Wind Turbine Driven Doubly-Fed Induction

Generator with Grid Disconnection

B.Chitti Babu #1, K.B.Mohanty#2 and C.Poongothai*3
#
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela
Rourkela-769008 (India)
1
[email protected]
2
[email protected]
* Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Chennai-600036 (India)
3
[email protected]

Abstract—This paper describes the transient behaviour of a

doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) driven by wind turbine II. INTRODUCTION
after its disconnection from the grid. The induction machine runs For stand alone or autonomous operation, mostly single
at a specific speed with the stator disconnected from the grid
induction generator or parallel operated induction generators
(Is=0), the rotor is suddenly excited with slip-frequency voltages
derived from voltage regulators so as to produce commended are focused according to available analysed references. These
open-circuit stator terminal voltage. Behaviour under varying induction generator driven by the individual prime movers
rotor speed typically observed in wind turbines is also reported. employed excitation capacitor bank to build up desired
A MATLAB computer simulation study was undertaken and voltage via self-excited phenomena. Hence the value of the
results on 1.5 kW wind turbine are presented. excitation capacitor bank and the rotor speed determine the
magnitude of the generated voltage and its frequency. Both
Index Terms- Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG), Variable- voltage and frequency need to be controlled to feed the power
speed wind turbine, Dynamic Modeling, Grid Disconnection, to the load. But for grid connected operation, there are two
Transient Analysis
types of generators are used. (i.e., single output and double
outputs).In order to feed the active power to the grid, the
I. NOMENCLATURE machine should run at a speed greater than the synchronous
speed of the revolving magnetic field. (i.e. slip should be
Vqs, Vds are the three-Phase supply voltages in d-q reference negative).The single output generator feeds active power to
frame, respectively the grid via only stator side and double output generator feeds
iqs ,ids are the three-Phase stator currents in d-q reference electrical power to the grid via both stator as well as rotor side.
frame, respectively The latter is also called static Kramer, double-fed or double
λqs ,λds are the three-Phase stator flux linkages in d-q reference outputs induction generators. This is only the generator which
frame, respectively generates the power more than rated power without
Vqr, Vdr are the three-Phase rotor voltages in d-q reference overheating. Besides, this kind of power generation usually
frame, respectively causes problems in the utility grid system. Because the control
iqr ,idr are the three-Phase rotor voltages in d-q reference frame, on active and reactive power of the machine is complex one.
respectively Wind turbines often do not take part in voltage and frequency
λqr, λdr are the three-Phase rotor voltages in d-q reference control and if a disturbance occurs, the wind turbines are
frame, respectively disconnected and reconnected when normal operation has
rs ,rr are the stator and rotor resistances of machine per phase, been resumed. As the wind power penetration continually
respectively increases, power utilities concerns are shifting focus from the
Lls, Llr are the leakage inductances of stator and rotor windings, power quality issue to the stability problem caused by the
respectively wind power connection. In such cases, it becomes important
ωe, ωr are the supply and rotor angular frequency (electrical to consider the wind power impact properly in the power
speed), respectively system planning and operation. This paper will focus on the
Te is the electromagnetic torque grid-connected induction generator feeding power with DOIG
Ps, Qs are the stator-side active and reactive powers, during steady state and transient conditions.
respectively This paper describes the transient behaviour of a doubly-
P is the Number of poles fed induction generator (DFIG) driven by wind turbine after
its disconnection from the grid. The induction machine runs at
a specific speed with the stator disconnected from the grid
(Is=0), the rotor is suddenly excited with slip-frequency
voltages derived from voltage regulators so as to produce
commended open-circuit stator terminal voltage. Behaviour E. Stator Flux Linkage Equations
under varying rotor speed typically observed in wind turbine
is also reported. A MATLAB computer simulation study was
λqs = (Lls + Lm )iqs + Lmiqr
(5)
undertaken and results on 1.5 kW wind turbine are presented. λds = (Lls + Lm )ids + Lmidr
III. DFIG DYNAMIC MODELLING
F. Rotor Flux Linkage Equations
λqr = (Llr + Lm )iqr + Lmiqs
A commonly used model for induction generator
converting power from the wind to serve the electric grid is
shown in Fig.1.The stator of the wound rotor induction
λdr = (Lls + Lm )idr + Lmids
(6)
machine is connected to the low voltage balanced three-phase
grid and the rotor side is fed via the back-to-back IGBT
voltage-source inverters with a common DC bus. The network IV. TRANSIENT ANALYSIS DURING GRID DISCONNECTION
side converter controls the power flow between the DC bus Fig (2) shows the three phase stator voltages under normal
and the AC side and allows the system to be operated in sub- operating conditions. When the induction machine is running
synchronous and super synchronous speed. The proper rotor at a particular speed while the stator disconnected from the
excitation is provided by the machine side power converter. grid. So the rotor is suddenly got excited due to slip frequency
rotor voltages from the voltage regulators in order to produce
the commended stator terminal voltage. Since the variation of
speed of the rotor, torque could also be varied on the machine.
Fig (3) shows the transient response of the stator voltage of
induction generator under torque disturbance. It is found that
the voltage of the stator becomes slightly small value after
disturbance. Fig (4) shows the transient response of the rotor
voltage of induction generator under torque disturbance. Fig.
(5) shows the transient response of the active power of the
induction generator during disconnection. When induction
generator is disconnected from the grid, the active powers
supplied from induction generator decreases and quickly
Fig. 1. Model of DFIG Wind Turbine
recover to original value after re-closed to the grid. The
The general model for wound rotor induction machine is changes in a reactive power are also shown in Fig. (6). It is
similar to any fixed-speed induction generator as follows. observed that the reactive power absorbed by the induction is
also decreases rapidly, but the part of reactive power would be
A. Stator Voltage Equations supplied by rotor side converter for compensation during re-
Vqs = pλqs+ωλds + rsiqs closed to the grid. Negative values of active and reactive
power indicate the machine working in generating mode.
(1)
Vds = pλds−ωλqs + rsids
B. Rotor Voltage Equations
Vqr = pλ qr +(ω − ωr )λdr + rr iqr
(2)
Vdr = pλ dr −(ω − ωr )λqr + rr idr
C. Power Equations

Ps =
3
(Vdsids + Vqsiqs )
2
(3)
Qs = (Vqs ids − Vds iqs )
3
2
D. Torque Equation

Te = −
3P
(λds iqs − λqs ids ) (4)
2 2 Fig. 2. Response of Three phase Stator voltages of DFIG
Fig. 3. Transient Response of Stator voltage During Grid Disconnection Fig. 6. Transient Response of Reactive power During Grid Disconnection

IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, dynamic characteristics of double-fed
induction generator has been studied during abnormal
conditions of the grid. For this, dynamic d-q model was used
to derive the dynamic equations of such machine in a
synchronous reference frame. The choice of synchronous
rotating reference frame makes it particularly favourable for
the simulation of double-output configuration in transient
conditions. When the stator is disconnected from the grid, the
rotor is suddenly got excited due to slip frequency rotor
voltages from the voltage regulators in order to produce the
commended stator terminal voltage. So active and reactive
power of the machine have been decreasing rapidly. For
reactive power compensation during these conditions, rotor
Fig. 4. Transient Response of Rotor voltage During Grid Disconnection
side converter has to supply necessary reactive power.

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