CAMBRIDGE | English Grammar Ta Y=) A self-study reference and practice book for intermediate students of ane isa) THIRD ae ESS EDITION Pema eiEnglish Grammar in Use A self-study reference and practice book for intermediate students of English with answers THIRD EDITION Raymond Murphy "| CAMBRIDGE £9) UNIVERSITY PRESSCAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sio Paulo Cambridge University Press ‘The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK www.cambridge.org, Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521532891 © Cambridge University Press 2004 This publication is in copyright. Subject co statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2004 7th printing 2005 Printed in Singapore by KHL Printing Co Pre Ltd A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN-13 978-0-521-53289-1 Edition with answers ISBN-10 0-521-53289-2 Edition with answers ISBN-13 978-0-521-53290-7 Edition without answers ISBN-10 0-521-53290-6 Edition without answers ISBN-13_ 978-0-521-53762-9 Edition with CD-ROM ISBN-10 0-521-53762-2 Edition with CD-ROM ISBN-13 978-0-521-84311-9 Hardback edition with CD-ROM ISBN-10 0-521-84311-1 Hardback edition with CD-ROM ISBN-13. 978-3-12-534086-2 Klett edition with CD-ROM ISBN-10 3-12-534086-1 Klett edition with CD-ROM ISBN-13 978-3-12-534084-8 Klett edition ISBN-10 3-12-534084-5 Klett editionContents Thanks vii To the student viii To the teacher x Present and past 1 Present continuous (I am doing) Present simple (I do) Present continuous and present simple 1 (1am doing and I do) Present continuous and present simple 2 (am doing and I do) Past simple (I did) Past continuous (I was doing) Present perfect and past 7 Present perfect 1 (I have done} 8 9 10 ul 12 13 14 15 16 7 18 Present perfect 2 (I have done) Present perfect continuous (I have been doing) Present perfect continuous and simple (I have been doing and I have done) How long have you (been) ... ? For and since When ... ? and How long Present perfect and past 1 (Ihave done and I did) Present perfect and past 2 (Ihave done and I did) Past perfect (I had done) Past perfect continuous (I had been doing) Have got and have Used to (do) Future 19 20 2 22 23 24 25 Present tenses (Iam doing /I do) for the furure (I'm) going to (do) Willshall 1 Willshall 2 I will and 'm going yo Will be doing and will have done When I do/ When I've done When and if Modals 26 ay 28 29 30 31 32 34 35 36 37 IF YOU ARE NOT Can, could and (be) able to Could (do) and could have (done) Must and can’t ‘May and might 1 May and might 2 Have to and must Must mustn't needn't Should 1 Should 2 Had better It's time ... Would Can/Could/Would you ... ? etc. (Requests, offers, permission and invitations) oes TAs Mycenaean ren roIf and wish 38 If Ido... and If I did... 39 If knew... I wish I knew ... 40 If {had known .., I wish Thad known ... 41 Wish Passive 42. Passive 1 (is done / was done) 43 Passive 2 (be done / been done / being done) 44 Passive 3 45. Itis said that ... He is said to... He is supposed t0 ... 46 Have something done Reported speech 47. Reported speech 1 (He said that...) 48. Reported speech 2 Questions and auxiliary verbs 49 Questions 1 50 Questions 2 (Do you know where ... ?/ He asked me where 51 Auxiliary verbs (haveldolean etc.) I think so /I hope so etc. 52 Question tags (do you? isn’t it? ete.) ing and the infinitive 53. Verb + -ing (enjoy doing / stop doing etc.) 54. Verb + to ... (decide to ... / forget to ) 55 Verb (+ object) + to «.. (I want you to ... etc. 56. Verb + -ing or to ... 1 (remember/regret etc.) 57 Verb + -ing or to ... 2 (try/nced/help) 58. Verb + -ing or to ... 3 (like / would like etc.) 59 Prefer and would rather 60. Preposition (in/for/about etc.) + -ing 61 Be/get used to something (I'm used to ...) 62. Verb + preposition + -ing (succeed in -ing / accuse somebody of -ing ete.) 63. Expressions + -ing 64. To... for ... and so that ... (purpose) 65 Adjective + £0 w+» 66 To ... (afraid to do) and preposition + -ing (afraid of -ing) 67 See somebody do and see somebody doing 68. -ing clauses (Feeling tired, I went to bed early.) Articles and nouns 69 Countable and uncountable 1 70 Countable and uncountable 2 71 Countable nouns with a/an and some 72 Alan and the 73 The! 74 The 2 (school / the school etc.) 75 The 3 (children / the children) 76 The 4 (the giraffe / the telephone / the piano etc., the + adjective) 77 Names with and without the 1 78 Names with and without the 2 Pei a asa aca79. Singular and plural 80 Noun + noun (a tennis ball / a headache) 81 ~'s (your sister’s name) and of ... (the name of the book) Pronouns and determiners 82. Myself/yourself/themselves etc. $3 A friend of mine My own house On my own / by myself 84 There ... and it... 85. Some and any 86 No/none/any — Nothing/nobody etc. 87 Much, many, little, few, a lor, plenty 88 All /all of —most/most of _no/ mone of etc. 89 Both both of neither / neither of either / either of 90 All, every and whole 91 Each and every Relative clauses 92 Relative clauses 1: clauses with who/thavwhich 93. Relative clauses 2: clauses with and without who/that/which 94 Relative clauses 3: whose/whom/where 95 Relative clauses 4: extra information clauses (1) 96. Relative clauses 5: 97 -ing and -ed clauses (the woman talking to Tom, the boy injured in the accident) extra information clauses (2) Adjectives and adverbs 98 Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed (boring/bored ete.) 99 Adjectives: a nice new house, you look tired 100 Adjectives and adverbs 1 (quick/quickly) 101 Adjectives and adverbs 2 (well/ast/late, hard/hardly) 102. So and such 103 Enough and too 104 Quite, pretty, rather and fairly 105 Comparison 1 (cheaper, more expensive etc.) 106 Comparison 2 (much better / any better / better and better / the sooner the better) 107 Comparison 3 (as ... as / than) 108. Superlatives (the longest, the most enjoyable etc.) 109 Word order 1: verb + object; place and rime 110 Word order 2: adverbs with the verb 111 Still, yet and already Any more / any longer / no longer 112 Even Conjunctions and prepositions 113 Although / though / even though In spite of / despite 114 In case 115 Unless As long as Provided/providing 116 As (As I walked along the street ... / As I was hungry ...) 117 Like and as 118 Asif / as though / IF YOU Oe aOR Ae meee119 For, during and while 120 By and until By the time ... Prepositions 121 Avon/in (time) 122 On time and in time 123 In/avon (position) 1 124 In/av/on (position) 2 125 Infat/on (position) 3 126 To/at/in/into 127 In/at/on (other uses) 128 By 129. Noun + preposition (reason for, cause of etc.) 130 Adjective + preposition 1 131 Adjective + preposition 2 132. Verb + preposition 1 to and at 133. Verb + preposition 2. abouv/for/offafter 134 Verb + preposition 3 about and of 135 Verb + preposition 4 of/forifrom/on 136 Verb + preposition 5 in/into/with/to/on At the end and in the end Phrasal verbs 137 138 139 140 141 142, 143 144 145 Appendix 1 Phrasal verbs 1 Phrasal verbs 2 Phrasal verbs 3 Phrasal verbs 4 Phrasal verbs 5 Phrasal verbs 6 Phrasal verbs 7 Phrasal verbs 8 Phrasal verbs 9 Regular and irregular verbs Introduction in/out out on/off (1) on/off (2) up/down up (1) up (2) away/back 292 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Appendix 4 Appendix 5 Appendix 6 Appendix 7 Present and past tenses 294 The future 295 Short forms (I'm / you've / didn’t etc.) 297 Spelling 298 American English 300 Additional exercises 302 Study guide 326 Key to Exercises 336 Key to Additional exercises 368 Key to Study guide 372 Index 373 Tad ay es Modal verbs (can/could/will/would etc.) 296 eaeI wrote the original edition of Er Grammar in Use when I was a teacher at the Swan School of English, Oxford. I would like to repeat my thanks to my colleagues and students at the school for their help, encouragement and interest at that time. More recently I would like to thank all the teachers and students I met and who offered their thoughts on the previous edition, Ir was fun to meet you all and extremely helpful for me. Regarding the production of this third edition, I am grateful to Alison Sharpe, Liz Driscoll, Jane Mairs and Kamae Design. 1 would also like to thank Cambridge University Press for permission to access the Cambridge International Corpus. Thank you also to the following illustrators: Paul Fellows, Gillian Martin, Roger Penwill, Lisa Smith and Simon Williams.viii To the student ‘This book is for students who want help with English grammar. It is written for you to use without a teacher. The book will be useful for you if you are not sure of the answers to questions like these: ‘What is the difference between / did and I have done? 15 When do we use will for the future? | Whar is the structure after I wish? G When do we say used to do and when do we say used to doing? 2 When do we use the? 3 What is the difference between like and as? These and many other points of English grammar are explained in the book and there are exercises on each point. Level . The book is intended mainly for intermediate students (students who have already studied the basic grammar of English). It concentrates on those structures which intermediate students want to use, but which often cause difficulty. Some advanced students who have problems with grammar will also find the book useful. The book is not suitable for elementary learners. How the book is organised ‘There are 145 units in the book. Each unit concentrates on a particular point of grammar. Some problems (for example, the present perfecr or the use of the) are covered in more than one unit. For a list of units, see the Contents at the beginning of the book. Each unit consists of two facing pages. On the left there are explanations and examples; on the right there are exercises. At the back of the book there is a Key for you to check your answers to the exercises (page 336). There are also seven Appendices at the back of the book (pages 292-301). These include irregular verbs, summaries of verb forms, spelling and American English. Finally, there is a detailed Index at the back of the book (page 373). How to use the book The units are not in order of difficulty, so it is nof intended thar you work through the book from beginning to end. Every learner has different problems and you should use this book to help you with the grammar that you find difficult. It is suggested that you work in this way 0 Use the Contents and/or Index to find which unit deals with the point you are interested in. © If you are not sure which units you need to study, use the Study guide on page 326. G Study the explanations and examples on the left-hand page of the unit you have chosen. © Do the exercises on the right-hand page. © Check your answers with the Key. 1 If your answers are not correct, study the left-hand page again ro see what went wrong. You can of course use the book simply as a reference book without doing the exercises.Additional exercises [At the back of the book there are Additional exercises (pages 302-325), These exercises bring together some of the grammar points from a number of different units. For example, Exercise 16 brings together grammar points from Units 26-36, You can use these exercises for extra practice after you have studied and practised the grammar in the units concerned. CD Rom The book is sold with or without a CD Rom. On the CD Rom you will find more exercises on all the units (different from those in the book). There are also 1,700 test questions, and you can use these to make your own tests. The CD Rom can also be bought separately.To the teacher English Grammar in Use was written as a self-study geammar book, but teachers may also find it useful as additional course material in cases where further work on grammar is necessary. The book will probably be most useful at middle- and upper- intermediate levels (where all or nearly all of the material will be relevant), and can serve both as a basis for revision and as a means for practising new structures. It will also be useful for some more advanced students who have problems with grammar and need a book for reference and practice. The book is not intended to be used by elementary learners, The units are organised in grimmatical categories (Present and past, Articles and nouns, Prepositions etc.). They are not ordered according to level of difficulty, so the book should not be worked through from beginning to end. Ir'should be used selectively and flexibly in accordance with the grammar syllabus being used and the difficulties students are having, The book can be used for immediate consolidation or for later revision or remedial work. Ie might be used by the whole class or by individual students needing extra help. The left-hand pages (explanations and examples) are written for the student to use individually, but they may of course be used by the teacher as a source of ideas and information on which to base a lesson. ‘The student then has the left-hand page as a record of what has been taught and can refer to it in the future. The exercises can be done individually, in class or as homework. Alternatively (and additionally), individual students can be directed to study certain units of the book by themselves if they have particular difficulties not shared by other students in their class, Don't forget the Additional exercises at the back of the book (see To the student). The book is sold with or without a CD Rom. This contains further exercises on all the units in the book, as well as a bank of 1,700 test questions from which users can select to compile their own tests. The CD Rom is also available separately. An edition of English Grammar in Use without the Key is also available, Some teachers may prefer this for use with their students. English Grammar in Use Third Edition ‘This is a new edition of English Grammar in Use. The differences between this edition and the second edition are: © There are eight new units on phrasal verbs (Units 138-145). There is also a new unit on wish (Unit 41). Units 42-81 and 83-137 all have different numbers from the second edition. Some of the material has been revised or reorganised, and in most units there are nor changes in the examples, explanations and exercises. © The Additional exercises have been extended. The new exercises are 14-16, 25, 30-31, and 37-41. 1 The book has been redesigned with new colour illustrations, 1 There is a new CD Rom with further exercises to accompany the book.English Grammar in UseUnit ji) Present continuous (I am doing) EY study this example situation: Sarah is in her car. She is on her way to work. She is driving to work. This means: she is driving now, at the time of speaking, ‘The action is not finished. Amfis/are + -ing is the present continuous 1 am (=m) driving he/shelit is (=he’sete.) | working we're etc.) | doing etc. | elyoulthey are ( aaa) Tam doing something = I'm in the middle of doing it; I've started doing it and I haven't finished yet: 15 Please don’t make so much noise. I'm trying to work. (not I try) 3 ‘Where’s Mark?’ ‘He's having a shower.’ (not He has a shower) © Let’s go out now. It isn’t raining any more. (not It doesn’t rain) © (at a party) Hello, Jane. Are you enjoying the party? (ot Do you enjoy) © What's all that noise? What's going on? (= What's happening?) ‘The action is nor necessarily happening at the time of speaking. For example: Steve is talking to a friend on the phone. He says: ‘'m reading a really good book at the moment)» Its about a tan who Steve is not reading the book at the time of speaking. He means that he has started it, but has not finished it yer. He is in the middle of readin Some more examples: © Kate wants to work in Italy, so she’s learning Italian, (but perhaps she isn’t learning. Iralian ar the time of speaking) 2 Some friends of mine are building their own house. They hope to finish it next summer. You can use the present continuous with today / this week / this year etc. (periods around now): 3 a: You're working hard today. (not You work hard today) ts: Yes, [have a lot to do. 5 The company I work for isn't doing so well this year. We use the present continuous when we talk about changes happening around now, especially | with these verbs: get change become increase rise fall grow improve begin start 1 Is your English getting better? (not Does your English get better) 1 The population of the world is increasing very fast. (rot increases) © At first I didn’t like my job, but I'm beginning to enjoy it now. (not I begin) 2 Present continuous and present simple —> Units 3 Present tenses for the future > Unit 19Exercises Unit 1 1.1 Complete the sentences with the following verbs in the correct form: get happen look lose = make start stay try work "You ./re..working.. hard today.’ ‘Yes, | have a lot to do.” for Christine. Do you know where she is? i dark. Shall I turn on the al They don’t have anywhere to live at the moment. They . until they find somewhere. bee .. With friends 5 Things are not so good at work. The COMPANY -eciccoonnninnsie 6 Have you got an umbrella? It . - ——uususotO Fain: FYOU cesesnsinninssiimineinmnnnnnnnnn & LOC OF NOISE. ‘Can you be quieter? [ ... to concentrate. 8 Why are all these people here? What .... - 1.2 Put the verb into the correct form. Sometimes you need the negative (I'm not doing etc.). 1 Please don’t make so much noise. I 'm.. bryung (try) to work. 2 Let’s go out now, It ....80.t. 140009. (rain) any more. You can turn off the radio. 1 of .. (listen) to it. Kate phoned me last night. She’s on holiday in France. She ... a great time and doesn’t want to come back. 5 I want to lose weight, so this week I .. es 6 Andrew has just started evening asses, He rz 7 Paul and Sally have had an argument. They .. BY ccetsce amvninintisuninonmoionnsin (Get) tired. I need a rest. 9 Tim ..... es commen (WOFK) this week. He’s on holiday. Ww .. (have) (eat) lunch. .. (learn) German. .» (speak) to each other. 1.3 Complete the conversations. 1 A: I saw Brian a few days ago. Oh, did you? ...\What's he doing these days? (what / he / do) : He's at university. eT swe 2 (What / he / study) : indicia o om niimensmccccctte (NE ehoy) G Yes, he's says it’s a very “aod course. : Hi, Liz. How . . 8: Not bad. It wasn’t so good at nes bui now. (things / get) A: What abour sea Is he OK? B: Yes, bur ... “ He’s been in the same job fora lorie: time and ... bored with it. (he / begin) Ea Ss we » . in your new job? (you / get on) . better soos His work at the moment. (he / not / enjoy) tO get 1.4. Complete the sentences using the following verbs: begin change get = imerease- rise 1 The population of the world . very fast. 2 The WOE oceevnsiennns Things never sta 3 The situation is already bad: and’ it 4 The cost of living . 5 The weather .......:.. as strong. he same. worse. . Every year things are more expensive. .. to improve. The rain has stopped, and the wind isn’tPresent simple (I do) Study this example situation: Alex is a bus driver, but now he is in bed asleep. He is not driving a bus. (He is asleep.) but He drives a bus. (He is a bus driver.) Drive(s)/work(s)/do(es) etc. is the present simple: IAve/you/they drive/work/do ete. he/she/it drives/works/does etc. har ee] We use the present simple to talk about things in general. We use it to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is true in general: © Nurses look after patients in hospitals. © I usually go away at weekends. © The earth goes round the sun. O The café opens at 7.30 in the morning. C Remember: I work .... but He works ... They teach .... but My sister teaches ... For spelling (-s or -es), see Appendix 6, We use do/does to make questions and negative sentences: ? Iwe/you/they work? I/welyou/they | don’t work drive? | | he/she/it he/she/it | doesn’t | | do? | | do | does OI come from Canada. Where do you come from? 1 I don’t go away very often. © What does this word mean? (not What means this word?) © Rice doesn’t grow in cold climates. In the following examples, do is also the main verb (do you do / doesn’t do etc.): 0 ‘What do you do?’ ‘I work in a shop.’ 0 He’s always so lazy. He doesn’t do anything to help. We use the present simple to say how often we do things: 1 I get up at 8 o’clock every morning. © How often do you go to the dentist? Ci Julie doesn’t drink tea very often. © Robert usually goes away two or three times a year. I promise / I apologise etc. Sometimes we do things by saying something. For example, when you promise to do something, you can say ‘I promise ...’; when you sx#ggest something, you can say ‘I suggest © I promise I won't be late. (zot I'm promising) 0 ‘What do you suggest I do?’ ‘I suggest that you...’ In the same way we say: I apologise ... / I advise ... / I insist ... / I agree ... / I refuse ... etc. 4 Present simple and present continuous — Units 3-4 Present tenses for the future > Unit 19Exercises Unit 2 21 22 23 2.4 2.5 Complete the sentences using the following verbs: cause(s) connect(s) drink(s) live(s) open(s) — -speak{s}- —_take(s) 1 Tanya ...SP&4KS.... German very well. 2 I don’t often ....... ionaruage, COMEES 3 The swimming pool at 7.30 every morning. 4 Bad driving... y So MY patents ncccnconone mee Na Very small flat. 6 The Olympic Games noc csorsumnnne place every four years. 7 The Panama Canal . .. the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Put the verb into the correct form. .. (not / drink) tea very often. the banks / close) here? w« (not / use) it much. fartin / come) from?’ ‘He's Scottish.’ . (you / do)?’ ‘I’m an electrician.’ (take) me an hour to get to work. How long (it / take) you? I've got a computer. , but “What 2 3 4 ‘Where .. 5 6 Ie. Look at this sentence. What .... 8 David isn’t very fit. He ... (this word / mean)? not / do) any sport. Use the following verbs to complete the sentences. Sometimes you need the negative: believe eat_~— flow go grow =o make_—srise tell _ translate 1 The earth ....99¢8. round the sun. 7 An interpreter ... .. from one 2 Rice... .. in Britain. language into another. 3 The sun . inthe east. 8 Liars are people who ..... 4 Bees .... 3 . honey. the truth. 5 Vegetarians . . Meat. 9 The River AMAZON Qu. 6 An atheist . in God. into the Atlantic Ocean. You ask Liz questions about herself and her family. Write the questions. 1 You know that Liz plays tennis. You want to know how often. Ask her. How often ...40..you. play tennis Perhaps Liz’s sister plays tennis too. You want to know. Ask Liz. .. your sister You know thar Lig reads a newspaper every day. You want to know which one. Ask her, wv we 4 You know that Liz’s brother works. You want to know what he does. Ask Liz. ws You know that Liz goes to the cinema a lot. You want to kriow how often. Ask her. 6 You don’t know where Liz’s grandparents | You want to know. Ask Liz. Complete using the following: I apologise T insist I promise I recommend suggest ugdest.. we go out for a walk. what you said. 3 (ina restaurant) You must let me pay for the meal. 4 .. for what I did. It won't happen again. 5 Then new restaurant in Hill Street is very good. 1 It’s a nice day. 2 I won't tell anybod:UiiTis 8) HR always do and rm always doi Present continuous and present simple 1 (I am doing and | do) Compare: Present continuous (Iam doing) We use the continuous for things happening at or around the time of speaking. The action is not complete. Lam doing Present simple (I do) We use the simple for things in general or things thar happen repeatedly. SS SSS past now future © The water is boiling. Can you turn it off? 1 Listen to those people. Whar language are they speaking? G Let’s go out. It isn’t raining now. co 'm busy.” ‘What are you doing?” 2 I'm getting hungry. Let’s go and cat. ) Kate wants to work in Italy, so she’s learning Italian. 1 The population of the world is increasing very fast. We use the continuous for temporary situations: 1 Pm living with some friends uneil I find a place of my own. a: You're working hard today B: Yes, I have a lot to do. See Unit 1 for more information. always do (something) = I do it every time: past now Future Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius 5 Excuse me, do you speak English? 5 It doesn’ rain very much in summer. © What do you usually do at weekends? I always get hungry in the afternoon, = Most people learn to swim when they are children, Every day the population of the world increases by about 200,000 people. We use the simple for permanent situations: © My parents live in Landon. They have lived there all their lives. 5 John isn’t lazy. He works hard most of the time. See Unit 2 for more information. © Talways go to work by car. (not I'm always going) ‘Vm always doing something’ has a different meaning. For example: i —— Cave tost my pen again. fm always losing things. Two more examples: o You're always watching celevi (= You watch television too often) I'm always losing things = I lose things very often, perhaps too often, or more often than normal. mn. You should do something more active. © Tim is never satisfied. He’s always complaining, (= He complains too much) Present continuous and simple 2 Unit 4 Present tenses for the future — Unit 19Exercises Unit 3 3.1 Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them where necessary. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. Ok. The water boils. Can you turn it off? Look! That man tries to open the door of your car. Can you hear those people? What do they talk about? The moon goes round the earth in about 27 days. I must go now. Ir gets late. I usually go to work by car. ‘Hurry up! It’s time to leave.” ‘OK, I come.” I hear you've got a new job. How do you get on? Paul is never late. He’s always getting to work on time. They don’t get on well. They7re always arguing. INURUNe HOO ow 3.2 Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple. 1 Let’s go out. It . isn’t. raining... (not / rain) now. 2 Julia is very good at languages. She ....2P&4KS.... (speak) four languages very well. 3 Hurry up! Everybody i sm (Wait) for you. 4° (you / listen) to the radio?” ‘No, you can turn it off.’ SS oxsne “ (you / listen) to the radio every day?’ ‘No, just occasionally.’ 6 The River Nile . (flow) into the Mediterranean. 7 The river ... (flow) very fast today - much faster than usual. 8 We usually .. (grow) vegetables in our garden, but this year we (not / grow) any. 9 a: How’s your English? B: Not bad. I think it . a 10 Rachel is in London at them moment. She . She always ... 11 Can we stop wal 12 a: Can you drive? B: 1. 13 Normally I . (improve) slow (stay) at the Park Hotel. there when she’s in London, .. (start) to feel tired. (learn). My father (teach) me. wwe (finish) work at Rive, but this week I (work) until six to earn a little more money. (live) in Manchester. They were born there and have never .. (your parents / live)? (stay) with 14 My parents lived anywhere else. Where .. 15 Sonia .. 7 .. (look) for a place to live. She ... her sister until she finds somewhere. 16 A: What ........ ur brother / do)? . (not / work) at the moment. . tetiox)-p Parties, but I. B: He’s an architect, but he 17 (at a party) usually (not / enjoy) this one very much. 3.3. Finish B's sentences. Use always -ing. 1 a: I've lost my pen again. B; Not again! ....f A: The car has broken down agai B: That car is useless. Ic ....... 3 aA: Look! You've made the same mistake again. B; A B lost tw : Oh no, not again! | : Oh, I've forgotten my glasses again. g Typical!) sseccscance:Unit 4 a Cota A Present continuous and present simple 2 (I am doing and | do) We use continuous forms for actions and happenings that have started but not finished (they are eating / it is raining etc.). Some verbs (for example, know and like) are not normally used in this way. We don’t say ‘Iam knowing’ or ‘they are liking’; we say ‘I know’, ‘they like’. The following verbs are not normally used in the present continuous: ] like love hate want need prefer | know realise suppose mean understand believe remember belong fit contain consist seem | O I’m hungry. I want something to eat. (ot I'm wanting) © Do you understand what I mean? O Ann doesn’t seem very happy at the moment, Think When think means ‘believe’ or ‘have an opinion’, we do not use the continuous: O I think Mary is Canadian, but I'm not sure. (not I’m thinking) 0 What do you think about my plan? (= What is your opinion?) When think means ‘consider’, the continuous is possible: O Pm thinking about what happened. I often think about it. © Nicky is thinking of giving up her job. (= she is considering it) He is selfish and He is being selfish He’s being = He’s behaving / He’s acting. Compare: © I can’t understand why he’s being so selfish. He isn’t usually like that. (being selfish = behaving selfishly at the moment) © He never thinks about other people. He is very selfish. (ot He is being) (= He is selfish generally, not only at the. moment) We use am/is/are being to say how somebody is behaving. It is not usually possible in other sentences: O It’s hot today. (not It is being hot) 0 Sarah is very tired. (not is being tired) See hear smell taste We normally use the present simple (not continuous) with these verbs: © Do you see that man over there? (mot Are you seeing) 0 This room smells. Let’s open a window. We often use can + see/hear/smell/taste: © I can hear a strange noise, Can you hear it? Look feel You can use the present simple or continuous to say how somebody looks or feels now: © You look well today. or You're looking well today. 0 How do you feel now? or How are you feeling now? but O I usually feel tired in the morning. (vot I’m usually feeling) Present continuous and simple 1 Unit 3. Have ~ Unit 17 Present tenses for the future — Unit 19Exercises Unit 4 4d 42 43 44 Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them where necessary. Nicky is thinking of giving up her job. Ok. ‘ Are you believing in God? . I'm feeling hungry. Is there anything to eat? es This sauce is great. It's sasting really good. im thinking this is your key. Am I right? Use’ the words in brackets to make sentences. (You should also study Unit 3 before you do this exercise.) eee (you / not / seem / very happy today) You. don't seem very happy, today. (who / this umbrella / belong to?) They're too small. No, it's fre. Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple. 1 Are you hungry? D0. you want (you / want) something to eat? 2 Don’t put the dictionary away. Vee ujeoreinnernnnmnne (USE) 3 Don’t put the dictionary away, 1... (need) 4 Who is that man? What (he / want)? 5 Who is thar man? Why “ (he / look) at us? 6 Alan says he’s 80 years old, but nobody (believe) him, 7 She told me her name, but I (not / remember} it now. st (think) of selling my car. Would you be interested in buying it? 91 (think) you should sell your car. You a (not / use) it very often. 10 Air (consist) mainly of nitrogen and oxygen. Complete the sentences using the most suitable form of be. Sometimes you must use the simple {am/is/are) and sometimes the continuous is more suitable (am/is/are being). 