDE of Composites, University of Applied Sciences Upper
Austria, 4600 Wels, Austria
2
Research Center for Non Destructive Testing (RECENDT), 4040 Linz, Austria

The goal of the Virtual Wave Concept (VWC) is to combine the two nondestructive testing
methods thermography and ultrasonic testing to get the following benefits: a complex shaped
specimen can be tested contactless using an infrared camera. Based on the measured surface
temperature a virtual wave is calculated and hence ultrasonic reconstruction methods are
available for three-dimensional image reconstruction [1]. Applying the VWC two inverse
problems are solved. Firstly, a so called virtual wave field is calculated based on the surface
temperature data. Secondly, the initial temperature distribution is computed using inverse
wave propagation algorithms, such as frequency domain synthetic focusing technique (F-
SAFT). The first inverse problem is ill-posed because of the entropy production and hence
information lost during heat diffusion. Therefore, regularization methods are applied in order
to get an appropriate solution for the virtual wave field.

In this work iterative regularization methods such as projected iterative Tikhonov and
alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) are used in order to introduce additional
information about the data such as positivity and sparsity. Due to the additional information
the quality of the regularized solution and consequently of the reconstructed image is
significantly increased. In the present case two-dimensional thermographic data is observed.
To introduce positivity in the regularization process the inverse problem is reformulated using
the Abel transform [2]. Fig. 1 shows an exemplary reconstruction employing F-SAFT and
ADMM based on simulated surface temperature data with adiabatic boundaries. The
specimen is out of steel and has seven slots. Their position and shape is depicted with white
rectangles (3mm x 0.5mm) in Fig. 1. The yellow contours show the reconstruction of the slots
and at L=10mm the back-wall of the specimen.

Figure 1: An exemplary reconstruction of the initial temperature employing F-SAFT and ADMM.

Keywords
Thermography, Ultrasonic, Regularization, Reconstruction
References
[1]
P. Burgholzer, M. Thor, J. Gruber, G. Mayr, Three-dimensional thermographic imaging using a virtual
wave concept, Journal of Applied Physics 121, 105102-1-105102-11.
[2]
P. Burgholzer, J. Bauer-Marschallinger, H. Grün, M. Haltmeier, G. Paltauf, Temporal back-projection
algorithms for photoacoustic tomography with integrating line detectors, Inverse Problems 23, 65-80.

446
 EVALUATING NONLINEAR ULTRASONIC SCANNING TECHNIQUES FOR
ADVANCED NDT OF COMPOSITES
Erik Verboven1, Mathias Kersemans1, Arvid Martens2, Jannes Daemen2, Steven Delrue2,
Koen Van Den Abeele2, Wim Van Paepegem1
1
Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University,
Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
2
Department of Physics, University of Leuven Campus Kulak, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500
Kortrijk, Belgium

In recent years, there has been an increased interest in using nonlinear ultrasonic techniques
for non-destructive testing and material characterization of composite materials. This is
motivated by the difficulty of detecting closed delaminations (kissing bonds) with linear
techniques. The nonlinearity produced by closed cracks and delaminations can be detected
by investigating the second harmonic behavior of ultrasonic signals or by utilizing special
generation schemes like pulse inversion and amplitude modulation.
Most studies focus on investigating a single material spot or a limited number of discrete spots.
For practical purposes, however, these techniques need to be implemented in scanning
methods. Examples are the classical C-scan for defect detection and the ultrasonic polar scan,
where a single material spot is investigated from a large number of oblique incidence angles,
for evaluation of the local stiffness properties. Usually, only linear properties are employed in
these scanners.
In the present study, we propose to combine several nonlinear detection schemes, i.e. pulse
inversion, amplitude modulation and second harmonic analysis, with the two scanning
techniques mentioned above to determine their individual strengths and weaknesses in the
scanning regime and compare the results with the standard linear analysis techniques (figure
1). The effect of different waveform types, frequencies and excitation amplitudes on the
measured nonlinearity will be investigated as well. For the C-scan technique, the effect of the
transducer incident angle is also considered. Combination of nonlinear signal analysis with
the ultrasonic polar scan technique has never been done before and would allow to leverage
the strengths of both nonlinear ultrasonics and the polar scan in detecting early stage
microdamage in materials. Several damage types and non-damaged composite plates will be
used for the experiments.

Figure 1: (left) Linear C-scan image of a carbon/epoxy composite plate with impact damage. (right)
Pulse-inversion C-scan image of the same plate.

Keywords
Ultrasonic C-scan, Ultrasonic Polar Scan, Nonlinearity

447
STRUCTURAL DAMAGE IMAGING IN LAMINATED COMPOSITES WITH USE OF
LOCAL WAVENUMBER ESTIMATION
Lukasz Pieczonka1, Jakub Spytek1, Jakub Mrówka1, Kajetan Dziedziech1, Łukasz
Ambroziński1
1
AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

Structural damage detection in plate-like structures is of great concern in many engineering

applications, including the aircraft, aerospace, automotive, yacht and renewable energy
industries. The problem becomes even more important when dealing with laminated
composite structures exhibiting layered inhomogeneous structure and naturally prone to
impact damage and manufacturing flaws. Typical diagnostic methods using ultrasonic
through-transmission or pitch-catch methods are effective but also time-consuming and
difficult to apply in-service.
The application of the guided ultrasonic waves and the technique of Local Wavenumber
Estimation (LWE)[1] can provide a viable alternative to the existing approaches. Guided waves,
being a type of ultrasonic waves existing in plate structures, can propagate over long
distances, but they are dispersive and have an infinite number of propagation modes.
Dispersion and multi-modality were typically seen as drawbacks in the application of guided
waves for damage detection. These features, however, when used knowingly, can enhance
the damage detection process of large areas of a structure from a single excitation location.

We present a system for nondestructive testing of laminated composites using the LWE of
guided ultrasonic waves. The LWE method requires full-field characterization and processing
of the propagating guided waves. For this purpose, a Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometer
(SLDV) is used to measure the surface vibration responses from the set of predefined
measurement points. The guided waves in the test samples are excited using a laser pulse or
a piezoelectric transducer attached to the surface of a test sample. We describe the
experimental arrangements necessary to perform testing along with the signal processing and
inference procedures used to identify damage from the acquired wave field data. The
efficiency of the approach is demonstrated on laminated composite samples with simulated
and real damages.

Keywords
Ultrasonics, damage detection, composites, local wavenumber estimation
References
[1]
E.B. Flynn, S.Y. Chong, G.J. Jarmer, J.R. Lee, Structural imaging through local wavenumber
estimation of guided waves,” NDT&E Int., 59, 2013, 1–10.

448
 IMAGING OF BVID IN COMPOSITES: COMPARISON OF ADVANCED NDT
METHODOLOGIES
Mathias Kersemans1, Saeid Hedayatrasa1,2, Joost Segers1, Erik Verboven1, Gaétan
Poelman1,2, Wim Van Paepegem1
1
Mechanics of Materials and Structures (UGent-MMS), Department of Materials, Textiles
and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, B-9052 Zwijnaarde,
Belgium
2
SIM Program M3 DETECT-IV, Technologiepark 935, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium

Fiber reinforced plastics (or composites) are widely used in many advanced engineering
structures because of their high specific stiffness and strength. A major drawback of
composites is their sensitivity to internal damage features. Especially for laminates, a small
impact event often leads to barely visible impact damage (BVID) which could affect the
structural integrity of the composite. Over the last decades several non-destructive testing
(NDT) methods have been developed and proposed in order to detect and evaluate BVID in
an efficient manner.
In this study, a comparative experimental analysis is presented of several state-of-the-art NDT
methods for imaging BVID in composites (see figure 1 for several examples). The following
approaches are studied in this contribution:
• Ultrasonic C-scan using both transmission and reflection (dynamically time-gated) signals
• Local Defect Resonance LDR using both out-of-plane and in-plane polarized vibrations
• Low-power VibroThermography VT using mono-frequency as well as wideband vibrations
These NDT techniques are applied on carbon fiber reinforced polymers which have been
impacted (according to ASTM D7136) by a low-velocity drop weight at an energy of 6.3 J,
resulting in BVID. A critical investigation is performed on both the opportunities and the
(current) limitations of the considered NDT techniques for imaging BVID in composites. This
involves an evaluation in terms of defect detectability, defect sizing and defect depth
estimation.

Figure 1, from left to right : Impacted CFRP, Reflection C-scan, Out-of-plane LDR at 23.5 kHz, In-plane
LDR at 151 kHz and VT at 151 kHz

Keywords
Ultrasound, Local Defect Resonance LDR, Vibrothermography VT, BVID, Composites
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge both the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO grants 12T5418N, 3G066618
and 1148018N) and the SBO project DETECT-IV (Grant no. 160455), which fits in the SIM research
program MacroModelMat (M3) coordinated by Siemens (Siemens PLM software, Belgium) and funded
by SIM (Strategic Initiative Materials in Flanders) and VLAIO (Flemish government agency Flanders
Innovation & Entrepreneurship). The authors express their gratitude towards Honda R&D Co. for
supplying composite material for this research.

449
 Thursday, September 5th, 2019 (4:00 pm)

NGW (4/4) - Guided Waves and their Applications in NDT & SHM

Location: VIVES room A304

NGW (4/4): Guided Waves and their Applications in NDT & SHM
Chair: Xiuming Wang and Mathias Kersemans

16:00 - 16:30 Studies of damage detection approaches Pawel Henryk Malinowski, Rohan Nandkishor Soman,
for effective SHM using guided waves Pawel Kudela, Tomasz Wandowski
16:30 - 16:45 Flexural modes with multiple zero-group-velocity
points in fluid-filled cylinders Hanyin Cui, Weijun Lin, Hailan Zhang, Xiuming Wang
16:45 - 17:00 Structural Health Monitoring of Underwater Welds Using Timo Scholehwar, Tobias Gaul, Bianca Weihnacht,
Flexible Shear Wave Transducers and Remotely Operated Vehicles Friedrich von Dungern
17:00 - 17:15 Enhanced Characterization of grain boundary cracks by Roland Galos, Saeid Zamiri, Thomas Berer,
evaluating the integral response of surface acoustic István A Veres, Mike Hettich
waves by using a line probe
17:15 - 17:30 Reflection and transmission behavior of Lamb waves at an adhesive lap joint of plates Naoki Mori, Takayuki Kusaka
17:30 - 17:45 Numerical study of the adherence conditions Abderrahmane Loukkal, Michael Lematre,
at interfaces in multilayered structures Maxime Bavencoffe, Marc Lethiecq

450
 STUDIES OF DAMAGE DETECTION APPROACHES FOR EFFECTIVE SHM
USING GUIDED WAVES
Paweł Henryk Malinowski1, Rohan Soman1, Pawel Kudela1, Tomasz Wandowski1
1
Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences,
14 Fiszera Street, 80-231 Gdansk, Poland

The guided wave studies in the context of structural health monitoring are led for considerable
period of time in research groups around the world [1]. In the reported research the focus is
put on relatively thin walled structures often encountered engineering applications.

Mutli-modal and dispersive nature of guided waves propagation was considered for
developing the damage detection tool for aluminum and composites structures. The
conducted investigations were based both on numerical modelling and experimental work.
The numerical studies used the spectral element method, while in experiments the wave
excitation and sensing was realized by piezoelectric sensors. Moreover, in order to study the
wave propagation phenomenon in detail scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (SLDV) was
employed (Figure 1) allowing visualization of the whole wave field.

Figure 1: Wave propagation in aluminum plate; time instant showing interaction of the wave with an
obstacle (mass) on the surface

The SLDV allowed to learn about the wave-damage interaction and helps determine sensor
positions. Within the research various sensor placement strategies were investigated,
including distributed sensor networks as well as concentrated arrays. The wave mode
conversion phenomenon was studied in terms of damage detection. In the frame of the
investigations, dedicated signal processing algorithms were developed for effective damage
identification.

Keywords
Guided waves, Lamb waves, dispersion, mode conversion, sensor network, damage
References
[1]
W. Ostachowicz, P. Kudela, M. Krawczuk, A. Zak, Guided Waves in Structures for SHM: The Time -
domain Spectral Element Method, 2012, 350 p.
[2]
B. Park, H. Sohn, P. Liu, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 92 2017, 315-333.

451
 FLEXURAL MODES WITH MULTIPLE ZERO-GROUP-VELOCITY POINTS IN
FLUID-FILLED CYLINDERS
Hanyin Cui, Weijun Lin, Hailan Zhang, Xiuming Wang
State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Beijing Deep Sea Drilling Measurement Engineering
Technology Research Center, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing,
100190, China

Liquid-filled pipes used in the industry need to be inspected regularly to ascertain the reliability.
Guided wave NDE technique is suitable for rapid and long-range detection of pipelines.
Recently, a non-contact technique based on zero-group-velocity (ZGV) Lamb modes has been
developed to measure elastic constants and geometry integrity of hollow cylinders. The
objective of this paper is to study whether ZGV guided flexural-modes can be used for in-
service inspection of liquid-filled pipelines. Practically, if a pipeline is not a perfectly circular
cylinder, or if a point source is not perfectly centered in the pipeline, not only axisymmetric
longitudinal modes but also non-axisymmetric flexural modes are excited.

This study provides theoretical and numerical analyses of dispersion and excitation
characteristics of flexural guided modes with multiple ZGV points. The numerical model is an
infinite-length cylindrical elastic pipe that is fully filled with liquid. The dispersion equation of
non-axisymmetric flexural guided modes has been derived, and then simplified to obtain its
approximation form. This approximation form shows that flexural modes propagating in a
liquid-filled pipe can be decoupled into two groups under the condition that the liquid’s density
is much smaller than the pipe’s density. One group is the flexural modes with ZGV points
propagating in the hollow pipe, and the other one is the guided modes without ZGV point in
the liquid cylinder.

Numerically simulated dispersion spectra show that multiple ZGV points may be generated
from the strong coupling effects between the two groups of modes. And then, excitation
mechanisms and mode structures of multiple ZGV flexural guided modes show that the
relatively large displacement amplitudes appear at the frequencies in which the ZGV points
exhibit, i.e., ZGV resonances exist. From our numerical results, it is predicted that flexural
modes with ZGV points might be used for the inspection of liquid-filled pipelines.

Keywords
Flexural modes, Zero-group-velocity, guided wave NDE

452
 STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING OF UNDERWATER WELDS USING
FLEXIBLE SHEAR WAVE TRANSDUCERS AND REMOTELY OPERATED
VEHICLES
Timo Scholehwar1, Tobias Gaul², Bianca Weihnacht2, Friedrich von Dungern3
1
PI Ceramic GmbH, Lindenstraße, 07589 Lederhose, Germany
2
Fraunhofer IKTS, Maria-Reiche-Straße 2, 01109 Dresden, Germany
3
Invent GmbH, Christian-Pommer-Straße 34, 38112 Braunschweig, Germany

Underwater welds of load bearing structures in ocean environments have to be monitored

for corrosion in regular intervals. These include foundation structures and stabilization struts
of wind turbines, oil rigs, power conversion and management stations. Due to weather
conditions, seasons and the depth of the welds these inspections are very expensive and can
take days for each structure. Divers have to dive to the structure, remove encrustations and
check each weld in situ.

To avoid these difficulties and reduce costs a belt system using flexible piezoceramic
DuraAct sensors is being developed (Fig. 1). These belts are paired on either side of critical
welds to be inspected and left permanently attached under water. The inspection will be
performed by alternatively sending and receiving ultrasonic shear waves by the sensors in
each belt. Due to the nature of SH0 shear waves, encrustations can be ignored.

Figure 1: Sensor belt prototype incl. pre- processing electronics and serial bus system.

The results of the inspection will be transferred to a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) that
can be used at lower depth for much longer than divers and almost independent of weather
and seasons.

The system is being developed by an industrial / research consortium as part of the

RemoteDetect project. Concept, measurement method and the results of the first in situ test
runs will be presented.

Keywords
underwater, weld, piezo, ceramic, DuraAct, ultrasonic, shear wave, SH0, remotely operated vehicle,
ROV

453
 ENHANCED CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAIN BOUNDARY CRACKS BY
EVALUATING THE INTEGRAL RESPONSE OF SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVES
BY USING A LINE PROBE
Roland Galos1, Saeid Zamiri1, Thomas Berer2, István A Veres2, Mike Hettich1
1
RECENDT GmbH, SciencePark2, 2. OG, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
2
Qorvo, 1818 S.Orange Blossom Trail, Apopka, Florida 32703, USA

Non-destructive evaluation of surface and subsurface cracks can be conducted by measuring

and interpreting their interaction with surface acoustic waves (SAWs). For a single crack, the
position and the geometry can be reconstructed from the measured scattered field. In the
presence of a large amount of small defects, such as micro cracks at grain boundaries, the
characterization of single cracks is ineffective or even not feasible. In this case, the
macroscopic homogeneous material behavior can be used to characterize the density and
depth distribution of the cracks by observing attenuation of SAWs.

We examine the scattering of SAWs on surface micro cracks, which arise between the
boundaries of the individual grains in steel, by experiments and numerical tools. For the
experimental evaluation, we generate SAWs, which exhibit plane wave fronts, by using line-
focused pulsed-laser excitation. The propagating waves are then detected by means of
interferometry at different distances from the position of excitation. For the theoretical
description, three-dimensional time-domain finite element (FEM) simulations with randomly
distributed cracks are conducted.

The homogeneous behavior of the randomly scattered field is obtained by spatial averaging
of the measured and simulated fields[1] or by using a line probe. Frequency dependent
attenuation, induced by scattering of the acoustic waves, is then obtained by Fourier
transforming the experimental and simulated data[2,3].

As spatial averaging of single responses is very time consuming and therefore usually
unfeasible, we demonstrate the usage of an optically integrating line probe based on a two
wave mixing detector. The detector measures the integral response over a line parallel to the
incoming acoustic plane wave front. This detection approach allows to obtain the integral
displacement field within a single measurement, which significantly reduces the measurement
times compared to averaging procedures. As proof of concept a reference sample has been
measured. The resulting dispersion relation shows good agreement with a previous
measurement, recorded by a Michelson interferometer.

Keywords
Effective medium, attenuation, line probe, two-wave mixing, Rayleigh-wave
References
[1]
J. A. Derode, A. Tourin and M. Fink, Phys. Rev., E64 2001, 036606-036618.
[2]
C. Pecorari, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103 1998, 1383-1387.
[3]
V. J. Pinfield and R. E. Challis, Journ. of Phys. (Conference Series) 269 2011, 012016-012024.

454
 REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION BEHAVIOR OF LAMB WAVES AT AN
ADHESIVE LAP JOINT OF PLATES
Naoki Mori, Takayuki Kusaka
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering,
Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.

Guided waves enable long-range nondestructive inspection for various structures due to their
capability of relatively long propagation distances. Lamb waves are particularly used in the
nondestructive evaluation for thin-walled structures. In previous studies, to establish the
inspection technique of adhesively bonded lap joints, the transmission behavior of Lamb
waves at a single lap joint was extensively investigated.[1]–[3] However, most studies paid
attention to the variation of the transmission characteristics with cohesive properties, such as
bond thickness and elastic (or viscoelatic) moduli, and the effect of interfacial properties has
not fully been considered. In this study, an adhesive joint is modeled as a spring-type interface
which is characterized by normal and tangential stiffnesses, and the reflection and
transmission behavior of Lamb waves at a single lap joint of plates is analyzed by a time-
domain finite element (FE) simulation. The schematic of the single lap joint considered in this
study is shown in Figure 1. The lowest-order antisymmetric (A0) Lamb mode in a low
frequency range is used as an incident wave.

Figure 1: Schematic of an adhesively bonded single lap joint of plates.

As a result, the reflection and transmission waveforms from the adhesive joint are found to
show long-oscillation tails, which result from the multiple reflection in the overlap region. The
reflection and transmission coefficients calculated by spectral analysis show local maximum
and minimum behavior at multiple frequencies. These extremal frequencies vary not only with
the joint length but also with the joint stiffnesses. In particular, the extremal frequencies of the
A0 mode reflection and transmission coefficients depend on the tangential stiffness, but are
almost invariant with the normal stiffness. The obtained results are discussed in the light of
the characterization of single lap joints by the Lamb wave transmission characteristics.

Keywords
Guided wave, Adhesive joint, Imperfect interface, Reflection, Transmission
References
[1]
S. I. Rokhlin, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 89 1991, 2758–2765.
[2]
M. J. S. Lowe, R. E. Challis, C.W. Chan, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 107 2000, 1333–1345.
[3]
F. Lanza di Scalea, P. Rizzo, A. Marzani, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 115 2004, 146–156.

455
 NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE ADHERENCE CONDITIONS AT INTERFACES IN
MULTILAYERED STRUCTURES
A.Loukkal1, M.Lematre1, M.Bavencoffe1, M.Lethiecq1
1
GREMAN UMR 7347, Université de Tours, INSA Centre Val de Loire, 3 rue de la
Chocolaterie, Blois, France

The microelectronics industry is expressing an increased demand for the development of non-
destructive tools and methods for health control and diagnostics in multilayered structures,
including problems such as delaminations, inclusions and microcracks. The aim of this work
is to study the effect of the interface quality on the ultrasonic wave propagation in multilayered
structures which represent the typical architecture of many microelectronic components. One
way to characterize adherence properties in multilayered structures consists in using the so
called V(z) method. Indeed, when varying the frequency, the treatment of the V(z,f) data
avoids the difficulty in guided waves measurements since it provides, via inversion, the
reflectance function 𝑅𝑅(𝜃𝜃, 𝑓𝑓) that is a means to identify the guided modes in the structure
through the resonance modes. The present study focuses on the calculation of the reflectance
function and the guided waves dispersion curves for isotropic and anisotropic trilayers where
two metallic layers are bonded together by an adhesive layer made of an epoxy resin.
Depending on the isotropic or anisotropic nature of the materials, two different interface
models have been implemented. In the case of isotropic materials, the interface layer is
modeled by a viscoelastic medium [1] allowing to simulate different adherence qualities. In
the anisotropic case, the interface layer is modeled by a porous material [2] where the porosity
allows to quantify the bonding quality. The results obtained from these analytical models are
supported by those of finite element simulations and discussed in terms of their potential
experimental use for adhesion defect characterization.

