TORTS and DAMAGES

TORTS

I. GENERAL CONCEPTS
1. Definition
a. Robles v. Castillo, 61 O.G. 1220;
2. Elements:
a. Vergara vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 77679, 30 September 1987;
3. Kinds:
a. Negligence;
i. Article 1173, Civil Code;
b. Intentional Acts;
c. Strict Liability;
4. Sources of Tort Law in the Philippines;
a. Civil Law:
i. Articles 19 – 21;
ii. Article 26;
iii. Articles 32 – 33;
iv. Articles 684 – 770;
v. Article 1157;
vi. Article 1314;
vii. Article 2176;
viii. Article 2177;
ix. Article 2180;
x. Article 2187;
b. Jurisprudence;
5. Jurisprudence explaining torts:
a. Baksh v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. G.R. No. 97336, 19 February 1993;
b. Dr. Filoteo A. Alano v. Zenaida Magud-Logmao, G.R. No. 175540, 14 April 2014;
c. Albenson Enterprises Corp., Jesse Yap, And Benjamin Mendiona v.
The Court Of Appeals And Eugenio S. Baltao, G.R. No. 88694, 11 January 1993;
d. Elcano v. Hill, G.R. No. G.R. No. L-24803, 26 May 1977;
e. Air France vs. Carrascoso, 18 SCRA 155;
f. Philippine School of Business Administration, et al. vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 84698, 4
January 1992;
g. Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc., v. The Honorable Court Of Appeals (Fifth Division) And
Ms. Lydia Geronimo, G.R. No. 110295, 18 October 1993;
h. Light Rail Transit Authority, et al. v. Navidad, et al., G.R. No. 145804, 6 February 2003;
i. FEBTC vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 108164, 23 February 1995;
6. Distinguish from the other sources of obligation;
a. Cangco vs. Manila Railroad Co., G.R. No. 12191, 14 October 1918;
b. Barredo vs. Garcia, G.R. No. 48006, 8 July 1942;
c. Castillo, et al. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 48541, 21 August 1989;
d. Calalas vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 122039, 31 May 2000;
e. Sps. Batal vs. Sps. Tominaga, G.R. No. 164601, 27 September 2006;
7. Persons involved:
a. Plaintiff:
i. Person injured;
ii. Parents and persons exercising substitute parental authority;
iii. Unborn child;
iv. Heirs;
1. Caravan Travel And Tours International, Inc., v. Ermilinda R. Abejar, G.R. No.
170631, 10 February 2016;
2. Antonio Geluz v. The Hon. Court Of Appeals And Oscar Lazo, G.R. No. L-
16439, 20 July 1961;
3. Cagayan II Electric Cooperative, Inc., v. Allan Rapanan and Mary Gine
Tangonan, G.R. No. 199886, 03 December 2014;
b. Defendant:
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i. Person responsible for the injury;
ii. Close corporations;
iii. Corporation by estoppel;
iv. Partnerships;
v. State and its political subdivisions;
1. National Irrigation Administration And The Administrator Of The National
Irrigation Administration v. The Honorable Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R.
No. 73919, 18 September 1992;
8. Remedies:
a. Preventive;
b. Compensatory;
9. Filing of cases:
a. Emerenciana Vda. De Medina, et al. vs. Cresencia, et al., G.R. No. L-8194, 11 July 1956;
b. Rafael Reyes Trucking Corporation vs. People of the Philippines, et al., G.R. No. 129029, April
3, 2000;
c. Casupanan, et al. vs. Laroya, G.R. No. 145391, August 26, 2002;
d. Sps. Santos, et al. vs. Pizardo, et al., G.R. No. 151452, July 29, 2005;