1 I can’t understand why ...ne's..e4@... so selfish, He isn’t usually like that. 2 Sarah very nice to me at the moment. I wonder why. 3 You'll like Debbie when you meet het. She oe ;oren-mrennnem very nice. 4 You're usually very patient, so why ~nnnnnen 80 unreasonable about waiting ten more minutes? Why isn’t Steve at work today? illPast simple (I did) Study this example: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian musician and composer. He lived from 1756 to 1791. He started composing at the age of five and wrote more than 600 pieces of music He was only 35 years old when he died. Lived/started/wrote/wasie ed are all past simple. RI) Ve often the past simple ends in -ed (regular verbs): 10 © L work in a travel agency now. Before that I worked in a department store. ©] We invited them to our party, but they decided not to come. © The police stopped me on my way home last night. G Laura passed her examination because she studied very hard. For spelling (stopped, studied etc.), see Appendix 6. But many verbs are irregular. The past simple does not end in -ed. For example: write > wrote © Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music. see > saw 10 We saw Rose in town a few days ago. go > went 1 I went to the cinema three times last week. shut > shut © It was cold, so I shut the window. For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1. In questions and negatives we use did/didn't + infinitive (enjoy/see/go etc.) 1] enjoyed you | enjoy? Il enjoy she | saw did | she | see? she didn't see they | went they | ge | they go 1 A: Did you go out last night? Yes, I went to the cinema, but | didn’t enjoy the film much. © ‘When did Mr Thomas *About ten years ago.” © They didn’t invite her to the party, so she didn’t go. © "Did you have time to write the letter?” ‘No, I didn't.” In the following examples, do is the main verb in the sentence (did ... do / didn’t do} © What did you do at the weekend? (not What did you at the weekend?) © I didn’t do anything. (not | didn’t anything) ‘The past of be (am/is/are) is was/were: ——v_erv Whe/she/it was/wasn’t | was I/he/she/i welyou/they were/weren’t were welyou/the Note that we do nor use did in negatives and questions with washwere: 1 was angry because they were late. © Was the weather good when you were on holic 1 They weren’t able to come because they were so busy. © Did you go out last night or were you too tired? Past simple and past continuous + Unit 6 Past simple and present perfect —> Units 12-14Exercises Unit 5 5A 52 53 54 Read what Laura says about a typical working day: WN T usually get up at 7 o'lock and have a big breakfast. | walk to SY _) work whion takes me abou hal an hour start work at 845.1 Additional exercise 1 (page 302) 1314 Present perfect 1 (I have done) Study this example situation: Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find it. = A He has lost his key. Unit 7 Present perfect + forlsinee — Units 11-12 16 Present perfect and past -» Units 12-14Exercises Unit 8 82 83 a4 You are asking people questions about the words in brackets. (ride / horse?) ...Have. you ever ridden a. horse?, (be / California?) Have ae (ran / marathon?) am . : {speak / famous person?) : . — eae (most beautiful place / visit?) What's ..... 19s they have done. Make questions with ever using we Complete B's answers. Some sentences are positive and some negative. Use the following verbs: be be eat happen have--meet play read see see try Ay, (8 1 What's Mark's sister like?) /T've no idea. ..'ve.newer met. her, 2 How is Diane these days? | | I don’t know. her recently. 3 Are you hungry? || Yes. 1... much today. 4 Can you play chess? | | Yes, but . nem fOF ages. 5 | Are you enjoying your holiday Yes, it’s the best holiday <-eennneenenn | for a long time. 6 What's that book like? | | I'don't know. papnai it. 7 | Is Brussels an interesting place? | | I've no i eee there. 8 Mike was late for work again |_| Again? He 0. acest ANE today. | | every day this week. 9 Do you like caviar? | | Idon’t know. 10 Thear your car broke down | | Yes, its the second time ...... again yesterday. | | this week. 11 \_ Who's thar woman by the door?) (A don't know, enn nnnnes her before. Complete the sentences using today / this year / this term ete. 1 Lsaw Tom yesterday, bur ...| haven't. seen, him today, som 3 Tread a newspaper yesterday, but I “ today. 4 Last year the company made a profit, but this year ses 4 Tracy worked hard ar school last term, but 5 Irsnowed a lot last winter, but sei 6 Our football ream won a lor of games last'season, BUE WE om Read the situations and write sentences as shown in the example. iving a car, but he's very nervous and not sure what to do. Have, you driven a. car before? _No,. this. isthe first, time. I've driven a car. Ben is playing tennis. He’s not good at it and he doesn’t know the rules. You ask: Have iii He says: No, this is the first... 3 Sue is riding a horse. She doesn’t look very confident or ‘comfortable. ‘You ask: ws She says: ee ase 4 Maria is in London. She has just arrived and it's very new for her. You asl She say 17Unit i) 18 Present perfect continuous (I have been doing) It has been raining Study this example situation: - Is it raining? No, but the ground is wet. Ichas been raining. Have/has been -ing is the present perfect continuous: Wwelthey/you have (= Tve ete.) 4.4 see he/she/it has e's etc.) | een WAIN playing exe. We use the present perfect continuous for an activity that has recently stopped or just stopped. ‘There is a connection with now: © You're out of breath. Have you been running? (= you're out of breath now) © Paul is very tired. He’s been working very hard. (= he’s tired now) | Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing? © T've been talking to Amanda about the problem and she agrees with me. © Where have you been? I've been looking for you everywhere. It has been raining for two hours. Study this example situation: It began raining rwo hours ago and ir is still raining. How long has it been raining? It has been raining for two hours. We use the present perfect continuous in this way with how long, for ... and since ... . The activity is still happening (as in this example) or has just stopped © How long have you been learning English? (= you're still learning English) © Tim is still watching television. He's been watching television all di © Where have you been? Ive been looking for you for the last half hour. © Chris hasn’t been feeling well recently. You can use the present prefect continuous for actions repeated over a period of time: 5 Debbie is a very good tennis player. She's been playing since she was eight 1 Every morning they meet in the same café. They've been going there for years. Compare I am doing (see Unit 1) and I have been doing: Lam doing Thave been doing resent continuous resent perfect continuous ' now now 5 Don’t disturb me now. I'm working. I've been working hard. Now I'm going to have a break, 9 We need an umbrella. Irs raining. The ground is wet. It’s been raining © Hurry up! We're waiting. © We've been waiting for an hour. Present perfect continuous and simple —> Units 10-11 Present perfect + for/since —> Units 11-12Exercises Unit 9 91 92 93 94 What have these people been doing or what has been happening? They ve. been. shepping She we;* They He earlier | now a earlier earlier | now & __ Ph ~ earlier now aN Write a question for each situation, 1 You meet Paul as he is leaving the swimming pool. You ask: (you / swim?) Have you been. sivimming?, You have just arrived to meet a friend who is waiting for you. You ask: (you / wait / long?) You meet a friend in the street. His face and hands are very dirty You ask: (what / you / do?) A friend of yours is now working in a shop. You want to know how long. You ask: (how long / you / work / there?) A\ friend tells you about his job ~ he sells computers. You want to know how long. You ask: (how long / you / sell / computers?) Read the situations and complete the sentences. Is raining. The rain started two hours ago. Ir 3. been rauung._ for two hours. We are waiting for the bus. We started waiting 20 minutes ago. We ‘ for 20 minutes. I'm learning Spanish. I started classes in December. 1 since December. Mary is working in London, She started working there on 18 January. uu. since 18 January, Our friends always spend their holidays in Italy. They started going there years ago. for years, Put the verb into the present continuous (I am -ing) or present perfect continuous have been ~ing). Maria. hasbeen, learning... (Maria / learn) English for two years. Hello, Tom. (1/ look) for you, Where have you been? Why {you / look) at me like that? Stop it! Linda is a teacher. ow (she / teach) for ten years. (I/ think) about what you said and I've decided to take your advice “Is Paul on holiday this week?" “No, {he / work).” Sarah is very tired. -oovnnnnvnenes (She J Work) very hard recently. 19Study this example situation: Kate's clothes are covered in paint. The ceiling was white. Now it is red. She has been painting the ceiling. She has painted the ceiling, Has been painting is the present perfect Has painted is the present perfect simple. continuous. ‘We are interested in the activity. It does nor | Here, the important thing is thar something matter whether something has been finished | has been finished. Has painted is a completed or not. In this example, the activity (painting | action, We are interested in the result of the the ceiling) has not been finished. activity (the painted ceiling), not the activity | itself. Compare these examples: 9 My hands are very dirty. I've been | The car is OK again now. I've repairing the car. | repaired it. 1 Joe has been eating too much recently. | Somebody has eaten all my chocolates. He should eat less. The box is empty. © Te’s nice to see you again, Whar have you, Where's the book I gave you? What been doing since we last met? 12 Where have you been? Have you been playing tennis? have you done with i © Have you ever played tenn =. We use the continuous to s: y how long ior | We use the simple to say how much, how an activity that is still happening): many or how many tines (for completed | actions) © How long have you been reading 5 How much of thar book have you read? that book? Lisa is still writing letters. She's been 1 Lisa has written ten leters today writing letters all day. © They've been playing tennis since © They've played tennis three times this, 2 o'clock. | week. © I'm learning Spanish, but Thaven’t been | © I'm learning Spanish, but I haven't ee learning it very long. learnt very much yer. Some verbs (for example, know/like/believe) are not normally used in the continuous: 1 P've known about it for a long time. (not I've been knowing) For a list of these verbs, see Unit 4A. But note that you cam use want and mean in the present perfect continuous: = 1c I’ve been meaning to phone Jane, but I keep forgetting. Present perfect simple — Units 7-8 Present perfect continuous —> Unit 9 20 Present perfect + for/since —> Units 11-12Exercises Unit 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 For each situation, write two sentences using the words in brackets. 1 Tom started reading a book two hours ago. He is still reading it and now he is on page 53. (read / for two hours) —.He..has. been..reading, fortwo. hours. = a (read / 53 pages so far) He. has. read 53 pages. so far... - — Rachel is from Australia, She is travelling round Europe at the moment. She began her trip three months ago. (travel / for three months) She (visit / six countries so far) Patrick is a tennis player. He began playing tennis when he was ten years old. This year he is national champion again — for the fourth time, (win / the national championships / four times) — (play / tennis since he was ten) SA 4 rhe hey ee college Lau and Si sarned ling es copechee Thay wl ake Gl, (make / five films since they left college) They ox-on-wr-nnnninnnni (make / films since they left college) : For each situation, ask a question using the words in brackets. 1 You have a friend who is learning Arabic. You ask: (how long / learn / Arabic?) How. long have. you been learning Arabic? You have just arrived to meet a friend. She is waiting for you. You ask: (wait / ong?) Have = 3 You see somebody fishing by the river. You ask: (catch / any fish?) — rb 4 Some friends of yours are having a party next week. You ask: (how many people / invite?) 3 anne 5 A friend of yours is a teacher. You ask: (how long / teach?) _ sc ne aac 6 You meet somebody who is a writer. You a (how many books / write?) (how long / write / books?) me AA friend of yours is saving money to go on holiday. You ask: (how long / save?) cnt (how much money / save?) 7 an nw Put the verb into the more suitable form, present perfect simple (I have done) or continuous (I have been doing). 1 Where have you been? ... Have. you. been playing. (you / play) tennis? 2 Look! (somebody / break) that window. 3 You look tired. (you / work) hard? 4° (you / ever / work) ina factory?” ‘No, never.” 5 ‘Liz is away on holiday.’ “Is she? Where ane nsemenmen (SHE f BO)? 6 My brother is an actor, {he / appear) in several films. Sorry I'm late.’ ‘That's all right. coe HP nt / wait) Long.” “No, - (it /stop).” 8 ‘Is it still raining? 9 (I/ lose) my address book. — = (you / see) it? 10 nusnewwen (I read) the book you lent me, but = (I/ not/ finish) it yet. It’s very interesting. u (I/ read) the book you lent me, so you can have it back now. 21Uilie am 22 How long have you (been) ... ? Study this example situation: Dan and Jenny are married, They got married exactly 20 years ago, so today is their 20th wedding anniversary: They have been married for 20 years. We say: They are married. (present) but How long have they been married? (present perfect) (not How long are they married?) They have been married for 20 years. (not They are married for 20 years) We use the present perfect to talk about something that began in the past and still continues now. Compare the present and the present perfect: 1 Bill isin hospital. but He has been in hospital since Monday. (not Bill is in hospital since Monday) resent 1B Do you know each other well? 2 but Have you known each other for a long time? (not Do you know) present perfect 5 She's waiting for somebody. but She's been waiting all morning, now > Do they have a car? but How long have they had their car? Thave known/had/lived etc. is the present perfect simple. Thave been learning / been waiting / been doing etc. is the present perfect continuous. ‘When we ask or say *how long’, the continuous is more usual (see Unit 10): © I've been learning English for six months. 1 It's been raining since lunchtime. Richard has been doing the same 1 ‘How long have you been di \b for 20 years. “Since I was 1 Some verbs (for example, know/like/believe) are not normally used in the continuous: © How long have you known Jane? (not have you been knowing) © P've had a pain in my stomach all day. (nor I've been having) See also Units 4A and 10C. For have, see Unit 17. You can use either the present perfect continuous or simple with live and work: © Julia has been living / has lived in Paris for a long time. © How long have you been working / have you worked here? But we use the simple (I've lived / I've done etc.) with always: O I've always lived in the country. (not always been living) We say ‘I haven't done something sincelfor ...” (present perfect simple): 1 I haven't seen Tom since Monday. (= Monday was the last time I saw him) 1G Sue hasn't phoned for ages. (= the last time she phoned was ages ago) Uhaven't .. Jince/for —> Unit 8A Present perfect continuous ~ Units 9-10 For and since — Unit 124Exercises Unit 11 "41 2 3 Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them where necessary. : Bob is a friend of mine. Lknow him very well. OK. ai i 2 Bob is a friend of mine. Lknow him for a long time. !'[email protected] AUN Sue and Alan are married since July. . . ‘The weather is awful. It’s raining again. = The weather is awful, Irs raining all day. like your house. How long are you living there? Gary js working in a shop for the last few months. 2 Ldon’t know Tim well, We've only met a few times, . 9 I gave up drinking coffee. I don’t drink it for a year — 10 That's a very old bike. How long do you have it? a ay aa Read the situations and write questions from the words in brackets. 1 John tells you that his mother is in hospital. You ask him: (how long / be / in hospital?) How long has. your mother been in hospital? 2 You meet a woman who tells you that she teaches English. You ask hi (how long / teach / English?) " et 3 You know that Jane is a good friend of Caroline's. You ask Jane: (how long / know / Caroline?) 4 Your friend's brother went to Australia some time ago and he’s still there. You ask your frien: (how long / be / in Australia?) oa set = Tim always wears the same jacket. I's a very old jacket. You ask him: (how long / have / that jacket?) i 6 You are talking to a friend about Joe. Joe now works at the airport. You ask your frie (how long / work / at the airport?) passers, AA friend of yours is learning to drive. You ask him: thow long / learn / t0 drive?) oo 8 You meet somebody on a plane. She says that she lives in Chicago. You ask = (always / live / in Chicago?) Complete B's answers to A’s questions. AN, re Bill is in hospieal, isn’t he? \ (Yes, he 248 been... in hospital since Monday. 1 3 Do yqu see Ann very often? || No, 1 ...ngxen't. seen... her for three months. 3 Is Margaret married? || Yes, she married for ten years. 4 Are you waiting for me? || Yes, 1 ne for the last half hour. 5 You know Linda, don’t you? || Yes, we . each other a long time. 6 Do you still play tent ‘ou! tennis for years. 7 Is Jim watching TV? || Yes, he TVall evening. 8 Do you watch TV a lor? || No.1 a nen TV for ages. 9 Have you got a headache? | | Yes. Pomme & headache all morning. 10 George is never ill, is he? | | No, he ill since I've known him. nl Are you feeling ill? || Yes, 1 ill all day. 12 | Sue lives in London, doesn’t she? Yes, she in London for the last few years. 13 | Do you goto the cinema a lor? || No, 1 to the cinema for ages. 4 Would you like to go to New || Yes, 1 ~. t0 go to New York. York one day?/ \ (use always / want) 23Witiee For and since (V8 When ... ? and How long BEI | 1 for and since to say how long something has been happening, ‘We use for +a period of time (two hours, We use since + the start of a period six weeks etc): (8 o'clock, Monday, 1999 etc.): © Pve been waiting for two hours. © F've been waiting since 8 o'clock. | for two hours since 8 o'clock two hours ago» now 8 o'clock —» now for since two hours along time a week So'dock April lunchtime 20 minutes six months ages Monday 1985 we arrived five days 50 years years 12 May Christmas I got up © Sally has been working he © Sally has been working here for si 1ce April months, (not since six months) (= from April until now) © haven't seen Tom for three days T haven't seen Tom since Monday. (not since three days) (= from Monday until now) Itis possible to leave out for (but not usually in negative sentences): © They've been married (for) ten years. (with or without for) They haven't had a holiday for ten years. (you must use for) We do not use for + all ... (all day / all my life etc.): 0 P've lived here all my life. (not for all my life) BE Compare when ... ? (+ past simple) and how long .. a: When did‘it start raining? ts Iestarted raining an hour ago / at 1 o'clock. 2 ( present perfect): 4: How long has it been raining? ts: It’s been raining for an hour / since 1 oclock. A: When did Joe and Carol first meet? | a long time ago. wb: They first met when they were at school. a: How long have they known each other? | for a long time | since they were at school. ‘We say ‘It’s (a long time / two years etc.) since something happened’: G It’s two years since I last saw Joe. (= I haven't seen Joe for two years) G It’s ages since we went to the cinema. (= We haven't been to the cinema for ages) &: They've known each other You can ask “How long is it since ... 13 How long is it since you last saw Joe? (= When did you last see Joe?) © How long is it since Mrs Hill die When did Mrs Hill die?) You can also say ‘It’s been (= It has been) ... since . © It's been two years since I last saw Joe. = Unit 11 24 How long have you (been) .Exercises Unit 12 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Write for or since. 1 It’s been raining ..54°2.. lunchtime. 2 Sarah has lived in Paris 1995, 3 Paul has lived in London... ten years. 4 I'm tired of waiting. We've been sitting here an hour, 5 Kevin has been looking for a job on he left school. 6 Thaven't been to a party ages. 7 Lwonder where Joe is. I haven’t seen him last week. 8 Jane is away. She's been away none nm Friday. 9 The weather is dry: It hasn't rained a few weeks. Write questions with how long and when. 1 [es raining. (how long?) How long has. ib been. raining? (when?) .\When did it start raining? 2 Kate is learning Japanese. (how long / learn?) . (when / start?) a 3 I know Simon. (how long / you / know?) . scorer a (when / you / first / meet?) i" . ore 4 Rebecca and David are married. (how long?) (when? Read the situations and complete the sentences. I's raining. It’s been raining since lunchtime. Ir .tarted. raining ___ at lunchtime, Ann and Sue are friends. They first met years ago. They've known each. other. for. years. Joe is ill. He became ill on Sunday. He has. on Sunday. ‘Joe is ill. He became ill a few days ago. He has er Liz is married. She’s been married for a year. She got pra auato soins You have a headache. It started when you woke up. TG cutenctreemiromece tienen EWOKE UPS Sue has been in Italy for the last three weeks. She went 2 2 _ " 2s 8 You're working in a hotel. You started six months ago. Tve OR GER Write B's sentences using the words in brackets. 1 4: Do you often go on holiday? no / five years) No..|_haven't had. « houday. for. five-years Do you often see Sarah’ {no about a month) No, a - 4: Do you often go to the cinema? (no / a tong time) i 4: Do you often eat in restaurants? Be (M01 ages) NOT epee + Now write B's answers again. This time use It's... since .. 5 1) Nes. tt's five, years since. | had. a, holiday. 6 N 70 ws 8 14) No, it's oa 25Unit is) 26 Present perfect and past 1 (I have done and | did) Study this example situation: find it. He has lost his key. (present perfect) Tom is looking for his key. He can ‘This means that he doesn't have his key now. Ten minutes later: Now Tom has found his key. He has it now: CF Has he lost his key? No, he has found it. on Did he lose his key? Yes, he did. He lost his key (past simple) * but now he has found it. (present perfect) The present perfect (something has happened) is a present tense. It always tells us about the situation now. “Tom has lost his key" = he doesn’t have his key now (sce Unit 7). The past simple (something happened) tells us only about the past. If somebody says ‘Tom lost his key’, this doesn’t tell us whether he has the key now or not. It tells us only that he lost his ey at some time in the past. Do not use the present perfect if the situation now is different. Compare: © They've gone away. They'll be back on Friday. (they are away now) ‘They went away, but I think they're back at home now. (not They've gone) 1 Teas stopped raining now, so we don’t need the umbrella, (it isn’t raining now) Ir stopped raining for a while, but now it’s raining again. (not It has stopped) You can use the present perfect for new or recent happenings: © ‘T've repaired the TV. It’s working OK now.’ ‘Oh, that’s good.” i Have you heard the news? Sally has won the lottery! Use the past simple (ot the present perfect) for things that are not recent or new: © Mozart was a composer. He wrote more than 600 pieces of music. (not has been ... has written) 1G My mother grew up in Scotland. (not has grown) Compare: © Did you know that somebody has invented a new type of washing machine? © Who invented the telephone? (not has invented) We use the present perfect to give new information (see Unit 7). But if we continue to talk about it, we normally use the past simple: © A: Ow! I've burnt myself. How did you do that? (nor have you done) picked up a hot dish. (nor have picked) : Look! Somebody has spilt something on the sofa. &: Wel, it wasn’t me. I didn’t do it. (not hasn't been ... haven't done) a Past simple —> Unit 5 Present perfect -> Units 7-8 Present perfect and past 2 -» Unit 14 ‘American English — Appendix 7Exercises Unit 13 13.1 Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets. Use the present perfect where possible. Otherwise use the past simple. The office is empty now. Everybody ii go Fm Ve (go) home ean't get in. EH | meant to call you last night, but | forget. Mary 5 (0) to Egypt for a holiday, but she's back home in England now. ao) Are you OK? Can you help us? Our car Yes, | (nave) @ headache, but | fee! fine now. ah = (break) down, 13.2 Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple. 1 Ic st¢9pe4._ raining for a while, bur now it’ raining again. (stop) 2 The town is very different now. Ir has. changed a lor. (change) 3 Idid German at school, but 1 most of it now. (forget) 4 The police three people, but later they let them go. (arrest) 5 Whar do you think of my English? Do you think it > (improve) 6 A: Are you still reading the paper? & No.1 with it. You can have it. (Finish) 71 2 for a job as a tourist guide, but I wasn't successful. (apply) 8 Where's my bike? Ir outside the house, but irs not there now. (be) 9 Look! There's an ambulance over there. There an accident. (be) 10 4: Have you heard about Ben? He his arm. (break) &: Really? How that 2 (happen) a: He - off a ladder. (fall) 13.3 Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct them where necessary. Do you know about Sue? She's given up her job. OK nnn My mother has grown up in Scotland, grew = How many plays espeare written? . Ow! Lve cur my finger. It’s bleeding. ~ Drugs have become a big problem everywhere The Chinese have invented paper. Where have you heen born? 7” Mary isn’t at home. She's gone shopping, Albert Einstein has been the scientist who has developed the theory of relativity. 27Present perfect and past 2 (I have done and | did) Do not use the present perfect (I have done) when you talk about a finished time (for example, yesterday / ten minutes ago / in 1999 / when I was a child). Use a past tense: It was very cold yesterday. (not has been) 1 Paul and Lucy arrived ten minutes ago. (not have arrived) 1 Did you eat a lot of sweets when you were a child? (not have you eaten) © I got home late last night. I was very tired and went straight to bed. Use the past to ask When ... ? or What time 1 When did your friends arrive? (not have ... arrived) 13 What time did you finish wor Compare: Present perfect © Tom has lost his key. He can’t get into the house. GIs Carla here or has she left? Compare: Present perfect (have done) 1 Pve done a lot of work today. ‘We use the present perfect for a period of time that continues until now. For example: today / this week / since 1985. Past simple ‘Tom lost his key yesterd: get into the house. = When did Carla leave? . He couldn't Past simple (did) 5 I did a lor of work yesterday. We use the past simple for a finished time in the past. For example: yesterday / last week / from 1995 to 2001. unfinished finished today yesterday past now past now © It hasn't rained this week. © Have you seen Anna this morning? {itis still morning) © Have you seen Tim recently? don't know where Lisa is. I haven't seen her. (= I haven't seen her recently) © We've been waiting for an hour. (we are still waiting now) © Tan lives in London. He has lived there for seven years. © Thave never played golf. (in my life) © It's the last day of your holiday. You say: It’s been a really good holiday. I've really enjoyed it. © It didn’t rain last week. = Did you see Anna this morning? {it is now afternoon or evening) © Did you see Tim on Sunday? © A: Was Lisa at the party on Sunday? : I don't think so. I didn’t see her. © We waited (or were waiting) for an hour. (we are no longer waiting) = Ian lived in Scotland for ten years. Now he lives in London. I didn’t play golf last summer. © After you come back from holiday you say: It was a really good holiday. I really enjoyed it. Past simple — Unit 5 Present perfect — Units 7-8 Present perfect and past 1 — Unit 13Exercises Unit 14 14.1 Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct them where necessary. 1 Eselost my key. can't find it anywhere, 2 Have you eaten a lot of sweets when you were a child? I've bought a new car, You must come and see it. se . ve bought a new car last week. - Se =: Where have you been yesterday evening? — o se Lucy has left school in 1999. a ssi T'm looking for Mike. Have you seen him? — “Have you been to Paris?” “Yes, many times.” ss i. I'm very hungry. Lhaven’t eaten much today: wi a 10 When has this book been published? 14.2 Make sentences from the words in brackets. Use the present perfect or past simple. (it / not / rain / this week) ...|¢ hasn't, rained. this week (the weather / be / cold / recently) The weather = (it/ cold / last week) It sisipeaesas (I/ not / read /a newspaper yesterday) 1 (L/ not / read / a newspaper today) st . (Emily / earn / a lot of money / this year) a (she / not / earn / so much / last year) (you / have / a holiday recently?) . Bw ce Ian 14.3. Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple. 1 I don’t know where Lisa is, Have. You.Seen.. (you / see) her? 2 When I (get) home last night, | noonn (be) very tired and I (go) straight ro bed. 3a {you / finish) painting the bedroom? Nor yet. I'll finish it vomorrow 4 George (not / be) very well last week. 5 Mr Clark (work) in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up. 6 Molly lives in Dublin. She (live) there all her life. F Wins (you / go) to the cinema last night? bs Yes, bur it (be) a mistake. The film. ——» (be) awful. 8 My grandiather (die) before Twas born. 1 S (never / meet) him. 9 Idon’t know Carol's husband, 1 (never / meet) him. Is Martin here? t: No, he “ (go) our. + When exactly the / go) out? About ten minutes ago. + Where do you live? #: In Boston : How long (you / live) there? _&: Five years. Where (you / live) before that? &: In Chicago. + And how long —--- {you / live) in Chicago? : Two years. 14.4 Write sentences about yourself using the ideas in brackets. (something you haven't done today) ..!..Maxen't. eaten. any, fruit. today, on (something you haven't done today) (something you didn’t do yesterday) i (something you did yesterday evening) - (something you haven’t done recently) cae " x (something you've done a lor recently) - a we — Additional exercises 2~4 (pages 303-04), 14-15 (pages 310-11) 29Uti ism Past perfect (I had done) EY study this example situatios at 11.00 Sarah went to a party last week. Paul went to the party too, bur they didnt see each other. Paul left the party ar 10.30 and Sarah arrived at 11 o'clock. So: When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul wasn't there. He had gone home. Had gone is the past perfect (simple: Wwelthevvou yy (= Tdere) Sone he/shefit (= he'd eC.) | Friched etc. PAUL SARAH ‘The past perfect simple is had + past participle (gone/seen/finished etc). Sometimes we talk about something that happened in the past: © Sarah arrived at the party. This is the starting point of the story. Then, if we want to talk about things that happened before this time, we use the past perfect (had © When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home. Some more examples: © When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat. 1 Karen didn’t want to go to the cinema with us because she'd already seen the film. © At first I thought I'd done the right ching, but I soon realised that I'd made a big mistake. © The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. He hadn't flown before. or... He had never flown before. BEY compare the present perfect (have seen etc.) and the past perfect (had seen etc): Present perfect Past perfect have seen had seen past mow past now © Who is that woman? I've never seen = I didn’t know who she was. I'd never her before. seen her before, (= before that time) ‘We aren't hungry. We've just had lunch. ‘We weren't hungry. We'd just had lunch. 5 The house is dirty. They haven't cleaned = The house was dirty. They hadn't it for weeks. cleaned it for weeks. BEES Compare the past simple (left, was etc.) and the past perfect (had left, had been ete): 5 A: Was Tom there when you arrived? a: Was Tom there when you arrived? 3: Yes, but he left soon afterwards B: No, he had already left. © Kate wasn't at home when I phoned. Kate had just got home when I phoned. She was at her mother’s house. She had been at her mother’s house. 30 Past perfect continuous — Unit 16 Irregular verbs (gone/seen ete.) > Appendix }Exercises Unit 15 15.1 Read the situations and write sentences from the words in brackets. 