Acknowledgement
This work has been supported by the co-labeled EURIPIDES² and CATRENE project SAM3 (Smart
Analysis Methods for 3D Integration).
Keywords
reflectance function, multilayer, isotropic, anisotropic, interface, guided waves, V(z,f)
References
[1]S.I. Rokhlin, Y.J. Wang, Analysis of boundary conditions for elastic wave interaction with an interface
between two solids, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 89 1991, 503–515.
[2]S.I. Rokhlin, W. Huang, Ultrasonic wave interaction with a thin anisotropic layer between two
anisotropic solids: Exact and asymptotic-boundary-condition methods, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 92 1992,
1729–1742.

456
 Thursday, September 5th, 2019 (4:00 pm)

PAT (2/2) - Acoustic Tweezers and Particle Manipulation

Location: VIVES room B303

PAT (2/2): Acoustic Tweezers and Particle Manipulation
Chair: Xiaozhou Liu and Jiehui Liu

16:00 - 16:30 Three-dimensional acoustic radiation force

of a sphere arbitrarily positioned in a Gaussian beam Shuyuan Li, Xiaofeng Zhang, Guangbin Zhang
16:30 - 16:45 Experimental study of radiation force exerted by Anastasia V. Nikolaeva, Maria M. Karzova, Sergey A. Tsysar,
a focused ultrasound beam on an elastic scatterer in a fluid Vera A. Khokhlova, Oleg A. Sapozhnikov
16:45 - 17:00 Evaluation of liquid crystal molecular orientation Yuki Harada, Marina Fukui, Daisuke Koyama,
in an ultrasound liquid crystal lens Mami Matsukawa, Kentaro Nakamura
17:00 - 17:15 Extensions of the Born approximation for acoustic radiation
force and torque to inhomogeneous objects and progressive spherical waves Thomas S. Jerome, Mark F. Hamilton
17:15 - 17:30 3D-acoustophoretic microparticle motion in homogeneous
and inhomogeneous fluids Wei Qiu, Henrik Bruus, Per Augustsson
17:30 - 17:45 Numerical Study on the Acoustic Radiation Force on
an Elastic Spherical Particle including Viscous Effects and Acoustic Streaming Thierry Baasch, Alen Pavlic, Jürg Dual
17:45 - 18:00 Microfluidic channels with liquid walls to perform acoustophoretic particle manipulation Itziar González, Alberto Pinto

457
 THREE-DIMENSIONAL ACOUSTIC RADIATION FORCE OF A SPHERE
ARBITRARILY POSITIONED IN A GAUSSIAN BEAM
Shuyuan Li, Xiaofeng Zhang, Guangbin Zhang
Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ultrasonics, School of Physics & Information Technology,
Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119, China

Acoustic radiation force is very important to acoustic particle manipulation, which has wide
application in biophysics, material science and the other fields. Many theoretical and
experimental work of the acoustic radiation force acting on a spherical or cylindrical particle in
different acoustical fields has been performed in recent years.

In this paper, a finite element model for calculating the acoustic radiation force of an elastic
sphere in a Gaussian beam is setup to analyze the influence of the beam waist and particle
position on the axial and transverse acoustic radiation forces. A PMMA sphere is studied when
the sphere lies in different position of the Gaussian beam. The simulation results show that
the radius of beam waist has effect on the values of the acoustic radiation force and the
changing law between the acoustic radiation force and ka is same with those of the plane
wave when the radius of beam waist is larger than the wavelength. When the sphere
arbitrarily positioned in a Gaussian beam, the positions of the particle have more effect on the
acoustic radiation force. When the sphere lies near to the center of the beam and laterally
within a certain distance from the beam centre, the axial acoustic radiation force is negative.
However, it is positive when the sphere is away from the center. The exerted transverse force
generally repels the particle away from the beam axis except for particle located on the waist
plane and laterally within a certain distance from the beam centre.

In addition, we measured the acoustic radiation force of an elastic PMMA sphere in a Gaussian
beam. The measured results are in good agreement with those computed by finite element.
The conclusions drawn in this work may be helpful to the design of acoustic tweezers and may
also have potential applications in acoustic particle manipulation.

Keywords
Acoustic radiation force, finite element model, Gaussian beams, elastic sphere, experiment

458
 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF RADIATION FORCE EXERTED BY A FOCUSED
ULTRASOUND BEAM
ON AN ELASTIC SCATTERER IN A FLUID
Anastasia V. Nikolaeva1, Maria М. Karzova1, Sergey A. Tsysar1, Vera A. Khokhlova1, 2, Oleg
A. Sapozhnikov1, 2
1
Physics Faculty, Moscow State University, Russia
2
Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, USA

The study aims to increase the accuracy of experimental methods for measuring acoustic
radiation (AR) force acting on a millimeter-sized spherical elastic scatterer in a liquid from a
focused ultrasound beam of megahertz-range frequency [1]. The focused ultrasound beam was
generated by a single-element, 1.072-MHz piezoceramic transducer (70 mm focal length,
100 mm aperture) positioned at the bottom of a water tank. The spherical scatterer (1–3 mm
radius, made from nylon, glass, or stainless steel) was positioned on the vertically-oriented
axis of the beam. The scatterer was fixed in a frame with 3-level trap of thin fishing lines. The
measurement method is based on the balance between the AR, gravity, and buoyancy forces
acting on the object, and initiation of its movement when the value of AR force crosses a
certain threshold. The measurement was performed as follows. First, the beam power was set
high enough to push the target upwards and thus press it against the upper level of the trap.
Then the power was gradually decreased until the target started to move down. This threshold
power corresponded to the condition when the AR force was equal to the difference between
the gravity and buoyancy forces. The acoustic power range was up to 40 W, and the
corresponding AR force was up to 4 mN reaching the maximum when using steel scatterers.
The AR force was calculated numerically using parameters of the scatterer (radius, speed of
longitudinal and shear waves) and the known angular spectrum of the beam, which was
determined from the acoustic hologram, i.e., the transverse amplitude and phase distribution
of the acoustic pressure [2]. Experimental and theoretical results were in a good agreement in
pre-focal and post-focal regions with an average error of 10%. It was shown that if the
beamwidth is much smaller than the scatterer diameter, the most effective pushing occurred
before and after the focus, where the beam was slightly wider than the scatterer. Work was
supported by NIH P01 DK43881, and RFBR 18-32-00659, 18-02-00991, and 17-02-00261.

Keywords
Acoustic radiation force, focused ultrasound, spherical scatterer
References
[1] M.
Karzova, A. Nikolaeva, S. Tsysar, V. Khokhlova, O. Sapozhnikov, Measurement and modeling of
acoustic radiation force of focused ultrasound beam on an elastic sphere in water, v. 32 2017, 045011/1-
045011/6.
[2]
O.A. Sapozhnikov, M.R. Bailey, Radiation force of an arbitrary acoustic beam on an elastic sphere in
a fluid, v. 133(2) 2013, 661–676.

459
 EVALUATION OF LIQUID CRYSTAL MOLECULAR ORIENTATION IN AN
ULTRASOUND LIQUID CRYSTAL LENS
Yuki Harada1, Marina Fukui2, Daisuke Koyama2, Mami Matsukawa2, Kentaro Nakamura3
1
Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University 1-3 Tataramiyakodani,
Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
2
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University 1-3 Tataramiyakodani,
Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
3
Laboratory for Future Interdisciplinary Research of Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute
of Technology 4259-R2-26 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan

Nematic liquid crystals are widely used in optical devices such as liquid crystal displays. We
proposed a novel technique to control the molecular orientation of liquid crystals using
ultrasound vibration[1,2], and the variable-focus liquid crystal lens was developed[3]. The
change in the refractive index of the lens gives the variable-focus function. In this report, the
ultrasonic liquid crystal lens was fabricated; a liquid crystal layer with the thickness of 50 µm
was sandwiched between two circular glass plates having an annular PZT transducer. By
exciting the transducer, the flexural vibration modes were generated on the liquid crystal lens.
The acoustic radiation force to the liquid crystal layer was generated and the molecular
orientation was changed, resulting in the drastic changes of the light transmission. We
evaluated the liquid crystal molecular orientation in the lens under ultrasound excitation and
investigated the relationship between the change in the refractive index and the liquid crystal
molecular orientation. The orientation direction of the liquid crystal molecules was predicted
from the distributions of the transmitted light intensity under the crossed-Nicol condition. It was
found that the liquid crystal molecular orientation was changed remarkably between the
antinode and node of the ultrasound vibration, and the liquid crystal molecules aligned towards
the antinode of the flexural vibration.

Figure.1 Configuration of a liquid crystal lens.

Figure.2 Transmitted light distributions through the lens (a) without and (b) with ultrasound vibration at
64 kHz and (c) the vibrational distribution

Keywords
Nematic liquid crystal, control of molecular orientation, acoustic radiation force, liquid crystal lens
References
[1]
S. Taniguchi, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. ,108 101103, 2016.
[2]
Y. Shimizu, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. ,111, 231101, 2017.
[3]
Y. Shimizu, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett.,112, 161104, 2018.

460
 EXTENSIONS OF THE BORN APPROXIMATION FOR ACOUSTIC RADIATION
FORCE AND TORQUE TO INHOMOGENEOUS OBJECTS AND PROGRESSIVE
SPHERICAL WAVES
Thomas S. Jerome1, Mark F. Hamilton1
1
Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin,
Austin, Texas 78713-8029, USA

If the material properties of an object and the surrounding medium are similar, and the acoustic
radiation force is dominated by contributions from energy density gradients, as in a plane
standing wave, the Born approximation can be applied to calculate the radiation force and
torque on the object. In previous work,[1] a homogeneous object of arbitrary shape in a plane
standing wave field described by 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑝𝑝0 cos[𝑘𝑘(𝑧𝑧 + 𝑧𝑧𝑠𝑠 )] cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 was considered. The Born
approximation resulted in simple volume integrals for the radiation force 𝐹𝐹𝑧𝑧 and torque 𝛕𝛕,
generalized here to accommodate spatial variation in the compressibility and density of the
object through the function 𝑓𝑓𝐺𝐺 (𝐫𝐫):

𝑝𝑝02 𝑘𝑘 𝑝𝑝02 𝑘𝑘
𝐹𝐹𝑧𝑧 = � 𝑓𝑓𝐺𝐺 (𝐫𝐫) sin[2𝑘𝑘(𝑧𝑧 + 𝑧𝑧𝑠𝑠 )] 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝛕𝛕 = �(𝐫𝐫 × 𝐞𝐞𝑧𝑧 )𝑓𝑓𝐺𝐺 (𝐫𝐫) sin[2𝑘𝑘(𝑧𝑧 + 𝑧𝑧𝑠𝑠 )] 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4𝜌𝜌0 𝑐𝑐02 4𝜌𝜌0 𝑐𝑐02

where 𝜌𝜌0 and 𝑐𝑐0 are the density and sound speed in the surrounding fluid. Comparisons with
full solutions for homogeneous spheres and prolate spheroids showed that the approximation
is reasonably accurate for objects with dimensions up to about one wavelength.
Additionally, closed-form expressions were presented for homogeneous spheres and
cylinders. Here, closed-form expressions based on the Born approximation are presented for
spheres and cylinders with compressibility and density that vary either linearly or discretely
within the object. The expressions reveal the dependence of the radiation force and torque
on the position and orientation of the object with respect to the incident standing
wave. Second, application of the Born approximation to wave fields with contributions to the
radiation force from momentum transfer due to scattering is assessed by considering the case
of a homogeneous compressible sphere in a converging or diverging spherical wave. This is
accomplished by comparing a closed-form expression obtained using the Born approximation
with the full solution based on spherical harmonic expansion of the incident and scattered
fields. Near the center of the spherical wave, the radiation force is dominated by gradients of
the energy densities, and the Born approximation is expected to be valid. Far from the center
of the spherical wave, where the field resembles a traveling plane wave, the radiation force is
mainly due to scattering. [TSJ was supported by the Applied Research Laboratories Chester
M. McKinney Fellowship in Acoustics and the Cockrell School of Engineering Charles F.
VanBerg Graduate Fellowship in Engineering.]

Keywords
Born approximation, radiation force, radiation torque
References
[1]
T. S. Jerome, Yu. A. Ilinskii, E. A. Zabolotskaya, and M. F. Hamilton, Born approximation of acoustic
radiation force and torque on soft objects of arbitrary shape, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of
America, 145(1) 2019, 36-44.

461
 3D-ACOUSTOPHORETIC MICROPARTICLE MOTION IN HOMOGENEOUS AND
INHOMOGENEOUS FLUIDS
Wei Qiu1,2, Henrik Bruus2, Per Augustsson1
1
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Ole Römers väg 3, 22363 Lund,
Sweden
2
Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Physics Building 309, DK-
2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
In acoustophoresis induced by a standing-wave field, suspended microparticles in a
microchannel are subject to both the acoustic radiation force and the Stokes drag force from
the acoustic streaming. The relative magnitude of the two forces depends on the size of the
microparticles and the material of the fluid. For polystyrene particles in water at 2 MHz,
theoretical studies predicted a critical diameter of 2 µm for the cross-over, where the two forces
are equal [1]. This cross-over changes radically in systems filled with inhomogeneous fluids,
owing to the streaming suppression in such configurations [2,3]. Here, using General
Defocusing Particle Tracking [4], we explore experimentally this cross-over for particle
diameters ranging from 0.5 to 4.8 µm in both homogeneous and inhomogeneous fluids.
For homogeneous fluid, we found that the particles become confined to particle-size-
dependent rolls close to the channel ceiling and floor, and large regions of the channel are
depleted, even for particles far above the critical diameter (Figure 1(a)-(c)). This is due to the
position-dependent magnitudes of the two forces, where neither of the two forces dominates
at any position in the microchannel for particle diameters ranging from 1.0 to 3.1 µm, resulting
in size-dependent steady-state motions. In the microchannel filled with inhomogeneous fluids,
the majority of the particles are focused to the pressure nodal plane at early times (Figure
1(e)). This is due to the streaming suppression, and hence the particles in the bulk only
experience radiation force. Then the particles fall into the confined streaming rolls, and as the
inhomogeneity smears out due to diffusion and advection, they finally form the same pattern
as in homogeneous fluid (Figure 1(b) and (g)). The numerical simulation results will be
provided in the conference for fully understanding the mechanisms and the potential
application of this work will also be discussed.

Figure 1: (a-d) Overlaid particle positions in the vertical cross section of the microchannel (width: 375
µm; height: 133 µm) filled with homogeneous fluid (2.5% Ficoll PM70) in a time interval from τ = 50 to
60 s for four different particle diameters: (a) 1.0 µm, (b) 1.9 µm, (c) 3.1 µm, and (d) 4.8 µm. (e-g) The
positions of 1.9 µm-diameter particles overlaid between (e) τ = 0 to 10 s, (f) τ = 50 to 60 s, and (g) τ =
170 to 180 s for inhomogeneous fluids (side: Milli-Q; center: 5% Ficoll PM70). The color plot represents
the concentration of the solute molecules from low (dark) to high (white).

Keywords
Acoustophoresis, particle trajectory, acoustic streaming, inhomogeneous fluids
References
[1]
P.B. Muller, R. Barnkob, M.J.H Jensen, H. Bruus, Lab Chip, 12 2012, 4617-4627.
[2]
J.T. Karlsen, W. Qiu, P. Augustsson, H. Bruus, Phys. Rev. Lett., 120 2018, 054501 1-6.
[3]
W. Qiu, J.T. Karlsen, H. Bruus, P. Augustsson, Phys. Rev. Appl., 11 2019, 024018 1-11.
[4]
R. Barnkob, C.J. Kähler, M. Rossi, Lab Chip, 15 2015, 3556-3560.

462
 NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE ACOUSTIC RADIATION FORCE ON AN ELASTIC
SPHERICAL PARTICLE INCLUDING VISCOUS EFFECTS AND ACOUSTIC
STREAMING
Thierry Baasch1, Alen Pavlic1, Jürg Dual1
1
Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland

The acoustic radiation force is a second order time averaged effect that arises when a
scatterer is placed in a sound field. In many particle manipulation applications, the wavelength
is large and the thickness of the viscous boundary layer is small compared to the particle size.
This motivates a number of approximations commonly used in analytical studies. Often, the
Rayleigh limit is assumed and viscous effects such as damping and acoustic streaming are
neglected. We use the COMSOL Multiphysics finite element framework to calculate the
acoustic radiation force acting on a particle placed in a sound field, including all viscous
effects. Thus, we do not neglect the viscosity of the fluid and numerically calculate the field
inside the viscous boundary layer and the streaming. In figure 1a, we show the simulated
acoustic radiation force acting on a 6 μm diameter polystyrene particle placed in a 0.5 MHz
acoustic field. The particle position is varied from the pressure nodal plane (PN) to the anti-
nodal plane (AN). Our numerical results are in good agreement with the analytical expressions
obtained by Settnes et al.[1] and Yosioka et al.[2]. In figure 1b, we show numerical results for
the streaming flow around the polystyrene particle placed at the pressure nodal plane of a one
dimensional standing wave. This case was investigated analytically by Rednikov et al. [3]. We
plan to further compare our numerical results with analytical solutions, especially for travelling
waves, where we expect the effect of the acoustic streaming on the radiation force to be more
prominent.

Figure 1: a) The acoustic radiation force acting on a polystyrene particle placed in a standing wave. b)
Acoustic streaming flow field around the particle placed at the pressure nodal plane. The red and blue
colors indicate high and low velocity amplitudes, respectively. The streamlines are shown in white.

Keywords
Acoustic Radiation Force, Acoustophoresis, Acoustic Streaming, Finite Element Method
References
[1]
M. Settnes, H. Bruus. Forces acting on a small particle in an acoustical field in a viscous fluid. Physical
Review E 85.1 2012, 016327-1 - 016327-12.
[2]
K. Yosioka, Y. Kawasima. Acoustic radiation pressure on a compressible sphere. Acta Acustica
united with Acustica 5.3 1955, 167-173.
[3]
A. Y. Rednikov, S. S. Sadhal. Steady streaming from an oblate spheroid due to vibrations along its
axis. Journal of fluid mechanics 499, 2004 345-380.

463
 MICROFLUIDIC CHANNELS WITH LIQUID WALLS TO PERFORM
ACOUSTOPHORETIC PARTICLE MANIPULATION
Itziar González1, Alberto Pinto1
1
Institute of Physical technologies ITEFI, National Research Council of Spain CSIC, Serrano
144,Madrid 28006, Spain

In this paper we present a novel soft-matter resonator to perform particle micromanipulation by

ultrasounds, without precedents in the literature. It consists of a liquid channel with fluid walls within a
polyacrylamide gel, with variable cross section and shape along which polystyrene microbeads flow
immersed in deionized water.
The bottom wall is fixed to a substrate and the top wall is made up of rigid glass to visualize the particle
behavior inside the soft channel.
The work of our device is based on the action of a radiation force acoustically induced on each single
particle within the liquid phase in which they circulate immersed. Its performance is not based on a
channel resonance, but on the whole liquid&gel structure resonance.
The flow in our channel with variable cross-section and gel-walls has been experimentally studied to
examine the acoustic behavior of the channel soft walls and their effects to perform processes of particle
manipulation based on acoustophoretic mechanisms within the channel also exposed to the acoustic
wave.
The working principle of our device is based on the action of a radiation force acoustically induced
through the liquid phase on the single microspheres in suspension during the application of the
ultrasounds.
In our device, the particles flow initially within the channel with irregular shape and width immersed
homogeneously distributed in deionized water (Figure 1.a). Once exposed to the ultrasounds, they are
rapidly driven toward the center of the channel due to the radiation force, where collect and continue
flowing until the end of the device. The particle collection is done always in the middle between the side
gel-walls, even if they are not parallel (Figure 1.b).
Since 2009 we have developed various pioneer polymeric resonators to perform acoustophoretic
manipulation of particles or cells [1,2] based on the whole-structure resonance instead of the
conventional BAW or SAW actuation. This
paper presents one next-step beyond our
developments, to achieve particle
manipulation in desestructured devices
made of soft matter, confined in chambers
where the walls of channels with variable
shapes and widths are made of extremely
soft gel and, breaking the physical barriers
of parallel walls conventionally required for
the establishment of standing waves. It
represents in a new milestone in the field of
Figure 1: microspheres (20microns) flowing in the liquid microfluidic acoustophoretic technologies.
channel (deionized water) with gel-walls a) homogeneously
distributed in the water path with irregular shape and
b)collected and aligned under the action of the acoustic Keywords
radiation force induced by the ultrasonic wave soft-matter, microfluidics, acoustophoresis,
ultrasounds, whose liquid-gel resonators.
References
[1]
I. Gonzalez, J. Earl, A. Pinto, L.J. Fernandez, B. Sainz . S. Alcalá, R. Monge, V. Acosta, A. Castillejo,
JL Soto, A. Carrato, A disposable thin chip for rapid isolation of tumor cells and aggregates by
ultrasounds, Micromachines 2018, 9, 129-144; doi:10.3390/mi9030129
[2]
I. Gonzalez, LJ Fernández, T Gómez Alvarez-Arenas, J Berganzo, J L Soto, A Carrato (6/1), 2010,
A polymeric chip for micromanipulation and particle sorting by ultrasounds based on a multilayer
configuration,, Sensors and Actuators B Chemical, 144 (1):310-317

464
 Thursday, September 5th, 2019 (4:00 pm)

PPL (2/3) - Picosecond Laser Ultrasonics

Location: VIVES room A306

PPL (2/3): Picosecond Laser Ultrasonics
Chair: Vitalyi Gusev, Oliver B. Wright

16:00 - 16:30 Twisting magnetization by coherent phonons Alexey Schrebakov, Andrew Rushforth,
Dmitri Yakovlev, Andrey Akimov, Manfred Bayer
16:30 - 17:00 Quantitative imaging of microstructures and strain in Motonobu Tomoda, Akihisa Kubota, Akira Tooda, Hiroyuki Matsuo,
transparent media by time-domain Brillouin scattering Vitalyi Gusev, Roberto Li Voti, Osamu Matsuda, Oliver B. Wright
17:00 - 17:15 Imaging the interface of van der Waals nanolayers Andrey V. Akimov, Elton de Lima Savi, Jake D.G. Greener, Samuel Raetz,
by picosecond ultrasonics Nikolay Chigarev, Vincent Tournat, Anthony J. Kent, Amalia Patane, Vitalyi Gusev
17:15 - 17:30 Ultrafast Pump-probe Spectroscopy for Ronan Delalande, Loïc Burr, Eric Charron, Maroua Jouini,
vibrational response analysis and mechanical Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares, Laurent Belliard
characterization of Ag-Au alloy and Porous Au single nanowires
17:30 - 17:45 Generation and detection of GHz shear acoustic waves in Osamu Matsuda, Kandai Tsutsui, Thomas Pezeril,
grating structures by picosecond laser ultrasonics Gwenalle Vaudel, Vitalyi Gusev
17:45 - 18:00 Study on Phonon Propagation in Isotope
Diamond Superlattice Hsu Kai Weng, Akira Nagakubo, Hirotsugu Ogi, Hideyuki Watanabe

465
 TWISTING MAGNETIZATION BY COHERENT PHONONS
A. Schrebakov1,2, A. Rushforth3, D. Yakovlev1,2, A. Akimov3, M. Bayer1,2
1
Experimentelle Physik 2, TU Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
2
Ioffe Institute, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia.
3
University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.

