• History- chronological record of significant events, In order for a source to be used as evidence in

the study of past events. history, basic matters about its form and content
• derived from the Greek noun ἱστορία must be settled
• ἱστορία (historia) = learning; inquiry 1. External Criticism 2. Internal Criticism
• “the past of mankind”
• Geschichte = the German word forhistory • What is External Criticism?
• Geschehen = to happen The problem of authenticity
• KASAYSAYAN - Salaysay na may saysay para sa To spot fabricated, forged, faked documents
sinasalaysayang grupo ng tao To distinguish a hoax or misrepresentation
• saysay (narrative or salaysay) • Anachronism is a chronological
• saysay (relevance, importance) inconsistency in some arrangement, especially a
• the historian is many times removed from the juxtaposition of persons, events, objects, or customs
events under investigation from different periods.
• Historians rely on surviving records • Semantics is the linguistic and
• Historical Method- The process of critically philosophical study of meaning in language,
examining and analyzing the records and survivals programming languages, formal logics, and
of the past semiotics.
• Historical Sources • Hermeneutics is the theory and
• These are objects from the past or testimonies methodology of interpretation, especially the
concerning the past on which historians depend in interpretation of biblical texts, wisdom literature,
order to create their own depiction of that past. and philosophical texts.
• Tangible remains of the past • What is Internal Criticism
The Problem of Credibility
• materials used for the writing of history. Relevant particulars in the document – is it
They are classified into two: credible?
1. Primary Sources Verisimilar – as close as what really happened from
2. Secondary Sources a critical examination of best available sources
Another type of classification are:
1. written and non-written, Tests of Credibility:
2. published or unpublished, 1. Identification of the author
3. textual, oral or visual sources 2. Determination of the approximate date
• Four Main Categories of Primary Sources 3. Ability to tell the truth
1. Written sources 4. Willingness to tell the truth
2. Images 5. Corroboration
3. Artifacts
4. Oral testimony

• A primary source must have been produced by a

contemporary of the event it narrates
• A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary
sources. These sources are one or more steps
removed from the event.

• Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or

graphics of primary sources in them.

• What is Historical Criticism?

Andress Bonifacio  Jacinto's "Kartilya" resembled the declaration used
 Pen name: May Pag Asa” “Supremo,” “Anak in Manila's Masonic Lodges
Bayan,” “Agapito Bagumbayan”  Preamble in Kartilya echoed the purpose of the
 Founder and leader of KKK masonic document
 Instigated revolt against Spaniards in August 1896  Kartilya's division between principles and teachings broadly
Emilio Jacinto parallel the division in Gran Oriente's manifesto.
 Also known as the "Utak ng Katipunan"  Kartilya’s asks new members to pledge allegiance to
 Pen name: "Pingkian," "Dimasilaw" association's objectives and affirm with signatures, just like
 Advisor on fiscal matters and secretary to Andres in Masonic document
Bonifacio  The line from Kartilya “A life which is not dedicated to a
 Continued the fight against Spaniards until the great idea is useless” was likely taken from Rizal
Americans even after death of Bonifacio  In Kartilya, women were regarded as “helpmate” rather
 Wrote the Kartilya, A La Patria and Liwanag at than a “plaything,” which suggested it took inspiration from
Dilim bible
 Contributor in Kalayaan. Katipunan’s Newspaper  The adage that "An honorable man's word is his bond" may
be traced back to Cervantes
Kartilya ng Katipunan  "Time lost is lost forever" was mentioned in the Kartilya, this
 Made for new members to understand rules, idea may have been borrowed from Benjamin Franklin.
principles and teachings Antonio Pigafetta
 To avoid people from having change of heart in  Studied astronomy, geography, and cartography.
choosing to join  Served on board the ships of the Knights of Rhodes at the
 To ensure people understand that joining the beginning of the 16th century.
brotherhood is not easy, and they will do what is  Had an aunt, Elisabetta, who married Valerio Chiericati.
needed wholeheartedly  Accompanied Monsignor Chiericati to Spain in 1519.
 Resembles the declaration used in Manila's  Accompanied Ferdinand Magellan, together with Juan
Masonic lodges which was written in Spain around Sebatián Elcano in the famous expedition to Moluccas which
1889 began in August 1519 and ended in September 1522.
 Bonifacio prepared a decalogue, the Kartilya ng
Katipunan, as propaganda work to achieve unity of  The First Voyage Around The World by Antonio Pigafetta
the Filipinos was written on board one of the 5 ships that was first to
 Earliest reference of Kartilya was found in the circumnavigate the world during an expedition that was lead
minutes of a Supreme Assembly meeting held in by the Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand Magellan and after his
December 1895 death during the voyage, by Juan Sebastián Elcano. The
 Bonifacio formulated a code of conduct in 1896, expedition started in 1519 and ended in Spain in 1522.
with 14 rules written in it, which was the Kartliya ng  The names of the 1519 Ferdinand Magellan Ships were the
Katipunan Trinidad, the San Antonio, the Conception, the Victoria and
Kartilya ng Katipunan: the Santiago.
 Made for new members to understand rules,  Throughout the expedition, there served a translator
principles and teachings named Enrique from Sumatra (present day Indonesia) and
 To avoid people from having change of heart in was a slave of Ferdinand Magellan
choosing to join
 To ensure people understand that joining the
brotherhood is not easy, and they will do what is
needed wholeheartedly
 Bonifacio's "Decalogue" resembled the "Ten
Commandments"
 Contributions of the Document
 Elaborated the lifestyle back then and it described what  The sovereignty of the United States over the
the local islanders wore, what they ate, how they Philippines. – Following World War II, the US granted
communicated, and how they lived independence to the Philippines on July 4, 1946 via
 Pigafetta's journal is the only known document about the Treaty of Manila. Treaty of Paris, (1898)
Lapu-Lapu's life  1964 - President Diosdado Macapagal signed
 Considered the best source today of the customs and into law Republic Act No. 4166 designating
usages of the Filipinos in the early 16th century due to the June 12 as the country's Independence Day.
daily notes Pigafetta took and details about the expedition
that he wrote about
 Contains the first vocabulary of Visayan words ever penned
by a European
 August 10, 1519 = starting point of the first expedition
around the world of Magellan.
 The book served as an evidence that the world is round and
not flat
 This book aids the researchers and students of today in
understanding the context of the Magellan expedition and
how the whole Europe-Philippines conflict commenced.
 Magellan discovered the Pacific Ocean
 Magellan proved that there was a way to the east by sailing
west

 The Act of the Declaration of Independence was prepared,

written, and read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista in Spanish.

 The Declaration was signed by ninety-eight people, among

them an American army officer who witnessed the
proclamation who attended the proceedings, Mr. L. M.
Johnson, a Coronel of Artillery.

 The proclamation of Philippine independence was,

however, promulgated on 1 August, when many towns had
already been organized under the rules laid down by the
Dictatorial Government of General Aguinaldo

 The declaration was not recognized by the U.S. nor Spain

and Spain later sold the Philippines to the United States in the
1898 Treaty of Paris ended the Spanish-American War. –
Philippine-American War

 The Philippine Revolutionary Government did not recognize

the treaty or American sovereignty, and subsequently fought
and lost a conflict with United States.

 It was ended when Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by U.S.

forces, and issued a statement acknowledging and accepting