1 You went to Sue’s house, but she wasn't there. (she / go / out) ...She had. gone. out. on seins You went back ro your home town after many years. It wasn't the same as before. (it / change / a lot) 3 [invited Rachel to the party, br she couldn't come. (she-/ arrange / to do something else) mae 4 You went to the cinema last night. You got to the cinema late. (the film / already / begin) aang en Ir was nice to see Dan again after such a long time. (LJ not / see / him for five Years) ee 6 L offered Sue something to eat, but she wasn’t hungry. (she / just / have / breakfast) 15.2 For each situation, write a sentence ending with never ... before. Use the verb in brackets. 1 The man sitting next to you on the plane was very nervous. It was his first flight. (fly) He'd never flown before. 2A woman walked into the room. She was a complete stranger to me. (see) I ais ocnnnne before, 3 Sam played tennis yesterday. He wasn’t very good at it because it was his first game. (play) He sass te 4 Last year we went to Denmark. It was our frst ime there. (be there) We 153 Use the sentences on the left to complete the paragraphs on the right. These sentences are in the order in which they happened ~ so (1) happened before (2), (2) before (3) etc. But your paragraph begins with the underlined sentence, so sometimes you need the past perfect. 1 (1, Somebody broke into the office during} We arrived at work in the morning the night. and found that somebody ...144.. broken, 2) Wearrived at work in the morning. into the office during the night. So (3) We called the police. we a aoa 2 (1) Laura went out this morning. I tried to phone Laura this morning, but Liried ro phone her no answer. (3) There was no answer. She ————— mame Jim came back from holiday a few jase Tate Be dave ies mene [inst ie [8 nnn alia 3) He looked very well. acinus ERY well, 4/11) Kevin sent Sally lots of emails. Yesterday Kevin pence 2) She never replied to them. from Sally. He oon Very Surprised, 5) Yesterday he got a phone call fromher [ He _.. lots of emails, 4 He was very surprised. UE SH ne 15.4 Put the verb into the correct form, past perfect (I had done) or past simple (I did). 1 ‘Was Paul at the party when you arrived?” ‘No, he ...14. gh... (go) home.” 2 Lele very tired when I got home, so I -nconmnm (GO) Straight to bed. 3 The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody .-nno-wuenom (G0) t0 bed, 4 Sorry I'm late, The car = (break) down on my way here. 5 We were driving along the road when we .... a (see) a car which (break) down, so we v-msnnes (SCOP) t0 help, — Additional exercises 5-8 (pages 304-07) 31Past perfect continuous : p (I had been doing) Study this example situation: yesterday morning Yesterday morning I got up and looked out of the window. The sun was shining, but the ground was very wet. Ihad been raining. | It was not raining when I looked out of the window: the sun was shining. But it had been raining before. Had been -ing is the past perfect continuous: doing sds’ been | working | playing etc. Iwelyousthey (eVdete.) | he/she/it (= he'd ete.) Some more examples: |G When the boys came into the house, their clothes were dirty, their hair was untidy and | one of them had a black eye. They'd been fighting. © I was very tired when I got home. I'd been working hard all day. ©) When I went to Madrid a few years ago, I stayed with a friend of mine. She'd been living there only a short time but knew the city very well. Rou can say that something had been happening for a period of time before something else happened: | 7 We'd been playing tennis for about half an hour when it started to rain heavily. | 1 George went to the doctor last Friday. He hadn't been feeling well for some time. ag ‘Compare have been -ing (present perfect continuous) and had been -ing (past perfect continuous): | Present perfect continuous * | Past perfect continuous | | | Ihave been -ing | Thad been -ing | | past now past now 1 Thope the bus comes soon. I've been | At last the bus came. I'd been waiting | waiting for 20 minutes. (before now) for 20 minutes. (before the bus came) | © James is out of breath. He has been 5 James was out of breath. He had been | running. running. ED) ompare was -ing (past continuous) and had been -ing: © Te wasn't raining when we went out. The sun was shining, But it had been raining, so the | ground was wet. © Cathy was sitting in an armchair resting. She was tired because she'd been working very hard. = Some verbs (for example, know and like) are not normally used in the continuous: 12 We were good friends. We had known each other for years. (not had been knowing) For a list of these verbs, see Unit 44. 32 Present perfect continuous — Units 9-10 Past perfect simple —» Unit 15Exercises Unit 16 16.1 16.2 16.3 Read the situations and make sentences from the words in brackets. 1 Lwas very tired when I arrived home. (L/ work / hard all day) ._!'¢..been, working hard, all. day. 7 The two boys came into the house. They had a football and they were both very tired. (they / play / football) SS 3 Iwas disappointed when I had to cancel my holiday. (Look / forward to it) = —— 4. Ann woke up in the middle of the he nigh. She was frightened and didn’t know where she was. (she / dream) sss 5 When I gor home, Tom was sitting in front of the TV, He had just turned it off. he / watch fa film) — Read the situations and complete the sentences. 1 We played tennis yesterday. Half an hour after we began playing, it started to rain. We had been playing for half an hour when it started to rain, 2 Thad arranged to meet Tom in a restaurant. | arrived and waited for him. After 20 minutes I suddenly realised that I was in the wrong restaurant. la eens FOF 20 minutes WhER D enennen aaa the wrong restaurant. 3 Sarah got a job in factory. Five years later the factory closed down. At the time the factory aig SORA au there for five years. 4 Lwent to a concert last week. The orchestra began playing. After about ren minutes a man in the audience suddenly started shouting. The orchestra when This time make your own sentence: 5 [began walking along the road. 1 z aa aE when an i es : Put the verb into the most suitable form, past continuous (I was doing), past perfect (I had done) or past perfect continuous (I had been doing). 1 It was very noisy next door. Our neighbours ...1ere..having.. (have) a party. 2 We were good friends, We ..!!44.,kr'own._ (know) each other for years. 3 John and I went for a walk. I had difficulty keeping up with him because he ees (walk) so fast. 4 Sue was sitting on the ground. She was out of breath. She estes 5 When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table with their mouths full. They (eat). 6 When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table and talking. Their mouths were empty, but their stomachs were full. They Seams (CBN 7 Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He — a nnennmenne (HOOK) for is contact lens. 8 When I arrived, Kate _.. (wait) for me. She was annoyed with me because I was late and she (wait) for a long time. 9 Iwas sad when I sold my car. I... uu (have) it for a very long time. 10 We were extremely tired at the end of the journey, We oo... . sous (travel) for more than 24 hours. + Additional exercises 5-8 (pages 304-07) 33Unit 17 34 Have got and have Have got and have (= for possession, relationships, illnesses etc.) You can use have got or have (without got). There is no difference in meaning: © They've got anew car. or They have a new car. © Lisa’s got two brothers. or Lisa has two brothers. © P've got a headache. or Ihave a headache. © Our house has got a small garden. or Our house has a small garden. 1 He's got a few problems. or He has a few problems. ‘With these meanings (possession etc.), you cannot use continuous forms (am having etc.): 0 We're enjoying our holiday. We've got / We have a nice room in the hotel. (not We're having) For the past we use had (without got): © Lisa had long hair when she was a child. (not Lisa had gor) In questions and negative sentences there are three possible forms: Have you got any questions? Thaven’t got any questions. Do you have any questions? I don’t have any questions. Have you any questions? (less usual) Thaven't any questions. (less usual) Has she got a car? She hasn't got a car. Does she have a car? She doesn’t have a car. | Has she a car? (less usual) She hasn't a car. (less usual) In past questions and negative sentences, we use did/didn's: id you have a car when you were living in London? © I didn’t have a watch, so I didn’t know the time. 1 Lisa had long hair, didn’t she? Have breakfast / have a bath / have a good time etc. We also use have (but not have got) for many actions and experiences. For example: / breakfast / dinner / a cup of coffee / something to eat etc. a bath /a shower / a swim / a break / a rest / a party /a holiday an accident / an experience / a dream have | a look (at something) a chat / a conversation / a discussion (with somebody) difficulty / trouble / fun / a good time etc. a baby (= give birth to a baby) Have got is not possible in the expressions in the box. Compare: © Sometimes I have (= eat) a sandwich for my lunch. (not I've gor) but Pve got / Thave some sandwiches. Would you like one? You can use continuous forms (am having etc.) with the expressions in the box: © We're enjoying our holiday. We're having a great time. (not We have) © Mike is having a shower at the moment. He has a shower every day. In questions and negative sentences we use do/does/did: 10 I don’t usually have a big breakfast. (not I usually haven't) © What time does Jenny have lunch? (not has Jenny lunch) © Did you have difficulty finding a place to live? Have (got) to... > Unit 31 American English —> Appendix 7Exercises Unit 17 17.4 17.2 173 74 Write negative sentences with have. Some are present (can't) and some are past (couldn't). Tcan’t get into the house. (a key)... haven't. 90k oe Ke. 1 couldn't read the letter. (my glasses) I can’t get onto the roof. (a ladder) I... We couldn't visit the museum. (enough time) We oe vonwnnrnnnnnnn He couldn't find his way t0 our house. (a Map) om es She can’t pay her bills. (any money) .... s - : I can't go swimming today. (enough energy) Z sina aae 8 They couldn't take any photographs. (a camera) ee a 1a we Ge Complete the questions with have. Some are present and some are past. 1 Excuse me, ave. You. 908... a pen I could borrow? 2 Why are you holding your face like th. = -sonsnes @ toothache? Bac , a lot of toys when you were a child? 4a: 7 the time, please? Yes, irs ten past seven I need a stamp for this letter. : one? When you worked in your last job, oo your own office? It started to rain very heavily while I was out. Bi rerainnicioniore — an umbrella? Write sentences about yourself. Have you got these things now? Did you have them ten years ago? Write two sentences each time using I've got / I haven't got and | had / | didn't have. (You can also write about your family: We've got ... / We had ... etc.). now ten years ago (a car) le. gob. a. car, \ didn’t have (a bike) 1 (a mobile phone) wn (840g) enn ae (a guitar) ae Mong A) ee seregecraccee (a driving licence)... awe Complete the sentences. Use an expression from the list and put the verb into the correct form where necessary. haveababy haveabreak have achat —_have difficulty _—have a good flight havealook -havelunch’ have a party have anice time _ have a shower 1 I don’t eat much during the day. I never ave. neh 2 David starts work at 8 o'clock and = ak 3 We last week. Ie was great — we invited lots of people. 4 Excuse me, 64 Pen _ at your newspaper, please? 5 Jim is away on holiday at the moment. I hope Re seven nennn = 6 Tmet Ann in the supermarker yesterday, We stopped and .... _.--» finding the book you wanted? at 10.30. Noy 1 found i it OK. 8 Suzanne -_ nisusnnmmnnn & few weeks ago. It’s her second child. 9s: Why didn’t you answer the phone? 10 You meet your friend Sally atthe airport. She has just arrived. You say: Hi, Sally. How are you? iii 2 35Unit 18 A Bl AE i 36 Used to (do) Study this example situation: a few years ago Diane doesn’t travel much these days. She prefers to stay at home. But she used to travel a lor. She used to go away two or three times a year She used to travel a lot = she travelled a lot regularly in the past, but she doesn’t do this any more. she doesn’t she used to travel abel past now these days Something used to happen = it happened regularly in the past, but no longer happens: 1 Tused to play tennis a lot, but I don’t play very often now. 10 David used to spend a lot of money on clothes. These days he can’t afford it. 1 ‘Do you go to the cinema much?” ‘Not now, but I used to.’ (= I used to go) ‘We also use used to ... for things that were true, but are not true any more: 1 This building is now a furniture shop. It used to be a cinema. 1 Tused to think Mark was unfriendly, but now I realise he’s a very nice person. 1 P've started drinking tea recently. I never used to like it before. 1 Nicole used to have very long hair when she was a child. ‘L used to do something’ is past. There is no present form. You cannot say ‘I use to do’. To talk about the present, use the present simple (I do). Compare: : past | he used to play | we used to live | there used to be present | he plays we live there is 1D We used to live in a small village, but now we live in London. 0 There used to be four cinemas in the town. Now there is only one. The normal question form is did (you) use to . 15 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child? ‘The negative form is didn’t use to ... (used not to ... is also possible): © I-didn’t use to like him, (or I used not to like him.) Compare I used to do and I was doing: © Lused to watch TV a lot. (= I watched TV regularly in the past, but I no longer do this) 5 I was watching TV when Mike called. (= I was in the middle of watching TV) Do not confuse I used to do and I am used to doing (see Unit 61). The structures and meanings are different: © Tused to live alone, (=I lived alone in the past, but I no longer live alone.) © Lam used to living alone. (=I live alone, and I don’t find it strange or difficult because ve been living alone for some time.) Past continuous {I was doing) > Unit 6 Would (= used to) — Unit 36 Be/get used to (doing) something -» Unit 61Exercises Unit 18 18.1 18.2 18.3 Complete the sentences with use(d) to + a suitable verb. 1 Diane doesn’t travel much now. She ....\42e4. te. travel... a lot, but she prefers to stay at home these days. DG en nnnnnnnnnnenen a motorbike, but last year she sold it and bought a car. 3. We came to live in London a few years ag0. We ener in Leeds. 4 Lrarely eat ice-cream now, but I an _. it when I was a child. 5. Jit evnvnnnennnennnevnmnnennanene MY best friend, but we aren't good friends any longer. 6 Ironly takes me about 40 minutes to get to work now that the new road is open. It ene More than an hour. 7 There neem @ hotel near the airport, but it closed a long time ago. 8 When you lived in New Yorky eon-venwnernnnnnnnnn t0 the theatre very often? Matt changed his life style. He stopped doing some things and started doing other things: studying hard sleeping late He stopped | going to bed early He started } going out in the evening running three miles every morning spending a lot of money Write sentences about Matt with used to and didn’t use to. 1 He used. te study hard. — 2 He. didn’t use to sleep late... . . 3 a ree — 4 on ” ort eee ance Bc saa NEAT RE ’ 6 si ‘0 oa A a ze Compare what Karen said five years ago and what she says toda FIVE YEARS AGO I'ma hotel | ropay My dog died two receptionist years ago. Heat lots of eee play the piano, | cheese now. | read a newspaper | LS S| ser Teoma Inever read || bybiE vey Bat er sees ‘t been to of Wierd pet | these days. ~_ 8 o~ a pon heme i || tdon't know mar , tm e486] San | an may sven ore rink tea, || 1 don't ike U work ina “Hon't-90-away- cheese Ie got a dog. bookshop now meh these- days 1 go to a lot of parties. | | Tea’s great! | like it now. Now write sentences about how Karen has changed. Use used to / didn’t use to / never used to in the first part of your sentence. 1 ..She.used. to travel alot... bur ...8he, doesn’t, go. amay much these. days... Bi Sheth cso nucaanangs but ke i ~ but .. 4 RAS but .. 5 i - oes on ae 6 ee ~ ae 7 co but ... 8 ests but 9 bur 10 —_ but — Additional exercise 9 (page 307) 3738 Present tenses (I am doing /! do) — for the future Present continuous (I am doing) with a future meaning This is Ben’s diary for next week He is playing tennis on Monday afternoon. He is going to the dentist on Tuesday morning. He is having dinner with Kate on Friday. In all these examples, Ben has already decided and arranged to do these things. I'm doing something (tomorrow) = I have already decided and arranged to do it: 1A: What are you doing on Saturday evening? (not What do you do) T'm going to the theatre. (not I go) a: What time is Cathy arriving tomorrow? : 1 Half past ten. I’m meeting her ar the station. 5 I'm not working tomorrow, so we can go out somewhere. 1 Ian isn’t playing foorball next Saturday. He’s hurt his leg, ‘Vm going to (do)’ is also possible in these sentences: 3 What are you going to do on Saturday evening? But the present continuous is more natural for arrangements. See also Unit 20B. Do not use will ro talk about what you have arranged to do: What are you doing this evening? (not What will you do) © Alex is getting married next month. (not will get) You can also use the present continuous for an action just before you begin to do it. This happens especially with verbs of movement (go/come/leave etc.): 2 P'm tired. I’m going to bed now. Goodnight. (not I go to bed now) 10 ‘Tina, are you ready yet?” ‘Yes, I'm coming.’ (not I come) Present simple (I do) with a future meaning ‘We use the present simple when we talk about timetables, programmes etc. (for public transport, cinemas etc.): © My train leaves at 11.30, so I need to be at the station by 11.15 © What time does the film begin this evening? 1 I's Wednesday tomorrow. / Tomorrow is Wednesday. You can use the present simple to talk about people if their plans are fixed like a timetable: © I start my new job on Monday. 2 What time do you finish work tomorrow? Bur the continuous is more usual for personal arrangements: © What time are you meeting Ann tomorrow? (not do you meet) Compare: Present continuous Present simple © What time are you arriving? © Whar time does the train arrive? © Pm going to the cinema this evening. | _& The film begins at 8.15 (this evening), Tm going to — Units 20, 23 Will — Units 21-22 Present simple after when/if ete. —» Unit 25Exercises Unit 19 19.1 A friend of yours is planning to go on holiday soon. You ask her about her plans. Use the words in brackets to make your questions. (where / go?) _..Where. are. you. going? {how long / go for?) anon a (when / leave?) pecs a (travel / by car?) (where / stay?) Scotland. Ten days. Next Friday. No, with a friend. No, by train, Ina hotel. Anew 19.2. Tom wants you to visit him, but you are very busy. Look at your diary for the next few days and explain to him why you can't come. Tost: Can you come on Monday evening? You: Sorry, but lm. playing volleyball ace AH) ‘om: What about Tuesday evening then? you: No, not Tuesday. 1 3 cases) TOM: And Wednesday evening? You: . a +3) ‘Tom: Well, are you free on Thursday? you: I'm afraid not. ceca tenes) 19.3 Have you arranged to do anything at these times? Write sentences about yourself. 1 (this evening) ...!'™.going out. this evening. or lm not. doing anything this evening.. 2 (tomorrow morning) I iene 3 (tomorrOW eVEMINg) nnn on 4G ERSUOUAE) aoecoseeeeecteeaanemeeeeS 5 (choose another day or time) rain 19.4. Put the verb into the more suitable form, present continuous or present simple. 1 I _t8..92hng... (go) to the cinema this evening. 2 Does the. fum begin (the film / begin) at 3.30 or 4.30? BWe nnn ws (have) a party next Saturday. Would you like to come? 4 The art exhibition oun enn .. (finish) on 3 May. A Tue a {not / go) out this evening. I... = (stay) at home. 6. (you /do) anything tomorrow morning?” ‘No, I'm free. Why?" 7 We anes (BO) £0 @ CONCERT COMBAT. To nnn (SAKE) at 7.30, Buus -utttusunuuuee (Have) now. P've come to say goodbye. 9 a: Have you seen Liz recently? NO, But We nnn (meet) for Tunch néxt week. 10 You are on the train to London and you ask another passenger: Excuse me. What time = {this train / get) to London? 11 You are talking to Helen: Helen, I —-—~ (go) to the supermarket. mem sac (you / come) with me? 12. You and a friend are watching television. You say: I'm bored with this programme, What time vn.» one (it end)? 131 (not / use) the car this evening, so you can have it. 4 BNC re (come) to see us tomorrow. She inp cima (travel) by train and her train (arrive) at 10.15. — Additional exercises 10-13 (pages 308-10) 39iis yi (I'm) going to (do) Tam going to do something = I have already decided to do it, T intend to do it: Are you going to watch the late film on TV tonight? No, I'm going to have an early night. &: [hear Sarah has won some money. What is she going to do with it? a: She’ going to buy a nev car. 1 P'm just going to make a quick phone ‘call. Can you wait for me? 5 This cheese looks horrible. I'm not going to eat it. BEE) | 2m doing and 1 am going to do ‘We use Iam doing (present continuous) when we say what we have arranged to do — for example, arranged to meet somebody, arranged to go somewhere: © What time are you meeting Ann this evening? 1 I’m leaving tomorrow. I've got my plane ticket. Lam going to do something = I’ve decided to do it (but perhaps not arranged to do it): “Your shoes are dirty.’ “Yes, I know. I’m going to clean them.’ (= I've decided to clean them, but I haven't arranged to clean them) © I've decided not to stay here any longer. Tomorrow I’m going to look for somewhere else to stay. Often the difference is very small and either form is possible. You can also say that ‘something is going to happen’ in the future. For example: The man can’t see the wall in front of him a He is going to walk into the wall. When we say that ‘something is going to happen’, the situation now makes this clear. The man is walking towards the wall now, so we can see that he is going to walk into it. @ oy of dal; > d le going to < IS ae ws situation now future happening Some more examples: © Look at those black clouds! It’s going to rain. (the clouds are there now) © feel terrible. I think I'm going to be sick. (I feel terrible now) 1c The economic situation is bad now and things are going to get worse. BE « ¥2s going to (do something) = 1 intended to do it, but didn’t do it: ©) We were going to travel by train, but then we decided to go by car instead. 1 Peter was going to do the exam, but he changed his mind. i Twas just going to cross the road when somebody shouted “Stop!” ‘You can say that ‘something was going to happen’ (but didn’t happen): 1 T thought it was going to rain, but it didn. 40 1 am doing forthe future -> Unit 19% 1 will and 'm going to — Unit 23Exercises Unit 20 20.1 20.2 203 20.4 Write a question with going to for each situation. 1 Your friend has won some money. You ask: (what / do with it?) What. are. you going to. do with ib? 2 Your friend is going to a party tonight. You ask: (what f Weat?) veo 3. Your friend has just boughe a new rable. You ask: (where / put it?) - 4 Your friend has decided to have a party. You ask: (who / invite?) .... on Read the situations and complete the dialogues. Use going to. 1 You have decided to tidy your room this morning. FRIEND: Are you going out this morning? you: No, ...'going. to, tidy. my. room - . - You bought a sweater, but it doesn’t fit you very well. You have decided to take it back. FRIEND: That sweater is too big for you. you: I know. You have been offered a job, but you ave declded noe wo accept it. FRIEND: I hear you've been offered a job. you: — That's right, bur a — 4 You have to phone Sarah. I's morning nov, and you have decided to phone her tonight. ‘You are in a restaurant. The food is awful and you've decided to complain. FRIEND: This food is awful, isn’t it? you: Yes, it’s disgusting. Ho Sc What is going to happen in these situations? Use the words in brackets. 1 There are a lor of black clouds in the sky. (rain) 18S goung. to. rain, scarica 2 Iris 8.30. Tom is leaving his house. He has to be at work at 8.45, bur the journey takes 30 minutes. (late) He — 2 3 There is a hole jn the bottom of the boat. A lor of water is coming in though the hole, (sink) The boat... 4 Lucy and Chris are driving. There is very litee petrol left in the tank. The nearest petrol station is a long way away. (run out) They i ssiasesscceonneciiie Complete the sentences with was/were going to + the following verbs: buy giveup have phone play travel 1 We ..were. going, to, travel. by train, but then we decided to go by car instead. I _. some new clothes yesterday, but I was very busy and didn’t have time t0 go to the shops. 3. Martin and I tennis last week, bur he was injured. 41 Jane, but I decided to email her instead. 5. &: When Tlast saw Tim, he _— his job. ts That's right, but in the end he decided to stay where he was. 6 We oo» a party last week, but some of our friends couldn't come, so we cancelled it. 4itis 21 i | 42 Will/shall 1 We use I'l (= I will) when we decide to do something at the rime of speaking: © Oh, I've left the door open. Pll go and shut it. 1G ‘What would you like to drink?” ‘Tl have an orange juice, please.” 1 ‘Did you phone Lucy?” ‘Oh no, I forgot. I'll phone her now.” You cannot use the present simple (I do / I go etc.) in these sentenc: © Pll go and shut the door. (not I go and shut) ‘We often use I think I'll ... and I don’t think I'll ... : G [feel a bit hungry. I think I'l have something to eat. © don’t think I'll go out tonight. I'm too tired. In spoken English the negative of will is usually won't (= will not): 10 Ican see you're busy, so I won't stay long. Do not use will to talk about what you have already decided or arranged to do (see Units 19-20): © I'm going on holiday next Saturday. (not I'll go) . © Are you working tomorrow? (not Will you work) ‘We often use will in these situations: Offering t0 do something © That bag looks heavy. I'll help you with it. (not I help) Agreeing to do something © a: Can you give Tim this book? 8: Sure, I'll give it to him when I see him this afternoon. Promising to do something 1D Thanks for lending me the money. I'll pay you back on Friday © [won't tell anyone what happened. I promise. Asking somebody to do something (Will you ... ?) © Will you please turn the stereo down? I'm trying to concentrate. ‘You can use won't to say that somebody refuses to do something: © I've tried to give her advice, but she won't listen, © The car won't start. (= the car ‘refuses’ to start) Shall 1... ? Shall we ... ? Shall is used mostly in the questions shall I .. ‘We use shall [ ... ?/ shall we ... ? to ask somebody's opinion (especially in offers or suggestions): © Shall I open the window? (= Do you want me to open the window?) © T've got no money. What shall [ do? (= What do you suggest?) 1 ‘Shall we go?” ‘Just a minute. I’m not ready yet.” 10 Where shall we go this evening? ‘Compare shall I... ? and will you 7 Shall I shut the door? (= Do you want me to shut it?) 1 Will you shut the door? (= I want you to shut it) Will/shall 2» Unit 22 1 will and 'm going to — Unit 23 American English —» Appendix 7Exercises Unit 21 aa 212 23 21.4 Complete the sentences with I'll + a suitable verb. 1 I'm too tired to walk home. I think lA take. a taxi. 2 ‘le’ cold in this room.’ “Is it? - _.. on the heating then.” 3 A: We haven't got any milk. 8: Oh, I forgot to buy some. ~ and get some now. 4 ‘Shall Ido the washing-up?” ‘No, it’s all right, scum it later.” 5 ‘Idon’t know how to use this computer” ‘OK, - 2 you.’ 6 ‘Would you like tea or coffee?” * _.. coffee, please.” 7 ‘Goodbye! Have a nice holid. _.. you a postcard.” 8 Thanks for letting me borrow your camera. it back to you on Monday, OK? 9 ‘Are you coming with us ‘No, | think crinane HS? Read the situations and write sentences with | think I'll... or | don't think I'll ... 1 Irs a bit cold. The window is open and you decide to close it. You say: wl thunke I close. the, window ' 2 You are feeling tired and it’s getting late. You decide to go to bed. You say: I think 3 = A friend of yours offers you a lif in his car, but you decide to walk. You say: Thank you, but = geo 4 You arranged to play tennis today. Now you decide that you don’t want to play. You say: Idon’t think You were going to go swi ut decide that you don’t want to go. You say: ‘ming. Now Which is correct? (If necessary, study Units 19-20 first.) ‘Did you phone Lucy?" ‘Oh no, I forgot. -phone/T'll phone her now.” (Ll phone is correct) I can’t meet you tomorrow. I'm playing 'I-play tennis. (I'm playing is correct) “Lineet / IIL meet you outside the hotel in half an hour, OK? “Yes, that’s fine.” ‘need some money.’ ‘OK, ['m lending /T'lLlend you some. How much do you need?’ Tm having /1'ILhave a party next Saturday. | hope you can come. “Remember to get a newspaper when you go out.’ ‘OK. L.don’t forget / | won't forget.” What time does your train leave /will your train leave tomorrow? Tasked Sue what happened, but she doesn’t tell / won't tell me. “Are you doing / Will you do anything tomorrow evening?’ ‘No, I'm free. Why?” 10 I don’t want to go out alone. Do you come/ Will you come with me? What do you say in these situations? Write sentences with shall | Bre baw ? or shall we .. 1 You and a friend want to do something this evening, but you don’t know what. You ask your friend, What shall. we do this evening? 2 You try on a jacket in a shop. You are not sure whether to buy it or not. You ask a friend for advice... seen ni a 3 It’s Helen's birthday next week. You want to give her a present, but you don’t know what. You ask a friend for advice. What 3 4 You and a friend are going on rial together, but you haven't decided where. ‘You ask him/her. sii 5 You and a friend are going out. You haven't decided whether to go by car ot to walk. You ask him/her. 6 Your friend wants you ro phone later. You don’t know what time to phone. You ask hirvher. ieiancemal OE aaienaracmta A = Additional exercises 10-13 (pages 308-10) 43Unit 22 | ) a = | Will/shall 2 ‘We do not use will to say what somebody has already arranged or decided to do: © Diane is working next week. (not Diane will work) © Are you going to watch television this evening? (not Will you watch) For ‘is working’ and ‘Are you going to ... , see Units 19-20. But often, when we talk about the future, we are not talking about what somebody has decided to do. For example: Kate is doing an exam next week. Chris and She'll pass does not mean ‘she has Joe are talking about it. decided to pass’. Joe is saying what he knows or thinks will happen. He is predicting the future. Bo you think Kate will pass the exam? When we predict a future happening or situation, we use will/won't. curis Some more examples: © Jill has been away a long time. When she returns, she'll find a lor of changes here. 1 ‘Where will you be this time next year?” ‘T'llbe in Japan.” 2 That plate is hot. If you touch it, you'll burn yourself. 3 Tom won’t pass the exam. He hasn’t studied hard enough. 