The exploration of magnetism at the nanoscale has emerged as a rapidly developing field. For
operation of nanoscale magnetic devices, in most cases a microwave magnetic field
generated by a bulky resonator is envisioned. Here, microwave fields of high amplitude,
narrow band and nanoscale localization have remained challenging. A precessing
magnetization in a ferromagnetic nanostructure might be an effective source of a microwave
magnetic field at the nanoscale. The coupling of lattice and magnetization in a ferromagnet
allows one to launch and drive the magnetization precession by coherent phonons generated
by illumination with intense ultrashort laser pulses. [1] If the frequency of a phonon (mechanical)
mode of the nanostructure coincides with the precession frequency, phonon driving of the
magnetization becomes particularly efficient. This talk will give an overview of the present
status experimental studies, in which this approach has been pursued on Galfenol (alloy of Fe
and Ga) nanostructures.

We will show for layered structures that their suitable design allows one to tailor the magnon
mode spectrum contributing to the precession. The observed frequencies range up to more
than 100 GHz. [2] Further, by using acoustic cavities particularly long-lived precession at the
acoustic eigenmodes is excited, which for resonant magnon-phonon conditions show a drastic
increase of the precession amplitude and a decrease of spectral width. [3]

In lateral ferromagnetic nanogratings of parallel grooves, the pulsed illumination excites

surface acoustic waves with wavevectors set by the grating period. These waves remain
localized in the nanograting due to the elastic anisotropy of Galfenol. The magnetization
precession driven by them can generates a microwave magnetic field in the grooves with an
ac- induction as large as ~10 mT for resonant conditions. [4]

Keywords:
Picosecond laser ultrasonics, phonons, magnetism, magnons
References:
[1] A.V. Scherbakov et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 117204 (2010).

[2] A.V. Scherbakov et al., Physical Review Applied Letters, in press (2019).
[3] J. V. Jäger et al. Phys. Rev. B 92, 020404(R) (2015).

[4] A. S. Salasyuk et al. Phys. Rev. B 97, 060404(R) (2018).

466
 QUANTITATIVE IMAGING OF MICROSTRUCTURES AND STRAIN IN
TRANSPARENT MEDIA BY TIME-DOMAIN BRILLOUIN SCATTERING
Motonobu Tomoda1, Akihisa Kubota1, Akira Tooda1, Hiroyuki Matsuo1, Vitalyi Gusev2,
Roberto Li Voti3, Osamu Matsuda1, Oliver B. Wright1
1
Division of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo
060-8628, Japan
2
Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Université du Mans, UMR CNRS 6613, Le Mans Université,
72085 Le Mans, France
3
Dipartimento di Scienze di Base ed Applicate per l'Ingegneria, Sapienza Università di
Roma, Via A. Scarpa 14, 00161 Roma, Italy

Time-domain Brillouin scattering is an all-optical experimental technique for investigating

transparent materials based on laser picosecond ultrasonics. Its applications range from
imaging thin-films, ion-implanted materials, polycrystalline materials and biological cells to
physical phenomena such as residual stress, temperature gradient and nonlinear coherent
nano-acoustic pulses.[1,2] The time-resolved optical reflectance shows GHz oscillations
because of the interference between the probe light reflected from the sample interfaces and
that scattered from the nano-acoustic pulses. Such oscillations, called Brillouin oscillations,
have frequency 𝑓𝑓𝐵𝐵 = 2𝑣𝑣(𝑛𝑛2 − sin2 𝜃𝜃)1⁄2 /𝜆𝜆, where 𝑣𝑣 is the longitudinal sound velocity, 𝑛𝑛 is the
refractive index, 𝜃𝜃 is the incident angle of the probe light, and 𝜆𝜆 is the probe-light wavelength
in air. When the sample refractive index is spatially uniform and known, analyzing the
oscillations by windowed Fourier transforms allows one to obtain depth-profiles of 𝑣𝑣. However,
when the refractive index varies with depth, multiple incidence angles of the probe beam are
required, complicating the measurement system.

Here we propose some variations of this approach. The first one involves varying the probe-
light incident angle in order to quantitatively image 𝑣𝑣 and 𝑛𝑛 in 3D. By scanning the position of
a narrow probe beam incident on a high numerical aperture objective-lens, one can measure
Brillouin oscillations from different oblique incidence angles.

The second one is for the evaluation of plates that are inhomogeneous in the direction
perpendicular to the bottom face, on which a metal transducer film is deposited. By use of
obliquely incident probe light entering a side face, as opposed to the usual top face, acoustic
pulses generated in the metal film can be used to map the sound velocity, without requiring
knowledge of 𝑛𝑛.

The third method involves tomographic imaging of picosecond pulse shapes in homogenous
and isotropic media by scanning the probe incidence angle. Results with 830 nm probe light
[3]
are extended to higher spatial resolution by use of 415 nm probe light, allowing a ~200 nm
resolution of the propagating ultrasonic pulse shape in glass.

Keywords
Picosecond ultrasonics, Brillouin scattering, nanoscale, tomographic imaging, laser
References
[1]
V. E. Gusev and P. Ruello, Appl. Phys. Rev., 5 2018, 031101.
[2]
S. Danworaphong M. Tomoda et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 106 2015, 163701.
[3]
M. Tomoda, O. Matsuda, O. B. Wright and R. Li Voti, Appl. Phys. Lett., 91 2007, 071911.

467
 IMAGING THE INTERFACE OF VAN DER WAALS NANOLAYERS BY
PICOSECOND ULTRASONICS
Andrey V. Akimov1, Elton de Lima Savi2, Jake D.G. Greener1, Samuel Raetz2, Nikolay
Chigarev2, Vincent Tournat2, Anthony J. Kent1, Amalia Patane1, Vitalyi Gusev2

1
School of Physics and Astronomy, The University Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
2
Laboratoire d’Acoustique de l’Université du Mans, UMR CNRS 6613, Le Mans Université,
72085 Le Mans,France

Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) nanolayers show potential for several applications
in electronics, photonics, and thermoelectrics. The interface between different 2D materials or
between a 2D layer and its supporting substrate plays a crucial role in device performance,
but probing its properties is a challenging task. Here we show that the coherent acoustic
phonon spectrum of a vdW nanolayer depends strongly on the elastic coupling with a
neighboring vdW layer or substrate [1]. Furthermore, we use picosecond ultrasonics imaging
to produce lateral maps of the elastic coupling at the interface between a nanolayer and the
substrate and between different vdW nanolayers. We focus on thin γ-InSe flakes [2] fabricated
by mechanical exfoliation of bulk InSe crystals by adhesive tape and dry transferred onto a
transparent atomically flat sapphire substrate. The results of the spatial mapping of the phonon
spectrum reveal a non-uniform elastic coupling and extended regions of "broken" and "perfect"
interfaces (see examples in Fig.1). We combine picosecond ultrasonics imaging of elastic
properties of vdW interfaces with other imaging techniques (e.g. Raman, photoluminescence,
AFM etc) to assess the role of elastic coupling in functional devices for electronics,
optoelectronics and thermoelectrics.

Figure 1: Spectral density images of 29 (a) and 20 (b) GHz phonon resonances characteristic for
elastically perfect and broken interfaces respectively between a vdW InSe 70 nm thick nanolayer and
a sapphire substrate. White and blue colors correspond to lowest and highest spectral densities,
respectively. The areas marked by dashed lines show examples of homogeneous elastic coupling
between the vdW nanolayer and the substrate. Two different kinds of interface coupling are identified:
weak coupling corresponding to almost free-standing vdW layer (squares) and ideal elastic coupling
(oval) where acoustic mismatch model is valid.

Keywords
Picosecond ultrasonics, van der Waals nanolayers, coherent phonons, phonon imaging
References
[1]
Greener J. D. G. et.al., Phys. Rev.B, 98 2018, 075408.
[2]
Bandurin D.A. et.al., Nature Nanotechnology, 12 2017, 223-227.

468
ULTRAFAST PUMP-PROBE SPECTROSCOPY FOR VIBRATIONAL RESPONSE
ANALYSIS AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF AG-AU ALLOY AND
POROUS AU SINGLE NANOWIRES
Ronan Delalande1, Loïc Burr2, Eric Charron1, Maroua Jouini1, Maria Eugenia Toimil-
Molares2, Laurent Belliard1
1
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des Nanosciences de Paris, INSP, F-75005 Paris,
France
2
Materials Research Department, GSI Helmhotz Centre for Heavy Ion Research,
Planckstr.1, 64291 Darmstadt Germany
Multicomponent heterostructure nanowires have received a great interest for both
fundamental and application point of view during the last few decades. A large number of
heterostructures such as core-shell, multi-layered, alloy or porous nanowires have been
developed and characterized which is explained by the numerous applications in very different
fields such as magnetism, optics, biological sensing or acoustics. However, size reduction
down to the nanoscale and the confinement deeply modifies the properties, for example
thermal or electronic, of the nanostructures. Different techniques have been used to measure
the mechanical properties such as Young's modulus in nanostructures but, nowadays, time-
resolved pump-probe spectroscopy is considered as a powerful tool to address local elasticity

Figure 1: Optical image of a single porous nanowire standing above

trenchs (dark strips)
issues at the nanoscale.
In this study, an ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy investigation has been realized in order
to measure the vibrational response of single Au-Ag alloy as well as porous Au nanowires.
This experiment has been performed for different gold molar fraction for the alloy and different
porosity for the porous nanowires. Taking advantage of a free standing geometry, observation
of breathing harmonics modes have been achieved. The ability to determine the frequency for
several breathing mode allows one to estimate both longitudinal and transverse sound
velocities and therefore the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio thanks to the Pochhammer-
Chree model. Those results can be compared to those predicted two effective medium models
known as the Voigt and Reuss bounds which are respectively based on homogeneous strain
and strength. This work proves that ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy is a promising suitable
technique for mechanical characterization of multicomponent heterostructure nanowires.

Keywords
Nanowire, Au-Ag Alloy, Nanoporous Au, Ultrafast Pomp-Probe Spectroscopy

469
 GENERATION AND DETECTION OF GHZ SHEAR ACOUSTIC WAVES
IN GRATING STRUCTURES BY PICOSECOND LASER ULTRASONICS
Osamu Matsuda1, Kandai Tsutsui1, Thomas Pezeril2, Gwenalle Vaudel2, Vitalyi Gusev3
1
Division of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-
8628, Japan; 2Institut Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR CNRS 6283, Le Mans
Université, 72085 Le Mans, France; 3Laboratoire d’Acoustique de l’Université du Mans,
UMR CNRS 6613, Le Mans Université, 72085 Le Mans, France

The absorption of short light pulses (pump light) in a medium may generate coherent acoustic
waves therein, and their propagation can be detected by the delayed light pulses (probe light)
through the transient optical reflectivity change. In transparent media, the reflectivity change
shows long-lasting Brillouin oscillation, which corresponds to the observation of Brillouin
scattering in time-domain and provides opportunity to evaluate acoustical, optical, and
acousto-optical properties of the medium.
The usage of the grating structure formed on the surface of the transparent medium has been
reported to monitor simultaneously the multiple Brillouin frequencies necessary for the precise
material evaluation[1]. The study, however, has been limited only to the longitudinal acoustic
waves, though it has been pointed out that the shear acoustic waves may also be generated
by the grating-shaped source[2]. The failure of the shear wave detection could be attributed to
the choice of experimental configuration: the most of convenient configurations, such as
normal incident probe light, have too high symmetry and are not suitable for the shear wave
detection.
In this paper, we carried out the measurement with
low symmetry probe configuration to detect the
shear acoustic waves. The sample is a fused silica
substrate (1 mm thickness) with Aluminum grating
of 380 nm period. A standard optical pump-probe
setup with a Ti-sapphire regenerative amplifier
(wavelength 795 nm, pulse width < 200 fs, repetition
frequency 260 kHz) is used. The probe light is
incident on the surface without the grating. The
incident probe light and the first order diffracted light,
which is detected, form the right angle. The grating
Figure 1: Fourier spectrum of the rods are parallel to the plane defined by the incident
Brillouin oscillations. The symbols are and diffracted light.
the calculated frequencies. +:
longitudinal, x: shear. Figure 1 shows the Fourier spectrum of the obtained
Brillouin oscillation with the marked theoretically
predicted frequencies for the longitudinal (vl=5968 m/s) and shear (vt=3764 m/s) sound
velocities and the refractive index n=1.47. The peak around 24 GHz well agrees with the
prediction for the shear waves. This opens up a broad way of application of the time-resolved
Brillouin measurement with grating structure for various material evaluations.

Keywords
Brillouin scattering, shear waves, grating structure, picosecond laser ultrasonics
References
[1]
O. Matsuda et al., Phys. Rev. B 97, 064301 (2018).
[2]
V. Gusev, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 164105 (2009).

470
 STUDY ON PHONON PROPAGATION IN ISOTOPE DIAMOND SUPERLATTICE
Hsu Kai Weng1, Akira Nagakubo1, Hirotsugu Ogi1, Hideyuki Watanabe2
1
Department of Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka
University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
2
Electronics and Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial
Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan

Diamond is widely used in industry because of its many excellent properties, such as the
highest hardness, stiffness, and thermal conductivity. Natural diamond consists of 98.9% 12C
and 1.1% 13C. Anthony et al. [1] and Vogelgesang et al. [2] indicate that the thermal conductivity
and the elastic stiffness of diamond thin films depend on the 12C/13C ratio for bulk diamond.
However, details of the isotope effect on the phonon properties of diamond remains unclear
because of the measurement difficulty. Recent advance in the CVD technique allows
fabrication of high-purity diamond thin films with controlling their isotope ratio. The time for
phonon propagation inside the diamond thin films is however too short (~ 100 ps) to be
measured with conventional methods. In our study, we use picosecond ultrasound
spectroscopy to investigate the isotope effect in diamond thin films on their phonon properties.
Picosecond ultrasound spectroscopy is a pump-probe technique. The pump light pulse
induces ultra-high-frequency coherent acoustic wave through the thermal-phonon interaction.
The probe light pulse is diffracted by the ultrasonic pulse, and the Brillouin oscillation is
observed by changing the delay time between the two light pulses and measuring the probe
light reflectivity change. Fig. 1(a) illustrates the Brillouin oscillation measurement. We
succeeded in measuring the out-of-plane elastic constant of [12C/13C]N superlattice diamond
thin films with 1, 30, and 100 nm single-layer thicknesses. Fig. 1(b) shows the reflectivity
change of the probe light from the picosecond ultrasound spectroscopy. The Brillouin
oscillation clearly appears; from which we can evaluate the out-of-plane stiffness. Also, the
heat-transport behavior is evaluated from the attenuation coefficient of the reflectivity. Based
on our investigation, the out-of-plane elastic constant increases with the increment of
superlattice layer thickness, whereas the out-of-plane thermal diffusivity.
(a) Pump light Probe light (b)
△R[arb. unit]

Ultrasonic pulse 0 100 200300 400 500 60

Time[ps]
Figure 1: (a)Brillouin oscillation measurement. (b)An observed reflectivity change of probe light versus
propagating time of the ultrasound from the surface for the 30nm superlattice diamond thin film.

Keywords
Isotope diamond superlattice, elastic constant, thermal conduction, picosecond ultrasonics
References
[1]
T. R. Anthony, W. F. Banholzer, J. F. Fleischer, L. Wei, P. K. Kuo, R. L. Thomas, and R. W. Pryor,
Phys. Rev. B 42, 1104 (1990).
[2]
R. Vogelgesang, A. K. Ramdas, S. Rodriguez, M. Grimsditch, and T. R. Anthony, Phys. Rev. B 54,
3989 (1996).

471
 Friday, September 6th, 2019 (8:30 am)

Keynote session 7

Keynote Lecture by Petter Norli:

Ultrasonic detection of stress corrosion cracks in gaseous atmosphere using broad-
band transducers

Location: VIVES main auditorium

Chair: Christ Glorieux

472
 ULTRASONIC DETECTION OF STRESS CORROSION CRACKS IN GASEOUS
ATMOSPHERE USING BROAD-BAND TRANSDUCERS
Petter Norli1, Emilie Vallée1, Martijn Frijlink1,2, Asbjørn Spilde1, Henrik Duerud1, Mark
Tanner1, Fabrice Prieur1,2, Tore Bjåstad1,2, Øyvind Standal1,2
1
Halfwave AS, Høvik, Norway
2
InPhase Solutions AS, Trondheim, Norway
Most gas pipelines are buried and exposed to a potential corrosive soil environment. When
protective coating is compromised, stress corrosion cracking (SCC) may occur. SCC is a
serious threat to gas pipeline integrity. To mitigate this, pipeline operators perform numerous
crack detection inspections of onshore pipelines. Current in-line inspection tools, however,
have issues with the detection and sizing of small cracks. Recent advances in gas-coupled
broadband ultrasound enable new methods based on guided Lamb waves. Recently, the
potential to detect SCC using Halfwave’s ART Scan® tool was successfully demonstrated on
real pipe samples with SCC, submerged in water [1]. In this work, the ultrasonic detection of
SCC is experimentally demonstrated, using pressurized gas at 60 bar as acoustic coupling
medium.
A custom-made test scanner with 32 transmit/receive channels was developed, which could
mechanically translate and rotate, allowing scans of 425 mm x 60° from the inside of pipe
samples of diameters close to 36''. The gaseous atmosphere of 60 bar required the
experiments to be conducted inside a pressure tank that contained both the test scanner and
pipe samples. Broadband chirp pulses were transmitted, and signals were received from all
scan positions. Processed parameters like spectral power and wall thickness estimates were
calculated.
2D plots of processed parameters demonstrated the detection and sizing potential for real
cracks, crack fields, and other surface irregularities (like welds and pittings) in pressurized gas
using the ART Scan®
based test set-up.
Processed results
showed significant signal
differences at scan
locations with surface
defects for all receiving
transducers. The results
from some receive
channels even
suggested potential for
Figure 1: Test set-up in pressure chamber with a supporting structure for detecting suspicious
the pipe sample and test scanner. regions near seam and
girth welds.
Keywords
Pipeline inspection, crack detection, ultrasonic inspection, guided waves, NDT, stress corrosion
cracking.
References
[1]
P. Norli, M. Frijlink, Ø. K.-V. Standal, T. Grüner Bjåstad, F. Prieur, E. Vallée, Ultrasonic detection of
stress corrosion cracks in pipe samples using guided waves, IEEE IUS proceedings, 2018.

473
 Friday, September 6th, 2019 (9:30 am)

ERA (4/4) - Reservoir Acoustics and Borehole Acoustic Logging

Location: VIVES room C201

ERA (4/4): Reservoir Acoustics and Borehole Acoustic Logging
Chair: Xiuming Wang and Hengshan Hu

09:30 - 10:00 Characteristic Porosity for Wave-velocity Dispersion in Rocks Jing Ba, Wei Cheng, José Carcione, Li-Yun Fu, Maxim Lebedev
10:00 - 10:15 Stimulations and potential applications of ultrasonic
technology for heavy crude oil in reservoirs Delong Xu, Chao Li, Weijun Lin, Xiuming Wang, Jinbiao Gao
10:15 - 10:30 A kind of deep submergence hydrophone for M4C Seismic Technology Yuyu Dai, Yinqiu Zhou

474
 CHARACTERISTIC POROSITY FOR WAVE DISPERSION IN ROCKS
Jing Ba1, Wei Cheng1, José M. Carcione1, 2, Li-Yun Fu3, Maxim Lebedev4
1
School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
2
Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale (OGS), Borgo Grotta
Gigante 42c, Sgonico, Trieste I-34010, Italy.
3
School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580,
China
4
WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth,
Western Australia, Australia.

Rock anelasticity, i.e. acoustic wave velocity dispersion and attenuation, is related to porosity,
texture and pore fluids[1]. The relation is important to provide a basis for further rock physics
studies and field applications of seismic exploration. In this work, ultrasonic compressional
and shear wave velocities are measured in full-water and full-gas saturated tight carbonates,
sandstones and volcanic rocks. By adding experimental data from the literature[2], we evaluate
the compressional wave velocity dispersion as a function of porosity for all these lithologies
(296 samples). It shows that the dispersion peaks at approximately 15 % porosity for each
lithology, which we consider as a characteristic porosity, indicating that wave dispersion
increases with porosity in the low porosity range, but decreases in the high porosity range.
The poroelasticity theory is used to model the compressional wave dispersion[3], Results
reveal that the microcrack radius and porosity have peaks at moderate porosities (15-19 %)
for the three lithologies. The characteristics may be related to the diagenesis process and thus
to microstructure of different lithologies. The new findings here reflect the intrinsic natures of
shallow earth rocks, which will contribute to better understandings on earth rocks for
researchers of rock physics and exploration geophysics areas.

Keywords
Compressional wave velocity dispersion, Porosity, Ultrasonic measurement, Poroelasticity,
Microcracks, Wave propagation
References
[1]
J. M. Carcione, Wave Fields in Real Media. Theory and numerical simulation of wave propagation in
anisotropic, anelastic, porous and electromagnetic media. Elsevier, 2014. (Third edition, extended and
revised).
[2]
J. B. Regnet, P. Robion, C. David, J. Fortin, B. Brigaud, B. Yven, Acoustic and reservoir properties
of microporous carbonate rocks: Implication of micrite particle size and morphology. Journal of
Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 120 2015, 790–811.
[3]
J. Ba, W. H. Xu, L. Y. Fu, J. M. Carcione, L. Zhang, Rock anelasticity due to patchy saturation and
fabric heterogeneity: A double double-porosity model of wave propagation. Journal of Geophysical
Research-Solid Earth, 122 2017, 1949–1976.