II. NEGLIGENCE
1. Definition;
a. Article 1173, Civil Code;
b. Corlis v. Manila Railroad Company, 27 SCRA 674
c. Philippine Bank of Commerce v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 97626, 14 March 1997;
d. Smith Bell Dodwell Shipping Agency Corporation v. Borja, G.R. No. 143008, 10 June 2002;
2. Test of negligence;
a. Picart vs. Smith, 37 Phil. 809;
b. U.S. vs. Juanillo, G.R. No. 7255, 3 October 1912;
c. People v. De los Santos, G.R. No. 131588, 27 March 2001;
d. Civil Aeronautics Administration vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. L-51806, 8 November
1988;
e. Philippine Hawk Corporation v. Vivian Tan Lee, G.R. No. 166869, 16 February 2010;
f. R Transport Corporation v. Yu, G.R. No. 174161, 18 February 2015;
3. Degrees of Negligence:
a. Slight;
b. Ordinary;
c. Gross;
i. Taylor vs. Manila Electric Railroad, et al., G.R. No. 4977, 22 March 1910;
ii. Jarco Marketing Corporation v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 129792, 21 December
1999;
iii. Ylarde et al. vs. Aquino, et al., G.R. No. L-33722, 29 July 1988;
iv. Associated Bank [now Westmont Bank] vs. Tan, G.R. No. 156940, December 14,
2004;
4. Factors Considered:
a. Employment or occupation;
b. Degree of intelligence;
c. Physical condition; and
d. Other circumstances regarding the person, time, and place;
i. Pangonorom, et al. vs. People of the Philippines, G.R. No. 143380, 11 April 2005;
ii. Latonio v. McGeorge Food Industries, Inc., G.R. No. 206184, 6 December 2017;
iii. Wright vs. Manila Electric Company, G.R. No. 7760, 1 October 1914;
iv. Syquia vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 98695, 27 January 1993;
v. The Heirs of Redentor Completo v. Albayda, G.R. No. 172200, 6 July 2010;
5. Causation;
a. Proximate cause;
i. Bataclan v. Medina, G.R. No. L-101126, 22 October 1957;
ii. McKee vs. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 68102, July 16, 1992;
iii. American Express International vs. Cordero, G.R. No. 138550, 14 October 2005;
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b. Tests:
i. But-For or Sine Qua Non;
1. PLDT, Inc. vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 57079, 29 September 1989;
2. Dy Teban v. Ching, G.R. No. 161803, 4 February 2008;
3. Villacar Transit, Inc. v. Catubig, G.R. No. 175512, 22 October 2011;
ii. Substantial Factor;
1. Far Eastern Shipping Co. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 130068 &
130150, 1 October 1998;
2. Cayao-Lasam v. Spouses Ramolete, G.R. No. 159132, 18 December 2008;
6. Proof;
a. Section 1, Rule 133, Rules of Court;
b. Plaintiff must prove negligence:
i. PLDT, Inc. vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 57079, 29 September 1989;
ii. Brown vs. Manila Electric Railroad and Light Company, G.R. No. 6666, 24 October
1911;
c. Presumption of Negligence:
i. Article 2184;
ii. Article 2185;
iii. Article 2188;
iv. Article 1735;
v. Añonuevo vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 130003, 20 October 2004;
vi. Kapalaran Bus Line vs. Coronado, G.R. No. 85331, 25 August 1989;
d. Evidence:
i. Testimonial;
ii. Documentary;
iii. Real;
1. Mercury Drug Corporation v. Huang, G.R. No. 172122, 22 June 2007;
e. Res ipsa loquitur
i. Layugan v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 167 SCRA 376;
ii. Ramos v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 124354, 29 December 1999;
iii. Tan v. Jam Transit, 605 SCRA 659;
iv. BJDC Construction, Inc. v. Lanuzo, G.R. No. 183198, 25 November 2009;
v. Huang v. Philippine Hoteliers, Inc., G.R. No. 180440, 5 December 2012;
vi. Cortel v. Lim, G.R. No. 218014, 7 December 2016;
vii. FGU Insurance Corporation v. G.P. Sarmiento Trucking Corporation, G.R. No. 141910,
6 August 2002;
viii. Radio Communications of the Phils., Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-44748, 29
August 1986;
ix. Perla Compania de Seguros, Inc. vs. Sps. Sarangaya, G.R. No. 147746, 25 October
2005;