3 When will you get your exam results? ‘We often use will ('Il) with: probably Tl probably be home late tonight. | Texpect © Thaven’t seen Carol today. I expect she'll phone this evening. (I'm) sure Don’t worry about the exam. I’m sure you'll pass. | () think 3 Do you think Sarah the present we bought her? | (D) don't think I don’t think the exam will be very difficult. | I wonder © Ewonder what will happen. After hope, we generally use the present (will is also possible): © Thope Kate passes the exam. (or I hope Kate will pass ...) © Thope it doesn’t rain tomorrow. Generally we use will to talk about the future, but sometimes we use will to talk about now. For example: G Don’t phone Ann now. She'll be busy. (= she'll be busy now) I shall ... / we shall ... Normally we use shall only with I and we. You can s I shall or I will (I'l) we shall or we will (we'll) © I shall be late this evening. (or I will be) © We shall probably go to Scotland in the summer. (or We will probably go) In spoken English we normally use Pll and we'll: 2 We'll probably go to Scotland. The negative of shall is shall not or shan’t: 5 I shan't be here tomorrow. (or I won't be) Do not use shall with he/she/it/you/they: © She will be very angry. (not She shall be) Willshall 1 > Unit 21 1 will and 'm going to —> Unit 23. Will be doing and will have done — Unit 24 The future Appendix 3 American English -» Appendix 7Exercises Unit 22 22.1 Which form of the verb is correct (or more natural) in these sentences? The verbs are underlined. 1 Diane isn’t free on Saturday. She'll work / She’s working. (She's working is correct) 2 Pll go /I'm going to a party tomorrow night. Would you like to come too? 3 I think Jenny will get /is getting the job. She has a lot of experience. 4 I can’t meet you this evening. A friend of mine will come / is coming to see me. 5 A: Have you decided where to go for your holidays? Yes, we'll go / we're going to Italy. 6 There's no need to be afraid of the dog. It won't hurt//It isn’t hurting you. 22.2 Complete the sentences with will (‘Il) + the following verbs: be come get like live look — meet pass- 1 Don’t worry about the exam. I'm sure you ./lL. Pass. 2. Why don’t you try on this jacket? It nen Rice ON YOU, 3. You must meet George sometime. I think you 4 It’s raining. Don’t go out. You Wet. 5 Do you think people . ween longer in the future? 6 Goodbye. I expect we . -w-s-wnenvnmeee again before long. 7 ve invited Sue co the party, but I don’t think she ees 8. When the new road is finished, my journey to work ns Much Shorter, 22.3 Put in will (‘Il) or won't. 1 Can you wait for me? I ...120t.. be very long. 2 There's no need to take an umbrella with you. It — 3 If you don’t eat anything now, you ... vw be hungey later 4 I'm sorry about what happened yesterday. It happen again. 5 I've got some incredible news! You never believe what happened. 6 Don’t ask Amanda for advice. She know what to do. 22.4 Where do you think you will be at these times? Write true sentences about yourself. Use: Ml be... or I'l probably be .. or I don't know where I'll be 1 (next Monday evening at 7.45). L.de. at home or probably, " or don’t. know. where... be, (at § o'clock tomorrow morning) 3 (at 10.30 tomorrow morning) 4 (next Saturday afternoon at 4.15) 5 (this time next year) 22.5 Write questions using do you think ... will ... ? + the following: be back cost end get married happen like rain 1 T've bought Rosa this picture. ...20. you. think she'll ike, it The weather doesn’t look very good. Do YOU sn.nmnnm The meeting is still going on. When do you My car needs to be repaired. How much Sally and David are in love. Do ‘I'm going out now.’ OK. What rime — ‘The future situation is uncertain, What ... aun Lan — Additional exercises 10-13 (pages 308-10) 45Unit Y2¥—q | will and I'm going to Future actions Study the difference between will and (be) going to: is talking to Helen: will (Il): We use will when we decide to do something at the time of speaking. The speaker has not decided before. The party is a new idea. That's a great idea. Well invite lots of people. now A rm. past now, future Later thar day, Helen meets Dave: (be) going to: We use (be) going to when we have already decided to do something. Helen had already decided to invite lots of people before she spoke to Dave ‘Sue and | have decided to have a party We're going to invite lots of people: before | fe Pm going to ... ES ee HELE Pave past now future Compare ‘Gary phoned while you were out.’ ‘OK. I'l call him back.’ sary phoned while you were out.’ *Yes, I know. I'm going to call him back.” © ‘Ann is in hospital.’ ‘Oh really? I didn’t know. I'll go and visit her.” “Ann is in hospital.’ “Yes, I know, I’m going to visit her this evening.” BEY | Ferure happenings and situations (predicting the furure) Sometimes there is not much difference between will and going to. For example, you can sa} © I think the weather will be nice this afternoon, © I think the weather is going to be nice this afternoon. ‘When we say something is going to happen, we think this is because of the situation now (see Unit 20C). For example: © Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain. (not It will rain) (We can see that it is going to rain from the clouds that are in the sky now.) 0 [feel terrible. I chink I’m going to be sick. (nor I think I'll be sick) (Ithink I'm going to be sick because I feel terrible now.) Do not use will in this type of situation. In other situations, use will: 1 Tom will probably get here at about 8 o’clock. © I think Sarah will like the present we bought for her. 1 These shoes are very well-made. They'll last a long time. 46 Frm going to —> Unit 20. Will > Units 21-22 The future -» Appendix 3Exercises Unit 23 23.1 Complete the sentences using will (‘Il) or going to. t 10 MW Why are you turning on the television? \'m. going to watch. che news. (I/ watch) : Oh, P've just realised. I haven't gor any money. Haven't you? Well, don’t worry 2 you some, (I/ lend) ve got a headache. : Have you? Wait a second and an aspirin for you. (I/ get) + Why are you filling that bucket with water? . the car. (I/ wash) : T've decided to repaint this oom. : Oh, have you? What colour - it? (you / paint) : Where are you going? Are you going shopping? Yes, something for dinner. (L/ buy) : I don’t know how to use this camera, Irs easy. anes YOU. (L/ show) : What would you like to eat? : * a sandwich, please. (I/ have) Did you post that letter for me? Oh, I'm sorry. I completely forgot. it now. (I/ do) The ceiling in this room doesn’t look very safe, does it? No, it looks as if down. (it/ fall) : Has George decided what to do when he leaves school? : Yes. Everything is planned. iraeeamaeae a holiday for a few weeks. (he / have) Then _-- 8 computer programming course. (he / do) 23.2 Read the situations and complete the sentences using will ("l) or going to. The phone rings and you answer. Somebody wants to speak to Jim. CALLER: Hello. Can I speak to Jim, please? you: Justa moment. get. him. (I/ get) It’s a nice day; so you have decided ro take a walk. Just before you go, you tell your friend, You: The weather's t00 nice to stay in. aa —-awalk. (1/ take) FRIEND: Good idea. I think psoas cmvwmene YOU. (L/ join) Your friend is worried because she has lost an important letter. you: Don't worry about the letter. I'm sure . it. (you / find) FRIEND: hope’so. There was a job advertised in the paper recently. Ar first you were interested, but then you decided not to apply FRIEND: Have you decided what to do about that job you were interested in? VOUS YO, ae nnnnnannucanaee FOF it. (I not / apply) You and a friend come home very late. Other people in the house are asleep. Your friend is noisy. you: Shh! Don’t make so much noise. _.. everybody up. (you / wake) Paul has to go to the airport to catch a plane tomorrow morning. raul: — Liz, [need somebody to take me to the airport tomorrow morning. uz: That's no problem. you, (I/ take) What time is your flight? paul: 10.50. uz OK, at about 9 o'clock then. (we / leave) Later that day, Joe offers to take Paul to the airport. jot: Paul, do you want me to rake you to the airport? raul: No thanks, Joe. me. (Liz /take) — Additional exercises 10-13 (pages 308-10) 47Unit YZ Will be doing and will have done EY study this example situation: These people are standing in a queue to get into the cinema. Half an hour from now, the cinema will be full Everyone will be watching the film. ‘Three hours from now, the cinema will be empty. The film will have finished. Everybody will have gone home. three hours from now I will be doing something (future continuous) = I will be in the middle of doing it: © This time next week Pll be on holiday. 'l be lying on the beach or swimming in the sea, © You have no chance of getting the job. You'll be wasting your time if you apply for it. Compare will be (do}ing and will (do): © Don't phone between 7 and 8. We'll be having dinner. © Let's wait for Liz to arrive and then we'll have dinner. 1 ‘Compare will be -ing with other continuous forms: © At 10 o’clock yesterday, Sally was in her office. She was working. (past) Irs 10 o'clock now. She is in her office. She is working. (present) At 10 o’clock tomorrow, she will be in her office. She will be working. We also use will be -i For example: © The government will be making a statement about the crisis later today. 1 Will you be going away this summer? © Later in the programme, I'll be talking to the Minister of Education ... 1 Our best player is injured and won't be playing in the game on Saturday. in a different way: to talk about complete actions in the future. Tater in the ‘programme til In these examples will be -ing is similar to (be) going to ... . ‘We use will have (done) (future perfect) to say that something will already be complete before a time in the future. For example: 1 Sally always leaves for work at 8.30 in the morning. She won't be at home at 9 o'clock — she'll have gone to work 3 We're late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema, Compare will have (done) with other perfect forms: 1 Ted and Amy have been married for 24 years. (present perfect) Next year they will have been married for 25 years. When their son was born, they had been married for three years. (past perfect) alte Will + Units 21-22 By then / by the time -» Unit 120 The future ~» Appendix 3Exercises Unit 24 24.1 24.2 Read about Colin. Then tick (¥) the sentences which are true. In each group of sentences at least one is true. Colin goes to work every day: He leaves home at 8 o'clock and arrives at work at about 8.45. He starts work immediately and continues until 12.30 when he has lunch (which takes about half an hour). He starts work again at 1.15 and goes home at exactly 4.30. Every day he follows the same routine and tomorrow will be no exception, AL7AS 4 At 12.45 a he'll be leaving the house a he'll have lunch b he'll have left the house b he'll be having lunch ¢ he'll be at home ¥ ¢ he'll have finished his lunch d he'll be having breakfast 7 SS d he'll have started his lunch At 8.15 = At 4 o'clock a he'll be leaving the house he'll have finished work b he'll have left the house Gs b he'll finish work © he'll have arrived at work ¢ he'll be working d he'll be arriving at work d he won't have finished work AL 9.15 6 At4.as a he'll be working. @ he'll leave work b hell stare work b he'll be leaving work ¢ he'll have started work ¢ he'll have left work he'll be arriving at work d he'll have arrived home Put the verb into the correct form, will be (do)ing or will have (done). Don't phone berween 7 and 8. Wel. be. having... (we / have) dinner then. Phone me after 8 o'clock. (ove / finish) dinner by then, Tomorrow afternoon we're going to play tennis from 3 o'clock until 4.30. So at 4 o'clock, _ " (we / play) tennis. A: Can we meet tomorrow? ': Yes, but not in the afternoon. a (1/ work). Is to go to a meeting which begins at 10 o'clock. It will last about an hour. ‘Will you be free at 11.307 &: Yes, (the meeting / end) by then. 6 Ben is on holiday and he is spending his money very quickly. If he continues like this, (he / spend) all his money before the end of his * holiday. Do you think (you / still / do) the same job in ten years’ time? 8. Lisa is from New Zealand. She is travelling around Europe at the moment. So far she has travelled about 1,000 miles. By the end of the trip, (she / travel) more than 3,000 miles. 9 If you need to contact me, —nenimtintimninimmminainams {Lf stay) at the Lion Hotel until Friday. 10" Ab es ——-» (you / see) Laura tomorrow? a: Yes, probably. Why? 4: I borrowed this CD from her. Can you give it back to her? — Additional exercises 12-13 (pages 309-10) 49Unit 25 ly y 50 When | do / When I've done When g Study this example: ‘Tl phone you when I get home’ is a sentence es Mh enane ) with two parts: pera the main part: “T'll phone you" and the when-part: ‘when I get home” The time in the sentence is future (*tomorrow’), but we use a present tense (I get) in the when-part of the sentence. We do not use will in the when-part of the sentence. Some more examples: © We'll go out when it stops raining. (not when it will stop) 5 When you are in London again, come and see us. (not When you will be) (said to a child) What do you want to be when you grow up? (rot will grow) Will you phone ‘ bi Yes, Il phone me tomorrow’ The same thing happens after while / before / after / as soon as / until or til © T'm going to read a lot while I’m on holiday. (not while I will be) I'll probably go back home on Sunday. Before I go, I'd like to visit the museum, 1 Wait here until (or till) I come back. ‘You can also use the present perfect (have done) after when / after / until / as soon as: 1 Can I borrow that book when you've finished with it? 1 Don't say anything while Ian is here. Wait until he has gone. If you use the present perfect, one thing must be complete before the other (so the two things do not happen together): © When I’ve phoned Kate, we can have dinner. (= First I'll phone Kate and after that we can have dinner.) Do not use the present perfect if the rwo things happen together: 3 When I phone Kate, I'll ask her about the party. (tot When I've phoned) It's often possible to use either the present simple or the present perfect: 1 Pll come as soon as I finish. or I'll come as soon as I've finished. 3 You'll feel better after you have or ‘You'll feel better after you've had something to eat something to eat. After if, we normally use the present simple (if I do / if 1 see etc.) for the future: Ie raining hard. We'll get wet if we go out. (nor if we will go) Pll be angry if it happens again. (not if it will happen) © Hurry up! If we don’t hurry, we'll be late. Compare when and if: We use when for things which are sure to happen: © I'm going shopping later. (for sure) When I go shopping, I'll buy some food. We use if (not when) for things that will possibly happen: © I might go shopping later. (it’s possible) If | go shopping, I'll buy some food. If tis raining this evening, I won't go out. (not When itis raining) Don’t worry if I'm late tonight. (not when I'm late) © If they don’t come soon, I'm not going to wait. (not When they don’t come) If + Units 38-0 Even if / even when -> Unit 1120 Unless —> Unit 115Exercises Unit 25 25.1 Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets, All the sentences are about the future. Use will/won't or the present simple (I see / he plays / it is etc.). 1 1... phone... (phone) you when I ....9ét.... (get) home from work. 2 Lwant to see Julia before she ann mene (GO) Ut. 3 We're going on holiday tomorrow. [een www (tell) you all about it when we .. (come) back. 4 Brian looks very different now, When yOu .ovmo-mnnneomnnnne ($68) him again, you nnennnennnnens (HOt / FeCORNise) him. 5 “ (you / be) lonely without me while I... _ —. (be) away? 6 We must do something soon before it srheinicnomnsonan (bE) THO Nati 7 Tdon’t want to go without you. Tne (Wait) until you (be) ready. 8 Sue has applied for the job, but she isn't very well-qualified for it. 1. (be) surprised if she (get) it. 9 Thope to play tennis tomorrow if the weather no (be) nice. 10 I'm going out now. If anybody (phone) while I (be) out, can you take a message? 25.2 Make one sentence from two. 1 Iewill stop raining soon. Then we'll go out. We'll go out when ...\t. stops. raining. 2 T'll find somewhere to live. Then I'll give you my address. I when _— z 3 I'll do the shopping, Then Fl come straight back home. REE 4 Irs going to get dark. Let’s go home before that. a 5 She must apologise to me first. I won't speak to her until then. iranian vis A sso remo sa aii 25.3 Read the situations and complete the sentences. 1 A friend of yours is going on holiday. You want to know what she is going to do. You ask: What are you going to do when .Y2t..02¢..0P POWAY. emmnmnnnnnnnen 2 A friend of yours is isting you. She has to go soon but maybe there's time for some more coffe. You ask: Woukl you like some more coffee before . ae aaa 3 You want to sell your car Jim is interested in buying it, but he hasn't decided yer. You ask: Can you let me know as soon as alt 4 Your friends are going ro New York soon. You want ro know where they're going ro stay. You ask: Where are you going to stay when ? The traffic is very bad in your town, but they are building a new road at the moment. You say: I think things will be better when they : 25.4 Put in when or if. 1 Don’t worry ...Uf... I'm late tonight. 2 Tom might phone while I'm out this evening. ....... he does, can you take a message? 3 I'm going to Rome next week. T'm there, I hope to visita friend of mine. 4 [think Jill will get the job. I'll be very surprised — she doesn’t get it. 5 I'm going shopping. you want anything, I can get it for you. 6 I'm going away for a few days. I'll phone you... I get back. 7 Lwant you to come to the party, but you don’t want to come, that’s all right. 8 We can eat at home or, .....- You prefer, we can go to a restaurant. — Additional exercises 12-15 (pages 309-11), 32 (page 321) 51Uilig 52 Can, could and (be) able to We use can to say that something is possible or allowed, or that somebody has the ability to do something. We use can + infinitive (can do / can see etc.): 1 We can see the lake from our bedroom window. 1 ‘Thaven’t got a pen.’ ‘You can use mine.” 1 Can you speak any foreign languages? G Tean come and see you tomorrow if you like. © The word ‘play’ can be a noun or a verb. ‘The negative is can’t (= cannot): © P’m afraid I can’t’come to the party on Friday. You can say that somebody is able to do something, but can is more usual: © We are able to sce the lake from our bedroom window. But can has only two forms: can (present) and could (past). So sometimes it is necessary to use (be) able to. Compare: a © Lean't sleep. Thaven’t been able to sleep recently. 15 Tom can come tomorrow. ‘Tom might be able to come tomorrow. 1 Maria can speak French, Spanish and © Applicants for the job must be able to English. speak two foreign languages. Could Sometimes could is the past of can. We use could especially with: see hear smell taste feel remember —_understand © We had a lovely room in the hotel. We could see the lake. 1 As soon as I walked into the room, I could smell gas. © I was sitting at the back of the theatre and couldn't hear very well. We also use could to say that somebody had the general ability or permission to do something: ‘My grandfather could speak five languages. We were totally free. We could do what we wanted. we were allowed to do) Could and was able to ‘We use could for general ability. But if you want to say that somebody did something in a specific situation, use was/were able to or managed to (not could): © The fire spread through the building very quickly, but fortunately everybody was able to escape / managed to escape. (not could escape) © We didn’t know where David was, but we managed to find / were able to find him in the end. (not could find) Compare: © Mike was an excellent tennis player when he was younger. He could beat anybody. (= he had the general ability to beat anybody) but Mike and Pete played tennis yesterday. Pete played very well, but Mike managed to beat him, (= he managed to beat him in this particular game) ‘The negative couldn't (could not) is possible in all situations: 1D My grandfather couldn't swim. 2 We looked for David everywhere, but we couldn't find him. © Pete played well, but he couldn't beat Mike. Could (do) and could have (done) -> Unit 27 Must and can't -» Unit 28 Can/eould you ...? > Unit 37Exercises Unit 26 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 265 Complete the sentences using can or (be) able to. Use can if possible; otherwise use (be) able to. 1 Gary has travelled a lot. He 64... speak five languages. 2 Lhaven’t ..been able. to. sleep very well recently. 3 Nicole drive, but she hasn't got a car. 4 Lused to stand on my head, but I can’t do it now. 5 Ican’t understand Martin, I've never _- understand him. 6 I can’t see you on Friday; but |... meet you on Saturday morning. 7 Ask Catherine about your problem. She might . sevwennveen help YOU. Write sentences about yourself using the ideas in brackets. 1 (something you used to be able to do) \ used, to. be. able to. sung well 7 5 sisi 2 (something you used to be able to do) TUS nein Simin . mR ER 3 (something you would like to be able to do) Te reseemen = eee a Eo 4 (something you have never been able to do) Tre i z Complete the sentences with can/can't/could/couldn’t + the following: ‘come eat hear run sleep wait 1 I'mafraid 1 _.cant..come_. ro your party next week. 2 When Tim was 16, he —_- 100 metres in 11 seconds. 3 ‘Are you in a hurry?” “No, F've got plenty of time. Veen 4 Iwas feeling sick vesterday. 1 - - wow anything. 5 Can you speak a little louder? mene You Very well. 6 “You look tired.” “Yes, 1... last night.” Complete the answers to the questions with was/were able to 1 4: Did everybody escape from the fire? B: Yes, although the fire spread quickly, everybody ..W4S. able. to escape — 2 a: Did you finish your work this afternoon: ': Yes, there was nobody to disturb me, so I 7 3 a: Did you havedifficulty finding our house? 8: Not really. Your directions were good and we... _— 4 a: Did the thief get away? 8: Yes, No-one realised what was happening and the thief... ei Complete the sentences using could, couldn't or managed to. 1 My grandfather travelled a lot. He 044... speak five languages. 2 Tlooked everywhere for the book, but I .coUldn't. find it. 3 They didn’t want to come with us at first, but we managed. to. persuade them. 4 Laura had hurt her leg and ao walk very well. 5 Sue wasn’t at home when I phoned, BUE T oeou-w-onenmnnnnnennmnee CONtact her at her office. 6 Tooked very carefully and Tn a see somebody in the distance. 7 I wanted to buy some tomatoes. The first shop I went to didn’t have any, but I get some in the next shop. 8 My grandmother loved music. She ow» play the piano very well 9 A girl fell into the river, but fortunately we . seems FeSCUE HEE 10 T had forgotten to bring my camera, so I . ~su-nmnnnunn take any photographs. 53Unit Y¥ieg Could (do) and could have (done) EY We use could in a number of ways. Sometimes could is the past of can (see Unit 26): © Listen. I ean hear something. (now) © [listened. I could hear something. (past) But could is not only used in this way. We also use could to talk about possible actions now or in the future (especially to make suggestions). For example: : What shall we do this evening? We could go to the cinema. When you go to Paris next month, you could stay with Julia. ~ £ B: Yes, I suppose I could. LJ We We could go to the cinema. Can is also possible in these sentences (*We can go to the cinema.’ etc.). With could, the suggestion is less sure. . What shail we) do this evening?, BE] ¥%¢ a1s0 se could (not can) for actions which are not realistic. For example: 1 P'm $0 tired, I could sleep for a week. (not I can sleep for a week) ‘Compare ean and could: 3 Tean stay with Julia when I go to Paris. (realistic) Maybe I could stay with Julia when I go to Paris. (possible, but less sure) © This is a wonderful place. I could stay here for ever. (unrealistic) similar to might or may (see Unit 29): © The story could be true, but I don’t think ir is. (not can be true) 1 Idon’t know what time Liz is coming. She could get here at any time. We also use could (not can) to say that something is possible now or in the future. The meaning We use could have (done) to talk about the past. Compare: I'm so tired, I could sleep for a week. (now) Iwas so tired, I could have slept for a week. (past) 13 The situation is bad, but it could be worse. (now) ‘The situation was bad, but it could have been worse. (past) Something could have happened = it was possible but did not happen: 4 Why did you stay at a hotel when you were in Paris? You could have stayed with Julia. (you didn’t stay with her) © I didn’t know that you wanted to go to the concert. I could have got you a ticket. (Ididn’t get you a ticket) © Dave was lucky. He could have hurt himself when he fell, but he’s OK. STE} ‘We use couldn't to say that something would not be possible now: 5 I couldn't live in a big city. I'd hate it. (= it wouldn't be possible for me) © Everything is fine right now. Things couldn’t be better. For the past we use couldn’t have (done): 1 We had a really good holiday. It couldn't have been better. The trip was cancelled last week. Paul couldn't have gone anyway because he was ill. ( it would not have been possible for him to go) Couldn't have (done) —> Unit 28% Could and might — Unit 29¢ Could Ifyou .. ? -» Unit 37 54 Could with if + Units 38C, 398, 400 Modal verbs (can/eould/will/would etc.) —> Appendix 4Exercises Unit 27 27a 272 273 274 Answer the questions with a suggestion. Use could. ) ‘Where shall we go for our holidays? ‘What shall we have for dinner tonight? When shall I phone Angela? What shall I give Ann for her birthday? ‘Where shall we hang this picture? (to Scotland) (fish) We (now) You (a BOOK) on - fin the Kitchen) iene ( waa we In some of these sentences, you need could (not can). Change the sentences where necessary. The story can be true, but I don't think itis. sould. be. true, = It’s a nice day. We can go for a walk. OK (could go is also possible) 7 T'm so angry with him. I can kill him! - — Ce RETIRE ee _— If you're hungry, we can have dinner now. meet It’s so nice here. I can stay here all day, but unfortunately I have t0 go. 6 A: Where's my bag. Have you seen it? 5: No, but it can be in the car. er Peter is a keen musician, He plays the flute and he can also play the piano. need to borrow a camera. 8: You can borrow mine. pr 9 The weather is nice now, but it can change later. - - _ wees Complete the sentences. Use could or could have + a suitable verb. 14: Whar shall we do this evening? B: I don’t mind. We 044. 9°... to the cinema. 2 a: Thad a very boring evening at home yesterday: Why did you stay at home? You... socncnneen OUE With US. A: There's an interesting job advertised in the paper. YOU ceo -wnomom for it. 8: What sort of job? Show me the advertisement. 4 How was your exam? Was it difficult? 8: It wasn’t so bad. Ir _ worse. 5 A: Egot very wet walking home in the rain last night. Why did you walk? YOU sesnc-ennennnnmnnnne @ €8Xi, 6 a: Where shall we meet tomorrow? a: Well, I 7 -t0 your house if you like. Complete the sentences. Use couldn't or couldn't have + these verbs (in the correct form): tbe be come find get tive. wear 1 couldn't Wve. in a big city. Pd hate it, We had a really good holiday. Ir ..:o4ldr have been better. 1 that hat. I'd look silly and people would laugh at me. We managed to find the restaurant you recommended, But We enone i without the map that you drew for us. Paul has to get up at 4 o'clock every morning. I don’t know how he does it. up at that time every day. The staff at the hotel were really nice when we stayed there last summer. They more helpful. A: Lied to phone you last week, We had a party and I wanted to invite you. hat was nice of you, but I _- anyway. I was away all last week. a awe + Additional exercises 16-18 (pages 311-13) 55Wilts 28 Must and can't Study this example: 4 You can use must to say that you believe something is certain: 15 You've been travelling all day. You must be tired. (Travelling is tiring and you've been travelling all day, so you must be tired.) © ‘Jim is a hard worker’ ‘Jim? You must be joking. He doesn’t do anything.” 2 Carol must get very bored in her job. She does the same thing every day. 1 P'm sure Sally gave me her phone number. I must have it somewhere. You can use can’t to say that you believe something is not possible: 1 You've just had lunch. You can't be hungry already. (People are not normally hungry just after eating a meal. You've just eaten, so you can’t be hungry.) 1 They haven't lived here for very long. They can’t know many people. Study the structure: i | use| Be (tired / hungry /at work ete.) | Vyouhhe (etc.) ciate be (doing / going / joking etc.) | do / get / know / have etc. For the past we use must have (done) and can’t have (done). Study this example: Martin and Lucy are standing at the door of their friends’ house. They have rung the doorbell twice, but nobody has answered. Lucy says: There's nobody at hhome. They must hhave gone out. ‘They must have gone out. 1 I didn’t hear the phone. I must have been asleep. 1 ‘Pve lost one of my gloves.’ ‘You must have dropped it somewhere.’ © Sue hasn't contacted me. She can't have got my message. © Tom walked into a wall. He can't have been looking where he was going. Study the structu been (asleep / at work Uyouhe (etc.) | have been (doing / looking etc.) can’t gone / got /known etc. You can use couldn't have instead of can’t have: © Sue couldn’t have got my message. © Tom couldn't have been looking where he was going. Can't (1 can't swim’ etc.) > Unit 26 Must (1 must go' ete) —> Units 31-32 Modal verbs (can/could/will/would etc) > Appendix 4 American English — Appendix 7Exercises Unit 28 28.1 28.2 28.3 Put in must or can’t. 1 You've been travelling all day. You ...4St... be tired. 2 That restaurant be very good. It’s always full of people. 3. That restaurant be very good. I's always empty. 4 P'm sure I gave you the key. You = have it. Have you looked in your bag? 5 You're going on holiday next week. You ..... be looking forward to it. 6 Irrained every day during their holiday, so they have had a very nice time. 7 Congratulations on passing your exam. You __.. be very pleased. 8 You got here very quickly. You. have walked very fast. 9 Bill and Sue always travel business class, so they be short of money. Complete each sentence with a verb (one or two words) in the correct form. 1 T've lost one of my gloves. I must ave. dropped. it somewhere. 2 They haven't lived here for very long. They can’t ..£2... many people. 