475
 STIMULATIONS AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF ULTRASONIC
TECHNOLOGIES FOR HEAVY CRUDE OIL IN RESERVOIRS
Delong Xu1,2,3, Chao Li1,3, Weijun Lin1,2,3, Xiuming Wang1,2,3, Jinbiao Gao1,2
1
State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing,100190, China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
3
Beijing Deep Sea Drilling Measurement Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing,
100190, China
According to the International Energy Agency, more than half of the hydrocarbon reservoirs in
the world are heavy crude oil which are characterized by high viscosity, i.e. low API gravity. In
the last few decades, ultrasonic technologies based on cavitation which is defined as the
formation, growth and collapse of the bubbles in a liquid and may produce high localized
temperature and pressure have attracted the attention of the petroleum industry [1]. Some pilot
tests for reducing the viscosity of heavy crude oil by using ultrasonic wave have been
performed in the field [2].

The mechanism and current progress of ultrasonic technologies for enhanced oil recovery of
heavy crude oil are illustrated and reviewed in this paper. Compared with other optional
methods such as heating, dilution and so on, the advantages of ultrasonic technologies are
further explained.

Then the stimulations of ultrasonic wave for the heavy crude oil in the west of China are
investigated in a setup which is composed of a viscometer (Brookfield RVDVIII), an electronic
balance (AND), an ultrasonic horn (IACAS), water baths, beakers and glass pods. The
experiments are carried out at 80℃, atmospheric pressure and during decades of seconds.
The viscosities are measured at 50℃.

The experimental parameters such as the dipping depth of the horn into the beaker and the
diameter of the beakers are optimized firstly on the basis of numerical simulations. Then the
optimal parameters are chosen, the effects of the initial viscosity of heavy crude oil and the
power and irradiation time of ultrasonic horn are investigated as well. The results show that
the viscosity reduction rate is sensitive to the power, irradiation time, and the initial viscosity.
Only in some special intervals is the viscosity reduction rate obvious, which explains the
applicability of ultrasonic technologies for heavy crude oil.

The potential and prospective applications of ultrasonic technologies for heavy crude oil in
oilfield are discussed at last. Some principles are given for carrying out the operations on the
industrial scale, especially for those in reservoirs.

Acknowledgements
Thanks for the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11474305).
Keywords
Heavy crude oil, ultrasonics, viscosity reduction rate, enhanced oil recovery, reservoirs
References
[1]
M.S. Mullakaev, V.O. Abramov, A.V. Abramova, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 125,
2015, 201-208.
[2]
Delong Xu, Chao Li, Jingjun Deng, Weijun Lin, Lixin Bai, Proc. Mtgs. Acoust., 32, 2017, 030018. doi:
10.1121/2.0000766.

476
 A KIND OF DEEP SUBMERGENCE HYDROPHONE FOR M4C SEISMIC
TECHNOLOGY
Yuyu Dai, Yinqiu Zhou

State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deep Drilling
Exploration, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China

Hydrophone, which is used to suppress the undersea multichannel reverberation to enhance

the output signal of 3D geophones, is the key factors of M4C Seismic Technology. According
to the technical indexes, the outer diameter is smaller than 50mm, the length shorter than
60mm，the static capacitance larger than 5nF, the operating frequency from 5Hz to 10kHz,
and surrounding up to 4000m hydrostatic pressure, the receiving sensitivity up to -204dB±1dB
without preamplifier.

Keywords
Deep submergence, Hydrophone, M3C

477
 Friday, September 6th, 2019 (9:30 am)

IME - Power Ultrasonics in Material Engineering Applications

IME: Power Ultrasonics in Material Engineering Applications Location: VIVES room A304
Chair: Enrique Riera Franco de Sarabia
and Luis Gaete-Garretón

09:30 - 09:45 Ultrasonic welding of ageing resistant hybrid transition structures

for future aircraft applications Florian Staab, Frank Balle
09:45 - 10:00 Multi-spot ultrasonic welding of Al/Steel-joints for automotive applications Michael Becker, Frank Balle
10:00 - 10:15 COMSOL-based Simulations and Experiments on the Classifying Trajectory Huijuan Dong, Fanbin Meng, Bin Lan,
of the Mixed Particles Levitated in a Standing Wave Acoustic Field Guanyu Mu, Jie Zhao

478
 ULTRASONIC WELDING OF AGEING RESISTANT HYBRID TRANSITION
STRUCTURES FOR FUTURE AIRCRAFT APPLICATIONS
Florian Staab1, Frank Balle1
1
Walter and Ingeborg Herrmann Chair for Engineering of Functional Materials (EFM),
Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering (INATECH),
Faculty of Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany

Limited fossil fuels, growing ecological awareness and economic and political pressures are
motivating new and innovative approaches in lightweight design. A promising concept is the
further development from sole material substitution to hybrid structures. Analogous to the use
of the best material for structural or functional requirements, an efficient joining process for
hybrid concepts needs to be chosen. Currently used joining processes in aerospace are based
on rivet and bolt assemblies, which require mostly complex surface treatments, widened and
thickened joining zones corresponding to the drawback of additional structural mass. Further
progress in lightweight design efforts is only achievable by suitable and superior joining
processes.

In particular, the combination of thermoplastic fiber reinforced composites with light metals by
fast joining processes enables an increased exploitation of material-specific advantages,
which can lead to high-strength joints and reduced process times simultaneously. However,
the development of robust hybrid joints raises material-specific challenges, e.g. with regard to
thermal and electrochemical property discrepancies. These requirements for aircraft
components demand a skillful choice of materials and the development of resilient concepts
for ageing resistant multi-material joints.

Ultrasonic metal welding is a promising joining technique that makes use of these material-
specific advantages. This technology permits an even more efficient design of multi-material
joints, offering superior mechanical properties while maintaining the material's lightweight
potential. In addition, it convinces with process times of a few seconds, a high degree of
automation and a broad spectrum of process parameters that can be recorded and analyzed
for quality assurance purposes [1].

For certification efforts and further developments of the technology, both the process itself and
the hybrid joints have to be analyzed and understood in detail. Current results of the project
funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and carried out in cooperation with
AIRBUS (Bremen, Stade) will be presented and discussed at ICU 2019.

Keywords
Ultrasonic Welding, Aluminum, Fiber reinforced Thermoplastic, Ageing resistant, Hybrid structures,
Multi-Material-Design
References
[1]
F. Staab, F. Balle, Ultrasonic torsion welding of ageing-resistant Al/ CFRP joints: Properties,
microstructure and joint formation, Ultrasonics 93 2019, 139-144

479
 MULTI-SPOT ULTRASONIC WELDING OF AL/STEEL-JOINTS FOR
AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS
Michael Becker1, Frank Balle1
1
Walter and Ingeborg Herrmann Chair for Engineering of Functional Materials (EFM),
Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering (INATECH), Faculty of Engineering,
University of Freiburg, Emmy-Noether-Str. 2, 79110 Freiburg i. Br., Germany

Regarding the legal requirements for the emission of pollutants from vehicles, the reduction of
moving masses and the resulting fuel savings represent an important goal. Lightweight
structures made of high-strength steels and light metals like aluminum alloys, which are
particularly used in multi-material car bodies, offer great potential for a sustainable weight
reduction. In addition to suitable substitution materials, joining processes play a key role, as
highly resilient and age-resistant joints must be created between dissimilar materials. The
aluminum alloys and steels predominantly used in car body concepts exhibit, among other
properties, large differences in their melting temperatures. Therefore, they can only be joined
to a limited extent by established resistance spot welding or other conventional fusion welding
processes. Ultrasonic metal welding is a suitable alternative due its solid state processing. It
is also characterized by high energy efficiency and the absence of additional components and
filler materials.

Within the scope of a research project at the Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering
(INATECH) of the University of Freiburg ultrasonic metal welding of the aluminum wrought
alloy EN AW-6005A with the galvanized dual phase steel HCT980X is investigated. The focus
is on the arrangement and sequence of several welding spots as well as their interaction in
terms of oscillation in order to fundamentally examine near-component structures. The
process parameters are determined by a specific design of experiments and optimized for
maximum strength of the multi-metal joints. Light and scanning electron microscopy are used
for local interface evaluation of the welding zone. The influence of the corrosion-protective
zinc layer of the steel sheets on the properties and failure behavior of the multi-spot-joints are
studied based on fractography after mechanical loading.

Keywords
Ultrasonic metal welding, power ultrasonics, Al/Steel-joints, multi-spot joints, multi-material car body,
fractography

480
 COMSOL-BASED SIMULATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS ON THE CLASSIFYING
TRAJECTORY OF THE MIXED PARTICLES LEVITATED IN A STANDING WAVE
ACOUSTIC FIELD
Huijuan Dong1, Fanbin Meng1, Bin Lan1, Guanyu Mu1, Jie Zhao1
1
State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin,
150001, China. [email protected]

In this work, the standing wave acoustic field formed by using two contraposition transducers
is used to classify the powder of the mixed material. In order to do so, it is essential to find the
factors on the drop trajectory of the particles within an acoustic field. The simulations and
experiments carried out by the authors offer the solutions. The pressure distribution of the
acoustic field is COMSOL-based simulated, in which the acoustic field is coupled by standing
wave acoustic field and gravity field. The simulation shows that the three factors affect the
drop trajectory of the mixed particles in an acoustic field. These factors involve injection
parameters, particle properties levitated in acoustic field and the acoustic itself properties. It
is noted that the injection parameters include injection position and initial injection speed, the
particle properties refer to the diameters and densities of both separated particles, the acoustic
field properties refer to the amplitude, frequency, and the distance between the radiant surface
and the reflective surface. In this work, COMSOL-based simulations reveal the influence of
these factors on the drop trajectory. The trajectories are formed when a single particle or many
mixed particles fall through a standing wave acoustic field. According to the theoretical and
simulated analysis, the experimental device composed of a contraposition transducer array is
built up by the authors. Then the experiments are carried out to demonstrate those obtained
using COMSOL simulations. Finally, the separation experiments of the mixed powder of iron
and dioxide silica are achieved, including the mixed powder both in the same diameter and
the different diameter respectively. Fig.1 is the photo when the mixed powder is falling through
an acoustic field. Fig.2 is the schematic obtained by the COMSOL simulation during the falling
process.
(a) (b)

Figure 1. (a). the photo of the mixed powder being falling through an acoustic field. (b). the schematic
obtained by the COMSOL simulation during the falling process.

Keywords
Acoustic levitation, classification, the contraposition transducer array, mixed powder

481
 Friday, September 6th, 2019 (9:30 am)

MPA - Medical photoacoustics

Location: VIVES room A207

MPA: Medical photoacoustics
Chair: Christ Glorieux

09:30 - 09:45 In vivo Monitoring of Microvasculature during Anesthesia

with High-Resolution Photoacoustic Imaging Xiang Zhang, Xiaoqin Qian, Chao Tao, Xiaojun Liu
09:45 - 10:00 Temperature determination using multiwavelength Lei Meng, Olivier Deschaume, Lionel Larbanoix,
photoacoustic tomography with thermosensitive coated Eduard Fron, Liwang Liu, Marco Gandolfi, Carmen Bartic,
gold nanoparticles as optical thermometers Sophie Laurent, Mark Van der Auweraer, Christ Glorieux
10:00 - 10:15 Photoacoustic Parametric Indirect Microscopic Imaging Jichuan Xiong, Yun Cao, Gaoshang Liu, Yang Zhang,
Lishan Zhi, Ruijie Hou, Xuefeng Liu
10:15 - 10:30 Visualization of skin microcirculation with dual-wavelength Yoshifumi Saijo, Keisuke Fujii, Taiichiro Ida, Hideaki Iwazaki,
photoacoustic microscope with annular array transducer Shin-Ichiro Umemura, Jeffrey Ketterling

482
IN VIVO MONITORING OF MICROVASCULATURE DURING ANESTHESIA WITH
HIGH-RESOLUTION PHOTOACOUSTIC IMAGING
Xiang Zhang1, Xiaoqin Qian2, Chao Tao3,1, Xiaojun Liu1
1
MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
2
Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang,
Jiangsu, 212002, China
3
Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen, 51800, China

Anesthesia monitoring is extremely important in improving the quality of anesthesia and

ensuring the safety of patients in operation. Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is proposed to
in vivo image the skin microvasculature of ten nude mice undergoing general anesthesia by
using the isoflurane gas with a concentration of 3%. Benefiting from the strong optical
absorption of hemoglobin, this PAM has good contrast and high resolution in mapping of
microvasculature. [1] A series of high quality images can clearly reveal the subtle changes of
capillaries in morphology over time. Two indices, vessel intensity and vessel density, are
extracted from these images to measure the microvasculature quantitatively. The imaging
results show that the vessel intensity and density are increased over time. After 65 minutes,
the vessel intensity increases 42.7±8.6% and the density increased 28.6±12.2%. The
photoacoustic images accurately reflect the physiological reaction of the greater blood
perfusion undergoing general anesthesia. Additionally, abnormal reductions of vessel intensity
and density are also observed as overtime anesthesia. This preclinical study suggests that
PAM holds potential to monitor anesthesia by imaging the skin microvasculature.

Figure 1: Analysis of the microvasculature undergoing anesthesia over time. The columns from left to
right correspond to time 0.0 min, 15 mins, 30 mins, 45 mins, 50 mins, and 60 mins. The top row
illustrates one part of the images of the microvasculature, where the green arrow indicates the
morphological changes of one blood vessel. The bottom row gives the cross-sectional profile along the
y direction. The white line in the first picture of the top row shows the position of the profiles. In order to
show the profile and the process of amplitude estimation clearly, we have only present the Gaussian
fitting to the biggest vessel in this profile.

Keywords
Photoacoustic Imaging, Microvasculature, Blood vessel, Anesthesia monitoring, General anesthesia
References
[1]
X. Zhang, Q. Ding, X. Qian, C. Tao, X. Liu, “Reflection-mode optical-resolution photoacoustic
microscopy with high detection sensitivity by using a perforated acoustic mirror,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 113
2018: 183706.

483
 TEMPERATURE DETERMINATION USING MULTIWAVELENGTH
PHOTOACOUSTIC TOMOGRAPHY WITH THERMOSENSITIVE COATED GOLD
NANOPARTICLES AS OPTICAL THERMOMETERS
Lei Meng1, Olivier Deschaume1, Lionel Larbanoix2, Eduard Fron3, Liwang Liu1, Marco
Gandolfi1, Carmen Bartic1, Sophie Laurent2, Mark Van der Auweraer3, Christ Glorieux1*
1
Soft Matter and Biophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven,
Celestijnenlaan 200D - box 2416, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
2
Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Rue Adrienne Bolland 8, B-6041, Gosselies,
Belgium
3
Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200F - box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium

It is well known that on the level of cells, excised tissues, and living beings, biological
organisms react to changes of temperature and that long exposure time to heat or cold can
cause damage or even death survival. Temperature measurement in thermal therapy
methods, aimed at selective tumor destruction, is therefore of vital importance in terms of
minimizing damage to healthy tissue. Unknown factors, for example the tissue composition
and the degree of heat conduction by perfusion and diffusion, affect the distribution of heat in
the target tissue, making model-based temperature prediction difficult. Real time spatially
resolved monitoring of the temperature distribution in the target region is critical for tuning the
heating dosage and location delivery. Preliminary results have indicated that photoacoustic
imaging not only offers real time anatomical mapping with high spatial resolution and contrast,
but also has high potential for temperature mapping with high sensitivity.

In this work, an experimental study of the remote determination of the temperature of a

phantom sample is carried out. Gold nanoparticles connected by a thermosensitive surfactant
are used as optical temperature indicators. As the temperature varies, their optical absorption
spectrum, which is dominated by a surface plasmon resonance peak, is found to significantly
change. Results are reported on temperature maps constructed by combining photoacoustic
images obtained at different optical excitation wavelengths.

Keywords
thermotherapy, temperature, photoacoustic

484
 PHOTOACOUSTIC PARAMETRIC INDIRECT MICROSCOPIC IMAGING
Jichuan Xiong1,2, Yun Cao1,2, Gaoshang Liu1, Yang Zhang1, Lishan Zhi, Ruijie Hou 1,
Xuefeng Liu1*
1
School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and
Technology, NO.200, Xiaolingwei, Nanjing 210094, China
2
Contributed equally to this work
*
Corresponding author, [email protected]

Non-contact imaging of ultrasonic fields is of great use in biomedical tissue Imaging, while
conventional contact detection techniques are circumscribed in many aspects in its practice.
This paper presents one kind of non-contact ultrasonic field imaging by utilizing the newly
established photoacoustically scattered photon Parametric Indirect Microscopic Imaging
(PIMI) technique previously reported in elsewhere[1]. A general theoretical model describing
the three-dimensional anisotropic photoacoustic photoelasticity in solid was developed. The
mechanism of transient generation of stress and strain fields by the photoacoustic wave
propagation in medium were investigated. The resulting dynamic birefringence, which leads
to anisotropic coupling and polarization variation of the scattered photons were picked up by
designate illumination modulation and nano-scattering field analyzing. By exploiting the
correlation between indirect parameters including various degenerate photon status
parameters such as spatial phases, polarization orientations, and the Stokes and detailed
features of optical scattering fields, the PIMI technique is found highly sensitive and multi-
directional on detecting the stress and strain field distributions. Ultrasonic field propagating in
isotropic quartz glass, sinusoidally generated with a piezo transducer, have been studied with
the PIMI technique. Preliminary results of PIMI imaging of ultrasonic fields in a tissue phantom
demonstrated its capability of retrieving three-dimensional elastic information of the medium,
which is of great potential for rapid photoacoustic PIMI imaging of biomedical tissues.

Keywords
ultrasonic field imaging, photoelastic effect, polarization status, birefringence
References
[1]
X. Liu, B. Qiu, Q. Chen, Z. Ni, Y. Jiang, M. Long, and L. Gui, Opt. Express, 22 2014, 20446.

485
 VISUALIZATION OF SKIN MICROCIRCULATION WITH DUAL-WAVELENGTH
PHOTOACOUSTIC MICROSCOPE WITH ANNULAR ARRAY TRANSDUCER
Yoshifumi Saijo1, Keisuke Fujii1, Taiichiro Ida2, Hideaki Iwazaki2, Shin-Ichiro Umemura1,
Jeffrey Ketterling3
1
Tohoku University, 6-6-05 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, 980-8579 Sendai, Japan
2
Advantest Corporation, 1-5, Shin-tone, 349-1158 Kazo, Japan
3
Riverside Research, 156 William Street, New York, NY 10038, USA

Assessment of skin becomes more important in the aging societies. Besides the degeneration
of collagen and elastin in the dermis, the volume, diameter and branching of the micro vessels
in the skin also affect skin aging. Thus, high resolution imaging of both micro structure and
micro circulation in the skin is desired. In the present study, high frequency ultrasound (HFUS)
and dual-wavelength photoacoustic microscope (PAM) with 4-ch annular array transducer is
developed to visualize both the morphology and microcirculation of the skin.
Two Nd:YAG laser light sources with the wavelength of 532/556 nm, pulse width of 1.2/3.6 ns,
pulse energy of 16 µJ/pulse and repetition rate of 1 kHz were equipped in the HFUS-PAM
system. The optical fiber for laser delivery was inserted through the center hole of the
ultrasound transducer. The transducer was scanned by voice coil actuators to obtain 3D
dataset of HFUS and PA signals. Two kinds of transducer were compared. One was concave
transducer with the central frequency of 80 MHz and the other was 4-ch annular array
transducer with the central frequency of 60 MHz.
Figure shows the comparison of HFUS and PAM images at 0.5 mm depth and 0.9 mm depth
with 4-ch annular array and single concave transducer. The focus of the single concave
transducer was set at 0.5 mm depth. The resolution of PAM image at 0.5 mm are similar in
two but annular array shows better HFUS image at deeper area and better PAM image at 0.9
mm.

Figure: Images with 4-ch annular array transducer (a) HFUS, (b) PAM at 0.5 mm depth, (c) PA at 0.9
mm depth, and single concave transducer (d) HFUS, (e) PAM at 0.5 mm depth, (f) PA at 0.9 mm depth

HFUS-PAM with 4-ch annular array transducer will provide important information of skin
morphology and microcirculation for assessment of skin aging.

Acknowledgements
This study was supported by ImPACT (Impulsing Paradigm Change through Disruptive Technologies)
Program of Council for Science, Technology and Innovation and Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research
from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
Keywords
Photoacoustic microscopy, annular array transducer, skin, microcirculation

486
 Friday, September 6th, 2019 (9:30 am)

PBC+MCA (1/2) - Ultrasound Contrast Agents, Bubbles and Cavitation

PBC+MCA (1/2): Ultrasound Contrast Agents, Bubbles Location: VIVES room A203
and Cavitation Chair: Michel Versluis and Peter A. Lewin

09:30 - 10:00 Voltage-Sensitive Ultrasound Enhancing Agent: Mechanistic Insights Michael Cimorelli, Michael A. Flynn, Brett Angel,
Aaron Fafarman, Andrew Kohut, Steven Wrenn
10:00 - 10:15 Experimental and theoretical investigation of microstreaming produced Gabriel Regnault, Alexander Doinikov, Sarah Cleve,
by a cavitation bubble undergoing non-spherical oscillations Cyril Mauger, Philippe Blanc-Benon, Claude Inserra
10:15 - 10:30 Dynamics of tethered bubbles undergoing asymmetric oscillations Maxime Fauconnier, Jean-Christophe Béra, Claude Inserra

487
 VOLTAGE-SENSITIVE ULTRASOUND ENHANCING AGENT: MECHANISTIC
INSIGHTS

Michael Cimorelli1, Michael A. Flynn1, Brett Angel2, Aaron Fafarman1, Andrew Kohut3,
Steven P. Wrenn1
1
Chemical & Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
2
College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
3
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, US

We have created a voltage-sensitive ultrasound enhancing agent comprised of a

perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion that is nested inside a negatively charged phospholipid bilayer.
The particle is responsive to an applied electric field allowing for its internal components to
become acoustically activated at ultrasound intensities that are inadequate to cause activation
by ultrasound alone1. This talk will discuss key results from the bench top and the clinic, while
commenting on the role of water transport in nesting structures, lipid relocation and
reorientation, and lateral phase separation. This talk will go into detail on the mechanism of
action when the particle is exposed to a low-strength electric field (~ 1 V/cm), high frequency
ultrasound, and a combination of both modalities based upon a calcein & cobalt chloride
leakage assay, acoustic scattering & attenuation measurements, and ultra-fast camera
footage. We will tie in in vivo swine data to validate the particles’ clinical utility at detecting
myocardial perfusion, monitoring ischemia, and identifying infarction.