III. LIABILITY
1. Liability of Tortfeasors;
a. Article 2194;
b. Singapore Airlines Limited vs. Court of Appeals, et al.,
G.R. No. 107356, 31 March 1995;
c. Far Eastern Shipping Co. vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 130068 & 130150, 1 October 1998;
d. Republic of the Philippines vs. Sandiganbayan, et al., G.R. No. 92594, 4 March 1994;
2. Vicarious Liability;
a. Nonapplicability of the Doctrine of Respondeat Superior;
i. Exception – Article 103, Revised Penal Code;
b. Articles 2180 – 2082;
c. Articles 218, 219, 221 and 236 of the Family Code;
d. Articles 101 – 103, Revised Penal Code;
e. Articles 58 and 201, Child and Youth Welfare Code;
f. Cases:
i. Cangco vs. Manila Railroad Co., 38 Phil. 768;
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ii. Libi v. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 70890, 8 September 1992;
iii. Cuadra v. Monfort, 35 SCRA 160;
iv. Araneta v. Arreglado, 104 Phil. 529;
v. Valenzuela v. Court of Appeals, 253 SCRA 303;
vi. St. Joseph’s College v. Miranda, G.R. No. 182353, 29 June 2010;
vii. Aquinas School v. Inton, G.R. No. 184202, 26 January 2011;
viii. Amadora v. Court of Appeals, 41 Phil. 548;
ix. Palisoc, et al. vs. Brillantes, et al., G.R. No. L-29025, 4 October 1971;
x. Salvosa, et al. vs. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. L-70458, 5 October 1988;
xi. Saludaga v. Far Eastern University, G.R. No. 179337, 30 April 2008;
xii. PSBA v. Court of Appeals, 205 SCRA 729;
xiii. Metro Manila Transit Corporation vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 104408, 21
June 1993;
xiv. Victory Liner v. Heirs of Andres Malecdan, G.R. No. 154278, 27 December 2002;
xv. Cerezo vs. Tuazon, G.R. No. 141538, 23 March 2004;
xvi. Jayme v. Apostol, G.R. No. 193609, 27 November 2008;
xvii. Spouses Africa v. Caltex, G.R. No. L-12986, 31 March 1966;
xviii. Filamer Christian Institute v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 212 SCRA 637;
xix. Castilex Industrial Corporation v. Vazquez, G.R. No. 132266, 21 December 1999;
xx. L.G. Foods Corporation and Victorino Gabor, Vice- President and General Manager,
Petitioners, versus Hon. Philadelfa B. Pagapong-Agraviador, et al., G.R. No. 158995,
26 September 2006;
xxi. Pantranco North Express, Inc. v. Baesa, G.R. Nos. 79050- 51, 14 November 1989;
xxii. Martin v. Court of Appeals, 205 SCRA 591;
xxiii. Rafael Reyes Trucking Corporation vs. People et al., G.R. No. 129029, 3 April 2000;
xxiv. Carpio vs. Doroja, et al., G.R. No. 84516, 5 December 1989;
xxv. Equitable Leasing Corporation vs. Suyom, et al., G.R. No. 143360, 5 September 2002;
xxvi. Chapman vs. Underwood, G.R. No. 9010, 28 March 1914;
xxvii. Fontanilla, et al. vs. Maliaman, et al., G.R. No. 55963, 1 December 1989;
xxviii. San Fernando La Union vs. Firme, G.R. No. 52179, 8 April 1991;