3 Ted isn’t at work today. He must ill. 4 Ted wasn’t at work last week, He must eausoneaills 5 (the doorbell rings) 1 wonder who that is. It can’t... ne» Mary. She’s still ar work at this time. 6 Sarah knows a lot about films. She must to the cinema a lot. 7 Look. James is purting on his hat and coat. He must — out. 8 [ left my bike outside the house last night and now it has gone. Somebody must it 9 Amy was in a very difficult situation when she lost her job. It can’t 7 easy for her. 10 There is a man walking behind us. He has been walking behind us for the last twenty minutes. Hee Use te USS Read the situations and use the words in brackets to write sentences with must have and can't have. 1 The phone rang, but I didn’t hear it. (I/ asleep) wlLtnust have "been asleep. a 2 Sue hasn’t contacted me. (she / get / my message) ~She.can't ave. got_my message, 3 The jacket you bought is very good quality (it/ very expensi 4 Thaven’t seen the people next door for ages. (they / go away) Ican't find my umbrella. (I / leave / it in the restaurant last night) 6 Dave, who is usually very friendly, walked past me without speaking. (he / see / me) 7 There was a man standing outside the café. (he / wait / for somebody) 8 Liz did the opposite of what I asked her to do. (she / understand / what I said) When I got back to my car, the door was unlocked. (L/ forget / 0 lock it) 10 I was woken up in the night by the noise next door. (the neighbours / have / a party) 11 The light was red, bur the car didn't stop. (the driver / see / the red light) —> Additional exercises 16-18 (pages 311-13) 587Uiitie 29 May and might 1 Study You are looking for Bob. Nobody is sure where he is, but you get some suggestions. example situation: (= perhaps he is in his office) He might be having lunch.) (= perhaps he is having lunch) ‘Ask Ann. She might know.) (= perhaps she knows) ih We use may or might to say that something is a possibility. Usually you can use may or might, so you can say: ° Ie may be true. or Iemight be true. (= perhaps it is true) She might know. or She may know. : ‘The negative forms are may not and might not (or mightn’t): 1 Ie may not be true. (= perhaps it isn’t true) 1 She might not work here any more. (= perhaps she doesn’t work here) Study the structure: be (true / in his office etc. Vyoulhe (ete.) | ™* | (not) | be (doing / working / having etc.) | | miei | know / work / want etc. For the past we use may have (done) or might have (done): © a: Lwonder why Kate didn’t answer the phone. ': She may have been asleep. (= perhaps she was asleep) © A: Tean't find my bag anywhere. : You might have left it in the shop. (= perhaps you left i © a: Iwas surprised that Kate wasn’ at the meeting yesterday. ' She might not have known about it. (= perhaps she didn’t know) © A: Twonder why David was in such a bad mood yesterday. : He may not have been feeling well. (= perhaps he wasn’t feeling well) the shop) Study the structure: J been (asleep / at home etc.) (not) have | been (doing / working / feeling. etc.) known / had / wanted / left etc. may Vyouhhe (ete.) Could is similar to may and might: 3 It’s a strange story, but it could be true. (= it may/might be true) © You could have left your bag in the shop. (= you may/might have left it) But couldn't (negative) is different from may not and might not. Compare: 1 Sarah couldn’t have got my message. Otherwise she would have replied. (= itis not possible chat she got my message) 13 Twonder why Sarah hasn't replied to my message. I suppose she might not have got it. (= perhaps she didn’t ger it, and perhaps she did) Could > Unit 27. Maylmight 2 Unit 30. May 1..?—> Unit 37¢ Might with if > Units 208, 38, 400 Modal verbs (can/could/will/would etc.) > Appendix 4Exercises Unit 29 29.1. Write these sentences in a different way using might. Perhaps Helen is in her office. Perhaps Helen is busy. Perhaps she is working, Perhaps she wants to be alone. Perhaps she was ill yesterday. Perhaps she went home early. Perhaps she had to go home early. Perhaps she was working yesterday. Vauaane in sentences 9-11 use might not. Perhaps she doesn’t want to see me, " ncaa 10 Perhaps she isn’t working today. 7 a 11 Perhaps she wasn’t feeling well yesterday. ee-eeennnnnnnnnnns © 29.2 Complete each sentence with a verb in the correct form. 1 ‘Where's Sam?” ‘I'm not sure. He might ...2¢..Ha¥002... lunch.” 2 ‘Who is thar man with Emily?" ‘I'm not sure. Ir might oe her brother.” 3 a: Who was the man we saw with Anna yesterday? P'm not sure. It may... _. her brother. 4. a: What are those people doing by the side of the road? I don't know. They might ... new for a bus, 5 ‘Do you have a stamp?” ‘No, but ask Simon. He may .. 29.3. Read the situation and make sentences from the words in brackets. Use might. 1 Ican’t find Jeff anywhere. I wonder where he is. a (he/go/ shopping) He. b (he/ play / tennis) ...H¢. 2 I'm looking for Sarah. Do you know where she is? a (she / watch / TV / in her room) - b (she /go/ out) es 3 Tcan't find my umbrella. Have you seen it? a (it/ be / in the car)... is — b (you /leave / in the restaurant last night) on. es - 4 Why didn’t Dave answer the doorbell? I'm sure he was at home at the time, a (he / g0/ to bed early) nnn b (he / not / hear / the doorbell) © (he / be / in the shower) 29.4 Complete the sentences using might not have ... or couldn't have ... . 1 A: Do you think Sarah got the message we sent her? B: No, she would have contacted us, ..Me..couldn't, ave, got Iwas surprised Kate wasn’t at the meeting. Perhaps she didn’t know about That's possible. She. might. nok. bo I wonder why they never replied to our letter. Do you think they received it? Maybe not. They co — sno : Twonder how the fire started. Was it an accident? No, the police say it Mike says he needs to see you. He tried to find you yesterday. Welly he ne sou Very hard. I was in my office all day. The man you spoke to ~ are you sure he was American? B: No, I'm not sure. He ....... x m 7 sii nee — Additional exercises 16-18 (pages 311-13) 59Unit 30 May and might 2 EY We use may and might to talk about possible actions or happenings in the future: 2 Thaven’t decided yet where to go for my holidays. I may go to Ireland. (= perhaps I will go there) 0 Take an umbrella with you. It might rain later. (= perhaps it will rain) 0 The bus isn’t always on time. We might have to wait a few minutes. (= perhaps we will have to wait) The negative forms are may not and might not (mightn’): © Liz may not go out tonight. She isn’t feeling well. (= perhaps she will not go out) © There might not be enough time to discuss everything at the meeting. (= perhaps there will not be enough time) Compare will and may/might: © Pil be late this evening. (for sure) © Tmay/might be late this evening. (possible) BE) sally you can use may or might. So you can say: IG) ee is also 2 continuous form: © T may go to Ireland. or I might go to Ireland. © Jane might be able to help you. or Jane may be able to help you. But we use only might (not may) when the situation is not real: © If were in Tom’s position, I might look for another job. ‘The situation here is not real because I am not in Tom's position (so I'm not going ro look for another job). May is not possible in this example. ay/might be -ing. Compare this with will be -ing: © Don’t phone at 8.30. I'll be watching the film on television, 1 Don't phone at 8.30. I might be watching (or I may be watching) the film on televi {= perhaps I'll be watching it) We also use may/might be -ing for possible plans. Compare: I’m going to Ireland in July. (for sure) Gi Imay be going (or I might be going) to Ireland in July. (possible) But you can also say ‘I may go (or I might go) ...’ with little difference in meaning. BEY 0 ve 60 Rose and Clare have just missed the bus. The buses run every hour. wi What shall we do? Shall we walk? ‘We might as well. Its a nice day and | don't want to wait here for an hour. We should do fe. There ‘We might as well do somethit it because there is no better alterna is no reason not to do it. May as well is also possible. © A: What time are you going out? 8; Well, I'm ready, so I might as well go now. 12 Buses are so expensive these days, you may as well get a taxi. more expensive) taxis are as good, no Will be ~ing > Unit 24 May/might 1» Unit 29. May... ?—* Unit 37. Might with if ~ Units 38c,Exercises Unit 30 30.1 30.2 303 304 30.5 Write sentences with might. 1 Where are you going for your holidays? (to Ireland???) Thaven’t decided yer. ..|..might..go..te Ireland. ms . a What sort of car are you going to buy? (a Mercedes???) Tm not sure yet. I = ae 3 What are you doing this weekend? (go to London Thaven't decided yet. - 4 When is Tom coming to see us? (on Saturday???) He hasn't said yer. : ae 5 Where are you going to hang that picture? (in the dining room?22) Thaven’t made up my mind yer... 6 What is Julia going to do when she leaves school? (go to universty222) She’s still thinking abour it. .. Sie w Complete the sentences using might + the following: bite break need rains slip, wake 1 Take an umbrella with you when you go out, It ..wht..rain later. 2 Don’t make too much noise. You sven the baby, 3 Be careful of that dog. It... nn YOU. 4 don’t think we should throw that letter away. We oeeeceeu it batee 5 Be careful. The footpath is very icy. You .:-—~ 6 Don't let the children play in this room. They ene Something. Complete the sentences using might be able to or might have to + a suitable verb. 1 I can’t help you, but why don’t you ask Jane? She ...might..be able. to help. you. 2 Ican't meet you this evening, but I... : you tomorrow. 3: I'm not working on Saturday, But Tne on Sunday. 4 I can come to the meeting, but I... - before the end. Write sentences with might not. 1 I'm not sure that Liz will come to the party. liz might, not come to the. party. 2 Tm not sure that I'll go our this evening. I 2 asap 3 I’m not sure that we'll get tickets for the concert. We ac Sl 4 I'm not sure that Sue will be able to come out with us this evening. Read the situations and make sentences with might as well. 1 You and a friend have just missed the bus. The buses run every hour. You say: We'll have to wait an hour for the next bus. ..We.might. aswell, walk You have a free ticket for a concert. You're not very keen on the concert, but you decide to go. You say: I to the concert. Irs a pity to waste a free ticket. You've just painted your kitchen. You still have a lot of paint, so why not paint the bathroom too? You say: We meron = on + There’s plenty of paint left. 4 You and a friend are at home. You're bored. There's a film on TV starting in a few minutes. Nowa: wcxncas ss 2 There’s nothing else to do. v w — Additional exercises 16-18 (pages 311-13) 61Trt A sil Have to and must 5 T have to do something = it is necessary to do it, Tam obliged to do it: © You can’t turn right here. You have to turn left. 1 Ihave wear gn fo eading (Ses iio) © George can’t come out with us this evening, He has to work late. 10 Last week Tina broke her arm and had to go to hospital. © Thaven't had to go to the doctor for ages. ‘We use do/does/did in questions and negative sentences (for the present and past simple): 2 Whar do I have to do to get a new driving licence? (not What have I to do?) © Karen doesn’t have to work Saturdays. (not Karen hasn't to) © Why did you have to leave early? ‘You can use have to with will and might/may: 1 If the pain gets worse, you'll have to go to the doctor. 1 Tmight have to work late tomorrow evening. or I may have to work ... (- it’s possible that I will have to) BEY Mis similar to have tor © It’s later than I thought. I must go. or I have to go. ‘You can use must to give your own opinion (for example, to say what you think is necessary, or to recommend someone to do something). Have to is also possible: © Thaven't spoken to Sue for ages. I must phone her. (= I say this is necessary) 5 Mark is a really nice person. You must meet him. (I recommend this) We use have to (not must) to say what someone is obliged to do. The speaker is not giving hisfher own opinion: © Thave to work from 8.30 to 5.30 every day. (a fact, not an opinion) © Jane has to travel a lot for her work, But must is often used in written rules and instructions: © Applications for the job must be received by 18 May. © (exam instruction) You must write your answers in ink. ‘You cannot use must to talk about the past: 3 We had to leave early. (not we must) ‘Mustn’t and don’t have to are completely different: You mustn't do something = it is necessary You don't have to do something = you don’t | that you do not do it (so don’t do ie): need to do it (but you can if you want): | © You must keep it a secret. You mustn't © You don’t have to tell him, but you can tell anyone. (= don’t tell anyone) if you want to. | 1 promised 1 would be on time. © I don’t have to be at the meeting, | } I mustn't be late. (= I must be on time) but I think I'll go anyway. BED) Yu can use have got to instead of have to. So you can say: I've gor to work tomorrow. or have to work tomorrow. © When has Liz got to go? or — When does Liz have to go? 62 Must (‘You must be tired’) —> Unit 28 Must/mustn't/needn't —» Unit 32Exercises Unit 31 and 312 313 314 Complete the sentences with have to / has to / had to. ill starts work at 5 am. ..He..nas..t0.get uP. at four. (he / get up) ‘broke my arm last week.” *...Did. you. nave. t0..90... to hospital?” (you / go) There was a lot of noise from the street. snes 7 . the window. (we / close) Karen can’t stay for the whole meeting. ao early. (she / leave) HOW OIE pcre to drive in your country? (you / be) I don’t have much time. za . (I hurry) How is Paul enjoying his new job? 7 alot? (he / travel) ‘T'm afraid I can’t stay long,’ “Whar time - as ? (you/ go) 9 ‘The bus was late again.” “How long anc P (you / wait) es * 10 There was nobody to help me. 1 - — nn everything by myself. (1/ do) Complete the sentences using have to + the verbs in the list. Some sentences are po (have to ... ete.) and some are negative (I don't have to ... etc): ask do drive getup go. make == make ~— pay show: I'm not working tomorrow, so I 40". t0..get. up... early. Steve didn’t know how to use the computer, so I had. to. show Excuse me a moment ~ I si -vwvwenen @ phone call. I won't be long. I'm not so busy. I have a few things to do, but Fi on them now. I couldn't find the street I wanted. I... ovnuenm Somebody for directions. ‘The car park is free. YOU enn .~- to park your car there. A man was injured in the accident, But HE men eennnnnnsnenn 10 hospital because it wasn’t serious. Sue has a senior position in the company. She _ important decisions. When Patrick starts his new job next month, he ~. 50 miles to work every day. ive LAW RUN ow In some of these sentences, must is wrong or unnatural. Correct the sentences where necessary. Kk. (have to. is also. correct) ._ 1 Tes later than I thought. I must go. : 2 Lmust work every day from 8.30 to 5.30. 3 You must come and see us again soon. 4 Tom can’t meet us tomorrow. He must work. poi ae 5 must work late yesterday evening. sc ne 6 I must get up early tomorrow. I have lots to do. 7 7 Julia wears glasses. She must wear glasses since she was very young. : Complete the sentences with mustn't or don't/doesn't have to. 1 Tdon’t want anyone to know about our plan. You ...£14s#n't.:. tell anyone. Richard ..d2esn't have #0 wear a suit to work, but he usually does. Tan stay in bed tomorrow morning because Vn —- go to work. Whatever you dO, YOU iene nnenmne t0UCh that switch. IP's very dangerous. There's a lft in the building, $0 We neem ow climb the stairs. YOU nn __... forget what I told you. It’s very important. Se amc wwe Get up eatly, but she usually does. Don’t make so much noise. We soe nnnnnnen Wakee the children. 1 eat too much. I’m supposed to be on a diet You = —-» be a good player to enjoy a game of tent raw k wt Seow — Additional exercise 16 (page 311)iis 32 =e Must mustn't needn't Must mustn't needn't You must do something = it is necessary that you do it: © Don’t tell anybody what I said, You must keep it a secret. © We haven't got much time. We must hurry. You mustn't do something = it is necessary that you do not do it (so don’t do it): © You must keep it a secret. You mustn't tell anybody else. (= don't tell anybody else) © We must be very quiet. We mustn't make any noise. You needn't do something = you don’t need to do it (but you can if you like): 1 You can come with me if you like, but you needn't come if you don’t want to. (= it is not necessary for you to come) 5 We've got plenty of time. We needn't hurry. it is nor necessary to hurry) Instead of needn't, you can use don'v/doesn't need to. So you can say: 1 We needn't hurry. or We don’t need to hurry. Remember that we say don't need to do, but needn't do (without to). ‘Needn’t have (done) Study this example situation: I think it’s going to rain. VIL take the umbrella. needn't have brought the umbrella Ox yy) is f later fei, {—_ — Paul had to go out. He thought it was But it didn’t rain, so the umbrella was not going to rain, so he took the umbrella. necessary. So he needn't have taken i. He needn't have taken the umbrella = He took the umbrella, but this was not necessary: Compare needn't (do) and needn’t have (done): © Everything will be OK. You needn't worry. (it’s not necessary) © Everything was OK. You needn't have worried. (you worried, but it was nor necessary) Didn't need to (do) and needn't have (done) 1 didn’t need to ... = it was not necessary for me to ... (and I knew this at the time]: 5 I didn’t need to get up early, so I didn’t. © I didn't need to get up early, but it was a lovely morning, so I did. 1 didn't have to ... is also possible in these examples. I needn't have done something =I did it, but wow I know that it was not necessary: I got up very early because I had to get ready to go away. But in fact it didn’t take me long to get ready. So, I needn’t have got up so early. I could have stayed in bed longer. Must ("You must be tired’) —> Unit 28 Have to and must — Unit 31 Modal verbs (can/could/will/would ete.) -> Appendix 4 American English > Appendix 7Exercises Unit 32 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 Complete the sentences using needn't + the following verbs: ask come explain. eave. tell walk 1 We've got plenty of time. We ..needn't leave. yer. 2 Ican manage the shopping alone. You... cone With me. 3 We a nnnnnnennnsnnnnnnnees all the way home. We can get a taxi. 4 Just help yourself if you'd like more t0 eat. YOU e-em verve fist 5 We can keep this a secret between ourselves. We anybody else. 6 understand the situation perfectly. YOU enum further. Complete the sentences with must, mustn't or needn't. 1 We haven't got much time. We ...14St... hurry. 2 We've got plenty of time. We .neean't... hurry. 3 We have enough food at home, so we — _... go shopping today. 4 Gary gave me a letter to post. I _.. remember to post it. 5 Gary gave me a letter to post. 1... forget to post it. 6 There’s plenty of time for you to make up your mind. You... decide now. FD YOU enn Wash those tomatoes. They've already been washed. This is a valuable book. You -~ look after it carefully and yOU ene lose it. 9 A: What sort of house do you want to buy? Something big? &: Well, it. wm be big ~ that’s not so important. But it .... aan have a nice garden ~ that’s essential. Read the situations and make sentences with needn't have. 1 Paul went out. He rook an umbrella because he thought it was going to rain. But it didn’t rain. He needn't have taken an umbrella. ee 2 Linda bought some eggs when she went shopping. When she got home, she found that she already had plenty of eggs. She - - al 3 A colleague got angry with you at work. He shouted at you, which you think was unnecessary. Later you say to him: You ........ oe 4 Brian had money problems, so he sold his car. A few days later he won some money in a loreery. He : We took a camcorder with us on holiday, but we didn’t us We 6 I thought I was going to miss my train, so I rushed to the station. But the train was late and in the end I had to wait twenty minutes. - Z aa 6 it in the end. Write two sentences for each situation, Use needn't have in the first sentence and could have in the second (as in the example). For could have, see Unit 27. 1 Why did you rush? Why didn’t you take your time? “You needn't have, rushed... You. could have, taken. your. time 2 Why did you walk home? Why didn’t you take a taxi? yu stay at a hotel? HE Wy didn’t you stay with us? 3 Why did > Additional exercises 16-17 (pages 311-12) 6566 Should 1 You should do something = it is a good thing to do or the right thing to do. You can use should to give advice or to give an opinion: © You look tired. You should go to bed. 3 The government should do more to reduce crime. © ‘Should we invite Susan to the party?” ‘Yes, I think we should.” We often use should with I think / I don’t think / Do you think 15 I think the government should do more to reduce crime. I don’t think you should work so hard. “Do you think I should apply for this job?” ‘Yes, I think you should.” o o You shouldn't do something = it isn’t a good thing to do: 1 You shouldn't believe everything you read in the newspapers. Should is nor as strong as must or have to: 1 You should apologise. (= it would be a good thing todo), © You must apologise. / You have to apologise. (= you have no alternative) You can use should when something is not right or what you expect: © T wonder where Tina is, She should be here by now. (= she isn’t here yet, and this is not normal) © The price on this packet is wrong. It should be £2.50, not £3.50. © That man on the motorbike should be wearing a helmet. ‘We also use should to say that we expect something to happen: 1G She's been studying hard for the exam, so she should pass. (= I expect her to pass) © There are plenty of hotels in the town. It shouldn't be difficult to find somewhere to stay. = I don’t expect it to be difficult) You should have done something = you didn’t do it, but it would have been the right thing to do: © You missed a great party last night. You should have come. Why didn’t you? = you didn’t come, but it would have been good to come) 3 [wonder why they're so late. They should have arrived long ago. You shouldn't have done something = you did it, but it was the wrong thing to do: © T'm feeling sick. I shouldn't have eaten so much. (= I ate too much) © She shouldn't have been listening to our conversation. It was private, (= she was listening) Compare should (do) and should have (done): You look tired. You should go to bed now. © You went to bed very late last night. You should have gone to bed earlier. Ought to... You can use ought to instead of should in the sentences on this page. We say ‘ought to do’ (with to): © Do you think I ought to apply for this job? (= Do you think I should apply ... 2) Jack ought not to go to bed so late. (= Jack shouldn't go ...) 1 It was a great party last night. You ought to have come. © She's been studying hard for the exam, so she ought to pass. Should 2—> Unit 34 Should and had better —> Unit 358 Modal verbs (can/could/will/would etc) -* AppendixExercises Unit 33 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 For cach situation, write a sentence with should or shouldn't + the following: ‘go-away-for-a-few days goto bed so late look for another job put some pictures on the walls take a photograph _use her car so much 1 Liz needs a change. She. should. go away. for a. few days. 2 Your salary is very low: You von - . 3 Jack always has difficulty getting up. He 4 What a beautiful view! You . oe 5 Sue drives everywhere. She never walks. She catenin “ 6 Bill's room isn’t very interesting. rei Read the situations and write sentences with | think/! don't think ... should 1 Peter and Cathy are planning to get married. You think it’s a bad idea. \ don't think they should get married... on 2 Jane has a bad cold but plans to go out this evening. You don’t think this isa good idea, You say to her: 3 Peter needs a job. He's just seen an advertisement for a job which you think would be ideal for him, but he’s not sure whether to apply or not. You say to him: Uthink So 4 The government wants to increase taxes, but you don’t think this is a good idea. Complete the sentences with should (have) + the verb in brackets. 1 Diane ...:04-4. Pass... the exam. She's been studying very hard. (pass) 2 You missed a great party last night. ..Yu.. should. have come... (come) 3 We don’t see you enough. You . . = and see us more often, (come) 4 I'm ina diffcule position, Whar do you think I sectional (DE 5 I'm sorry that I didn’t take your advice. 1 ~ sonnwnwinennne What you said. (do) 6 I'm playing tennis with Jane tomorrow. She si ~ she’s much better than me. (win) 7 We lost the match, but we .... ni . We were the better team. (win) 8 “Is Mike here yet?” “Not yet, but he — here soon.’ (be) 9. T posted the letter three days ago, so it ' by now. (arrive) Read the situations and write sentences with should/shouldn't. Some of the sentences are past and some are present. 1 I'm feeling sick. Tate too much. shouldn't have eaten so. much. - pesyas 2 That man on the mororbike isn’t wearing a helmet. That's dangerous. He . should. be wearing a, helmet. 3 When we got to the restaurant, there were no free tables. We hadn’t reserved one. Wi meee sense ear 4 "Th woo says tha ibe shop i open very dey Kem 8 30. Itis 9 o'clock now, but the shop isn’t open yet. 5 The speed limit is 30 miles an hour, but Kate is doing 50. She i in 6 Laura gave me her address, but I didn’t write it down. Now I can’t remember it. 1 sac 7 Iwas driving behind another car. Suddenly, the driver in front stopped without warning and I drove into the back of his cat. It wasn't my fault. The dever infront “+ Additional exercises 16-18 (pages 311-13) 67Unit Ri aaa i L 68 Should 2 You can use should after a number of verbs, especially: demand insist propose recommend —_ suggest. ‘They insisted that we should have dinner with them, I demanded that he should apologise. 2 What do you suggest I should do? © [insist that something should be done about the problem. ‘We also say ‘It’s important/vital/necessary/essential that ... should .. It’s essential that everyone should be here on time. You can also leave out should in all the sentences in Section A: 1 It’s essential that everyone be here on time. (= that everyone should be here) © Tdemanded that he apologise. (= that he should apologise) © What do you suggest I do? © Linsist that something be done about the problem. This form (be/do/have/apologise etc.) is sometimes called the subjunctive. It is the same as the infinitive (without to). You can also use normal present and past tenses: (7 It’s essential that everyone is here on time. © I demanded that he apologised. After suggest, you cannot use to ... (‘to do / to buy” etc.). You can say: © What do you suggest we should do? or — What do you suggest we do? (but not What do you suggest us to do?) © Jane suggested that I (should) buy a car. or Jane suggested that I bought a car. (but not Jane suggested me to buy) You can also use -ing after suggest: What do you suggest doing? See Unit 53. You can use should after a number of adjectives, especially: strange odd funny typical _natural__interesting surprised surprising 10 It’s strange that he should be late. He’s usually on time. © Iwas surprised that he should say such a thing. If... should ... You can say ‘If something should happen ...” . For example: 5 If Tom should phone while I’m out, tell him I'l call him back later. ‘IE Tom should phone’ is similar to “If Tom phones’, With should, the speaker feels that the possibility is smaller. Another example: "| We have no jobs at present. But if the situation should change, we'll let you know. You can also begin these sentences with should (Should something happen ... © Should Tom phone, tell him I'll call him back later. You can use I should ... /I shouldn't ... to give somebody advice. For example: © ‘Shall [ leave now?” ‘No, I should wait a bit longer.” Here, I should wait = I would wait if I were you, I advise you to wait. ‘Two more examples: 15 ‘P'm going out now. Is it cold?” ‘Yes, I should wear a coat. © I shouldn't stay up too late. You'll be tired tomorrow. Should 1 -> Unit 33. American English —» Appendix 7Exercises Unit 34 341 34.2 34.3 344 34.5 Write a sentence (beginning in the way shown) that means the same as the first sentence. 1 ‘Ithink it would be a good idea to see a specialist,’ the doctor said to me. ‘The doctor recommended that ...|_.shoulé..see.a. specialist, cz 2 “You really must stay a little longer,’ she said to me. She insisted that I 3 ‘Why don’t you visit the museum after lunch? I suggested that .. 4 “You must pay the rent by Friday, the landlord said to us. The landlord demanded that 5 ‘Why don’t you go away for a few days?” Jack suggested that... psccapapamc I said to them. Are these sentences right or wrong? 1 a Tom suggested that I should look for another job. OK... ‘Tom suggested that I look for another job. ciccmaienic Tom suggested that I looked for another job. ae Tom suggested me to look for another job. " Where do you suggest I go for my holid ‘Where do you suggest me to go for my holiday " Where do you suggest I should go for my holiday? ageance Complete the sentences using should + the following: ask be leave listen say. worry, 1 It’s strange that he ..20u\4. De... late. He’s usually on time. 2 It’s funny that you that. I was going to say the same thing. 3 I's only natural that parents about their children. 4 Isn’t it typical of Joe that he without saying goodbye to anybody? 5 Iwas surprised that they me for advice. What advice could I give them? 6 I'm going to give you all some essential information, so it’s important that everybody very carefully. Use the words in brackets to complete these sentences. Use If... should... 1 I'm going out now. ...|f.Tom..should..phone.... , tell him I'll call him back this evening. (Tom / phone) I've hung the washing out to dry on the balcony. ons can you bring the washing in, please? (it / rain) 3 Ithink everything will be OK. - any problems, I'm sure we'll be able to solve them. (there / be) 4 I don’t want anyone to know where I’m going. coin eee just say that you don't know. (anyone / ask) Should. I'm sure we'll be able to solve them. —-- » just say that you don’t know. Write sentences 3 and 4 again, this time begi 5 (3) Should... Bh apa ing (Section E) Complete the sentences using | should + the following: buy keep phone -swait- “Shall I leave now?” -l. should. mait. a bit longer.” “Shall I throw these things away?" ‘No, them, You may need them.” “Shall I go and see Paul?” *Yes, but ~ cis ow him first.” ‘Is it worth repairing this TV set?” ‘No, enn @ EW ON.” Bene 69itis Unit 33Exercises Unit 35 35.1 352 35.3 35.4 Read the situations and write sentences with had better or had better not. Use the words in brackets. 1 You're going out for a walk with Tom. It looks as if it might rain. You say to Tom: (an umbrella) ... We'd. better take an umbrella. 2 Michael has just cut himself I's a bad cut. You say to him: (a plaster) a : - eae 3. You and Kate plan to go toa restaurant this evening, Irs a popular restaurant, You say vo Kate: (reserve) WE ou. 4 Jill doesn’t look very well ~ not well enough to go ro work, You say to h (WOEK) nnn - 5 You received the phone bill four weeks ago, but you haven't paid it yet. If you don’t pay soon, you could be in trouble. You say to yourself: (pay) 2 = a ss es = 6 You want to go out, but you're expecting an important phone call. You say to your friend: (gO OUE) Tne went - ns You and Liz are going to the theatre, You've missed the bus and you don’t want to be late, ‘You say to Liz: (a taxi) .... Put in had better where suitable. If had better is not suitable, use should, 1 Thave an appointment in ten minutes. | 4..better_. go now or I'll be late. 2 Isa great film. You ..2/0ul4... go and see it. You'll really like it. oe . ... get up early tomorrow. I’ve got a lot to do. 4 When people are driving, they «unum» Keep their eyes on the road. 5 T’m glad you came to see US. YOU -n.o.o-onnunisnmnnwene COME More often. 6 She'll be upset if we don't invite her to the wedding, so we ——.. 7 These biscuits are delicious. You try one. 8 I think everybody _... learn a foreign language. invite her. Complete the sentences. Sometimes you need only one word, sometimes two. 1 a Ineed some money. I'd better ..92... to the bank. b John is expecting you to phone him. YOU jonmnne-mnnm--m etter phone him now. € ‘Shall I leave the window open?” ‘No, you'd better cennnnmnnnnnn it? d_ We'd better leave as soon as possible, .... sn WO? 2 a It’s time the government - num Something, about the problem. b c Ie time something 7 about the problem, [think it’s about time you... about other people instead of only thinking about yourself. Read the situations and write sentences with It's time (somebody did something). 