Keywords
Nested, Voltage, Perfluorocarbon, Myocardial Perfusion, Electric
References
[1] Cimorelli MJ, Angel B, Fafarman A, Kohut AR, Andrien BM, Barrett KJ, and Wrenn SP, Introducing
a nested phase change agent with an acoustic response that depends on electric field: A candidate
for myocardial perfusion imaging and drug delivery, Applied Acoustics, 138: 9-17, 2018.

488
 EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF MICROSTREAMING
PRODUCED BY A CAVITATION BUBBLE UNDERGOING NON-SPHERICAL
OSCILLATIONS
Gabriel Regnault1,2, Alexander A. Doinikov1, Sarah Cleve1,2, Cyril Mauger1, Philippe Blanc-
Benon1, Claude Inserra2
1
Univ Lyon, École Central de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS,
LMFA UMR 5509, France
2
Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM, UMR 1032,
LabTAU, France
A microbubble of a given size and submitted to an acoustic field may undergo axisymmetric
non-spherical oscillations for sufficiently large acoustic amplitudes. These non-spherical
oscillations, in addition to the radial and possibly translational oscillations, will generate in the
bubble vicinity a flow called microstreaming. Cavitation microstreaming is of peculiar
importance in engineering (micromixing) and biomedical fields(shear stress applied to cell and
tissues). A current challenge is to predict the microstreaming pattern and velocity field induced
by a bubble with known oscillatory dynamics.
Using coalescence technique[1], the dynamics of a single, acoustically-trapped microbubble
can be triggered on one of its shape mode, in a steady-state regime and with a controlled
axisymmetry. High-speed imaging allows measuring the temporal behavior of the oscillation
of this free microbubble. First experimental measurements show that the bubble-induced
microstreaming is characterized by a pattern which depends on the order of the shape mode.
A theoretical model has been developed in order to predict the experimental fluid flows[2]. The
calculation of the second order velocity field of the fluid (i.e. the microstreaming) is performed
from the modal amplitude content of the bubble as input data. The model is valid whatever the
ratio of the bubble radius to the viscous penetration depth. The theory has pointed out that
microstreaming is generated by the interaction of two shape modes of any order, but oscillating
at the same frequency, or by the self-interaction of a non-spherical shape mode.
This model enables us to compare both experimental and theoretical results. A preliminary
result is shown in figure 1. The bubble considered here is oscillating on a predominant mode
4, oscillating at the same frequency as the breathing mode. Both experimental and theoretical
(b)
microstreaming pattern have 8 lobes, which confirms in a first approach the analytical results.

Figure 1: Comparison between experimental results (left), and numerical results (right) for identical
modal amplitudes. Bubble equilibrium radius: 55.7 µm / acoustic pressure: 21.4 kPa.

Keywords
Ultrasonics, microbubble, microstreaming
References
[1]
S. Cleve, M. Guédra, C. Inserra, C. Mauger, P. Blanc-Benon. Physical Review E, 98 2018, 033115.
[2]
A. Doinikov, S. Cleve, G. Regnaut, C. Mauger, C. Inserra. Submitted to Physical Review E, 2019.

489
 DYNAMICS OF TETHERED BUBBLES UNDERGOING ASYMMETRIC
OSCILLATIONS
Maxime Fauconnier1, Jean-Christophe Béra1, Claude Inserra1
1
LabTAU, INSERM, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, F-69003, Lyon,
France.
Ultrasound-mediated micro-bubbles are widely used in the context of localized drug delivery,
as a means for changing the cell membrane permeability (phenomenon known as
sonoporation). In order to facilitate cell membrane deformation, large-amplitude bubble
oscillations are required. Because violent bubble oscillations (possibly their collapse) can lead
to cells death, reaching high-amplitude oscillations of stable micro-bubbles is crucial. Such
large dynamics involve the appearance of non-spherical bubble deformations.
The spherical and non-spherical dynamics of free micro-bubbles have been widely studied
over the last years. The dynamics of substrate-attached micro-bubbles is however seldom
investigated [1], due to the complexity of modeling the wall effect, contact line dynamics and
asymmetric oscillations of the bubbles. In this study an experimental approach is performed
in order to predict the emergence of non-spherical asymmetric modes. These oscillation
modes, if controlled, could lead to intense fluid flows in the bubble vicinity (micro-streaming)
and significant shear stress on neighboring biological cells.
Our experimental setup consists in sonicating a tethered hydrogen micro-bubble (created by
electrolysis) ranging from 40 to 120 µm radius. The bubble is excited by a 30.5kHz acoustic
wave and its oscillations are captured by a 180k fps ultra-fast camera. For sufficiently large
acoustic pressures, bubble oscillations deviate from the radial (spherical) shape: above some
instability thresholds the bubble exhibits asymmetric surface deformations. A large parametric
analysis over the bubble radius and the driving amplitude allows recovering the
stable/unstable areas of parametrically excited shape modes. This analysis especially focuses
on the occurrence probability of given asymmetric modes above instability thresholds as well
as on the temporal dynamics of (possibly coupled) non-spherical modes (cf. Figure 1). In
addition, observations of their induced micro-streaming pattern and impacts on a neighboring
biological cell are lastly reported.

Figure 1: Experimental occurrence (top view) of non-spherical modes under increasing acoustic
pressure, and numerical comparison with the (top-viewed) spherical harmonics
Ynm (θ , φ ) = anm Pn m (cos θ )e jmφ for a bubble oscillating predominantly on a mode 4 (left) or 5 (right). (a-
c, left): bubble exhibiting the sequence Y00-Y43-Y44. (d-f, right): bubble exhibiting the sequence Y00-Y52-
Y55.

Keywords
Ultrasound, sonoporation, micro-bubble, non-spherical mode.
References
[1]
H.J. Vos, B. Dollet, J.G. Bosch, M. Versluis, and N. de Jong, Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, Vol.
34, No. 4 2008, 685-688.

490
 Friday, September 6th, 2019 (9:30 am)

PPL (3/3) - Picosecond Laser Ultrasonics

Location: VIVES room A306

PPL (3/3): Picosecond Laser Ultrasonics
Chair: Vitalyi Gusev, Oliver B. Wright

09:30 - 10:00 Imaging of grain boundaries in polycrystalline cerium dioxide Elton De Lima Savi, Sergey Avanesyan, Samuel Raetz,
with shear acoustic waves via time-domain Brillouin scattering Nikolay Chigarev, Vincent Tournat, Zilong Hua,
David H. Hurley, Vitalyi E. Gusev
10:00 - 10:30 Laser-induced simultaneous coherent acoustic phonon combs in MQW Changxiu Li, Vitalyi Gusev, Emmanouil Dimakis,
and Mini-Brillouin-zone modes in the Bragg-mirror of a SESAM structure Thomas Dekorsy, Mike Hettich

491
IMAGING OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES IN POLYCRYSTALLINE CERIUM DIOXIDE
WITH SHEAR ACOUSTIC WAVES VIA TIME-DOMAIN BRILLOUIN SCATTERING
Elton de Lima Savi1, Sergey Avanesyan2, Samuel Raetz1, Nikolay Chigarev1, Vincent
Tournat1, Zilong Hua3, David H. Hurley3, Vitalyi Gusev1
1
Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Université du Mans, LAUM - UMR 6613 CNRS, Le Mans
Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 LE MANS CEDEX 9, France
2
Department of Life and Physical Sciences, Fisk University, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
3
Idaho National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA
Time-domain Brillouin scattering (TDBS) technique, pioneered in 1986 under the name
picosecond acoustic interferometry[1], provides imaging opportunity of material inhomogeneity
and of evolution of the photo-generated picosecond acoustic pulses via the detection of the
Brillouin scattering of the probe light by these acoustic pulses[2]. In particular, the TDBS was
applied for the evaluation of texture[3], of position of the grain boundaries[4], and of elastic
moduli[5] in polycrystalline materials. The imaging is usually conducted by monitoring the
longitudinal acoustic pulses along their propagation path[1,2] and by measuring the associated
Brillouin frequency. However, it has been recently reported[6] that monitoring the propagation
of the transverse acoustic pulses in parallel could provide enhanced contrast in mapping and
in orientation evaluation of the grains which are entering the surface of the polycrystalline
cerium dioxide (CeO2). We here extend the studies of CeO2 and of the functionalities of the
TDBS by demonstrating that monitoring of two quasi-shear acoustic pulses provides
enhanced contrast in grain boundary imaging both in the vicinity of the surface and in the bulk
of the material.

Figure 1: Examples of the images obtained with the Brillouin frequencies associated with (a) quasi-
longitudinal, (b) fast and (c) slow quasi-shear acoustic pulses.

The experimental results for 3D imaging have been collected with the ASOPS-based
picosecond acoustic microscope of the NETA company (JAX-M1). The figure presents the
examples of the images obtained with the Brillouin frequencies associated with (a)
longitudinal, (b) fast and (c) slow quasi-shear acoustic pulses, which demonstrates their
complementarity in determining the grain boundary positions in the vicinity of the surface. The
improvement of the nanoscale imaging ability of TDBS with shear acoustic waves will be even
more evidenced by the gain in contrast obtained on the imaging of buried grain boundaries.

Acknowledgements
This research is supported by the project <ANR-18-CE42-I2T2M> and the Acoustic Hub® program.
Keywords
Time-domain Brillouin scattering, Grain boundary, Shear waves contrast, Nanoscale imaging.
References
[1]
C. Thomsen et al., Optics Communications 60(1-2) 1986, 55-58. [2]V.E. Gusev and P. Ruello, Appl.
Phys. Rev. 5(3) 2018, 031101. [3]S.M. Nikitin et al., Sci. Rep. 5 2015, 9352. [4]M. Khafizov et al., Acta
Mater. 112 2016, 209-215. [5]M. Kuriakose et al., Phys. Rev. B 96(13) 2017, 134122. [6]Y. Wang et al.,
Scripta Mater. (submitted).

493
 LASER-INDUCED SIMULTANEOUS COHERENT ACOUSTIC PHONON COMBS
IN MQW AND MINI-BRILLOUIN-ZONE MODES IN THE BRAGG-MIRROR OF A
SESAM STRUCTURE
Changxiu Li1, Vitalyi Gusev2, Emmanouil Dimakis3, Thomas Dekorsy1,4, Mike Hettich1,5
1
Department of Physics and Center of Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, D-78457
Konstanz, Germany
2
LAUM, UMR-CNRS 6613, Le Mans Université, Avenue O. Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans,
France
3
Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
4
Institute for Technical Physics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), D-70569 Stuttgart,
Germany
5
Research Center for Non-Destructive Testing GmbH, 4040 Linz, Austria
By means of a high-speed asynchronous optical sampling technique based on two Yb:KYW
lasers, picosecond coherent acoustic phonons in a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror
(SESAM) structure consisting of periodic multiple quantum wells (MQW) and a non-doped
long-period distributed Bragg mirror (DBR), have been explored (see Figure 1).
Broadband phonon spectrums ranging from ~15 GHz to ~800 GHz are revealed owing to the
high detection sensitivity of our system, which are contributed simultaneously by multiple
quantum wells and the DBR of the structure. In terms of the comb-like acoustic signature
pronounced at ~365 GHz equally spaced by ~33 GHz, the MQW are responsible for the
generation and detection due to the strong light absorption at the pump and probe wavelength
of ~1050 nm in In0.27Ga0.73As. The inspected nanostructure periods agree well with the
nominal value. More intriguing findings arise in the low frequency region, where not only mini-
Brillouin-zone (MBZ) center modes but also MBZ-edge modes are present, with the first-order
MBZ-center mode at ~32 GHz. The excitation of MBZ-center mode is enabled by the DBR via
electrostriction considering the absence of optical absorption and both the spatial modulation
of the pump light interference field and the electrostriction coefficient. The excitation of the
MBZ-edge modes starting from ~15 GHz is attributed to the stimulated subharmonic decay of
the MBZ-center mode, supported by the nonlinearities revealed in our experiments. Due to
the dynamic folding of the MBZ-edge mode onto the center induced by coherent phonon pairs,
the MBZ-edge modes become detectable to the probe light regardless of initial non-fulfillment
of the momentum conservation rule. The Raman-Nath-like probe light scattering also partly
accounts for the presence of edge frequencies.
Our investigations not only offer a
non-destructive way to inspect the
widely used SESAM structures in
mode-locked laser design at the
wavelength of ~1μm, but also
stimulate new insights in the light-
matter interaction dynamics in
Figure 1: Schematic of the sample structure and detected
optically transparent long-period acoustic temporal oscillations and spectrums.
non-doped semiconductor
superlattices.

Keywords
Coherent acoustic phonons, mini-Brillouin-zone, Brillouin and Raman scattering, quantum well,
semiconductor superlattice, high-speed asynchronous optical sampling

494
 Friday, September 6th, 2019 (9:30 am)

PUS (6/6) - Ultrasonic Scattering

Location: VIVES room B302

PUS (6/6): Ultrasonic Scattering
Chair: Sigrun Hirsekorn and Christopher Kube

09:30 - 09:45 Lateral resolution of acoustic microscopy in the visualization

of interfaces inside solid materials Egor Morokov, Vadim Levin
09:45 - 10:00 Multi-element ultrasonic evaluation of scattering Cécile Brütt, Benoit Gérardin, Alexandre Aubry,
solids by reflection matrix analysis Arnaud Derode, Claire Prada
10:00 - 10:15 Investigation of scattering and intrinsic attenuations in granular
porous materials using ultrasonic coda waves Hao Zhou, Li-Yun Fu, Xiaoping Jia
10:15 - 10:30 Detection of chunky graphite in iron casting using ultrasonic scattering Miriam Weikert-Müller, Martin Kurras, Ines Veile

495
LATERAL RESOLUTION OF ACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY IN THE VISUALIZATION
OF INTERFACES INSIDE SOLID MATERIALS
Egor Morokov1, Vadim Levin1
1
Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Kosygina 4,
Moscow, 119334, Russia

The volumetric visualization of materials and inner boundaries of a joint is one of the fields in
which long-focus high-frequency beams are used. Visualization is carried out using beams
that passed through the immersion–sample interface and changed their geometry due to
differences in the refraction of rays being incident at different angles on the interface. The
beam structure is substantially distorted upon refraction and transforms into a caustic. The
problem of spatial resolution in the formation of acoustic images of the microstructure in the
material bulk is relevant. This work presents a theoretical analysis of the spatial resolution with
consideration for refractive aberrations in the formation of images of interfaces that are located
at a considerable depth in the sample bulk. The features of the interaction of focused beams
with inner interfaces were experimentally studied using an adhesive joint of glass ceramic and
ZrO2 ceramic plates with a thickness of 1 mm. It is shown that the theoretical estimate is in
good agreement with the experimental value of the resolution for beams of longitudinal waves
converging in the sample volume.
The reported study was partially funded by RFBR according to the research project № 18-29-
17039

Keywords
Resolution, acoustic microscopy, microstructure, focused beam

496
 MULTI-ELEMENT ULTRASONIC EVALUATION OF SCATTERING SOLIDS BY
REFLECTION MATRIX ANALYSIS
Cécile Brütt1,2, Benoit Gérardin2, Alexandre Aubry1, Arnaud Derode1, Claire Prada1
1
Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
2
Safran Tech, Signal and Information Technologies, Rue des Jeunes Bois, Châteaufort,
78114 Magny-Les-Hameaux, France

Multiple scattering due to strong heterogeneities of the microstructure make ultrasonic testing
of forged metal alloys often difficult. Indeed, ultrasound imaging is based on the assumption
that the RF signals come from single scattered waves only, so that there is a one-to-one
correspondence between depth and time. Multiple scattering breaks this equivalence; as a
consequence, the echo of a defect is harder to distinguish from structural noise. Thus, an
estimation of the proportion of single versus multiple scattering would be a valuable indicator
to assess the quality of ultrasonic inspection.

In this work, we present several estimators of the single-to-multiple scattering ratio, obtained
by analyzing the scattering reflection matrix. Data were either numerically simulated, or
acquired by actual ultrasonic measurements on samples of interest (TA6V and Ti17 titanium
alloys billets, 3-MHz linear probe of 128 transducers).

Two estimators are compared. The first one, introduced by Aubry and Derode[1] and
rearranged by Baelde & al. [2] consists in projecting the data matrix onto a theoretical subspace
of single scattering. More than just estimating the single scattering proportion by taking the
norm of the projection on the subspace basis, this method also enables to isolate single
scattering information. The second method, built by Badon & al.[3], projects the data matrix in
a focused basis to extract the local scattering parameters. In this basis, single scattering
appears on the main diagonal of the matrix, whereas multiple scattering results in non-
diagonal elements.

The results are discussed in relation to the scattering parameters such as the diffusion
constant and the scattering mean-free path.

Keywords
Ultrasound array imaging, matrix approach, multiple scattering
References
[1]
A. Aubry, A. Derode, Phys. Rev. Lett., 102, 2009, 084301
[2]
A. Baelde, & al., Ultrasonics, 82, 2018, 379–389
[3]
A. Badon & al., Sci. Adv., 2, 2016, e1600370

497
 INVESTIGATION OF SCATTERING AND INTRINSIC ATTENUATIONS IN
GRANULAR POROUS MATERIALS
USING ULTRASONIC CODA WAVES

Hao Zhou1,2, Li-Yun Fu3, Xiaoping Jia4

1
Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
3
China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
4
Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France

We have investigated pulsed ultrasound propagation in a wet shale as a function of the

confining pressure, from 5 to 55 MPa (Fig. a). The shale considered here is a highly dense
porous medium (permeability < 0.01mD), principally composed of grains of quartz (70% with
the particle size d = 10 μm) and clays (20%) and other minerals. Small amount of water is
essentially located in clays as adsorbed films between clay sheets or clusters. Such effect
induces the dilation of clays and increases the crack density (local heterogeneity) in the
material, leading to a decrease of the shear wave velocity (Fig. b) and a strong scattering of
ultrasonic waves (Fig. c1), i.e. a short pulse centered at 0.5 MHz (wavelength of about 5 mm).
In this work, we study the scattering attenuation and intrinsic attenuation (absorption) of
ultrasound when the confining pressure is increased (and the cracks are closed). To this end,
we monitor the ultrasound coda waves from multiple scattering (Fig. c1 top) to single scattering
(Fig. c2 top), and characterize its evolution using a scalar-wave radiative transfer equation
(RTE) based on point-like isotropic scattering. By comparing the smoothed mean-square
envelope of scattering energy with the RTE solution (Figs. c1 and c2 bottoms), we infer the
ultrasound absorption and scattering in the shale, respectively. When the pressure increases,
we observe the different responses of scattering and intrinsic attenuations (Figs. d). More
precisely, the shale sample becomes more homogeneous and the elastic mean free path
increases from 10 mm to 70 mm. Surprisingly, the intrinsic attenuation increases with the
pressure, probably due to the viscous dissipation of adsorbed water films in clays, as that
observed in wet granular media with liquid films trapped by asperities at the grain surface [1].

Figure 1: Experimental investigation of acoustic shear waves in wet shales. (a) Sketch of the setup:
ultrasonic shear wave is excited and detected by large piezoelectric transducers (T) under different
confining pressures (Pc). (b) The shear wave velocities measured in dry and wet shales versus Pc and
the comparison with the Gassmann velocity (dotted line). (c1) The filtered ultrasound signals around
500 kHz (top) in the wet shale under Pc = 5 MPa and the corresponding mean-squared energy envelope
(bottom) with the fitted RTE solution (red curves). (c2) Similar plots as in (c1) under Pc = 55 MPa. (d)
The intrinsic (Abs.) and scattering (Sca.) attenuations of ultrasound for various confining pressures.

Keywords
Shale, coda waves, radiative transfer equation, intrinsic and scattering attenuations
References
[1]
Th. Brunet, X. Jia, and P. Mills, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 2008, 138001.

498
 DETECTION OF CHUNKY GRAPHITE IN IRON CASTING USING ULTRASONIC
SCATTERING
Miriam Weikert-Müller1, Martin Kurras1, Ines Veile1
1
Department Materials Characterization, Fraunhofer Institute for Nondestructive Testing
IZFP, Campus E3 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany

The increasing number of requirements placed on the mechanical properties of cast

components leads to an increasingly detailed specification of strengths. Particularly in
lightweight construction, locally differentiated characteristic values are more and more
required. Also in cases of damage, an exact determination of local microstructure properties
is necessary in order to clarify and avoid the cause.

The mechanical properties of cast iron materials are not only determined by its matrix. The
basic structure, but also type, shape and distribution of the embedded graphite influence its
properties as well. In this context, chunky graphite represents a degeneration of the graphite
spheres. Its occurrence mainly influences the ductility of the material. At present, there is no
non-destructive testing method that can be used to inspect components with respect to chunky
graphite.
Therefore, Fraunhofer IZFP is developing a method to characterize the nodularity of graphite
spheres. In a first step, it is to be shown that the occurrence of chunky graphite can be detected
in different microstructures. As it is already known that differences in the matrix and different
graphite shapes and sizes influence the scattering behavior of ultrasound (see Figure 1),
ultrasonic scattering will be used for the investigations.

Figure 1: spatial averaged signals of an ultrasonic backscattering measurement using transversal

waves at a frequency of 20 MHz

Two different types of cast iron, one ferritic and one pearlitic, will be investigated for chunky
graphite and different amounts of chunky graphite will be compared. The analysis is supported
by the theoretical consideration of the ultrasonic scattering of different particle shapes.