IV. DEFENSES
1. Plaintiff’s Conduct;
a. Article 2179;
b. Ilusorio vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 139130, 27 November 2002;
c. Taylor vs. Manila Electric Railroad and Light Company, G.R. No. 4977, 22 March 1910;
d. Raynera v. Hiceta, G.R. No. 120027, 21 April 1999;
2. Contributory Negligence;
a. Rakes v. Atlantic Gulf and Pacific Co., 7 Phil. 359;
b. Mendoza v. Soriano, G.R. No. 164012, 8 June 2007;
c. National Power Corporation v. Heirs of Noble Casionan, G.R. No. 165969, 27 November 2008;
d. Philippine Commercial International Bank v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 121413, 29 January
2001;
e. Rebultan v. Daganta, G.R. No. 197908, 4 July 2018;
3. Violation of Statute;
a. Ramos v. COL Realty Corporation, G.R. No. 184905, 28 August 2009;
b. Mendoza v. Soriano, G.R. No. 164012, 8 June 2007;
4. Doctrine of Attractive Nuisance;
a. Hidalgo Enterprises, Inc. vs. Balandan, et al., G.R. No. L-3422, 13 June 1952;
5. Assumption of Risk or Doctrine of Volenti Non Fit Injuria;
a. Menchavez v. Teves, G.R. No. 153201, 26 January 2005;
b. Nikko Hotel Manila Garden, et al. vs. Reyes, G.R. No. 154259, 28 February 2005;
c. Abrogar v. Cosmos Bottling Company, G.R. No. 164749, 15 March 2017;
6. Doctrine of Last Clear Chance;
a. Ong vs. Metropolitan Water District, G.R. No. L-7664, 29 August 1958;
b. Picart vs. Smith, 37 Phil., 809;
c. LBC Air Cargo et al. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 101683, 23 February 1995;
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d. Pantranco North Express, Inc. vs. Baesa, et al., G.R. No. 79050-51, 14 November 1989;
e. Ma-ao Sugar Central Co. vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 83491, August 27, 1990;
7. Emergency Rule;
a. Gan vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. L-44264, 19 September 1988;
b. McKee vs. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 68102, 16 July 1992;
c. Valenzuela vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 115024 & 117944, 7 February 1996;
d. Delsan Transport Lines, Inc. vs. C & A Construction Inc., G.R. No. 156034, 1 October 2003;
8. Prescription
a. Article 1146;
b. Kramer vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 83524, 13 October 1989;
9. Diligence of a good father of a family;
a. Franco et al. vs. Intermediate Appellate Court, et al., G.R. No. 71137, 5 October 1989;
10. Fortuitous Event
a. Article 1174;
b. Southeastern College v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 126389, 10 July 1998;

V. ENFORCEMENT OF LIABILITY
1. Actions:
a. Civil liability ex delicto; or
b. Independent civil action;
2. Cases:
a. Santos et al. vs. Pizardo, et al., G.R. No. 151452, 29 July 2005;
b. Melgar, et al. vs. Buenviaje, et al., G.R. No. 55750, 8 November 1989;
c. Construction Development Corporation of the Philippines vs. Estrella, et al., G.R. No. 147791,
8 September 2006;

VI. STRICT LIABILITY TORTS

1. Definition;
2. Sources:
a. Article 2183;
b. Article 2187;
c. Article 2193;
3. Cases:
a. Johnson vs. David, G.R. No. 2789, 27 February 1906;

VII. INTENTIONAL TORTS

1. Sources:
a. Article 21; 26 – 30; 32; 34 – 35; 309;
2. Abuse of Rights;
a. Article 19;
b. Elements;
i. Albenson Enterprises v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 88694, 11 January 1993;
3. Acts contra bonus mores;
a. Article 21;
b. Elements;
i. Albenson Enterprises v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 88694, 11 January 1993;
4. Other Cases on Articles 19 and 21:
a. Baksh v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. G.R. No. 97336, 19 February 1993;
b. University of the East vs. Jader, G.R. No. 132344, 17 February 2000;
c. DBP vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 137916, 8 December 2004;
5. Emotional distress tort;
a. MVRS Publications, et al vs. Islamic Da’wah Council of the Phil, et al., G.R. No. 135306, 28
January 2003;
6. Interference with contractual relations tort;
a. Lagon vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 119107, 18 March 2005;

VIII. MALPRACTICE
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1. Medical
a. Reyes, et al. vs. Sisters of Mercy Hospital, et al., G.R. No. 130547, 3 October 2000;
b. Garcia- Rueda vs. Pascasio, et al., G.R. No. 118141, 5 September 1997;
c. Batiquin v. Court of Appeals, 258 SCRA 334;
d. Cayao-Lasam v. Ramolete, G.R. No. 159132, 18 December 2008;
e. Jarcia and Bastan v. People, G.R. No. 187926, 15 February 2012;
f. Borromeo v. Family Care Hospital, Inc., G.R. No. 191018, 25 January 2016;
g. Ramos v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 124354, 29 December 1999;
h. Rubi Li v. Soliman, G.R. No. 165279, 7 June 2011;
i. Professional Services, Inc. v. Agana, G.R. No. 126297, 2 February 2010;
j. Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital v. Capanzana, G.R. No. 189218, 22 March 2017;
2. Legal
a. STI Drivers Association, et al. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 143196, 26 November
2002;
3. Accounting and Auditing
a. Bank of the Philippine Islands v. Casa Montessori Internationale, G.R. Nos. 49454 and 149507,
28 May 2004;

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