1 You think the children should be in bed. It’s already 11 o'clock. He's, time dren were on Dede nnn Se = 2 You havent had holiday fora rery long sine. You need one now rt ete pai 3 You're sitting on a train waiting for it to leave the station. Is already five minutes late. 4 You enjoy having parties. You haven't had one for a long time. 5 The company you work for has been badly managed for a long time. You think some changes should be made, 6 Andrew has been doing the same job for the last ren years. He should try something else. —> Additional exercise 16 (page 311) 1Uitte 36 au 72 Would We use would (°d) / wouldn't when we imagine a situation or action (= we think of something that is not real): It would be nice to buy a new car, but we can't afford it. © I'd love to live by the sea. © A: Shall I tell Chris what happened? &: No, I wouldn't say anything. T wouldn't say anything in your situation) We use would have (done) when we imagine situations or actions in the past (= things that didn’t happen): © They helped us a lor. I don’t know what we'd have done (= we would have done) without their help. 0 I didn’e tell Sam what happened, He wouldn't have been pleased. ‘Compare would (do) and would have (done): i T would phone Sue, but I haven’t gor her number. (row) I would have phoned Sue, but I didn’t have her number. (past) 1 ’'m not going to invite them to the party. They wouldn’t come anyway. I didn’ invite them to the party. They wouldn't have come anyway. ‘We often use would in sentences with if (see Units 38-40): © T would phone Sue if I had her number. © I would have phoned Sue if I'd had her number. Compare will ("l) and would ('d): 10 I'll stay a bit longer. I've gor plenty of time. Pd stay a bit longer, but I really have to go now. (so I can’t stay longer) Pll phone Sue. I've got her number. I'd phone Sue, but I haven’t got her nuriber. (so I can’t phone her) Sometimes would/wouldn't is the past of will/won't, Compare: present past © TOM: I'll phone you on Sunday. -> Tom said he'd phone me on Sunday. ANN: [promise I won't be late. -* Ann promised that she wouldn't be late. © Liz: Damn! The car won't start. > Liz was annoyed because her car wouldn't start, Somebody wouldn’t do something = he/she refused to do it: tried to warn him, but he wouldn't listen to me, (= he refused to listen) © The car wouldn't start. (= it ‘refused’ to start) You can also use would when you talk about things that happened regularly in the past: 2 When we were children, we lived by the sea. In summer, if the weather was fine, we ‘would all get up early and go for a swim, (= we did this regularly) ) Whenever Richard was angry, he would walk out of the room. With this meaning, would is similar to used to (see Unit 18): © Whenever Richard was angry, he used to walk out of the room. Will — Units 21-22 Would you ...?-» Unit 370 Would ... if Units 38-40 Wish ... would —* Un: Would fike -> Units 376, 58 Would prefer / would rather — Unit 5 Modal verbs ~» Appendix 4Exercises Unit 36 36.1 Write sentences about yourself. Imagine things you would like or wouldn't like. 1 (a place you'd love to live) ...l'd..love. to. live. by the, sea... 7 - 2 (a job you wouldn't like to do) 3 (something you would love £0 dO) eemenennnnnnennn ns aa 4 (something that would be nice to have) 5 (a place you'd like to go to) 36.2 Complete the sentences using would + the following verbs (in the correct form): be be do do enjoy enjoy have _—pass_—_ stop They helped us a lot. I don’t know what we ...!204ld. have, done. _ without their help. You should go and see the film. You... It’s a pity you couldn't come to the concert yesterday. You ... Shall {apply for the job or not? What you _. in my position? Twas in a hurry when I saw you. Otherwise I : saith talk, We took a taxi home last night bur gor stuck in the traffic. It ni quicker to walk. ‘Why don’t you go and see Clare? She = _.. very pleased to see you. 8 Why didn’t you do the exam? I'm sure you " si Ht 9 Inan ideal world, everybody —.. enough to eat. Anawne 36.3. Each sentence on the right follows a sentenge on the left. Which follows which? | 1 Fetike-to-go-to-Australie-one-day- [a Ir wouldn't have been very nice. | 2 [wouldn't like to live on a busy road. | b It would have been fun. 3 I'm sorry the trip was cancelled. 4 I'm looking forward to going out tonight. 5 I'm glad we didn’ go out in the rain, 6 I'm not looking forward to the trip. | Me... € Ir wouldn't be very nice. £ Tewill be fun, | 36.4 Write sentences using promised + would/wouldn't. 1 I wonder why Laura is late. She. promised. she. wouldnt be. late... 2 Lwonder why Steve hasn’t phoned. He promised 3. Why did you tell Jane what I said? You... —— 4 I'm surprised they didn’t wait for us. They omens 36.5 Complete the sentences. Use wouldn't + a suitable verb. 1 [tried to warn him, but he ...woldn'é. listen... co me. 2 Tasked Amanda what had happened, but she “ cia is 3 Paul was very angry about what I'd said and .. sowvvsnnmnmnnne tO Me FOF tO Weeks. 4 Martina insisted on carrying all her luggage. She oonnrenemees e help het. 36.6 These sentences are about things that often happened in the past. Complete the sentences using would + the following: forget help shake share -walk- 1 Whenever Richard was angry, he ...WoHld. walk... out of the room. 2. We used to live next to a railway line. Every time a train went past, the house 3 George was a very kind man. He always you if you had a problem. 4 Brenda was always very generous. She didn’t have much, but she i what she had with everyone else. 5 You could never rely on Joe. It didn’t matter how man something, he always times you reminded him to do + Aacitional exercises 16-18 (pages 311-13)4 Can/Could/Would you ... ? etc. (Requests, offers, permission and inv itations) Asking people to do things (requests) ‘We use can or could to ask people to do things: 5 Can you wait a moment, please? or — Could you wait a moment, please? 1 Liz, can you do me a favour? 5 Excuse me, could you tell me how to get to the airport? Note that we say Do you think you could ... ? (not can): © Do you think you could lend me some money until next week? We also use will and would to ask people to do things (but can/could are more usual): © Liz, will you do me a favour? 3 Would you please be quiet? I'm trying to concentrate. Asking for things To ask for something, we use Can I have ... ? or Could I have 1 (in a shop) Can I have these postcards, please? © (during a meal) Could I have the salt, please? May I have ... ? is also possible: i May Ihave these postcards, please? Asking to do things To ask to do something, we use can, could or may: 1 (on the phone) Hello, can I speak to Steve, please? © ‘Could I use your phone?” ‘Yes, of course.” © Do you think I could borrow your bike? ‘May I come in” “Yes, please do.” ‘May is more formal than can or could, To ask to do something, you can also say Do you mind if 1... ? or Is it all right / Is it OK if I... © ‘Do you mind if use your phone?” ‘Sure. Go ahead.’ © ‘Isit all right if come in?” “Yes, of cours Offering to do things To offer to do something, you can use Can I... ?: © ‘Can I get you a cup of coffee?” “That would be nice.” ‘Can Ihelp you?” ‘No, it’s all right. I can manage.” Offering and inviting To offer or to invite, we use Would you like ... ? (not Do you like): 5 ‘Would you like a cup of coffee?” “Yes, please.’ © ‘Would you like to come to dinner tomorrow evening?” ‘T'd love to.” 'd like ... is a polite way of saying what you want: 5 (at a tourist information office) Vd like some information about hotels, please. © (ina shop) Pd like to try on this jacket, please. Can and could -* Units 26-27 Mind -ing — Unit 53. Would like -> Units 55a, 588 ‘Modal verbs (can/could/will/would etc.) — Appendix 4Exercises Unit 37 37.1 372 37.3 Read the situations and write questions beginning Can ... or Could .... 1 You're carrying a lot of things. You can’t open the door yourself. There’s a man standing near the door. You say to him: _.Could. you open the, door, please? _ You phone Sue, but somebody else answers. Sue isn’t there. You want to leave a message for her. You say: sae esas 3 You'ee a tourist, You want to go to the station, but you don’t know how to get there. You ask at your hotel 4 You are in a clothes shop. You see some trousers you like and you want to try them on. You say to the shop assistant: You have a car. You have to go the same way as Steve, who is on foot. You offer him a lift. You say to him: onan ies ms Ag ol Read the situation and write a question using the word in brackets. 1 You want to borrow your friend’s camera, What do you say to him? (think) .De.you. think | could. borrow your camera? . - 2 You are at a friend’s house and you want to use her phone, What do you say? (all right) 5.6 al right. of. | use. your. phone? 3. You've written a letter in English. Before you send it, you want a friend to check it for you. Whar do you ask? (think) os = ean 4 You want to leave work early. What do you ask your boss? (mind) —__.__. 5 The woman in the next room is playing music. Its very loud. You want her to turn it down, ‘Whar do you say to her? (think) ....... wi i “s 6 You're on a train, The window is open and you're feeling cold. You'd like to close it, but fist you ask the woman next to you. 7 You're still on the train. The woman next to you has finished reading her newspaper, and you'd like to have a look at it. You ask her. (think) = 2 - Sma What would you say in these situations? 1 Paul has come to see you in your flat. You offer him something to eat. you: — ...Weuld._you like. somethi eat Patt: No, thank you. I’ve just eaten. You need help to change the film in your camera. You ask Kate. you: I don't know how to change the film, pcre ara KATE: Sure, It’s easy. All you have to do is this. 3 You're on a bus. You have a seat, but an elderly man is standing. You offer him your seat. YOU: een ci . . MAN: Oh, that’s very kind of you. Thank you very much. 4 You're the passenger in a car. Your friend is driving very fast. You ask her to slow down. You: You're making me very nervous. 2 DRIVER: Oh, I'm sorry. I didn’t realise I was going so fast. 5 You've finished your meal in a restaurant and now you want the bill. You ask the waiter: YOU! nnn a, WAITER: Right. P'll get it for you now. 6 A friend of yours is interested in one of your books. You invite him to borrow it. FRIEND: This looks very interesting. You Yes; its:@ good bok. ene 75Unit etsy If | do ... and If | did ... LY cormpare these examples: (1) Lisa has lost her watch. She tells Sue: Lisa: I've lost my watch. Have you seen it anywhere? Sur: No, but if I find it, Pll tell you. In this example, Sue feels there is a real possibility that she will find the watch. So she says: iflfind... Pl... . (2) Joe says: If I found a wallet in the street, I'd take it to the police station, This is a different type of situation. Here, Joe doesn’t expect to find a wallet in the street; he is imagining a situation that will probably not happen. So he says: if I found ... , I'd (= I would) ... . (not if Ifind ... , I'll...) When you imagine something like this, you use if + past (if found / if there was / if we didn’t etc.) aa Too But the meaning is not past: Fi 3 What would you do if you won a million pounds? (we don't really expect this to happen) i © I don't really want to go to their party, but I eG =a probably will go. They'd be upser if I didn’t go. If there was (or were) an election tomorrow, = who would you vote for? For if ... was/were, see Unit 39C. We do not normally use would in the if-part of the sentence: Pd be very frightened if somebody pointed a gun at me. (not if somebody would point) 0 If I didn't go to their party, they'd be upset. (not If I wouldn’t go) Bur you can use if ... would when you ask somebody to do something: 10 (from a formal letter) 1 would be grateful if you would let me know your decision as soon as possible. In the other part of the sentence (not the if-part) we use would ("d) / wouldn't: 1 If you took more exercise, you'd (= you would) feel better. 1 I'm not tired. If 1 went to bed now, I wouldn't sleep. 13 Would you mind if I used your phone? Could and might are also possible: © If you took more exercise, you might feel better. (= it is possible that you would feel berter) 1 Ifit stopped raining, we could go out. (= we would be able to go out) BY 0 10¢ use when in sentences like those on this page: © They'd be upset if I didn’t go to their party. (not when I didn’t go) © What would you do if you were bitten by a snake? (not when you were bitten) Will — Units 21-22 Mfand when > Unit 250 Would -» Unit 36 If t knew — Unit 39) 76 If | had known > Unit 40Exercises Unit 38 38.1 Put the verb into the correct form. 1 They would be offended if | ..d44't.90... to their party. (not / go) 2 If you took more exercise, you ...would. feel... better. (feel) 3 If they offered me the job, T think Taine ite (take) 4 A lot of people would be out of work if the car f&CtOry eon = (close down) 5 If Isold my car, I. -oovwmmen much money for it. (not / get) 6 (ina lift) What would happen if somebody... wow that red button? (press) 7 Idon't think there's any chance that Gary and Emma will get married. I'd be absolutely astonished if they sess (OA 8 Liz gave me this ring. She nnn VERY Upset if Lost it. (be) 9 Dave and Kate are expecting us. They would be very disappointed if we ana + (not / come) 10 Would Steve mind if 1 his bike without asking him? (borrow) 11 What would you do if somebody 12 I'm sure Sue ~. here with a gun? (walk) if you explained the situation to her. (understand) 38.2 You ask a friend to imagine these situations. You ask What would you do if .. ? 1 (imagine - you win a lot of money) What would you do if you won a lot of money? 2 (imagine - you lose your passport) What nn 3 imagine ~ there's a fire in the building) 4 (imagine ~ you're in a lift and it stops between floors) 38.3 Answer the questions in the way shown. 1 A: Shall we catch the 10.30 train? No. (arrive too early) ..if..we..cauaht, the 10.30. train, we'd arrive. too early. 2 a: Is Kevin going to take his driving test? No. (fail) Ifhe a ee eee a: Why don’t we stay at a hotel? 8: No, (cost too much) If... ital acnci pti a: Is Sally going to apply for the job? 8: No. (not / get it) If pi 5 a: Let’ tell them the truth. No. (not / believe us) If ......... nineties tei pacientes 6 &: Why don’t we invite Bill to the party? No. (have to invite his friends too) 38.4 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. 1 If you took more exercise, ...4ou'd.. feel. better, 2 Pd be very an 3 If didn't go to work romOrtOW, oe 4 Would you go to the patty if oon ease case 5 If you bought some new clothes, 3 6 Would you mind if... 7Unit 39 G 78 If | knew... | wish I knew ... Study this example situation: Sarah wants to phone Paul, but she can’t do this because iumanieambe she doesn’t know his number. She says: If I knew his number, I would phone him. Sarah says: If I knew his number ... . This tells us that she doesn't know his number. She is imagining the situation. The real situation is that she doesn’t know his number. ‘When you imagine a situation like this, you use if + past (if I knew / if you were / if we didn’t etc.). But the meaning is present, not past: © Tom would read more if he had more time. (but he doesn’t have much time) If I didn’t want to go to the party, I wouldn't go, (but I want to go) © We wouldn’t have any money if we didn’t work. (but we work) 1 If you were in my position, what would you do? It’. a pity you can't drive. It would be useful if you could. ‘We use the past in the same way after wish (I wish I knew / I wish you were etc.). We use wish to say that we regret something, that something is not as we would like it to be 1 wish I knew Paul’s phone number, (= I don’t know it and I regret this) 15 Do you ever wish you could fly? (you can’t fly) 0 It rains a lot here. | wish it didn’t rain so often. © It’s very crowded here. I wish there weren't so many people. (there are a lot of people) © I wish I didn’t have to work tomorrow, but unfortunately I do. | wish | had an umbrella, If L were / if | was After if and wish, you can use were instead of was (if | were ... / 1 wish it were etc.). I was / it was are also possible. So you can say: 1 If I were you, I wouldn't buy that coat. or If Iwas you... 3 Pd go out if it weren't so cold. or if it wasn't so cold. I wish Carol were here. or wish Carol was here. ‘We do not normally use would in the if-part of the sentence or after wish: © If 1 were rich, I would have a yacht. (xo? If 1 would be rich) © I wish I had something to read. (not I wish I would have) Sometimes wish ... would is possible: I wish you would listen. See Unit 41 Could sometimes means ‘would be able to’ and sometimes ‘was/were able to’: & You could get a better job (you could get = you would be able to get) if you could use a computer. (you could use = you were able to use) Could —* Units 26-27 IF1do/ if I did —> Unit 38 IF had known / I wish | had known > Unit 40 Wish > Unit 41Exercises Unit 39 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 Put the verb into the correct form, 1 If...kp@H.. (know) his number, I would phone him, 21 uu... (nor / buy? thar coat if I were you. a help) you if I could, bur I'm afraid I can't. 4 We would need a car if we — ~vonmiewewn (Live) in the country. 5 If we had the choice, we (live) in the country. 6 This soup isn’t very good. It - (taste) better if it wasn’t so salty. 7 Iwouldn’t mind living in England if the weather (be} better. 8 [fT were you, Ton. scenes (OE lt T spcertiomercams (gO) TOW. 9. You're always tired, If Ow gn o.-nnnnnn-nnen (MOF/ GO) f0 bed 50 late every night, you wouldn't be tired all the time. 10 I think there are roo many cars. If there (not / be) so many cars, there un (not / be) so much pollution, Write a sentence with if... for each situation. 1 We don’t see you very often because you live so far away. Jf you didn’t live. so, far away, wed. see. you more often So 2 This book is too expensive, so I'm not going to buy it. td iP sc We don’t go out very often ~ we can’t afford it. We .. 4 can't meet you tomorrow ~ Ihave to work late, If = 5 It’s raining, so we can’t have lunch outside. We — 6 I don’t want his advice, and that’s why I'm not going to ask for it. WE caiccennnsaiiaciiniialisiliini Write sentences beginning I wish ... 1 Idon't know many people (and I'm lonely). .\.sish_|. kei more, people... 2 Idon’t have a mobile phone (and I need one). I wish 3 Helen isn’t here (and I need t0 Se€ het}. eo-eno ss ee 4 I's cold (and I hate cold weather). aaa 5 live in a big city (and I don’t like ie). 6 Tcan’t go tothe party (and Td like £0). cuentas 7 Thave to work romorrow (but I'd like to stay in bed). 8 I don't know anything about cars (and my car has just broken down), 9 I'm not feeling well (and it’s not nice). Write your own sentences beginning | wish .... 1 (somewhere you'd like to be now ~ on the beach, in New York, in bed etc.) EWES. cerncssnrsonscouna as (meting you'd like to have ~ a computer, a job, lots of money etc.) g 3 z Z é g = & z a 3 i a a (something you'd like to be ~ beautiful, strong, rich etc.) * = Additional exercises 19-21 (pages 313-14) 79Ute If | had known | wish | had known ... Study this example situation: Last month Gary was in hospital for a few days. Rachel didn’t know this, so she didn’t go to visit him. They met a few days ago. Rachel said: If had known you were in hospital, 1 would have gone to see you. Rachel said: If had known you were in hospital ... . This tells us that she didn’t know he was in hospital. ‘We use if + had (4) ... to talk about the past (if ! had known/been/done etc.): 10 I didn’t see you when you passed me in the street. If I'd seen you, of course I would have said hello. (but I didn’t see you) 1 T decided to stay at home last night.'1 would have gone out if I hadn't been so tired. (but I was tired) © Ifhe had been looking where he was going, he wouldn't have walked into the wall. (but he wasn’t looking) 10 The view was wonderful. If 'd had a camera with me, I would have taken some photographs. (but I didn’t have a camera) Compare: 3 Pm not hungry. If was hungry, I would ear something. (now) © I wasn’t hungry. If I had been hungry, I would have eaten something. (past) Do not use would in the if-part of the sentence. We use would in the other part of the sentence: © If Thad seen you, | would have said hello. (not If 1 would have seen you) Note thar °d can be would or had: OIfPdseen you, (I'd seen = had seen) Td have said hello, (I'd have said = I would have said) ‘We use had (done) in the same way after wish. I wish something had happened = I am sorry that it didn’t happen: 1 I wish I'd known that Gary was ill. I would have gone to see him. (but I didn’t know) 1 I feel sick. I wish I hadn't eaten so much cake. (ate too much cake) 12 Do you wish you had studied science instead of languages? (you didn’t study science) Do not use would have ... after wish: 1 The weather was cold while we were away. I wish it had been warmer. (not I wish it would have been) Compare would (do) and would have (done): 1 If had gone to the party last night, I would be tired now. (Iam not tired now ~ present) 1 If Thad gone to the party last night, I would have met lors of people. (I didn’t meet lors of people ~ past) Compare would have, could have and might have: ‘we would have gone out. we could have gone out. 10 If the weather hadn't been so bad, 1 (= we would have been able to go out) ‘we might have gone out. (= perhaps we would have gone out) Had done > Unit 15 If Ido /if I did —> Unit 38 IFT knew / I wish | knew -» Unit 39. Wish —> Unit 41Exercises Unit 40 40.1 40.3 Put the verb into the correct form. 1 I didn’t know you were in hospital. If .. Wn. (L/ know), .1..would. have. gone... (I/ go) to see you. 2. Sam gor to the station just in time to catch the train to the airport. If en {he / miss) the train, ——- (he miss) his flight. 3. I'm glad chat you reminded me about Amanda's birthday. : pa (01 ong) if es (YOU! nO | Cem) Me 4 Unfortunately I forgot my address book when { went on holiday, If... (1/ have) your address, ... (1/ send) you a postcard. 5x: How was your holiday B: It was OK, but — — a (we / enjoy) it more if (the weather / be) nicer. 6 Ltook a taxi to the hotel, bur the trafic was bad, sscssiccasssencmscsscas UL WM quicker if... = soe (U/ walk. une (L/ be) tired, I'd go home now. nun (L/ be) tired, I would have T'm not tired. If... 8 I wasn’t tired last night. If. gone home earlier. For each situation, write a sentence beginning with If. 1 Twasn’c hungry, so I didn’t eat anything. J£.U'd. been nungry, | would have. eaten. something... sia The accident happened because the road was icy. If the road. sini 3 Ididn'e know that Joe had to get up early, so I didn’t wake him up. itt rn ann 4 Twas able ro buy the car only because Jane lent me the money, 5 Karen wasn't injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat belt. 6 You didn’t have any breakfast - that’s why you're hungry now. 7 [didn’t ger a taxi because I didn’t have any money. Imagine that you are in these situations. For each situation, write a sentence with | wish. 1 You've eaten too much and now you feel sick. You say: —|.wish| hadn't eaten so much s There was a job advertised in the newspaper. You decided not to apply for it. Now you think that your decision was wrong, You say: I wish I nas 3 When you were younger, you never learned to play a musical instrument. Now you regret this. You say: eta iaereeeaet 4 You've painted the gate red. Now you think that red was the wrong colour. You say: You are walking in the count bring your camera, You say: 6 You have some unexpected guests, They didn’t phone first to say they were coming. You are very busy and you are not prepared for them. You say (to yourself): 5 Se You'd like to take some photographs, bur you didn't — Additional exercises 19-21 (pages 313-14)Unit 41 82 Wish You can say ‘I wish you luck / every success / a happy birthday" etc. : I wish you every success in the future. © Isaw Tim before the exam and he wished me luck. We say ‘wish somebody something’ (luck / a happy birthday etc.). But you cannot ‘wish that something happens’. We use hope in this situation. For example: © Thope you get this letter before you go away. (not I wish you get) Compare I wish and I hope: © I wish you a pleasant stay here. 2 Thope you have a pleasant stay here. (not I wish you have) We also use wish to say that we regret something, that something is not as we would like it. When we use wish in this way, we use the past (knew/lived etc.), but the meaning is present: 1 I wish I knew what to do about the problem. (I'don’t know and I regret this) 1 I wish you didn’t have to go so soon. (you have to go) © Do you wish you lived near the sea? (you don’t live near the sea) 1D Jack’s going on a trip to Mexico soon. I wish I was going too. (I’m not going) To say that we regret something in the past, we use wish + had ... (had known / had said) et. : 10 I wish I'd known about the party. I would have gone if 'd known. (I didn’t know) 10 It was a stupid thing to say. I wish I hadn't said it. (I said it) For more examples, see Units 39 and 40. I wish I could (do something) = [ regret that I cannot do it: © P'm sorry have to go. I wish I could stay longer. (but I can’t) © Pve met that man before. I wish I could remember his name. (but I can’t) I wish I could have (done something) = I regret that I could nor do it: 1 Thear the party was great. I wish I could have gone. (but I couldn't go) ‘You can say ‘I wish (somebody) would (do something)’. For example: sano It’s been raining all day. Jill doesn’t like it. She says: 727) wish it would stop raining. fn t 7] Jill would like the rain to stop, but this will probably not happen. We use I wish ... would when we would like something to happen or change. Usually, the speaker doesn’t expect this to happen. ‘We often use I wish ... would to complain about a situation: © The phone has been ringing for five minutes. I wish somebody would answer it. © T wish you would do something instead of just sitting and doing nothing. You can use I wish ... wouldn't ... to complain abour things that people do repeatedly: © I wish you wouldn't keep interrupting me. ‘We use I wish ... would ... for actions and changes, not situations. Compare: 1 I wish Sarah would come. (= I want her to come) but — I wish Sarah was (or were) here now. (not I wish Sarah would be) 10 I wish somebody would buy me a car. but I wish Ihad a car. (not I wish I would have) J wish I knew —> Unit 39 I wish I was / wish I were —> Unit 39¢ I wish | had known — Unit 40Exercises Unit 41 at 42 a3 414 Put in wish(ed) or hope(d). 1 [wish you a pleasant stay here. 2 Enjoy your holiday. I _ you have a great time. 3 Goodbye. I... —-~ you all the best. 4 We said goodbye to each other and nun each other luck. 5 We're going to have a picnic tomorrow, $0 1 the weather is nice. 61 wwe YOU luck in your new job. I _.. it works out well for you. What do you say in these situations? Write sentences with I wish ... would... . 1 Ie raining. You want to go out, but not in the rain. You say: ...W.wish. i would stop raining. re 2 You're waiting for Jane. She's late and you're getting impatient. You say to yourself: I wish i rie 3 You're looking for a job ~ so far without success. Nobody will give you a job. You say: I wish somebody ~ = _ 4 You can hear a baby crying. I's been crying for a long time and you're trying to study. 5 Brian has been wearing the same clothes for years. You think he needs some new clothes. You say to Brian: 2 ERI pore For the following situations, write sentences with I wish ... wouldn't .... 6 Your friend drives very fast. You don’t like’this, You say to your friend: T wish you... —— aS 7 Joe leaves the door open all the time. This annoys you. You say to Joe: cori 8 A lot of people drop litter in the street. You don’t like this. T wish people ss es = Asenscmecmemammctnt : Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct them where necessary. 1 I wish Sarah would be here now. Lwwish Saran mere Mere WOH, 2 1 wish you would listen to me. x 3 ail 3 I wish I would have more free time. ccs cn 4 wish our flat would be a bir bigger. a z ae 5 I wish the weather would change. erecong ees ce 6 I wish you wouldn't complain all the time. a 7 I wish everything wouldn’t be so expensive. - — Put the verb into the correct form. 1 It was a stupid thing to say. I wish I ...nadin't. said... it, (I/ not / say) 2. I'm fed up with this rain. I wish ...\t.would. stop. (it / stop) 3 Ira difficult question. I wish wn the answer. (I/ know) 4 Ishould have listened to you. I sannoonme your advice, (I/ take) 5 You're lucky to be going away. 2 with you. (I/ can / come) 6 Thave no energy at the moment. I wish . so tired. (I/ not/ be) 7 Aren’t they ready yet? [Wish eens UP. (they / hurry) 8 Ir would be nice to stay here longer. E Wis no-no anne t0 leave now. (we / not / have) 9. When we were in London last year, we didn’t have time to see all the things we wanted to see. TWISH ono owwnm longer. {we / can / stay) 10-1 freezing today. 1 wish so cold, I hate cold weather. (it / not / be) 11 Joe still doesn’t know what he wants to do. I wish aonnunns + (he / decide) 12 T really didn't enjoy the party. I wish cnnnnnenee » (we I not / $0) 83iii ZYME Passive 1 (is done / was done) BY se1K this example This house was built in 1935, Was built is passive. Compare active and passive: Somebody built this house in 1935. (active) subject object [ OE twishoase was bitin 1935. (passive IEEE ie, eet ‘When we use an active verb, we say what the subject does: 1 My grandfather was a builder. He built this house in 1935. 13 Ie’sa big company. It employs two hundred people. ‘When we use a passive verb, we say what happens to the subject: © This house is quite old. It was built in 1935. 2 Two hundred people are employed by the company. When we use the passive, who or what causes the action is often unknown or unimportant: 1D A lot of money was stolen in the robbery. (somebody stole it, but we don’t know who) 1 Is this room cleaned every day? (does somebody clean it? — it’s not important who) If we want to say who does or what causes the action, we use by 10 This house was built by my grandfather. © Two hundred people are employed by the company. The passive is be (is/was etc.) + past participle (done/cleaned/seen etc.): (be) done (be) cleaned (be) damaged (be) built (be) seen etc. For irregular past participles (done/seen/known etc.), see Appendix 1. Study the active and passive forms of the present simple and past simple: Present simple active: clean(s) / see(s) ete. Somebody cleans this room every day: passive: am/islare + cleanediseen etc. This room is cleaned every day Many accidents are caused by careless driving. © I’m not often invited to parties. © How is this word pronounced? Past simple active: cleaned/saw etc. Somebody cleaned this room yesterday passive: wasiwere + cleanedi/seen etc. This room was cleaned yesterday. 2 We were woken up by a loud noise during the night. 2 ‘Did you go to the party?” ‘No, I wasn't invited.” | How much money was stolen in the robbery? 84 Passive 2-3 — Units 42-43 By — Unit 128Exercises Unit 42 42.1 422 423 42.4 Complete the sentences using one of these verbs in the correct form, present or past: eause damage —_—hold invite make overtake show surround translate write Many accidents ..af@. caused. by dangerous driving, a from milk. The roof of the building ..... nnnsnens i storm a few days ago. You . annsnunnone 40 the wedding. Why didn’t you go? 5 A-cinema is a place where films ine ens 6 In the United States, elections for president every four years. 7 Originally the book in Spanish, and a few years ago it into English. 8 Although we were driving quite fast, we oom by a lot of other cars. 9 You can't see the house from the road. It ss nono BY trees. Write questions using the passive. Some are present and some are past. 1 Ask about glass. (how / make?) How is. glass, m! 2. Ask about television. (when / invent? 3 Ask about mountains. (how / form?) ———— 4 Ask about Pluto (the planet). (when / discover?) 7 a 5 Ask about silver, (what / use for?) ee Put the verb into the correct form, present simple or past simple, active or passive. 1 It’s. big factory. Five hundred people ...2"€. empicyed.._ (employ) there. 2 ..Did. somebody. clean. (somebody / clean) this room yesterday? 3 Water. (cover) most of the earth's surface. 4 How much of the earth’s surface (cover) by water? 5 The park gates (lock) at 6.30 p.m. every evening. 6 The letter (post) a week ago and it... . (arrive) yesterday. 