Keywords
ultrasonic scattering, cast iron, chunky graphite

499
 Friday, September 6th, 2019 (11:00 am)

NCC (3/3) - Characterization of Composites

Location: VIVES room A304

NCC (3/3): Characterization of Composites
Chair: Shiro Biwa and Lukasz Jacek Pieczonka

11:00 - 11:30 Quantitative evaluation of out-of-plane ply orientation Lukasz Ambrozinski, Jakub Mrowka,
of carbon fiber reinforced plastics with laser-ultrasonics Mathew O'Donnell, Ivan Pelivanov
11:30 - 11:45 Acoustic microscopy for studying the micromechanics Yulia Petronyuk, Vadim Levin, Egor Morokov,
of CFR composites fracture Sergey Titov, Tatiana Ryzhova
11:45 - 12:00 Using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy for characterization Martin Koller, Hanuš Seiner, Petr Sedlák, Alena Kruisová,
of spark plasma sintered metal-matrix composites Radek Mušálek, Monika Vilémová, Jiří Matějíček
12:00 - 12:15 Air-coupled Ultrasonic Inspection of Composite Materials Muhammad Khalid Rizwan, Stefano Laureti, Pietro Burrascano,
for Aerospace Applications Roberto Petrucci, Luigi Torre, David Hutchins, Marco Ricci
12:15 - 12:30 Rapid and Non-destructive Evaluation of Complex-shaped Composite Components Xudong Yu, Zheng Fan

500
 QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF OUT-OF-PLANE PLY ORIENTATION OF
CARBON FIBER REINFORCED PLASTICS WITH LASER-ULTRASONICS
Lukasz Ambrozinski1, Jakub Mrowka1, Mathew O'Donnell2, Ivan Pelivanov2
1
AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
2
Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
The increased use of carbon-fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) for manufacturing of load
carrying structures has heightened demand for fast and robust non-destructive testing (NDT)
techniques. Despite significant effort, the inspection task remains challenging since a number
of failures in these materials do not exhibit large material discontinuities. A good example is
wrinkling of composite plies that can significantly reduce the strength of a component. A limited
number of methods can be used for wrinkle detection since imaging of these defects requires
sub-ply resolution. Recent developments in laser-ultrasound (LU) enable imaging of images
of single layers within composites in a fully non-contact manner [1]; therefore, the technique
seems feasible for wrinkles detection.

It appears, however, that laser excitation operating in the thermo-elastic regime can produce
different elastic modes simultaneously. As presented in Figure 1a, shear and surface waves
signals, seen as a dark area reaching a depth of 1.5 mm, create image artifacts hindering data
interpretation and damage detection. To suppress this artifact, a signal deconvolution
procedure is developed. It is based on designing a reference signal reassembling temporal
and frequency characteristics of the surface wave signal. In the next step, the reference signal
is used for inverse filtration of the original A-scans yielding the image presented in Figure 1b.

In the next step, the image is processed with a tilt filter, a correlation-based technique that
leverages signal similarities between adjacent A-scans. This allows waveform averaging along
the ply direction even in the presence of wrinkles. Also, the technique can provide images of
local ply orientation to quantitatively map wrinkle characteristics. In Figure 1c, the result of tilt-
filtration is shown with information on local ply orientation superimposed on the conventional
B-Scan image.
(a) (b) (c)

Figure 1: Subsequent steps of LU B-scan processing. (a) - Raw B-scan, (b) - B-scan after surface/shear
wave suppression and (c) - B-mode image after tilt filtration with local ply orientation information
superimposed in color on the conventional B-Scan.

Keywords
Laser ultrasound, composites, wrinkles, tilt filter, spatial correlation
References
[1]
Pelivanov I, et al. J Appl Phys.115(11) 2014,113105.
[2]
Pelivanov I, et al. Photoacoustics.4(2) 2016, 55-64.

501
 ACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY FOR STUDYING THE MICROMECHANICS OF CFR
COMPOSITES FRACTURE
Yulia Petronyuk1,2, Vadim Levin1, Egor Morokov1, Sergey Titov1,2, Tatiana Ryzhova3
1
N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS, 4 Kosygin st., Moscow, 119334,
Russia
2
Scientific and Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation RAS,
15 Butlerov st., Moscow, 117342, Russia
3
Central Aerohydrodinamic Institute, 1 Zhukovsky st., Zhukovsky, Moscow reg., 140180,
Russia
High-resolution ultrasound techniques are a highly effective tool for visualizing and evaluating
the bulk microstructure of reinforced composites. Pulsed acoustic microscopes in the
operating frequency range 50-100 MHz provide a combination of spatial resolution, high
enough to visualize the microstructural elements at all levels of the material organization, with
a significant depth of ultrasound penetration, providing the ability to display the significant part
of the sample internal microstructure.
The paper deals with the mechanisms of acoustic contrast formation on images of the internal
microstructure of carbon fiber reinforced composites with the absence of defects continuity. It
is shown that the reflection coefficient at the boundaries of composite layers is determined by
thin layers of a polymer binder. The reflectance efficiency depends significantly on thickness
of this intermediate layer.
It is shown that the defects of continuity play a leading role to evaluate the state of the
composite material because they are the irreversible structural changes that occur under the
influence of mechanical loads and processes of composites destruction. Voids are ideal
reflectors and scatterers; they are easily detected in acoustic images. However, there is a
problem to estimate shape and size of pores and voids, since the reflected radiation from an
inclined or curved surface can go out the angular aperture of the receiving focusing system.
The internal structure of carbon fiber reinforced plastics with different orientation of reinforcing
elements was investigated experimentally. Analysis and classification of structural defects
detected by acoustic microscopy was carried out. Experiments show that irreversible structural
changes caused by the adhesion loss at the fiber-matrix boundary or the polymer layers
cracking appear in the composites with application of external mechanical loads (fig.1). It is
shown that the occurrence of extended interlayer delaminating leads to rapid total destruction
of the material. Work is supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant 18-29-
17039).

Figure 1 Acoustic images of carbon fiber reinforced composite unidirectional sample with exfoliations
inside: C-scan image with scanning field of 10x20mm at depth from 0.3 to 0.6mm (left); b - the bulk
structure reconstruction (right).

Keywords
Ultrasound, acoustic microscopy, carbon fiber reinforced composites

502
 USING RESONANT ULTRASOUND SPECTROSCOPY FOR
CHARACTERIZATION OF SPARK PLASMA SINTERED METAL-MATRIX
COMPOSITES
Martin Koller1, Hanuš Seiner1, Petr Sedlák1, Alena Kruisová1, Radek Mušálek2,
Monika Vilémová2, Jiří Matějíček2
1
Institute of Thermomechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 1402/5,
182 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic
2
Institute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Slovankou 1782/3,
182 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic

Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) is an experimental technique for measuring elastic

properties (namely elastic coefficients and internal friction) of materials. Laser-based RUS
allows to measure resonant spectra of free elastic vibrations of small samples with millimeter
dimensions. This contactless setup also enables measuring the elastic response at various
temperatures as the sample can be put into a low-pressure nitrogen chamber.

In this work, elastic properties of three types of metal-matrix composites produced by spark
plasma sintering (SPS) were determined by the laser-based RUS: light-weight ferromagnetic
Co-Ni-Al/Ti composites, tungsten/steel composites, and mechanically alloyed tungsten-matrix
composites. For the metal-metal composites (Co-Ni-Al/Ti and W/steel), several sets of
samples differing in sintering temperature and/or sintering time were studied by RUS in order
to determine the ideal sintering conditions. With the increasing temperature or time, the
composites are better consolidated which is reflected in the measured values of elastic
coefficients. On the other hand, this better consolidation is accompanied by the growth of
intermetallic phases which are generally undesired for the functional performance of these
composites. For the W/steel composites, a finite element method study also showed that the
relatively low elastic coefficients for the samples sintered at lower temperatures results from
the imperfect bonding between the tungsten particles.

Moreover, elastic properties of the mechanically alloyed tungsten-matrix composites,

reinforced either by TiC or Y2O3 submicron-sized particles, were measured by RUS up to 740
°C. In addition, the elastic properties of pure tungsten samples consolidated by SPS at the
same sintering conditions were measured. This comparison showed that there is a rapid
increase in the internal friction values in the pure tungsten samples above 400 °C associated
with ductile to brittle transition. On the contrary, the internal friction of the mechanically alloyed
samples gradually evolves with temperature without any sudden change, suggesting that the
second-phase particles hinder the dislocation movement at the high temperatures.

Keywords
Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy, metal-matrix composites, spark plasma sintering

503
 AIR-COUPLED ULTRASONIC INSPECTION OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR
AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS
M.K. Rizwan1, S. Laureti1, P. Burrascano1, R. Petrucci2, L.Torre2, D.A. Hutchins3, M. Ricci4
1
Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy; 2Dipartimento di Ingegneria
Civile e Ambientale, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy; 3School of Engineering, University
of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; 4Dipartimento DIMES, Università della Calabria,
Rende CS, Italy

Air-coupled Ultrasonic inspection (ACUT) of composite samples is a challenging NDT

procedure due to the large acoustic impedance mismatch between air and the sample under
test (SUT). Nonetheless, the possibility to inspect the samples without the need of contact
makes the AC-UT technique extremely useful and attractive for in-line application during
production. By adopting standard pulsed excitation, the SNR of the measurement could be
not enough to evaluate the structural integrity of the SUT. For this reason, the use of pulse-
compression (PuC) in combination with ACUT was proposed so far and fruitfully adopted since
then [1]. Various types of coded signals and PuC procedures were proposed in the last years
to optimize the SNR of the measurement process [2] and advanced signal processing
techniques can be exploited to further improve the inspection capabilities of ACUT, especially
for the sake of imaging. In this work, various composites (CFRP, GF-silicone, etc.) were and
will be investigated with PuC-ACUT. Signal processing based on the use of the analytic signal
and on sparse deconvolution techniques [3] will be exploited to optimize defect detection and
depth resolution in 2D and 3D imaging procedures. As example, Figure 1 reports the
preliminary results obtained on a thick CFRP sample (8.5mm) where artificial delamination
was introduced by putting pieces of thin Kapton sheet at a different depth during the
manufacturing. Also, a layer of fiber was overlapped for 3-4mm width in the middle of the
thickness of the sample. An unwindowed linear chirp was used as the input signal in the
measurement procedure and a proper matched filter was designed. The change in the
amplitude of the impulse response in the image indicates the fibers overlapped and at the
edges, parts of delaminated areas. In the full paper, various features will be used and
compared for imaging purposes and applied to various samples.

Figure.1 (a) Sketch of the sample where the artificial defects position is reported; (b) 2D Image of the
sample, obtained from the C-scan measurement considering the amplitude feature.

Keywords
Air Coupled Ultrasonic, Pulse Compression, CFRP Composite, Linear Chirp
References
[1]
T. H. Gan, D. A. Hutchins, D. R Billson, D. W. Schindel, The use of broadband acoustic transducers
and pulse-compression techniques for air-coupled ultrasonic imaging. Ultrasonics 39.3 2001, 181-194.
[2]
D. A. Hutchins, P. Burrascano, L. Davis, S. Laureti, M. Ricci. Coded waveforms for optimised air-
coupled ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation. Ultrasonics 54, no. 7 2014, 1745-1759.
[3]
J. Dong, A. Locquet, M. Melis, D. S. Citrin. Global mapping of stratigraphy of an old-master painting
using sparsity-based terahertz reflectometry. Scientific reports 7, no. 1 2017, 15098.

504
 RAPID AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF COMPLEX-SHAPED
COMPOSITE COMPONENTS
Xudong Yu1, Zheng Fan2
1
School of Astronautics, Beihang University, 100191 Beijing, China
2
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University,
639798 Singapore

As advances in manufacturing techniques, composite components with complex shapes, such

as spars, stiffeners and ribs, have been extensively incorporated as Principal Structural
Elements (PSE) in new generations of aircrafts. They contribute significantly to carrying flight,
ground, and pressurization loads, and their failure could result in catastrophic consequences
to the entire system. Therefore, a reliable diagnostic capability is essential for assessing the
structural integrity of these composite features.

In this study, two types of representative structures, i.e. laminated bends and stiffened
composite panels are investigated, which are common in the aerospace industry. A rapid
screening tool is proposed for long-range inspection of these structures based on ultrasonic
feature guided waves (FGW). Such topographical feature has been found to be a special ‘local’
waveguide, and the energy of proper guided waves can be highly concentrated in the feature
region, allowing for increased inspection distances and enhanced interrogation effectiveness.
In the work, a semi-analytical finite element (SAFE) approach is applied to study modal
characteristics of the guided waves existing in these structures. Potential FGW modes are
identified with strong mode confinement, little dispersion, and low attenuation. Three-
dimensional finite element (3D FE) simulations are then carried out to evaluate the suitability
of the selected FGW modes to the detection of typical defects, such as delamination, matrix
cracking, and adhesive debonding. Experiments are performed to validate the modeling
results, well demonstrating the capabilities of the proposed screening technique for damage
detection and characterization in composite structural features.

Keywords
Guided ultrasonic waves, Composite structures, Rapid screening, Damage detection

505
 Friday, September 6th, 2019 (11:00 am)

PBC+MCA (2/2) - Ultrasound Contrast Agents, Bubbles and Cavitation

PBC+MCA (2/2): Ultrasound Contrast Agents, Bubbles Location: VIVES room A203
and Cavitation Chair: Michel Versluis and Peter A. Lewin

11:00 - 11:15 Size-selective microbubble translations by ultrasound radiation force Outi Supponen, Francesco Guidi, Awaneesh Upadhyay,
Rik Vos, Piero Tortoli, Mark Borden
11:15 - 11:30 The Influence of a Radiotherapeutic Beam on the Acoustic Gonzalo Collado, Sophie V. Heymans, Koen Van Den Abeele,
Response of Clinical Ultrasound Contrast Agents Klazina Kooiman, Hendrik Vos, Jan D'Hooge, Nico de Jong
11:30 - 11:45 Sonoluminescence from alkali-earth metal salts in sulfuric acid solutions Shin-ichi Hatanaka, Kenneth S. Suslick
11:45 - 12:00 Single-bubble manipulation and in situ actuation with acoustical tweezers Diego Baresch, Valeria Garbin
12:00 - 12:15 Cavitation bubble cloud dynamics Siew-Wan Ohl, Claus-Dieter Ohl, Georg Rose
12:15 - 12:30 Dynamics of constrained bubbles: symmetry approach Alexey Maksimov

506
 SIZE-SELECTIVE MICROBUBBLE TRANSLATIONS BY ULTRASOUND
RADIATION FORCE
Outi Supponen1, Francesco Guidi2, Awaneesh Upadhyay1, Rik Vos3, Piero Tortoli2, Mark
Borden1
1
Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
2
Information Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
3
Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Primary radiation force translates microbubbles in the focal region of single-element and array
ultrasound probes [1]. This effect can enhance the contact between ligand-bearing
microbubbles and targeted endothelium and benefits thereby applications in targeted drug
delivery and ultrasound molecular imaging.
In this study, ultrasound-induced displacements of lipid-coated microbubbles are investigated
experimentally and theoretically. The experiments use the multi-gate Doppler approach to
measure the microbubble displacements, driven by a linear array probe, in a wide range of
depths and lateral scan lines. Theoretical predictions, which use the Marmottant model to
compute displacements for coated bubbles of a certain diameter, apply a statistical approach
to account for the range of sizes present in bubble populations. To predict the displacements
along the axial and lateral dimensions, the calculations are based on the ultrasound pressure
beamplot in plane-wave transmission mode.
The measured peak microbubble displacements, as well as the statistically determined
median and the total number of counted displacements, are in good agreement with the
numerical predictions (see example in Fig. 1). Distinct size-isolated microbubble populations
(diameters 1-2 μm, 3-4 μm, 4-5 μm, 5-8 μm, and polydisperse) show statistically important
differences in their displacements and a strong dependence on the driving frequency. These
findings help tune the ultrasound transmission parameters for size-selective microbubble
translations.

Figure 1: Measured and numerically predicted peak displacements of 3-4 µm bubble population,
compared with the numerical predictions for a single diameter of 3.5 µm, as a function of the peak
negative pressure (left, frequency = 4 MHz) and the driving frequency (right, peak negative pressure =
200 kPa).

Keywords
Ultrasound contrast agents, radiation force, bubble translation
References
[1]
H. J. Vos, F. Guidi, E. Boni, and P. Tortoli, Method for microbubble characterization using primary
radiation force, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 54 7 2007, 1333-1345.

507
 THE INFLUENCE OF A RADIOTHERAPEUTIC BEAM ON THE ACOUSTIC
RESPONSE OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND CONTRAST AGENTS
Gonzalo Collado1, Sophie V. Heymans2, Koen Van Den Abeele2, Klazina Kooiman1, Hendrik
Vos1, Jan D'hooge3, Nico de Jong1
1
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
2
Department of Physics, KU Leuven Campus KULAK, Kortrijk, Belgium
3
Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Non-clinical microbubbles have been shown to act as X-Ray dosimeters by a linear decrease
in acoustic attenuation with delivered radiotherapeutic dose [1]. Here we want to assess the
dosimetric properties of clinical approved ultrasound contrast agents. The temporary and
permanent effects of ionizing radiation on the size, concentration and acoustic response of
SonoVue, Definity and Optison were studied.

Bubble samples were diluted in a closed container, placed in a water tank and irradiated by a
6 MV radiotherapeutic photon beam for 3 minutes at a 5 Gy/min rate. Acoustic transmission
and scattering were measured before, during and after irradiation. Acoustic pulses with 2.25
MHz center frequency and peak negative pressure below 50 kPa were used. After the acoustic
measurements, the dilutions were counted and sized using a Coulter counter. Control
measurements were performed using samples from the same vial and with equal handling,
without photon irradiation. For each agent two irradiated and two control samples were tested.

Fig 1. Acoustic attenuation change as function of time. Both vertical lines represent the start and
ending of X-ray irradiation.

No transient effect was registered in the scattered and transmitted signals during the X-Ray
radiation. No permanent changes were observed in the concentration, size distribution, or
scattered signals after radiation. The attenuation dropped over time, showing a total decrease
in the order of 1 dB more for the irradiated samples. These values are below clinical relevancy.
These results suggest that SonoVue, Definity and Optison are not directly suitable as
dosimetric UCAs.

Keywords
Microbubbles, Radiotherapy, Dosimetry
References
[1]
E. Verboven, E. D’Agostino, M. Callens, H. Pfeiffer, D. Verellen, J. D’hooge, K. Van Den Abeele,
IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings, 2014, 2265-2268.

508
 SONOLUMINESCENCE FROM ALKALI-EARTH METAL SALTS IN SULFURIC
ACID SOLUTIONS
Shin-ichi Hatanaka1, Kenneth S. Suslick 2
1
Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1
Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
2
Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave.,
Urbana, IL 61801, USA

Sonoluminescence (SL) is the phenomenon of light emission from acoustic cavitation bubbles
at collapse, where acoustic energy is concentrated by 12 orders of magnitude to create flashes
of light. Intense alkali-metal atom emissions with observation of the corresponding bubble
dynamics have given further insight into the mechanism of how nonvolatile metal cations get
heated in the collapsing bubble.[1, 2] However, the mechanism of the excitation of metal ions
inside the bubble is still unclear. In the present study, we report SL from calcium, strontium
and barium sulfate sulfuric acid solutions. SL from alkali-earth metals may provide further
information about the excitation mechanism because the valence of ions is different from that
of alkali metals.

Figure 1 shows SL spectrum in a strontium sulfate sulfuric acid solution. The excited neutral
atom emission and metal hydroxide molecular emission are significantly observed, which are
similar to those in flame. However, the excited cation emission lines are also observed.

Figure 1: Spectrum of multibubble sonoluminescence in 0.3 mol/L strontium sulfate-sulfuric acid

solution under argon irradiated by an ultrasonic horn at 20 kHz. Inset is the photograph of the
sonoluminescence.

The emission regions of the line and band spectra associated with the alkali-earth metals were
spatially separated from the continuum, similarly to those of alkali metals. The spectra showed
intense emission from the excited state of the neutral atoms, monovalent cations and metal
hydroxide molecules. The relative intensity of emission from excited monovalent cations
seemed to be much higher than that in flame, which can imply the extreme environment inside
cavitation bubble or not thermal excitation of monovalent cation.

Keywords
sonoluminescence, spectrum, alkali-earth metal, sulfuric acid, cavitation
References
[1]
D.J. Flannigan and K.S. Suslick, Phys. Rev. Lett., 99 2007, 134301.
[2]
H. Xu, N.C. Eddingsaas, and K.S. Suslick, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131 2009, 6060.

509
 SINGLE-BUBBLE MANIPULATION AND IN SITU ACTUATION WITH
ACOUSTICAL TWEEZERS
Diego Baresch1, Valeria Garbin1
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London

Micron-sized gas bubbles are notoriously difficult to isolate, handle and remotely control. Their
large buoyancy in common liquids will usually force them to rise and burst at any gas/liquid
interface or remain trapped against a solid boundary until dissolution. While bubble stability
issues against dissolution have found numerous practical workarounds, the challenge remains
at isolating and maneuvering a single bubble in free space to, for instance, characterize their
dynamical response to applied ultrasound or to use them as active carriers for a specific
payload deliverable on demand. Here we demonstrate that single-beam acoustical tweezers[1]
can trap and manipulate in 3D a single bubble with the radiation pressure of helicoidal
ultrasonic beams. Contrary to the situation where bubbles are trapped in the antinodes of a
standing wave, the trapping vortex beam does not require oscillating volume changes of the
bubble to generate a trapping force, i.e, the trapping mechanisms cannot be explained in terms
of Bjerknes forces. We use the single-bubble trap to observe controlled bubble dynamics in
presence of adjacent elastic boundaries.

Keywords
Acoustic force, manipulation, bubbles, radiation pressure
References
[1]
D. Baresch, R. Marchiano and J-L. Thomas, Observation of a single-beam gradient force acoustical
trap for elastic particles: acoustical tweezers, Phys. Rev. Lett., 116, (2016)

510
 CAVITATION BUBBLE CLOUD DYNAMICS
Siew-Wan Ohl1, Claus-Dieter Ohl2, Georg Rose1
1
Research Campus STIMULATE, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg,
Sandtorstraße 23, 39106 Magdeburg.
2
College of Natural Sciences, Institute for Physics, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg,
Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg.