7 The boat hit a rock and - oe» (sink) quickly. Fortunately everybody eos (rescue). 8 Richard's parents (die) when he was very young. He and his sister (bring up) by their grandparents. 9 Iwas born in London, but I . (grow up) in Canada, 10 While I was on holiday, my camera (steal) from my hotel room. 11 While I was on holiday, my camera ~unew (disappear) from my hotel room. 12° Why sca -ussvnssse (Sue / resign) from her job? Didn't she enjoy it? 13 Why -. (Bill sack) from his job? What did he do wrong? 14 The company is not independent. It (own) by a much larger company. 15 Tsaw an accident last night. Somebody _. (call) an ambulance but nobody (injure), so the ambulance - (not / need). 16 Where — vvovsennenene (these photographs / take)? In London? nnn (yOU / take) them, or somebody else? 17 Sometimes it’s quite noisy living here, but i's not a problem for me — I _ (not / bother) by it. Rewrite these sentences. Instead of using somebody, they, people etc., write a passive sentence. 1 Somebody cleans the room every day. _..He..r90m..\s, leaned. every day. 2 They cancelled all flights because of fog. All pcre ses 3 People don’t use this road much. - 4 Somebody accused me of stealing money. I nn 5 How do people learn languages? How : 6 Somebody warned us not t0 go out alone. .. eeiam Passive 2 (be done / been done / ZR being done) BGS study the following active and passive forms: Infinitive active: (to) do/clean/see etc. Somebody will clean the room later. a — passive: (to) be + done/cleaned/seen etc. The room will be cleaned later. © The situation is serious. Something must be done before irs too late. © A mystery is something that can’t be explained, © The music was very loud and could be heard from a long way away. 1 A new supermarket is going to be built next year. 1 Please go away. I want to be left alone. cs infvive active: (to) have + done/cleaned/seen etc. Somebody should have cleaned the room . passive: (to) have been + done/cleaned/seen etc. ‘The room should have been cleaned. © Thaven't received the letter yer. It might have been sent ro the wrong address. © If you hadn't left the car unlocked, it wouldn't have been stolen. © There were some problems at first, but they seem to have been solved. ent perfect active: havehas + done etc. ‘The room looks nice. Somebody has cleaned it . passive: have/has been + done ete. The room looks nice. It has been cleaned, © Have you heard? The concert has been cancelled. 2 Have you ever been bitten by a dog? 1 “Are you going to the party?” ‘No, I haven't been invited.” Past perfect active: had + done etc. The room looked nice. Somebody had cleaned it . passive: had been + done etc. The room looked nice. It had been cleaned. © The vegetables didn’t taste very good. They had been cooked too long. © The car was three years old but hadn’t been used very much. active: amlis/are + (do)ing Somebody is cleaning the room at the moment. passive: _amlis/are + being (done) The room is being cleaned at the moment. © There's somebody walking behind us. I chink we are being followed. © (ina shop) ‘Can Thelp you?" ‘No, thank you. I'm being served.” Past continuous active: waslwere + (doing Somebody was cleaning |the room) when I arrived. passive: _wasfwere + being (done) The room was being cleaned when | arrived. © There was somebody walking behind us. We were being followed. 86 Passive 1, 3 > Units 42, 44Exercises Unit 43 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.4 What do these words mean? Use it can ... or it can't ... Use a dictionary if necessary. If something is 1 washable, ...\#. Additional exercises 22-24 (pages 314-15) 87Uilie 44 52) ! Passive 3 I was offered ... / we were given ... etc. Some verbs can have two objects. For example, giv © Somebody gave the police the information, (= Somebody gave the information to the police) Pee polls (he mntotsmacang, ‘object 1 object 2 So it is possible to make two passive sentences: © The police were given the information. or The information was given to the police. Other verbs which can have two objects are: ask offer pay show teach _— tell When we use these verbs in the passive, most often we begin with the person: © Iwas offered the job, bur I refused it. (= they offered me the job) © You will be given plenty of time to decide. (= we will give you plenty of time) © Have you been shown the new machine? ( yybody shown you?) 1 The men were paid £400 to do the work. (= somebody paid the men £400) I don’t like being ... The passive of doing/seeing etc. is being done / being seen etc. Compare: active: don’t like people telling me what to do. passive: I don't like being told what to do. 1 T remember being taken to the zoo when I was a child. (= T remember somebody taking me to the 200) © Steve hates being kept waiting, (= he hates people keeping him waiting) © We managed to climb over the wall without being seen. (= without anybody seeing us) Twas born We say ‘I was born ...” (not Lam born): 5 Lwas born in Chicago. © Where were you born? (not Where are you born?) but © How many babies are born every day? present past Get You can use get instead of be in the passive: © There was a fight at the party, but nobody got hurt. (= nobody was hurt) © don’t often get invited to parties. (= I'm nor often invited) © I'm surprised Liz didn’t get offered the job. (= Liz. wasn't offered the job) You can use get only when things happen. For example, you cannot use get in the following. sentences: Jill is liked by everybody. (not gets liked — this is not a *happening’) © He was a mystery man. Very little was known about him. (not got known) ‘We use get mainly in informal spoken English. You can use be in all situations. We also use get in the following expressions (which are not passive in meanin get married, get divorced get lost (= nor know where you are) get dressed (= put on your clothes) _get changed (= change your clothes) Passive 1-2 > Units 42-43Exercises Unit 44 44.1 442 443 44.4 Write these sentences in another way, beginning in the way shown. 1 They didn’t give me the information I needed. I asn't. given. the. information. | needed. zi 2 They asked me some difficult questions at the interview. I — sine oe 3 Linda’s colleagues gave her a present when she retired. Linda —s 4. Nobody told me about the meeting. I wasn’t “ ; < 5 How much will they pay you for your work? How much will you 6 I think they should have offered Tom the job. I think Tom Z Bt 7 Has anybody shown you what ro do? Have you _ FARA eS Complete the sentences using being + the fallowing (in the correct form): give invite keep knock down stick treat 1 Steve hates ...being._kept._. waiting. 2 We went to the party without cen 3 like giving presents and I also like enn therm, 4 Isa busy road and I don’t like crossing it. 'm afraid of : pantie 5 I'man adult. I don't like . _ a lke a child, 6 You can’t do anything about teenie nnnen a traffic jam. When were they born? Choose five of these people and write a sentence for each. (Two of them were born in the same year.) Beethoven Galileo Elvis Presley 1452 1869 1929 Agatha Christie Mahatma Gandhi Leonardo da Vinci 1564 18901935 AWaleDisney Martin Luther King William Shakespeare 17704904 _Walt Disney was born in 1901 7 And you? I a Complete the sentences using get/got + the following verbs (in the correct form): ask damage hurt pay steal sting stop use 1 There was a fight at the party, but nobody ...92&. hurt. 2 Alex a ~. by a bee while he was sitting in the garden. 3. These tennis courts don't : very often. Not many people want to play. 4 Lused to have a bicycle, but it a few months ago. 5 6 Rachel works hard but doesn't <--e-eo-neennne VERY MUCH, Last night I by the police as I was driving home. One of the lights ‘on my car wasn’t working. Please pack these things very carefully. I don’t want them to 8 People often want to know what my job is. I often that question. — Additional exercises 22-24 (pages 314-15) 89iis P13 eae! It is said that ... He is said to ... He is supposed to ... Study this example situation: Henry is very old. Nobody knows exactly how old he is, but: Itis said that he is 108 years old. or He is said to be 108 years old. Both these sentences mean: ‘People say that he is 108 years old.” ‘You can use these structures with a number of other verbs, especially: alleged believed considered expected known reported thought _ understood Compare the two structures: © Cathy works very hard. It is said that she works 16 hours a day. or — She is said to work 16 hours a day. © The police are looking for a missing boy. It is believed that the boy is wearing or The boy is believed to be wearing a white pullover and blue jeans. a white pullover and blue jeans. © The strike started three weeks ago. It is expected that it will end soon. or — The strike is expected to end soon. 5 A friend of mine has been arrested. Itis alleged that he hit a policeman. or __He is alleged to have hit a policeman. 1 The two houses belong to the same family. Itis said that there is a secret tunnel or There is said to be a secret tunnel between them. between them. ‘These structures are often used in news reports. For example, in a report about an accident: 5 Itis reported that two people were or Two people are reported to have injured in the explosion. been injured in the explosion. (Be) supposed to Sometimes (it is) supposed to ... = (it is) said to 1 T want to see that film. It's supposed to be good. (= itis said to be good) 15 Mark is supposed to have hit a policeman, but I don’t believe it. But sometimes supposed to has a different meaning. We use supposed to to say what is intended, arranged or expected. Often this is different from the real situation: 1 The plan is supposed to be a secret, but everybody seems to know about it. (= the plan is intended to be a secret) 1 What are you doing at work? You're supposed to be on holiday. (= you arranged to be on holiday) © Our guests were supposed to come at 7.30, but they were late. © Jane was supposed to phone me last night, but she didn’t © Pd better hurry. I’m supposed to be meeting Chris in ten minutes. You're not supposed to do something = it is not allowed or advisable: © You're not supposed to park your car here. Ir’s private parking only. © Jeff is much better after his illness, but he’s still not supposed to do any heavy work,Exercises Unit 45 454 45.2 45.3 454 Write these sentences in another way, beginning as shown. Use the underlined word each time. 1 Icis expected that the strike will end soon. The strike ...i2.. expected. to end. soon, 2 Iris expected thar the weather will be good tomorrow. The weather is 2 encase 3 Iris believed that the thieves got in through a window in the roof. The thieves ii iii innit fai i iii 4 Ieis reported that many people are homeless after the floods. Many people ae 5 Ics thought that the prisoner escaped by climbing over a wall. ‘The prisoner " a 6 tis alleged that the man was driving at 110 miles an hour. The man rian Ieis reported that the building has been badly damaged by the fre. THE BUG oecoencoenoenerses 8 a Iris said thar the company is loop lot of money The COMPANY mine b It is believed thar the company lost a lot of money last year. The company genie : € Its expected that the company will make a loss this year. The company ‘ ao - There are a lot of rumours about Alan. Here are some of the things people say about him: 1 (Alan speaks ten languages.) 2. (He knows a lot of famous people. 9, 3 (Meisveryrich.) 4 (chaste iden.) 5 (He was an actor when he was younger. Nobody is sure whether these things are true. Write sentences about Alan using supposed to. Alan is. supposed. to speak ten languages. He Alan Complete the sentences using supposed to be + the following: onadiet flower my friend a joke -@-seeret’ working Everybody seems to know about the plan, but it ...{3..24pposed. to. be. a. secret. You shouldn’t criticise me all the time. YOU —anonnonnne I shouldn't be eating this cake really. I. I'm sorry for what I said, I was trying to be funny. It aes What's this drawing? Is ita tree? Or maybe it = pat You shouldn't be reading the paper now. You... RRS Write sentences with supposed to + the following verbs: arrive block park phone start Use the negative (not supposed to) where necessary. 1 You ...re..net. supposed. to, park. here. It's private parking only. Bi Weraccuce -onsonen Work at 8.15, but we rarely do anything before 8.30. 3 Oht ~sounsnvnnn Helen, but [completely forgot. 4 This door is a fire exit. You . it. 5S My train = at 11,30, but it was an hour late. + Additional exercises 22-24 (pages 314-15) a1eri tse Have something done Study this example sitoation: The roof of Lisa’s house was damaged in a storm. Yesterday a workman came and repaired it. Lisa had the roof repaired yesterday. This means: Lisa arranged for somebody else to repair the roof. She didn’t repair it herself. ‘We use have something done to say that we arrange for somebody else to do something for us. Compare: Lisa repaired the roof. (= she repaired it herself) Lisa had the roof repaired. (= she arranged for somebody else to repair it) 1 ‘Did you make those curtains yourself?” “Yes, I enjoy making things.” “Did you have those curtains made?” ‘No, I made them myself.” BL) careful with word order. The past participle (repaired/cut etc.) is after the object: have object past participle io Lisa had | the roof sepaired yesterday. | Where did you have | your hair cu? | Your hair looks nice. Have you had it Our neighbour has just had a garage We are having the house painted at the moment. How often do you have yout car serviced? I think you should have | that coat cleaned, don’t like having | my photograph | taken. Get something done You can also say ‘get something done’ instead of ‘have something done’ (mainly in informal spoken English): © When are you going to get the roof repaired? (= have the roof repaired) © I think you should get your hair cut really shore. Sometimes have something done has a different meaning. For example: Paul and Karen had all their money stolen while they were on holiday. This does not mean that they arranged for somebody to steal their money. ‘They had all their ‘money stolen’ means only: ‘All their money was stolen from them’. With this meaning, we use have something done to say that something happens to somebody or their belongings. Usually what happens is not nice: 1 Gary had his nose broken in a fight. (= his nose was broken) 10 Have you ever had your passport stolen? 92Exercises Unit 46 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 Tick (¥) the correct sentence, (a) or (b), for each picture. ‘eg: SARAH BILL. JOHN SUE (a) Sarah is cutting (a) Bill is cutting his | (a) John is cleaning (a) Sue is taking a her hair. hair. his shoes. photograph, (b) Sarah is having _(b) Bill is having his (b) John is having his | (b) Sue is having her her hair cut. hair cur. shoes cleaned. photograph taken. Answer the questions using To have something done. Choose from the boxes: -‘my-car my eyes my jacket my watch clean repair -serviee test 1 Why did you go to the garage? Te. have my. car. serviced. 2 Why did you go to the cleaner's? To " a 3. Why did you go ro the jeweller’s? - a a 4 Why did you go to the optician’s? ss Write sentences in the way shown. 1 Lisa didn’t repair the roof herself. She 044. ..repalred 2 I didn’t cut my hair myself. 1 3 They didn’t paint the house themselves. They ~ ae John didn’t build that wall himself. so a se 5 I didn’t deliver the flowers myself. 1-scmeoinwnm * Use the words in brackets to complete the sentences, Use the structure have something done. 1 We are. having the house. painted. (the house / paint) at the moment. 2 Tost my key: I'll have to vse (another key / make). 3. When was the last time you (your hair / cut)? 4 (you / a newspaper / deliver) to your house every day, or do you go out and buy one? 5a: What are those workmen doing in your garden? B: Oh, we (a garage / build). 6 a: Can I see the photographs you took when you were on holiday? B: I'm afraid 1 i i ws (not / the film / develop) yet. 7 This coat is dirty. I must - - {it / clean). 8 If you want to wear earrings, why don’t you (your ears / pierce)? 4: [heard your computer wasn’t working, That's right, bur it’s OK now. I... as sn (it repair), {in these items, use ‘have something done’ with its second meaning (see Section 0). 10 Gary was in a fight last night. He —! (his nose / break). 11 Did Ttell you about Jane? She ther handbag / steal) last week. 12 Did you hear about Pere? He _ — (his car / vandalise) a few nights ago. 93Uline UYMe Reported speech 1 (He said that ...) Study this example situation: You want to tell somebody what Paul said. “Tere are two ways of doing this: ‘You can repeat Paul's words (direct speech): Paul said, ‘I'm feeling ill.” wat Or you can use reported speech: Paul said that he was feeling ill Compare: SE _ direct Paul said,‘ Tam feelingill.” | In writing we use these quotation toy marks to show direct speech. reported Paul said that he was feeling ill. BY ben we use reported speech, the main verb of the sentence is usually past (Paul said that Ttold her that... etc.). The rest of the sentence is usually past too: 2 Paul said that he was feeling ill. 0 Itold Lisa that I didn’t have any money. You can leave out that. So you can say: 12 Paul said that he was feeling ill. or Paul said he was feeling ill. In general, the present form in direct speech changes to the past form in reported speech: amfis > was do/does + did will > would are —> were have/has > had can > could wantllike/know/go etc. > wanted/liked/knew/went etc. Compare direct speech and reported speech: You met Jenny, Here are some of the Later you tell somebody what Jenny said, things she said in direct speec! You use reported speech: © Jenny said that her parents were very well. “My parents are very well.” © She said that she was going to learn to drive. ‘I'm going to learn to drive.’ he said chat she wanted to buy a car. © She said that John had a new job. he said char she couldn't come to the party on Friday: he said she didn’t have much free time. ‘I want to buy a car. ‘John has a new job.’ ‘I can’t come to the party on Friday.” ‘I don’t have much free time. ‘I'm going away for a few days. I'll phone you when I get back.” © She said thar she was going away for a few days and would phone me when she got back BEY the past simple (did/saw/knew etc.) can usually stay the same in reported speech, or you can change it to the past perfect (had done / had seen / had known etc.): direct Paul said: I woke up feeling ill, so I didn’t go to work.’ reported Paul said (that) he woke up feeling ill, so he didn’t go to work. or Paul said (that) he had woken up feeling ill, so he hadn’t gone to work. 94 Reported speech 2 -» Unit 48 Reported questions —» Unit 508Exercises Unit 47 47.1 Yesterday you met a friend of yours, Steve. You hadn't seen him for a long time. Here are some of the things Steve said to you: 1 rm fiving in London, 7 Ihaven't seen Diane recently. 2 My father isn't very well —\ ea 8 Im not enjoying my job very much. 3 Rachel and Mark are getting ——_fet-}_-— 9. You can come and stay at my place maried next month if you'e ever in London. ee Se 4. My sister has ——Z Yo My car was stolen a few days ago. 5. I don't know what 11. | want to go on holiday, but | Frank is doing. can't afford it. 6 | saw Helen at a party in 12 Iii tell Chris | saw you. June and she seemed fine. Later that day you tell another friend what Steve said. Use reported speech. 1 Steve, said that he was living in LOrdOn. ee 2 He said thar 3 He. 4 5 47.2 Somebody says something to you which is the opp the answers. 14: That restaurant is expensive. : Is it? I thought you said it Sue is coming to the party tonight. : Is she? I thought you said she : Sarah likes Paul. Does she? Last week you Said ene : [know lots of people. : Do you? I thought you Said een a: Jane will be here next week. : Will she? But didn’t you say : I'm going out this evening. Are you? But you said en a Tcan speak a little French. Can you? But earlier you said .. pean &: Thaven't been to the cinema for ages. : Haven't you? I thought you said nm — Additional exercise 25 (page 316) 95Unit vw Reported speech 2 BIS (is 20¢ always necessary to change the verb in reported speech. If you report something and the situation hasn't changed, you do not need to change the verb to the past: 0 direct Paul said, ‘My new job is very interesting.” reported Paul said that his new job is very interesting. (The situation hasn’t changed. His job is still interesting.) Cdirect Helen said, ‘I want to go to New York next year.’ reported Helen told me that she wants to go to New York next year. (Helen still wants to go to New York next year) You can also change the verb to the past: 2 Paul said that his new job was very interesting. 1 Helen told me that she wanted to go'to New York next year. But if you are reporting a finished situation, you must use a past verb: 13 Paul left the room suddenly. He said he had to go. (not has to go) BY ¥0u need t0 use a past form when there is a difference Have you heard? between what was said and what is really true. For example: Joe isin hospital ‘You met Sonia a few days ago. She said: ‘Joe is in hospital.’ (direct speech) ue Later that day you meet Joe in the street. You say: ‘I didn’t expect to see you, Joe. Sonia said you were in hospital.” (not ‘Sonia said you are in hospital’, because clearly he is not) Say and tell If you say who somebody is talking to, use tell: TELL SOMEBODY 17 Sonia told me that you were in hospital. (not Sonia said me) @ What did you tell the police? (not say the police) Otherwise use say: SAY SOMEBODY. © Sonia said that you were in hospital. (not Sonia told thar .. © What did you say? But you can ‘say something to somebody’: © Ann said goodbye to me and left. (not Ann said me goodbye) What did you say to the police? BE) Tetvask somebody to do something We also use the infinitive (to do / to stay eté.) in reported speech, especially with tell and ask (for orders and requests): © direct ‘Stay in bed for a few days,’ the doctor said to me. reported The doctor told me to stay in bed for a few days. direct ‘Don't shout,’ I said to Jim. reported told Jim not to shout. direct ‘Please don’t tell anybody what happened,’ Jackie said to me. reported Jackie asked me not to tell anybody what (had) happened. You can also say ‘Somebody said (not) to do somethi 1 Jackie said not to tell anyone. (but not Jackie said me) 96 Reported speech —> Unit 47 Reported questions —> Unit 508Exercises Unit 48 48.1 48.2 48.3 Here are some things that Sarah said to you: | don’t have any brothers or sisters. Teh wc But later Sarah says something different to you. What do you say? | Sarah / You 1 ( Dave works very hard. But. you. said. he was lazy. ssh 2 | Let’s have fish for dinner. But ..... mn 3 I'm going to buy a car. “ 4 | Jane is always short of money. | | --=--— My sister lives in Paris. I think New York is a great place. Let’s go out tomorrow evening. 8 T've never spoken to Jane. ee ‘Complete the sentences with say or tell (in thie correct form). Use only one word each time. 1 Ann ..3@4... goodbye to me and left. 2 us about your holiday. Did you have a nice time? 3. Don’t just stand there! something! 4 I wonder where Sue is. She she would be here at 8 o'clock. 5 Dan me that he was bored with his job. 6 The doctor that I should rest for at least a week. 7 Don't anybody what I « It's a secret just between us. 8 ‘Did she you what happened?” ‘No, she didn’t anything to me. 9 Gary couldn’t help me. He me to ask Caroline. 10 Gary couldn't help me. He to ask Caroli The following sentences are direct speech: Tatiana Ta Gpiamiaes _ Giese) manera) oe co) Canyon pen or tag pee?) Hurry up! Will you marry me? ‘(00 you think you could give me a hand, Tom? ) Now choose one of these to complete cach of the sentences below. Use reported speech. 1 Bill was taking a long time to get ready, so I 404d. him. to hurry. up : Sarah was driving too fast, so I asked a ss Sue was nervous about the situation. I told .. a 4 Lcouldn’t move the piano aloney $0 Donn ah 5 The customs officer looked at me suspiciously and 6 Tom was going to the shop, so I 7 The man started asking me personal questions, $0 [mn nunnnmnn 8 John was very much in love with Mary, so he ..... 9 [didn’t want to delay Helen, $0 1 — Additional exercise 25 (page 316) 97Questions 1 : In questions we usually put the subject after the first verb: subject + verb verb + subject [Tom will will Tom? © Will Tom be here tomorrow? you have = Mave’ ‘you? Have you been working hard? | tehouse was > was the house? © When was the house built? Remember that the subject comes after the first verb: 17 Is Catherine working today? (not Is working Catherine) you live + do you live? 5 Do you live near here? the film begins -+ does the film begin? | © What time does the film begin? In past simple questions, we use did: you sold -> did you sell? |G Did you sell your car? the train stopped > did _ the train stop? Why did the train stop? But do not use do/does/did if who/what etc. is the subject of the sentence. Compare: who object | who subject | | Emma telephoned somebody . | Somebody telephoned Emma. _ —— objet ———! subject —! Who did Emma telephone? | In these examples, who/what etc. is the subject: © Who wants something to eat? (not Who does want) 2 What happened to you last night? (not What did happen) cl How many people came to the meeting? (not did come) 2 Which bus goes to the centre? (not does go) Note the position of prepositions in questions beginning Who/What/Which/Where . 1 Who do you want to speak to? 13 What was the weather like yesterday? 2 Which job has Ann applied for? 15 Where are you from? You can use preposition + whom in formal style: © To whom do you wish to speak? Isn'tit ... ?/ Didn't you ... ? etc. (negative questions) We use negative questions especially to show surprise: 1 Didn't you hear the doorbell? I rang it three times. or when we expect the listener to agree with us: © ‘Haven't we met somewhere before?” “Yes, I think we have.” ‘Note the meaning of yes and no in answers to negative questions: Yes. (= Yes, I want to go) 2 © Don't you want to go to the party? { Nov aie don't wast 0.g0) Note the word order in negative questions beginning Why 12 Why don’t we go out for a meal tonight? (not Why we don't go) 2 Why wasn’t Mary at work yesterday? (not Why Mary wasn't) Questions 2—> Unit 50 Question tags (do you? isn't it? ete.) -> Unit 52Exercises Unit 49 49.1 Ask Joe questions. (Look at his answers before you write the questions.) ‘in Manchester, No, I was born in London. Yes. 17 years. (where /live?) Where. 4e.you live? (born there?) (martied?) nnn (how long / married?) 5 | (children?) Yes, two boys. Joe 12 and 15. I'm a journalist. She's a doctor. 6 | (how old / they?) 7 | (what / do?) 8 | (what / wife / do?) 49.2 Make questions with who or what. \ 1 Somebody hit me. 2 T hit somebody. 3 Somebody paid the bill. 4 Something happened. s Diane said something. 6 This book belongs to somebody. 7 Somebody lives in that house. 8 Tell over something. 9 Something fell on the floor. 10 This word means something, 11 | I borrowed the money from somebody. 12 I'm worried about something, re aaa 49.3. Put the words in brackets in the correct order. All the sentences are questions. (when / was / built / this house) When was this, house. built?.. (how / cheese / is / made) neverers (when / invented / the computer / Was). parr . (why / Sue / working / isn’t / today) .. (what time / coming / your friends / are) (why / was / cancelled / the concert) (where / your mother / was / born) (why / you / to the party / didn’t / come) [em 9 (how / the accident / did / happen) ener 10 (why / this machine / doesn’t / Work) nemo PAW 49.4 Write negative questions from the words in brackets, In each situation you are surprised. 1 a: We won't see Liz this evening. a: Why nor? (she / not / come / to the party?) : [hope we don’t meet David tonight. Why? (you mot / Hike / BAM?) oan neennennn 3 a: Don't go and see that film. & Why not? (it/ not / good?) Serer 4 a: I'll have to borrow some money. 8: Why? (you / not / have / any?) wv 99Unit 50 100 Questions 2 (Do you know where ... ? / He asked me where ...) Do you know where ... ?/ I don't know why ... / Could you tell me what ... ? etc. We say: Where has Tom gone? but Do you know where Tom has gone? (not Do you know where has Tom gone?) ‘When the question (Where has Tom gone?) is part of a longer sentence (Do you know I don't know ... / Can you tell me ... ?etc.), the word order changes. We say: © What time is it? but Do you know what time it is? © Who are those people? T don’t know who those people are © Where ean I find Linda? Can you tell me where I can find Linda? © How much will it cost? Do you have any idea how much it will cost? Be careful with do/does/did questions. We say: What time does the film begin? but Do you know what time the film begins? (not does the film begin) © Whar do you mean? Please explain what you mean. © Why did she leave early? I wonder why she left early. Use if or whether where there is no other question word (what, why etc.): 3 Did anybody see you? but Do you know if anybody saw you? or ... whether anybody saw you? He asked me where ... (reported questions) “The same changes in word order happen in reported questions. Compare: O direct The police officer said to us, ‘Where are you going?” reported The police officer asked us where we were going. Gi direct Clare said, ‘What time do the banks close reported Clare wanted to know what time the banks closed . In reported speech the verb usually changes to the past (were, closed etc.). See Unit 47. Study these examples. You had an interview for a job and these were some of the questions the interviewer asked you: Gen wie) cgemetee yu ihe o> How long have you been Do you have a Co yoa tones amene) licence? ‘working in your present job? Later you tell a friend what the interviewer asked you. You use reported speech: 10 She asked if (or whether) I was willing to trav 2 She wanted to know what I did in my spare time. 17 She asked how long I had been working in my present job. 7 She asked why I had applied for the job. (or ... why I applied) 17 She wanted to know if (or whether) I could speak any foreign languages. © She asked if (or whether) I had a driving licence. Reported speech —» Units 47~48Exercises Unit 50 50.1 50.2 50.3 Make a new sentence from the question in brackets. 1 (Where has Tom gone?) Do you know ...where. Tom has. gone’... (Where is the post office?) Could you tell me where... (What's the time?) I wonder _.... pci nn cota sa (What does this word mean?) I want to know ss (What time did they leave?) Do you know a (Is Sue going out tonight?) I don’t know oo... ss (Where does Caroline live?) Do you have any idea... (Where did I park the car?) I can’t remember s there a bank near here?) Can you tell me mmr 10 (What do you want?) Tell me 11 (Why didn’t Kate come to the party?) I don’t kno 12 (How much does it cost to park here?) Do you know... 13 (Who is that woman?) I have no idea 14 (Did Liz get my letter?) Do you know -. 15 (How far is itto the airport?) Can you tell me Law eun You are making a phone call. You want to speak to Sue, but she isn’t there. Somebody else answers the phone. You want to know three things: (1) Where has she gone? (2) When will she be back? and (3) Did she go out alone? Complete the conversation: A: Do you know Where nnonnnunon : Sorry, I've got no idea. a: Never mind. I don’t suppose you know &: No, I'm afraid not. a B ie One more thing. Do you happen ro know =a I'm afraid I didn’t see her go out. OK. Well, thank you anyway. Goodbye. You have been away for a while and have just come back to your home town. You meet Tony, a friend of yours. He asks you a lot of questions: 1 (How are you? S (Why did you come back? 6 (Where are you living? 1 gg , Do you have any plans to go away again? 