Shock waves, which are generated from a medical lithotripter, have been used in the removal
of kidney stones (Extracorporeal Shock Waves Lithotripsy) for over 20 years. It is known that
cavitation bubbles are generated from the shock waves. These bubbles expand and collapse
on the kidney stones. This is one of the mechanisms that cause the kidney stones to
disintegrate and therefore could be naturally removed from the body.
The dynamics of the bubble clouds are complex. In Fig. 1, the expansion and collapse of a
bubble cloud from a single shock administered by portable medical shock wave generator is
shown. The video is taken at 20,000 frames per second.

Figure 1: Bubble cloud generated by a shock wave. The

sequence of frames is taken at times (from left to right) 0, 50,
150, 250, 350, and 450 μs. Part of the transducer is shown on
top of the frame. The bubbles are nucleated when the shock is
administered (frame 2). Then, these bubbles expand almost
uniformly at frame 3. The bubbles at the peripheral of the cloud
start to collapse (frame 4). The bubbles at the center near the
transducer collapse last (frame 5 and 6).
Figure 2: Bubble cloud generated by a
The bubbles are nucleated right after the shock is shock wave expands and collapses
near a rigid wall. The frame width is 2.2
transferred into the water. The bubbles in the cloud cm. The sequence is shown from top to
expand almost uniformly and then collapse differentially bottom and left to right. The timing for
with the bubbles on the peripheral of the cloud collapsing each frame is 0, 16, 83, 150, 217, 284,
first before the ones in the center. This shielding effect is 351, 418, and 485 μs.
well-known and has been demonstrated in other
experimental and numerical studies[1, 2].
The presence of a rigid wall (at the bottom) changes the bubble cloud dynamics. Firstly the
time for the bubble cloud to collapse completely increases (as compared to Fig. 1). The
bubbles at the peripheral of the cloud collapse first, follow by those at the center. However
there are bubbles, which move to the rigid surface and collapse last. In fact, they oscillate a
few cycles before disappearing. This phenomenon has implications in surface cleaning, biofilm
removing and perhaps also kidney stones disintegration.

Keywords
Shock waves, bubble clouds, high speed photography, rigid surface.
References
[1]
Arora, M., Ohl, C. D., & Lohse, D. (2007). JASA, 121(6), 3432-3436.
[2]
Bui, T. T., Ong, E. T., Khoo, B. C., Klaseboer, E., & Hung, K. C. (2006). J Comput Phys, 216(2), 430-
453.

511
 DYNAMICS OF CONSTRAINED BUBBLES: SYMMETRY APPROACH
Alexey Maksimov1
1
Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Vladivostok 690041, Russia

The purpose of the present report is to describe the effect of an interface between media with
different mechanical properties on the acoustic response of a gas bubble. This is necessary
to interpret sonar signals received from underwater gas seeps and mud volcanoes, as well as
in the case of acoustic studies on the Arctic shelf where rising gas bubbles accumulate at the
lower boundary of the ice cover. The ability to describe the dynamics of constrained bubble
by analytical methods is related to the presence of internal symmetry in the governing
equations1. This leads to the presence of specific (toroidal and bi-spherical) coordinate
systems in which the variables are separated. The existence of symmetry properties is
possible only under certain conditions. In particular, the characteristic wavelength should be
larger than the bubble size and the distance to an interface. The derived analytical solution
allows us to determine how the natural frequency, radiation damping, and bubble shape
depend on the distance to the boundary and the material parameters of contacting media. We
confine ourselves mainly to presenting results describing the behavior of a bubble near a plane
surface, but the proposed approach is also valid for a more complicated form of the boundary.
The simplest example is a sphere, that is the presence of a second bubble. The solution of
this problem2 will be also presented in the report.

Figure 1: Normalized natural frequency as function of distance to boundary h and the ratio of densities
m. Dash-dotted curve corresponds to bubble above sediment layer (m = 1.95). Dotted line describes
dependence of natural frequency for bubble in blood near artery wall (m = 0.95). Dashed line
corresponds to bubble in sediments (m = 0.51)

Keywords
Bubble, symmetry, toroidal and bi-spherical coordinates, natural frequency, radiation damping
References
[1]
A. Maksimov, Symmetry approach in the evaluation of the effect of boundary proximity on oscillation
of gas bubble, Fluids 3 (4) 2018, Article Number 90.
[2]
A. Maksimov, Yu. Polovinka, // Scattering from a pair of closely spaced bubbles, J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
144 (1) 2018, 104–114.

512
 Friday, September 6th, 2019 (11:00 am)

PMA+MUT (3/3) - Ultrasonic Transducers: Technologies and Applications

PMA+MUT (3/3): Ultrasonic Transducers: Technologies Location: VIVES room A303

and Applications Chair: Alessandro Stuart Savoia and Guillaume Ferin

11:00 - 11:30 Design and Implementation of High Frequency CMUT Arrays with Integrated Electronics F. Levent Degertekin
11:30 - 11:45 Ultrasound power transfer for implantable bioelectronics Shinnosuke Kawasaki,
using trapped charge capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers Marta Saccher, Ronald Dekker
11:45 - 12:00 Ultra-thin fully flexible CMUTs based on SU8 Ivano Lucarini, Luca Maiolo, Francesco Maita, Antonio Minotti,
membranes on polyimide substrates Barbara Mauti, Giosuè Caliano, Alessandro Stuart Savoia
12:00 - 12:30 Vermon’s CMUT development: Nicolas Sénégond, Dominique Gross, Cyril Meynier, Jacques Heller, Tony Matéo,
toward industrial MEMS transducers Marie Perroteau, Maxime Cheppe, Philippe Vince, An NGuyen Dinh

513
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF HIGH FREQUENCY CMUT ARRAYS WITH
INTEGRATED ELECTRONICS
F. Levent Degertekin1
1
G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801
Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, USA

High frequency ultrasound imaging arrays, especially as part of catheter based systems, have
significant applications in intravascular imaging. Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic
transducers (CMUTs) provide a viable route to implement these systems which also require a
high level of electronics integration to achieve a high signal to noise ratio as well as small
number of electrical connections. In this talk, we first discuss the design of CMUT arrays with
center frequencies in the 30-60MHz range based on detailed simulations of wide range of
transducer and array parameters. The results indicate the array element bandwidth and SNR
can be related to array pitch and membrane geometry in simple ways, and it is possible to
achieve SNR and fractional bandwidth suitable for medical imaging applications in the blood
vessels. We then discuss several examples of systems combining high frequency CMUT
arrays with integrated electronics including a 40MHz guidewire intravascular ultrasound
imaging system.

Keywords
CMUTs, high frequency ultrasound, integrated electronics

514
 ULTRASOUND POWER TRANSFER FOR IMPLANTABLE BIOELECTRONICS
USING TRAPPED CHARGE CAPACITIVE MICROMACHINED ULTRASONIC
TRANSDUCERS
Shinnosuke Kawasaki1, Marta Saccher1, Ronald Dekker1, 2
1
Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The
Netherlands: 2Philips Research, High Tech Campus 4, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The
Netherlands

Ultrasound, due to its low attenuating properties through body fluid and due to its high safety limit (up
to 720 mW/cm2 for ultrasound imaging), poses a promising method to power future implantable
bioelectronic devices. Conventionally, to receive ultrasound power with a CMUT (Capacitive
Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer), a bias voltage is required for two reasons. First, the bias voltage
provides the required amount of charge at the surface of the electrodes. As a result, when an ultrasound
wave hits the CMUT, the mechanical vibration is translated to an AC current. The second reason is to
keep the CMUT in collapsed mode for higher sensitivity of ultrasound [1].
However, having an external bias of several tens to hundreds of volts is clearly problematic when the
device is intended to be implanted within the body. As an alternative, we present a CMUT with an
additional layer of Al2 O3 inside of the dielectric as a charge-trapping layer to replace the external bias.
After fabricating the device, charges were trapped within the Al2 O3 layer by applying a 200 VDC for 3
hours. The impedance spectrum of the trapped charge CMUT was compared to an uncharged CMUT
with an external bias voltage of 100 VDC and 110 VDC (see Fig. 1). The similarity between the impedance
spectrums show that there is nearly the equivalent of 100 VDC of bias voltage trapped inside the Al2 O3
layer. In a separate measurement the collapsed voltage was found to be at around 70 V, thus the
trapped charge CMUT was in collapse mode. The two resonance peaks at 2.15 MHz and 5.85 MHz are
likely due to different modes of vibration of the membrane. Preliminary measurement showed that by
loading the CMUT with a matching inductance and resistance for 2.15 MHz and 5.85 MHz, it was
possible to achieve more than 43% power transfer efficiency in both cases. This efficiency was
calculated by scanning the pressure where the CMUT was positioned with a hydrophone and taking the
ratio of the incoming power to the harvested power at the load. Finally, to demonstrate the effectiveness
of the purposed method, an LED with a power consumption of 1 mW was turned on using a 5.85 MHz
PZT transmitter (see Fig. 2).

Figure 1. Comparison of the impedance spectrum, Figure 2. Ultrasound powered LED setup.
for CMUT with trapped charge and CMUT with an For further detail of the experiment, refer to
applied bias voltage of 100 VDC and 110 VDC . the video online [2].

Keywords
Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (CMUT), trapped charge, wireless power transfer

References
[1]
Ö. Oralkan et al., “Experimental characterization of collapse-mode CMUT operation,” IEEE Trans.
Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control, vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 1513–1523, 2006
[2]
"CMUT power transfer," https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-0rAPP2ZGE&feature=youtu.be, 2019

515
 ULTRA-THIN FULLY FLEXIBLE CMUTS BASED ON SU8 MEMBRANES ON
POLYIMIDE SUBSTRATES
Ivano Lucarini1,2, Luca Maiolo1, Francesco Maita1, Antonio Minotti1, Barbara Mauti2, Giosuè
Caliano2, Alessandro Stuart Savoia2
1
Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM) - National Research Council (CNR),
Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
2
Department of Engineering - Roma Tre University, Via Vito Volterra 62, 00146 Rome, Italy
Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) represent a class of devices that
can generate and detect acoustic waves. They can operate both in air and in water, showing
remarkable properties in different fields such as biomedical imaging, sensing, security,
industrial applications, etc. [1-2]. The possibility to adopt the knowledge of thin film technology
from flexible electronics [3] is a key strategy to obtain innovative electroacoustic devices.
To fabricate flexible CMUTs, we propose a three-layer sacrificial-release microfabrication
process based on the use of SU-8, a common polymer widely used in micromachining and
microelectronics, for the membrane fabrication, Chromium and Copper, as metal electrodes
and sacrificial layer, respectively, and an ultra-thin polyimide film, as a flexible substrate.
During the fabrication, a silicon substrate is used as rigid support to facilitate the devices
handling and the ultra-thin polymer layer is mechanically peeled-off from the wafer at the end
of the process (see Fig 1).
To investigate the characteristics of the proposed approach, we developed simple test
structures composed by seven cells arranged in a honeycomb configuration (see Fig. 2).

Figure 1: Image of the flexible Figure 2: CMUT test structures composed by seven cells
CMUTs after the detachment arranged in a honeycomb configuration. The membrane
from the rigid carrier diameters are (from left to right) 50 µm, 100 µm and 150
µm.

Different diameters of the membranes have been designed, ranging from 50 to 150 µm, with
the intent of obtaining an operating frequency in the range of few MHz. The SU-8 membranes
thickness was set at 3.0 µm to guarantee a certain robustness even for the larger device
diameter. The devices have been fabricated on an ultra-thin polyimide substrate reaching a
final thickness of about 10 µm. Basic electromechanical characterization of the fabricated
devices in air-coupled operation has been carried out using a Laser Doppler Vibrometer.
Measurements were performed before and after peeling the devices off the silicon, proving
that they can be bended down to few mm curvature radius without losing their mechanical
properties.
Keywords
CMUT, Flexible, SU-8 polymer
References
[1] A. Caronti et al., “Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) arrays for medical
imaging,” Microelectronics Journal 37, 2006, pp. 770–777.
[2] A. Buyan et al., “A 32×32 Integrated CMUT Array for Volumetric Ultrasound Imaging,” in Proc.
IEEE Ultrason. Symp., 2013, 545-548
[3] A. Pecora et al., Solid State Electron. 52, 2008, pp. 348–352.

516
 VERMON’S CMUT DEVELOPMENT: TOWARD INDUSTRIAL MEMS
TRANSDUCERS
N. Sénégond, D. Gross, C. Meynier, J. Heller, T. Matéo, M. Perroteau, M. Cheppe, P. Vince,
An Nguyen-Dinh
Vermon S.A. 67 Rue Fromentel, Tours, France

From its start, Vermon is committed to serve the industry with design and manufacturing of
advanced and unique ultrasonic transducers.
Vermon is claiming the world leading position in 1-3 piezoelectric technologies with full range
medical and NDT state-of-the-art transducers. Vermon designs, produces and controls all
acoustic components and manufacturing tools.
Since 2003, Vermon (Advanced Research Dept.) is involved in the development and
promotion of MUT technologies: these last 5 years, a strong effort has been made to improve
and stabilize the different processes and skills to provide customers with reliable technologies,
services, and
outstanding performances.
This talk will present the different skills and specific CMUT facilities developed in Vermon and
will give some illustrations of the latest and future CMUT developments made for imaging,
therapy or photoacoustic.

Keywords
CMUT, Modeling, Characterization, Ultrasonic Transducer, HIFU, Photoacoustic, Medical Imaging

517
 Friday, September 6th, 2019 (11:00 am)

PNL (4/4) - Nonlinear Acoustics and ultrasonics

Location: VIVES room A306

PNL (4/4): Nonlinear Acoustics and ultrasonics
Chair: Marco Scalerandi and Igor Solodov

11:00 - 11:30 Evaluation of under shock mechanical properties Eduardo Cuenca, Maxance Marmonier, Benoit Gérardin,
of aeronautical materials and bondings using Laser-generated Nicolas Cuvillier, Frédéric Jenson, Laurent Videau,
shock waves François Coulouvrat, Laurent Berthe, Mathieu Ducousso
11:30 - 11:45 Development and application of an in-flight
Structural Health Monitoring system Stefano Carrino, Francesco Nicassio, Gennaro Scarselli
11:45 - 12:00 Defect detection in dynamically loading Sevilia Sunetchiieva, Helge Pfeiffer, Sebastian Creten,
structures by nonlinear ultrasound Martine Wevers, Christ Glorieux

518
 EVALUATION OF UNDER SHOCK MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
AERONAUTICAL MATERIALS AND BONDINGS USING LASER-GENERATED
SHOCK WAVES
Eduardo Cuenca1, 3, 4, Maxance Marmonier1, Benoit Gérardin1, Nicolas Cuvillier1, Frédéric
Jenson1, Laurent Videau2, François Coulouvrat3, Laurent Berthe4, Mathieu Ducousso1
1
Safran Tech, Rue des jeunes Bois, 78114 Magny les Hameaux, France
2
CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
3
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7190, Institut Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, F-75005 Paris,
France
4
Laboratoire Procédés et Ingénieries en Mécanique et Matériaux, CNRS, Arts et Métiers
Paris Tech, 151 Bd de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France

Intense acoustic shock waves are applied to evaluate the mechanical properties of under
shock mechanical properties of aeronautic monolithic materials, and of structural bondings.[1]
Monolithic materials are aluminum, TA6V4 and 3D woven carbon composites. Bondings are
structural epoxy bonds between a TA6V4 titanium alloy and a 3D woven carbon/epoxy
composite material. Two bond types with different mechanical strengths can be obtained from
two different adhesive reticulations, at 50% and 90% of conversion, resulting in longitudinal
static strengths of 10 and 39 MPa and transverse strengths of 15 and 35 MPa, respectively.
The GPa longitudinal shock waves are generated using ns-scale intense laser pulses and
reaction principles to a confined plasma expansion.
Longitudinal and transverse evaluation of under shock mechanical properties on monolithic
materials is obtained from the oblique reflection of the longitudinal shock waves at the
hypotenuse free surface of a prism giving rise to longitudinal and transverse shock waves.
Such waves are detected by means of a phase array probe locked with the ns laser used for
generation.
Evaluation of the mechanical strength of the bonding is performed from comparison between
simulations and experiments. Simulations take into account the laser–matter interaction,
plasma relaxation, and non-linear shock wave propagation. Good correlations are obtained
between experiments and simulations.

Figure 1: Left : Time–position (X-t) stress diagram of the shock wave propagation into TA6V4/composite
bonding. Right : Experimental setup and time-space detection of longitudinal (L) and transverse (T)
shock waves after oblique reflection using a phase array probe.

Keywords
Shock waves, Material properties, Laser generation, NDE
References
[1]
M. Ducousso, S. Bardy, Y. Rouchausse, T. Bergara, F. Jenson, L. Berthe, L. Videau, N. Cuvillier,
Quantitative evaluation of the mechanical strength of titanium/composite bonding using laser-generated
shock waves, Appl. Phys. Lett., 112, 2018, 111904

519
DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF AN IN-FLIGHT STRUCTURAL HEALTH
MONITORING SYSTEM
Stefano Carrino1, Francesco Nicassio1, Gennaro Scarselli1
1
University of Salento, Department of Engineering for Innovation, Via per Monteroni, 73100
Lecce, Italy

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) represents a fast growing field of great interest specially
for aerospace, civil and mechanical engineering. In recent years, new advanced materials and
new manufacturing processes have entered different industrial fields leading, at the same
time, to high performance structures and new design challenges. The manufacturing process
of some advanced components can be so intense and complex that they can be defective
before being used. Furthermore, all structures deteriorate with time due to extreme events, for
effect of environmental conditions and fatigue failure. These critical aspects can require a
continuous structural monitoring for the identification of defect/damage that can be considered
as a change of the material and/or geometric properties, which inevitably affects the system
performances.
This work proposes an in-flight SHM method for macro-disbonds and macro-delamination
detection by ultrasounds, that is based on the dynamic behavior of the inspected structure and
is useful to establish critical and dangerous operational conditions. The proposed method
focuses on disbonds in metallic or composite structures and on delaminations in composites,
is specifically designed to be used on typical small aircraft/drones components and is based
on the nonlinear behavior of structures. Such behavior can be associated with an imperfect
interface that introduces a great degree of nonlinearity as a result of Contact Acoustic
Nonlinearity (CAN). The clapping of the surfaces and the local nonlinear stress-strain behavior
lead to the generation of harmonics and subharmonics of the inspection frequency. The
presence and size of defects/damages are evaluated from the value and amplitude of these
new frequency components. The damage can also be detected by a passive monitoring.
Disbonds can be modeled as plates constrained by different boundary conditions and, as
such, they are free to vibrate at their natural frequencies. This motion can be detected by
sensors mounted on the bonding line and can be related to a specific damage with assigned
geometric properties resulting in specific spectral contents. These techniques are used to
monitor in-flight an aircraft component through the use of a piezoelectric transducers (PZTs)
network. Algorithms are implemented in order to evaluate and to characterize damages by
post-processing the acquired signals. Several test cases are numerically studied before being
tested in laboratory and reproduced in-flight. A good agreement between the numerical,
laboratory and in-flight results is achieved.

Keywords
Ultrasonics, Structural Health Monitoring, Delamination, Disbond, In-flight Monitoring

520
 DEFECT DETECTION IN DYNAMICALLY LOADING STRUCTURES BY
NONLINEAR ULTRASOUND
Sevilia Sunetchiieva1*, Helge Pfeiffer1, Sebastian Creten2, Martine Wevers1, Christ Glorieux2
1
KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Materials Engineering, Kasteelpark
Arenberg 44, Bus 2450, B-3001 Leuven
2
KU Leuven (University of Leuven),, Department of Physics and Astronomy Celestijnenlaan
200D, Bus 2450, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium

Due to the high need for structural health monitoring in aerospace applications, numerous,
quite mature linear ultrasonic NDT techniques are available for the detection of defects. Linear
ultrasonic NDT e.g. by using guided waves is based on mode conversion and reflection of
probe waves by a delamination or a defect, provided the defect is open, resulting in an acoustic
impedance mismatch. However, in practical applications defects are often ‘closed’ when not
under substantial stress.

Moreover, in most nonlinear ultrasonic NDT techniques the lack in differentiation between
sources of nonlinearity makes defects undistinguishable from e.g. nonlinearity induced by
mechanical contacts.

Here, we aim to detect damage, addressing the practical difficulties of monitoring dynamically
loaded structures. Defects were created and detected in aluminum plate-like samples, using
PZT transducers to generate and detect probe waves. The presented diagnostic algorithms
compare features of the nonlinear relation between the amplitude of the transmission probe
wave and the load on the sample with a threshold value, in order to assess the state of the
sample. The applications are robust to environmental changes, are based on durable
components, while being sensitive to vibrating defects.

Part of the research leading to these results has received funding from the European
Community's Seventh Framework Programme [FP7/2007-2013] under grant agreement
n°212912 and the “NDTonAIR” project (Training Network in Non-Destructive Testing and
Structural Health Monitoring of Aircraft structures) under the action: H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016-
GRANT 722134.

Keywords
Structural Health Monitoring, closed cracks, non-linear ultrasound, vibration

521
 Friday, September 6th, 2019 (11:00 am)

PNP - Nano-acoustics and Phonons

Location: VIVES room B302

PNP: Nano-acoustics and Phonons
Chair: Matt Clark and Richard Smith

11:00 - 11:30 Super-resolution imaging using nanostructures Rafael Fuentes Dominguez, Fernando Perez-Cota, Shakila Naznin,
Richard J. Smith, Matt Clark
11:30 - 11:45 Conversion of Surface Acoustic Waves into Guided Bahram Djafari Rouhani, Alexander Korovin, Yan Pennec, Davide Mencarelli,
Modes of a Phononic Nanobeam Luca Pierantoni, Matteo Stocchi, Jouni Ahopelto, Tapani Makkonen
11:45 - 12:00 Gold nanorod opto-acoustic transducers
Shakila Naznin, Rafael Fuentes-Dominguez, Fernando Perez-Cota, Richard J.Smith, Matt Clark
12:00 - 12:15 Coherent oscillations in layered chalcogenides Stefano Dal Conte, Stefano Cecchi, Raffaella Calarco,
measured by transient reflectivity Giulio Cerullo, Francesco Banfi
12:15 - 12:30 Intracavity Low-Frequency Raman Spectroscopy – Anna Kudryavtseva, Leonid Chaikov, Michael Shevchenko,
new method for nanosystems acoustic properties study Maria Tareeva, Nikolay Tcherniega

522
 SUPER-RESOLUTION IMAGING USING NANOSTRUCTURES
Rafael Fuentes-Dominguez1, Fernando Perez-Cota1, Shakila Naznin1, Richard J. Smith1,
Matt Clark1
1
Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK

There has been much interest in the optical and mechanical properties of metal
nanostructures. Our interest stems from the ability of such devices to interact with ultrasound
of very short wavelength allowing the possibility of high resolution acoustic imaging.

Nanoparticle transducers have some attractions, they are inherently small, can be made in
large quantities, have an easy symmetry, and generate high frequency acoustic waves, in the
GHz range.

In this talk, we will present results of time-resolved pump-probe measurementes proving the
size and shape characterisation of these nanostructures. Furthermore, we will apply the
mechanical vibrations of these devices to show a novel super-resolution imaging / localisation
technique (figure 1) [1].

Figure 1: Comparison of (a) our novel super-resolution imaging / localisation technique and (b) scanning
electron microscope image.

Keywords
Nanoparticles, ultrafast measurements, imaging.
References
[1] R
. Fuentes-Dominguez, F. Perez-Cota, S. Naznin, R. J. Smith, M. Clark, Super-resolution imaging
using nano-bells, Scientific Reports, 8(1), 2018, 16373.

523
 CONVERSION OF SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVES INTO GUIDED MODES OF A
PHONONIC NANOBEAM
A.V. Korovin1, Y. Pennec1, M. Stocchi2,3, D. Mencarelli2,4, L. Pierantoni2,4, T. Makkonen5,J.
Ahopelto5, B. Djafari Rouhani1
1I
EMN, UMR CNRS 8520, University of Lille, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; 2Department
of Information Engineering, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; 3IHP Innovation for
High Performance, Franckfurt (Oder) 15236 Germany; 4Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati
(LNF), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Frascati, Roma, Italy; 5VTT Technical
Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Finland
The investigation of phononic and optomechanic (OM) circuits for the purpose of information
and telecommunication technologies is a topic of current interest. In this work, we study how
the guided modes of a Si phononic nanobeam (NB) can be excited by means of surface
acoustic waves (SAW) generated on a substrate placed in front of the NB (see schematic
picture Fig. 1).
The SAW are generated by interdigital transducers (IDT) on top of a three-layer structures
consisting of a piezoelectric AlN layer on a thin Si layer of 220nm on a silica layer deposited
on a Si substrate. The geometry of the structure is optimized in such a way as to generate
SAW in the range of 2 GHz and to focus them towards the entrance of a NB by using curved
IDT’s and a tapering at the edge of the substrate. A conversion efficiency of - 23 dB is
demonstrated in the simulation of this device. We analyze the nature of the phonons generated
in the NB in terms of its eigenmodes, mainly a longitudinal mode and a flexural mode in our
geometry.
a) b)
Structured NB

IDT2
IDT1

Fig.1 (a) Schematic presentation of two IDTs connected by quasi-periodic structured

nanobeam supporting both optical and acoustic cavity modes. (b) The spatial distribution of
the longitudinal component of the displacement field for IDT terminated by NB.

In a second step, we study the interaction of these converted waves with a structured NB
consisting of a dual phononic/photonic crystal. The latter (proposed in some of our recent
works) is constituted by a periodic array of holes and stubs which are respectively favorable
to create the photonic and phononic band gaps. The excitation and transmission properties of
a cavity inserted in the crystal are studied as well as the efficiency of the conversion of
outgoing waves into new SAW on a second substrate. Finally, we investigate the excitation of
the cavity phonons by means of OM interaction with an external optical waveguide and their
emission out of the cavity.

This work was supported by the European Commission H2020 project PHENOMEN, under Grant
Agreement No. 713450

Keywords
Surface Acoustic waves, Phononic crystals, Nanobeam, Mode conversion, Simulations

524
 GOLD NANOROD OPTO-ACOUSTIC TRANSDUCERS
Shakila Naznin1, Rafael Fuentes-Dominguez1, Fernando Perez-Cota1, Richard J. Smith1,
Matt Clark1
1
Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham, UK, NG72RD

Metallic nanorods are of special interest in laser and picosecond ultrasonics because they
exhibit anisotropic localized surface plasmon resonance that can be tuned from visible to near
infrared by changing the size and shape of the rods. This in turn allows us to think about the
generation and detection of ultrasound in GHz region by controlling the size, shape and
orientation of the nanorods. Gold nanorods have narrow longitudinal LSPR linewidth with
attractive photothermal properties and are being used vastly in imaging, sensing, plasmon
enhanced spectroscopies, therapeutics and so forth [1].

Nanorods can be turned on and off by changing the polarization of light because they exhibit
different absorption properties for different orientations. This might open a way of achieving
super-resolution by designing an acoustic lens made of nanorods.

In this talk, we will present time-resolved measurements of several gold nanorods to

characterize their sizes as shown in figure 1. We will also show the generation and detection
mechanism of these transducers that might lead to super-resolution.

Figure 1: (a.1) Raw time trace from a 145 nm by 50nm GNR, (a.2) The extensional and breathing modes
a 145nm by 50nm GNR, (b) Nanorods fabricated by electron beam lithography.

Keywords
Gold nanorod, optical diffraction, acoustic tag, super-resolution, imaging
References
[1] P. Zijlstra, J. W. M. Chon, and M. Gu, “Five-dimensional optical recording mediated by surface
plasmons in gold nanorods,” Nature, 459(7245), 2009, 410–413.
[2] R. Fuentes-Dominguez, F. Perez-Cota, S. Naznin, R. J. Smith, M. Clark, Super-resolution imaging
using nano-bells, Scientific Reports, 8(1), 2018, 16373.

525
 COHERENT OSCILLATIONS IN LAYERED CHALCOGENIDES MEASURED BY
TRANSIENT REFLECTIVITY
Stefano Dal Conte1, Stefano Cecchi2, Raffaella Calarco2, Giulio Cerullo1, Francesco Banfi3
1
Dipartimento di fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, I-20133, Milano, Italy
2
Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
3
FemtoNanoOptics group, Université Lyon, Institut Lumière Matière, Université Lyon 1 and
CNRS10 rue Ada Byron, 69622 Villeurbanne CEDEX, France

Van der Waals heterostructures made of layered materials, like graphene and transition metal
dichalcogenides, have recently attracted a lot of attention because of their potential disruptive
applications in the field of optoelectronics. While the ternary GeSbTe phase change material,
characterized by a fast switching time and a relatively low switching energy threshold, is
commonly used as the active material for data storage,1 heterostructures based on layered
antimony telluride (Sb2Te3) and GeTe chalcogenides are promising candidates for improved
switching performance. Recently, it has been shown that the structural properties of these
heterostructures deviate from a pure two-dimensional behavior2. Here we use ultrashort laser
pulses to launch and detect coherent phonons in layered Sb2+xTe3 chalcogenides.3 We found
that the transient reflectivity response, measured on a broad energy range, is modulated by
fast coherent oscillations with a frequency in the THz regime and a dephasing time of few ps.
We ascribe these periodic oscillations to optical phonon modes of the layered constituents.
Additionally, on a longer timescale, we found strongly damped oscillations in the GHz range,
which can be ascribed to elastic breathing modes. In this work, we investigate how coherent
oscillations depend on the thickness and the specific structure of the heterostructures.

Left panel: different structures (i.e. 2/2 and 1/1) of Sb4Te3. Right panel: transient reflectivity response
(DR/R) of chalcogenide heterostructures characterized by different thickness, measured around ~ 1.9
eV by pumping at 2 eV. The DR/R traces are modulated by GHz coherent oscillations whose period
varies with the thickness of the heterostructure.

Keywords
Coherent phonons, Chalcogenide heterostructures, pump-probe spectroscopy
References
[1]
M. Wuttig and N. Yamada, “Phase-change materials for rewriteable data storage,” Nat. Mater., 6,
824–832 (2007).
[2]
R. Wang et al. "2D or Not 2D: Strain Tuning in Weakly Coupled Heterostructures", Adv. Func. Mater.,
28, 1705901 (2018).
[3]
S. Cecchi et al., "Interplay between structural and thermoelectric properties in epitaxial Sb2+xTe3
alloys", Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1805184 (2019).

526
 INTRACAVITY LOW-FREQUENCY RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY - NEW METHOD
FOR
ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF NANOSYSTEMS STUDY
Anna Kudryavtseva, Leonid Chaikov, Michael Shevchenko, Maria Tareeva, Nikolay
Tcherniega
P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the RAS, Leninskii pr. 53, 119991,Moscow, Russia

Intracavity stimulated scattering schemes allow to decrease threshold of the exciting light
intensity and increase conversion efficiency. In some cases intracavity stimulated scattering
can be successfully used for passive Q-switch.

In the present work the process of intracavity stimulated low-frequency Raman scattering
(SLFRS) excited in latex nanoparticles water suspension was investigated. SLFRS is inelastic
scattering of laser radiation on acoustic vibrations of nano- or submicron particles[1]. Its
components frequency shifts are defined by nanoparticles morphology and for different
systems are situated in the spectral range from few gigahertz to terahertz.
Previously we studied SLFRS excited by ruby laser in the samples placed out of laser. We
used as samples latex nanoparticles of mean size 200 and 600 nm in water suspension with
concentration 4.8·1010 and 1.8·109 cm-3 respectively.
For both samples at the intensities above threshold (0.03 GW/cm2) SLFRS was registered in
forward and backward direction. Maximum conversion efficiency was 40%. Frequency shifts
for the samples with particles size 200 and 600 nm were 0.27 cm-1 (8.1 GHz) and 0.10 cm-1
(3.0 GHz) respectively. At the concentrations used only SLFRS was excited.
For intracavity SLFRS study we put the cell with latex nanoparticles suspension into the ruby
laser cavity between passive Q-switch (cryptocyanin solution in ethanol) and a ruby crystal.
Cell length was 10 mm, laser cavity length was 0.5 m. Laser pulse duration without cell with
latex nanoparticles suspension was 20 ns. Laser pulse energy, duration and spectrum have
been controlled. Laser pumping energy varied from 2.8 kJ to 4 kJ.

For both samples oscillation regimes, corresponding to the intracavity SLFRS excitation, were
determined. For the sample with nanoparticles 200 nm there were two SLFRS components in
the spectrum with frequency shifts 0.27 cm-1 and 0.54 cm-1. For the sample with nanoparticles
600 nm we registered one SLFRS component with frequency shift 0.10 cm-1. The spectral
components intensities for all cases of the intracavity SLFRS were nearly the same. So the
intracavity SLFRS can be used in order to obtain information on the morphological properties
of various nanosystems as well as to obtain a source of coherent radiation in the optical range
with a given modulation of the spectrum in the gigahertz frequency range.

Acknowledgments
The reported study was funded by RFBR according to the research project 19-02-00750-a
Keywords
Simulated scattering, gigahertz vibrations, nanoparticles
References
[1]
N.V. Tcherniega, K.I. Zemskov, V.V. Savranskii, et al., Opt. Lett., 38 2013, 824-826.

527
 Friday, September 6th, 2019 (11:00 am)

PSG - Surface Acoustic Waves and Guided Waves

Location: VIVES room B303

PSG: Surface Acoustic Waves and Guided Waves
Chair: Bernd Henning

11:00 - 11:30 Supersonic SAW: Bound States within a Radiation Continuum Arthur George Every, Alexei A Maznev
11:30 - 11:45 Analytically based study of ultrasonic sounding of an immersed plate: Evgeny Glushkov, Natalia Glushkova,
source energy partition, backward leaky waves and resonance phenomena Olga Miakisheva
11:45 - 12:00 In plane backward and zero group velocity guided modes in thin elastic tapes Claire Prada, Jérôme Laurent, Daniel Royer
12:00 - 12:15 Transmission of digital data using guided ultrasonic waves in solid plates Rudy Bahouth, Farouk Benmeddour,
Emmanuel Moulin, Jamal Assaad
12:15 - 12:30 Analysis of Lamb wave mode repulsion and its implications Yevgeniya Lugovtsova, Sarah Johannesmann,
to the characterisation of adhesive bonding strength Bernd Henning, Jens Prager

528
 SUPERSONIC SAW: BOUND STATES WITHIN A RADIATION CONTINUUM
Arthur G Every1, Alexei A Maznev2
1
School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, South Africa
2
Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139,
USA

The subject of discrete bound states within a continuum of radiation states (BIC) is attracting
considerable attention in diverse areas of physics. The concept was first advanced by von
Neumannn and Wigner for a model quantum mechanical system, but to date it is mainly in
classical systems, primarily in optics and acoustics, that BIC have been encountered. The
subject of this paper is the realization of BIC in the form of supersonic surface acoustic waves
(SSAW).

There are various situations that give rise to a surface acoustic wave (SAW) which is
supersonic with respect to phase matched transverse waves of the bulk. Coupling of the SAW
to the bulk wave continuum results in its attenuation and spectral broadening. Where
circumstances permit, for a particular value of a system parameter the coupling can vanish,
and the surface mode becomes a true un-attenuated SSAW. As such it represents a BIC. The
first part of this talk will be a brief overview of the current status of SSAW, referring to:
SSAW at periodically structured surfaces and related laser transient grating measurements.
SSAW on the surfaces of anisotropic solids (crystals) and their observation with surface
Brillouin scattering.
SSAW on isotropic layered systems.

The latter part of this talk will deal with the coalescence and annihilation of a pair of SSAW
with variation of a materials parameter, which can be viewed as the unfolding of a degenerate
BIC.

Keywords
Supersonic SAW, Bound states in a continuum

529
 ANALYTICALLY BASED STUDY OF ULTRASONIC SOUNDING OF AN
IMMERSED PLATE: SOURCE ENERGY PARTITION, BACKWARD LEAKY
WAVES AND RESONANCE PHENOMENA
Evgeny Glushkov, Natalia Glushkova, Olga Miakisheva
Institute for Mathematics, Mechanics and Informatics, Kuban State University, 350040
Krasnodar, Russia

Interaction of transducer-generated sound and ultrasound waves with an elastic plate

immersed in an acoustic medium (liquid or gas) is a classical problem of structural acoustics.
It relates to numerous technical applications such as non-destructive evaluation (NDE) and
structural health monitoring (SHM), acoustic microscopy, vibration isolation, noise control and
acoustic stealth. Despite the great advances in this area and the rapid development of
computer facilities, there are still challenging problems that require the use of analytically
based simulation tools for a deeper insight into the wave processes underlying unusual effects
observed. In our research, we rely on explicit integral representations for both wave fields
generated by air-coupled or underwater transducers, as well as those arising from their
interaction with a submerged metal or laminate composite plate. Together with the far-field
asymptotics for the incident, reflected, transmitted and guided waves derived from the inverse
path Fourier integrals, these representations proved to be a convenient tool for the in-depth
study. The computer model developed on this basis has been validated against available
experimental data and independent numerical simulations.

The present contribution is focused on the following issues:

• transformation of classical Lamb waves into leaky guided waves due to a fluid loading
and the appearing of traveling Scholte-Stoneley waves;
• existence or non-existence of non-attenuating low-frequency antisymmetric
fundamental (A0) guided wave depending on the choice of the cut trajectory in the
complex wavenumber plane; the appearance of the A0 pole from the unphysical
Riemann sheet;
• seemingly unusual properties of backward leaky waves and their explanation via the
contribution of the unbreakable pair of generic poles;
• energy properties of those waves and source energy partition among the reflected
and transmitted waves as well as all guided waves generated in the plate;
• resonance energy transfer through the plate due to the increasing occurrence of
energy vortices impeding lateral outflow of wave energy;
• influence of plate’s lamination and anisotropy on the wave effects under study.

A more detailed description of the developed technique can be found in Ref. [1], and new
results obtained since then are also planned to be discussed.

Keywords
Immersed elastic plate, integral and asymptotic representations, backward modes, resonance
transmission, wave energy fluxes
References
[1]
E.V. Glushkov, N.V. Glushkova, O.A. Miakisheva. Backward waves and energy fluxes excited in
acoustic medium with an immersed plate. Ultrasonics (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2018.10.001, In
Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 4 October 2018)

530
 IN PLANE BACKWARD AND ZERO GROUP VELOCITY GUIDED MODES IN
THIN ELASTIC TAPES
Jérôme Laurent1, Daniel Royer1, Claire Prada1
1
Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research University,
1 rue Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France

Elastic waves guided along bars of rectangular cross section exhibit complex dispersion. In-
plane modes propagating at low frequencies in thin isotropic rectangular waveguides are
studied. These modes result from the coupling at the edge between the first order shear
horizontal mode 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆0 of phase velocity 𝑉𝑉𝑇𝑇 (shear velocity) and the first order symmetrical Lamb
mode 𝑆𝑆0 of phase velocity 𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃 (plate velocity). Hence, in the low frequency domain, the
dispersion curves of these modes are similar to those of Lamb modes propagating in plates
of bulk wave velocities 𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃 and 𝑉𝑉𝑇𝑇 . As a consequence, the first order in-plane backward mode
and the associated ZGV resonance exist for Poisson's ratio up to 0.5. Furthermore, as the
plate velocity is 2𝑉𝑉𝑇𝑇 in soft materials, the second 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆0 cut-off frequency is equal to the first 𝑆𝑆0
cut-off frequency and a Dirac cone is observed. These results are confirmed by theoretical
dispersion curves calculated using the method provided in Krushynska and Meleshko[1].

Then, the dispersion curves of in-plane modes measured in different metal tapes using non-
contact laser ultrasonic techniques are presented. The line laser source is applied at one edge
of the tape while the normal displacement is detected by a heterodyne interferometer on the
opposite edge. Backward modes and associated ZGV resonances are detected. It is
confirmed that ZGV frequencies depend on the tape width but not on its thickness. The
frequency of these resonances can be used to determine the material Poisson's ratio following
the approach given in Clorennec et al.[2].

In plane modes are also investigated in a non-viscous soft ribbon of Poisson's ratio ν ≈ 0.5
through finite difference simulations with the code Simsonic[3]. It appears that due to the very
low shear velocity, backward waves and zero group velocity modes exist at frequencies that
are hundreds of times lower than ZGV resonances in metal tapes of the same geometry. The
Dirac cone is also clearly observed.

Keywords
Elastic guided waves, laser ultrasonics, dispersion, backward wave, resonance.
References
[1]
A. Krushynska and V. Meleshko, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 129, 2011, 1324-1335.
[2]
D. Clorennec, C. Prada, and D. Royer, J.Appl. Phys. 101, 2007, 034908.
[3]
www.simsonic.fr and E. Bossy, M. Talmant, P. Laugier, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 115, 2004, 2314.

531
 TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL DATA USING GUIDED ULTRASONIC WAVES IN
SOLID PLATES

Rudy Bahouth1, Farouk Benmeddour1, Emmanuel Moulin1, Jamal Assaad1

1
Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, CNRS, Univ Lille, ISEN, Central Lille, UMR
8520-IEMN, DOAE, F-59313, Valenciennes, Frances

Wireless communication systems are widely known particularly in telecommunication field,

where simply, information can be transmitted without using any wires or cables. The wireless
communication systems are mainly used for mobile communication and networking and not
widely adopted in other mediums such as solid or liquid. Furthermore, using those different
mediums for communication becomes interesting when no other option is proposed, such as
underwater communication or through solid metallic channels (cylinders or plates). The use of
guided ultrasonic waves such as Lamb waves for solid medium may be an attractive solution
since it can propagates through long distances. The objective of this work is to build an
experimental platform for ultrasonic guided wave communication to investigate the effect of
different modulation and demodulation techniques such as Amplitude Shift Keying, On-Off
Keying, Binary Phase Shift Keying and Frequency Shift Keying at different frequencies and
different bit rates.

Keywords
Ultrasonic communication, ultrasonic guided waves, data transmission

532
 ANALYSIS OF LAMB WAVE MODE REPULSION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS TO
THE CHARACTERISATION OF ADHESIVE BONDING STRENGTH
Yevgeniya Lugovtsova1, Sarah Johannesmann2, Bernd Henning2, Jens Prager1
1
Div. 8.4 of Acoustic and Electromagnetic methods, Federal Institute for Materials Research
and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
2
Measurement Engineering Group, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098
Paderborn, Germany
Lamb waves are widely used for the non-destructive evaluation of material parameters as well
as for the detection of defects. Another application of Lamb waves is quality control of
adhesive joints. Researchers are currently investigating shear horizontal and zero-group
velocity modes for characterisation of the adhesive bonding strength [1-2]. In a new approach,
Lamb wave mode repulsion is used to obtain the coupling strength between different layers to
characterise the adhesive bonding strength.
The modes of the individual layers become
coupled in the multi-layered systems forming
the special regions, the so-called mode
repulsion regions. This study investigates these
modes and their interaction in two-layered
plate-like structures with varying coupling
strength both numerically, with the Scaled
Boundary FEM [3], and experimentally.

In Figure 1, the modelling results are compared

to the measured dispersion map, which was
obtained using a laser-induced broadband
Lamb wave-based measurement system [4]. In
this figure, most of the energy is concentrated
Figure 5: Comparison of the measured in the areas where the fundamental modes of
dispersion map and theoretical dispersion aluminium overlap with polycarbonate modes.
curves of a perfectly bonded system In the coupled system the modes do not cross
containing an aluminium layer and a
polycarbonate layer
resulting in the mode repulsion, which is visible
as discontinuities in the wave modes.

Such regions can be used as an indicator of coupling strength between two systems, the
weaker the coupling is, the narrower gets the gap between two modes, and vice versa.

Keywords
Lamb waves, multi-layered systems, adhesive joints, mechanical strength, Scaled Boundary FEM
References
[1]
M. Castaings, SH ultrasonic guided waves for the evaluation of interfacial adhesion, Ultrasonics 54
(7), 2014, 1760-1775.
[2]
S. Mezil, J. Laurent, D. Royer, and C. Prada, Non contact probing of interfacial stiffnesses between
two plates by zero-group velocity Lamb modes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 (2), 2014, 021605.
[3]
H. Gravenkamp, C. Song, and J. Prager, “A numerical approach for the computation of dispersion
relations for plate structures using the Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method,” Journal of Sound and
Vibration 331 (11), 2012, 2543-2557.
[4]
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