4 (What are you doing now? Tony 9 (an you lend me some money? Aen Nau Xo oe — Additional exercise 25 (page 316) 101102 Auxiliary verbs (have/do/can etc.) | think so / | hope so etc. In each of these sentences there is an auxiliary verb and a main verb: T| have lost | my keys. She | can’t | come | to the party. ‘The hotel | was built ten years ago. Where | do you | tive? | In these examples have/can'vwas/do are auxiliary (= helping) verbs. You can use an auxiliary verb when you don’t want to repeat something: 17 ‘Have you locked the door?” *Yes, Ihave.’ (= I have locked the door) » George wasn't working, but Janet was. (= Janet was working) © She could lend me the money, but she won't. (= she won't lend me the money) Use do/does/did for the present and past simple: 5 ‘Do you like onions?” ‘Yes, Ido.’ (=I like onions) © ‘Does Simon live in London?’ ‘He did, but he doesn’t any more.’ You can use auxiliary verbs to deny what somebody says (= say it is nor true): 1 You're sitting in my place.’ ‘No, I'm not.’ (= I'm not sitting in your place) 1 *You didn’t lock the door before you left.’ “Yes, I did.’ (= I locked the door) ‘We use have you? / isn’t she? / do they? etc. to show interest in what somebody has said or to show surprise: 5 ‘P've just seen Simon.’ ‘Oh, have you? How is he?” © ‘Liz isn’t very well today.’ ‘Oh, isn’t she? What’s wrong with her?” ‘It rained every day during our holiday.’ “Did it? What a pi im and Nora are getting married.’ ‘Are they? Really?’ We use auxiliary verbs with so and neither: O T'm feeling tired.’ ‘So am I.’ (= I'm feeling tired too) 2 ‘Inever read newspapers.’ ‘Neither do I.’ (= I never read newspapers either) Sue hasn’t gor a car and neither has Martin, Note the word order after so and neither (verb before subject): 1 I passed the exam and so did Paul. (not so Paul did) Instead of neither, you can use nor. You can also use not ... either: © ‘Idon’t know.’ ‘Neither do I” or ‘Nor do 1.’ or ‘I don’t either.” I think so / I hope so etc. After some verbs you can use so when you don’t want to repeat something: 5 ‘Are those people English?” ‘I think so.’ (= I think they are English) ‘Will you be at home this evening?’ ‘Texpect so. (=I expect I'll be at home ...) 5 ‘Do you think Kate has been invited to the party?” ‘I suppose so.” In the same way we say: I hope so, I guess so and I'm afraid so. ‘The usual negative forms are: I think so / I expect so > I don’t think so /1 don’t expect so Thope so/P'm afraid so/I guess so -* I hope not / I'm afraid not / I guess not 1 suppose so > — Idon't suppose so or I suppose not 0 ‘Is that woman American?’ ‘I think so. / I don’t think so.” © ‘Do you think it will rain?” ‘Lhope so. / I hope not.’ (not I don’t hope so) ‘American English —» Appendix 7Exercises Unit 51 51.1 512 51.3 514 Complete each sentence with an auxiliary verb (do/was/could ete.). Sometimes the verb must be negative (don't/wasn't etc.) 1 L wasn’t tired, bur my friends. were 2 like hor weather, bur Ann 7 ‘Is Colin here?” “He five minutes ago, but I think he’s gone home now.” Liz said she might phone later this evening, but I don’t think she i "Are you and Chris coming to the party?” ‘I but Chris 2 I don’t know whether to apply for the job or not. Do you think 1 “Please don’t tell anybody what I said.” ‘Don’t worry. “You never listen to me.” “Yes, 1 f 9 Can you play a musical instrument?” “No, but I wish | 10 ‘Please help me” ‘I'm sorry. I if burl You never agree with Sue. Answer in the way shown. ( Pmbungrs (Ate you? tm not. | I'm not tired. ‘Aren't you? am ike football. WS I didn’ enjoy the film. She I've never been to Australia, I thought the exam was easy, oe we You are talking to Tina. If you're in the same position as Tina, reply with So ... or Neither... as in the first example. Otherwise, ask questions as in the second example. Tm feeling tired. 1 2 L work hard. 3 I watched television last night. 4 T won't be at home tomorrow. 3 na I like reading. I read a lot. T'd like to live somewhere else. Tean’t go our tonight. In these conversations, you are B. Read the information in brackets and then answer with | think 80, | hope not ete. 1 (You don't like rain.) a: Do you think ir will rain? B: (hope) |. Nope..net. 2 (You need more money quickly.) 4: Do you think you'll get a pay rise soon? 8: (hope) Sciacca sata (You think Diane will probably get the job chat she applied for) 4: Do you think Diane will get the job? _&: (expect) F = 4 (You're not sure whether Barbara is married ~ probably not.) x: Ts Barbara married? s: (think) a . F (You are the receptionist at a hotel. The hotel is full.) a: Have you got a room for tonight? Bs (afraid) nom inenennntnnennnnnntnn 6 (You're at a party. You have to leave early.) 4: Do you have to leave already? 8: (afraid) 7 (Ann normally works every day, Monday to Friday. Tomorrow is Wednesday.) a: Is Ann working tomorrow? 8: (suppose) . 8 (You are going to a party. You can’t stand John.) 4: Do you think John will be ar the party? B: (Rope) nn 9 (You're not sure what time the concert is ~ probably 7.30.) a: Is the concert at 7.30? 6: (think) rm 103iia 52 i 104 Question tags (do you? isn't it? etc.) Study these examples: You haven't seen Kate today, have you? ((1was a good film, wasn't it? Yes, it was great Have you? and wasn't it? are question tags (= mini-questions that we often put on the end of a sentence in spoken English). In question tags, we use an auxiliary verb (havelwas/will etc.). ‘We use do/does/did for the present and past simple (see Unit 51): © ‘Karen plays the piano, doesn’t she?” ‘Well, yes, but not very well.” © “You didn't lock the door, did you?” *No, I forgot.” Normally we use a negative question tag after . and a positive question tag after a a positive sentence: negative sentence: positive sentence + negative tag negative sentence + positive tag Kate will be here soon, won't she? Kate won't be late, will she? | ‘There was a lot of traffic, wasn’t there? They don’t like us, do they Michael should pass the exam, shouldn't he? You haven't got a car, have you? Notice the meaning of yes and no in answer to a negative sentence: es, Lam going out) No, I am not going out) ‘Yes. © You're not going out today, are you? { oe ‘The meaning of a question tag depends on how you say it. If your voice goes down, you are not really asking a question; you are only inviting the listener to agree with you: It’s a nice day, ist it?” “Yes, beautiful.” 1 ‘Tim doesn’t look well today, doehe?” ‘No, he looks very tired.” 1 She's very funny, She's got a great sense of humour, hasit't she? But if the voice goes up, it is a real question: 1 ‘You haven't seen Lisa today, have yoti?” ‘No, I'm afraid I haven't.” (= Have you by chance seen Lisa today?) You can use a negative sentence + positive tag to ask for things or information, or to ask somebody to do something. The voice goes up at the end of the tag in sentences like these: 15 *You haven't got a pen, have yo?” “Yes, here you are.’ “You couldn't do me a favour, could you?” “Ir depends what ic is.” 1G *You don’t know where Karen is, do yoti?” ‘Sorry, I have no idea.” After Let’ ... the question tag is shall we: 1 Let’s go for a walk, shall we? (the voice goes up) After Don’t... , the question tag is will you: © Don't be late, will you? (the voice goes down) After P'm ... , the negative question tag is aren’t I? (= am I not?): © Pm right, aren't 2” “Yes, you are.” ‘Auxiliary verbs (have/dojcan etc) —> Unit 51Exercises Unit 52 52.1 52.2 52.3 Put a question tag on the end of these sentences. SL Kate won't be late, will she No, she’s never late. You're tired, — aren't you Yes, a litte. You've got a camera, Yes, I've got two actually. Yes, I wa Sue doesn’t know Ann, | No, they've never met. Jack’s on holiday, | Yes, he’s in Portugal. 1 2 3 4 You weren't listening, 5 6 Kate's applied for the job, 2 | Yes, but she won't ger it. 8 You can speak German, 2 Yes, but not very fluently. 9 He won't mind if 1 use his phone, 2 | No, of course he won't. 10 There are a lot of people here, 2 | | Yes, more than I expected. i Let's go out tonight, 2 | Yes, that would be great. 2 This isn’t very interesting, | No, nor very. B I'm too impatient, | Yes, you are sometimes. 4 You wouldn't tell anyone, 2 No, of course not. 15 Helen has lived here a long time, || Yes, 20 years. 16 I shouldn’t have lost my temper, ? | No, bur never mind. 7 He'd never met her before, ? ‘o, that was the first time. 1s Don't drop that vase, Z (se don’t worry. Read the situation and write a sentence with a question tag. In each situation you are asking your friend to agree with you. 1 You look out of the window: The sky is blue and the sun is shining. What do you say to your friend? (nice day) |t'5 @ nice day, isnt it? 2 You're with a friend outside a restaurant. You're looking at the prices, which are very high. Whar do you say? (expensive) It 3 You and a colleague have just finished a training course. You really enjoyed it. What do you say t0 your colleague? (great) The course 4 Your friend’s hair is much shorter than when you last met. What do you say to her/him? have/ your hair / cur) You You and a friend are listening to a woman singing, You like her voice very much. What do you say 10 your friend? (a good voice) She 6 You are trying on a jacket in a shop. You look in the mirror and you don’t like what you see. Whar do you say to your friend? (not / look / very good) It You and a friend are walking over a small wooden bridge. The bridge is very old and some parts are broken, What do you say? (not / very safe) This bridge In these situations you are asking for information, asking people to do things ete. 1 You need a pen. Perhaps Jane has got one. Ask her. Jane, you haven't got a pen, have. you? 2 Joe is just going out. You want him to get some stamps. Ask him. Joe, you 3. You're looking for Diane. Perhaps Kate knows where she is. Ask her. Kate. you 4 You need a bicycle pump. Perhaps Helen has gor one. Ask her. Helen, Ann has a car and you need a lift to the station. Perhaps she'll take you. Ask her. Ann, ees 6 You're looking for your keys. Perhaps Robert has seen them, Ask him. Robert, 105ity EX¥y Verb + -ing (enjoy doing / sto Look at these examples: © Lenjoy reading. (not I enjoy to read) 1 Would you mind closing the door? (not mind to close) 1 Chris suggested going to the cinema. (not suggested to go) Would you mind closing the door? After enjoy, mind and suggest, we use -ing (not to Some more verbs that are followed by stop postpone admit avoid imagine finish consider deny risk. fancy 1 Suddenly everybody stopped talking. There was silence. © P'll do the shopping when I've finished cleaning the flat. © He tried to avoid answering my question. © I don’t fancy going out this evening. (= I'm not enthusiastic about it) 1 Have you ever considered going to live in another country? ‘The negative form is not -ing: © When I’m on holiday, I enjoy not having to get up early. BEY 20 useing ater: | give up (= stop) | put off (= postpone) go on / carry on | keep or keep on (= do something continuously or repeatedly) © P've given up reading newspapers. I think i's a waste of time, © Jenny doesn’t want to retire. She wants to go on working. (or ... to carry on working.) © You keep interrupting when I'm talking! or You keep on interrupting .. With some verbs you can use the structure verb + somebody + -ing: 2 I can’t imagine George riding a motorbike. 3 You can’t stop me doing what I want. 1 ‘Sorry to keep you waiting so long.’ “That's all right.” Nore the passive form (being done/seen/kept etc.): © I don’t mind being kept waiting. (= I don’t mind people keeping me ...) When you are talking about finished actions, you can say having done/stolen/said etc. : © They admitted having stolen the money. But it is not necessary to use having (done). You can also say: © They admitted stealing the money 1 Tnow regret saying (or having said) what I said. For regret, see Unit 56B. BT) ter some of the verbs on this page (especially admit/deny/suggest) you can also use that © They denied that they had stolen the money. (or They denied stealing 1 Sam suggested that we went to the cinema. (or Sam suggested going Suggest —> Unit 34 Being done (passive) > Unit 448 Verb + to...» Unit 54 Verb + to ... and -ing —> 106 Units 58¢, 56-58 Regret / go on — Unit 568 Go on / carry on / keep on — Unit 141AExercises Unit 53 53.1 Complete each sentence with one of the following verbs (in the correct form): answer apply be forget listen live lose make read try use write 1 He tried to avoid ..2nswer"g. my question. 2 Could you please stop so much noise? 3 Lenjoy . on ro music. 4 I considered - for the job, bur in the end I decided against it. 5 Have you finished the newspaper yet? 6 We need to change our routine, We can’t £0 0M a -nn---nm like this. 7 1 don’t mind you the phone as long as you pay for all your calls. 8 My memory is getting worse. I keep things. 9 I've pur off the letter so many times. I really must do it tod: 10 Whar a stupid thing to do! Can you imagine anybody so stupid? 11 Fve given up t0 lose weight ~ irs impossible. 12 Ii you invest your money on the stock market, you risk esac 532 Complete the sentences for each situation using -ing. 1 at shall we do? anu She suggested ...goung..to. (GRD § Ceommnim) Same Do you want to play tennis? ge 3 { Wo, nt rea) He didn’t fancy: ii ; She admitted You were driving too fast. ——___* #3 7 fantannen Gaeare : 4 (Why don't we go for a swim? \, g fh A tia) She Suggested innmonnenne 5 Cou broke the C0 player. fF Q ean) He denied .... zs © (an you wait a few minutes? \ e oe ir 0 oer) They didn’t mind ..... 53.3 Complete the sentences so that they mean the same as the first sentence. Use -ing. 1 Tean do what I want and you can’t stop me. You ..can't. stop. me, doing what. | want: 2 I's not a good idea to travel during the rush hour. Irs better to avoid - st 3 Shall we paint the kitchen next weekend instead of this weekend? Shall we postpone until 4 Could you turn the radio down, please? Would you mind a 5 Please don’t interrupt me all the time. Would you mind z 53.4 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. Use -ing. 1 She's a very interesting person. I always enjoy ...taking to. her. - 2 P'm not feeling very well. 1 don’t f4Mey)c-onnwnnennnnnie 7 3 I'm afraid there aren’t any chairs. I hope you don’t mind... 4 Irwas a beautiful day, so I suggested as 5 Iewas very funny. I couldn't stop eed 6 My car isn’t very reliable. It keeps 107Unit boyd | 108 Verb + to ... (decide to ... / forget to ... etc) offer decide hope —deserve-—_—promise agree plan manage afford threaten refuse arrange fail forget learn After these verbs you can use to ... infinitive): © Ie was late, so we decided to take a taxi home. © Simon was in a difficult situation, so I agreed to help him. © How old were you when you learnt to drive? (or learnt how to drive) © I waved to Karen. bur failed to attract her attention. The negative is not to ... : 12 We decided not to go out because of, the weather. 1 I promised not to be late. After some verbs to ... is not possible. For example, enjoy/think/suggest: i L enjoy reading. (ot enjoy to read) 1 Tom suggested going to the cinema. (not suggested to go) © Are you thinking of buying a car? (not thinking to buy) For verb + -ing, see Unit 53. For verb + preposition + -ing, see Unit 62. ‘We also use to ... after: seem appear tend pretend — claim For example: 1 They seem to have plenty of money 1 [like Dan, but I think he tends to talk t00 much. 17 Ann pretended not to see me when she passed me in the street. There is also a continuous infinitive (to be doing) and a perfect infinitive (to have done): © I pretended to be reading the newspaper. (=I pretended that I was reading) 1 You seem to have lost weight. (= it seems thar you have lost weight) 5 Martin seems to be enjoying his new job. (= it seems thar he is enjoying it) After dare you can use the infinitive with or without to: © T wouldn't dare to tell him. or I wouldn't dare tell him. But after dare not (or daren’t), you must use the infinitive without to: daren’t tell him what happened. (not I daren’t to tell him) ‘After some verbs you can use a question word (what/whether/how etc.) + to ... . We use this structure especially after: ask decide know remember forget. explain learn understand wonder Weasked how — toget to the station. Have you decided where to go for your holidays? Idon’t know whether to apply for the job or not. Do you understand what to do? Also. show/telliask/advise/teach somebody whathow/where to do something: 1 Can somebody show me how to change the film in this camera? 1 Ask Jack. He'll tell you what to do. Verb + -ing > Unit 53 Verb + object + to... want ete) —- Unit 55 Verb + to ... and -ing > Units 55¢, 56-58,Exercises Unit 54 34.1 54.2 54.4 54.5 Complete the sentences for these situations, Ht we get married? Le ets) They decided ..£0..9¢.. (stat we get marrea? & ey Lie ets) bey deck (Pease nen me She agreed BCI Cia 1 Gm Blam) meme (nes yor rane? S455. BY Lira sing rote yu.) She refused & Please don’t tell anyone. “6 ie) She promised Complete each sentence with a suitable verb. 1 Don’t forget _%_P95¢_ the letter I gave you, 2 There was a lor of traffic, but we managed to the airport in time. 3 Jill has decided nor acar, 4 We've gor a new computer in our office. I haven't learnt... = it yer. 5 Karen failed a good impression at the job interview. 6 We were all afraid to speak. Nobody dared anything. Put the verb into the correct form, to ... or ~ing. (See Unit 53 for verbs + ~ing.) 1 When I'm tired, I enjoy —.%#2"9._ television. It's relaxing. (watch) 2 Ir was a nice day, so we decided ... for a walk. (go) 3 Its a nice day. Does anyone fancy for a walk? (go) 4 I'm not in a hurry. 1 don’t mind (wait) 5 They don’t have much money. They can’t afford out very often. (go) 6 I wish that dog would stop It’s driving me mad. (bark) 7 Our neighbour threatened the police if we didn’t stop the noise. (call) 8 We were hungry, so I suggested Units 34, 53. Tellfask somebody to ... > Unit 480 Verb + -ing — Unit 53 110 Verb + to... > Unit 54 Verb + to... and -ing —> Units 56-58 Help — Unit 57¢Unit 55 Complete the questions. Use do you want me to ... ? or would you like me to ... ? with these verbs (+ any other necessary words): lend repeat. show Exercises 55.1 wait come shut 1 Do you want to go alone, or ..42. You. want me. to come. with you . ? 2 Do you have enough money, or do you want ... 5 23 3 Shall I leave the window open, or would you eee 4 Do you know how to use the machine, oF WOUIE a wsnnennnnninnninnnnnnnne 2 5 Did you hear what I said, or do ne lai 2 6 Can I go now, or do _ as | 55.2 Complete the sentences for these situations. 1 (ate (9) Be 0K She told _Himn to lock the door 2 Why don't you come They invited him (Sine 99 Peewee) ; (eer & fo omen) She warned — * Cererate nate) SQ Unit 53 Verb + to + Units 54-55 Other verbs + -ing or to — Units 57-58Exercises Unit 56 56.1 56.2 56.3 Put the verb into the correct form, -ing or to .... Sometimes either form is possible. 1 They denied ...ste4ling... the money. (steal) 2 don't €Nj0Y eee very much. (drive) 3 Tdon’t want nn ‘out tonight. I'm too tired. (go) 4 Tcan’t afford out tonight. I don’t have enough money. (go) 5 Has ir stopped yer? (rain) 6 Our team was unlucky to lose the game. We deserved + (win) 7 Why do you keep mn me questions? Can't you leave me alone? (ask) 8 Please stop . me questions! (ask) 9 refuse any more questions. (answer) 10 One of the boys admitted the window. (break) I The boy’s father promised for the window to be repaired. (pay) 12 If the company continues money, the factory may be closed. (lose) 13 ‘Does Sarah know about the meeting?” ‘No, I forgot her.” (tell) 14 The baby began in the middle of the night. (cry) 15 Julia has been ill, but now she’s beginning better. (get) 16 T've enjoyed you. I hope = you again soon. (meet, see) Here is some information about Tom when he was a child. 1. He was in hospital when he was four. 4 Once he fell into the river. 2. He went to Paris when he was eight. _ 5 He said he wanted to be a doctor. 3. He cried om his first day at school 6 Once he was bitten by a dog. He can still remember 1, 2 and 4, But he can't remember 3, § and 6, Write sentences beginning He can remember ... or He can't remember 1 ._He. can remember, being in hospital. when he was, four... = annie 2 . ss ti 7 aoRaane g masa 8 section ore Sete Se ce Complete each sentence with a verb in the correct form, -ing or to .. 1 a Please remember ...%0.19¢k... the door when you go out. ba: You lent me some money a few months ago. F Are you sure? I don’t remember ~~» YOu any money. © A: Did you remember your sister? 6: Oh no, I completely forgot. I'll phone her tomorrow. d When you see Steve, remember oon uinusnom him my regards. € Someone must have taken my bag. I clearly remember ~ wees it by the window and now it has gone. 2 a [believe that whar I said was fair. I don’t regret é same b I knew they were in trouble, but I regret 1 did nothing to help them. 3 a Ben joined the company nine years ago. He became assistant manager after two years, and a few years later he went on manager of the company. b Tean’t go on : here any more. I want a different job. © When I came into the room, Liz was reading a newspaper. She looked up and said hello, and then went on her newspaper. — Additional exercises 26-28 (pages 317-19) 113Verb + -ing or to ... 2 (try/need/help) Try to... and try -ing Try to do = attempt to do, make an effort to do: I was very tired. | tried to keep my eyes open, but I couldn't Please try to be quiet when you come home. Everyone will be asleep. Try also means ‘do something as an experiment or test’. For example: © These cakes are delicious. You should try one. (= you should have one to see if you like it) © We couldn’t find anywhere to stay. We tried every hotel in the town, but they were all full. (= we went co every horel to see if they had a room) If try (with this meaning) is followed by a verb, we say try -ing: 1 A: The photocopier doesn’t seem to be working. 1: Try pressing the green button (= press the green button ~ perhaps this will help to solve the problem) ‘Compare: © [tried t0 move the table, but it was too heavy. (50 I couldn't move it) © I didn’t like the way the furniture was arranged, so I tried moving the table to the other side of the room. But it still didn’t look right, so I moved it back again. Need to ... and need -ing sssary for me to do it: I need to do something 5 I need to take more exercise. 1 He needs to work harder if he wants to make progress. ( Ths 00m needs tidying, 1 I don’t need to come to the meeting, do I? it is ned Something needs doing = it needs to be done: © The batteries in the radio need changing they need to be changed) Do you think my jacket needs cleaning? needs to be cleaned) 3 Irs a difficult problem. Ie needs thinking about very it needs to be thought about) carefully Help and can’t help You can say help to do or help do (with or without to}: 3 Everybody helped to clean up after the party. or Everybody helped clean up ... Can you help me to move this table? or Can you help me move I can't help doing something = I can’t stop myself doing it: © I don't like him, but he has a lot of problems. I can't help feeling sorry for him, © She tried to be serious, but she couldn't help laughing. = she couldn’t stop herself laughing) © Pm sorry I'm so nervous. I can't help it. can’t help being nervous) 114 Verb + ing — Unit 53 Verb + to... Units 54-55 Other verbs + -ing oF to... — Units 56, 58Exercises Unit 57 57.1 Make suggestions. Each time use try + one of the following suggestions: 57.2 57.3 @ phone his office move the aerial _-change the batteries- turn it the other way take an aspirin \ {Ct The radio isn’t working. 1.) (Have you ..‘ried. changing, the. batteries? wonder what's wrong with it. | I can’t open the door. The key || Try won't turn, ‘The TV picture isn’t very | Have you tried good. What can I do about it? Lcan’t contact Fred. He’s not || Why don’t you at home. Whar shall | do? I've got a terrible headache. ||| Have you wish it would go, For each picture, write a sentence with needs) + one of the following verbs: clean’ cut empty paint tighten Wb wh ey 4 ‘> ‘ie | This jacker is dirty, ./ needs. cleaning. The room isn’t very nice. The grass is very long. It The screws are loose. The bin is full Put the verb into the correct form. 1 a Twas very tired. I tried 9. KeeP (keep) my eyes open, but I couldn't. b Trang the doorbell, bur there was no answer. Then I tried (knock) on the door, but there was still no answer. © We tried (put) the fire out but without suecess. We had to call the fire brigade. Sue needed to borrow some money: She tried (ask) Gerry, but he was short of money too. © tried (reach) the shelf, but I wasn’t all enough. Please leave me alone. I'm trying (concentrate). a I need a change. I need (go) away for a while. b- My grandmother isn’t able co look after herself any more. She needs (look) after. The windows are dirty. They need (clean). Your hair is getting very long, It needs (cut). You don’t need (iron) that shirt. It doesn’t need (iron), a They were talking very loudly. I couldn't help (overhear) what they said. b Can you help me (get) the dinner ready? € He looks so funny. Whenever I see him, I can’t help (smile). d The fine weather helped (make) it a very enjoyable holiday. Ob site 115Unit 58 Verb + -ing or to ... 3 (like / would like etc.) BY hike / love / hate 116 When you talk about repeated actions, you can use -ing or to ... after these verbs. So you can say: Do you like getting up early? or Do you like to get up early? © Stephanie hates flying. or Stephanie hates to fly. © Hove meeting people. or love to meet people. I don’t like being kept waiting. or... like to be kept waiting. © I don’t like friends calling me at work. or... friends to call me at work. but (1) We use -ing (not to ...) when we talk about a situation that already exists (or existed). For example: © Paul lives in Berlin now. He likes living there. (He likes living in Berlin = He lives there and he likes it) © Do you like being a student? (You are a student ~ do you like it?) © The office I worked in was horrible. I hated working there. (I worked there and I hated it) (2) There is sometimes a difference between I like to do and I like doing: I like doing something = I do it and I enjoy it: © [like cleaning the kitchen, (= I enjoy it.) like to do something = I think it is a good thing to do, but I don’t necessarily enjoy it: 1 I's not my favourite job, but I like to clean the kitchen as often as possible. Note that enjoy and mind are always followed by -ing (not to G Tenjoy cleaning the kitchen. (not I enjoy to clean) 1 Idon’t mind cleaning the kitchen. (not I don’t mind to clean) Would like / would love / would hate / would prefer Would like / would love etc. are usually followed by to ...: 3 I'd like (= would like) to go away for a few days. 5 Would you like to come to dinner on Friday? 15 [wouldn't like to go on holiday alone. 1 Pd love to meet your family 2 Would you prefer to have dinner now or later? Compare I like and I would like (I'd like}: Tike playing tennis. / [like to play tennis. (= I like it in general) © Pd like to play tennis today. (= I want to play today) Would mind is always followed by -ing (not to © Would you mind closing the door, please? I would like to have done something = I regret now that I didn't or couldn't do it: © It’s a pity we didn’t see Val when we were in London. I would like to have seen her again. ‘We'd like to have gone away, but we were too busy at home. You can use the same structure after would love / would hate / would prefer: 2 Poor old Day I would hate to have been in his position. 3 'd love to have gone to the party, but it was impossible. Enjoy/mind —> Unit 53 Would like -> Units 376, 55. Prefer — Unit 59 American English —» Appendix 7Exercises Unit 58 58.1 58.3 58.4 Write sentences about yourself. Say whether you like or don’t like these activities. Choose one of these verbs for each sentence: like /don'tlike love hate enjoy — don't mind 1 (yy | don’t like, Flying. or | don't. like, to 2 (play cards) asa a 3 (be alone)... ica 4 (go to museums) seta 5 (cook) 7 Make sentences from the words in brackets. Use -ing or to ... . Sometimes either form is possible. 1 Paul lives in Berlin now. It’s nice. He likes it. he /like / live / there) .. He lukes, living, there. - A m 2 Jane is a biology teacher. She likes her job. (she / like / teach / biology) She = iii 3 Joe always carries his camera with him and takes a lor of photographs. ihe / like / take / photographs) ee 4 Lused to work in a supermarket. I didn’t like it much. (1/ not / like / work / there) RE RTEOA Rachel is studying medicine. She likes it. (she / like / study / medicine) - = 6 Dan is famous, bur he doesn’t like it. the / not / like / be / famous) _ 7 Jennifer isa very cautious person, She doesn't take many ris she / not / like / rake / risks) =e 8 Tdon’t like surprises (1 /like / know / things /in advance) = — Complete each sentence with a verb in the correct form, -ing or to .... In one sentence either form is possible. 1 It’s good to visit other places - I enjoy ..travetling 2 ‘Would you like down?” ‘No, thanks. I'll stand.” 3 I'm not quite ready yet. Would you mind -~ a little longer? 4 When 1 was a child, I hated to bed early. 3 When I have to catch a train, I'm always worried that I'l miss it. So I like... to the station in plenty of time. 6 Tenjoy busy. I don’t like it when there's nothing to do. 7 would love to your wedding, but I'm afraid it isn’t possible. 8 I don’t like in this part of town, I want to move somewhere else. 9 Do you have a minute? I'd like to you about something. 10 If there’s bad news and good news, I like the bad news first. Write sentences using would ... to have (done). Use the verbs in brackets. 1 Irs. pity I couldn't go to the wedding. (like) would. like. to have. gone to. the wedding. Ie’s.a pity I didn’t see the programme. (like) senna I'm glad I didn’t lose my watch, (hate) " . tes a pity I didn’t meet your parents. (love) 7 3 a 7 I'm glad I wasn’t alone. not / like) ena Irs. a pity I couldn't travel by train. (prefer) 2 . a ue ae — Additional exercises 26-28 (pages 317-19) 117Unit 59 118 Prefer and would rather Prefer to do and prefer doing You can use ‘prefer to (do)’ or ‘prefer -ing’ to say what you prefer in general: 1 I don’t like cities. I prefer to live in the country. or I prefer living in the country. Study the differences in structure after prefer. We say: Iprefer something to something else. prefer doing something to doing something else. but I prefer to do something rather than (do) something els 3 I prefer this coat'to the coat you were wea I prefer driving to travelling by train. but © I prefer to drive rather than travel by train. 1 Sarah prefers to live in the country rather than (live) in a city. ng yesterday. Would prefer (I'd prefer ...) ‘We use would prefer to say what somebody wants in a specific situation (not in general): 3 ‘Would you prefer tea or coffee?” “Coffee, please.” We say ‘would prefer to do something’ (not doing): “Shall we go by train?” ‘I'd prefer to drive.’ (not I'd prefer driving) 1 Pd prefer to stay at home tonight rather than go to the cinema. Would rather (I'd rather ...) Would rather (do) = would prefer (to do). We use would rather + infinitive (without to). Compare: ‘Td prefer to drive.” ‘Vd rather drive.’ (not to drive) 3 ‘Would you rather have tea or coffee?” “Coffee, please. 1 ‘Shall we go by train?” The negative is ‘I'd rather not (do something)’: i I’m tired. Pd rather not go out this evening, if you don’t mind. 1 ‘Do you want to go out this evening?” ‘I'd rather not.” We say ‘would rather do something than do something else’ 15 Pd rather stay at home tonight than go to the cinema. P'd rather you did something We say ‘I'd rather you did something’ (not I'd rather you do). For example: ‘Shall I stay here?” ‘I'd rather you came with us.” (= I would prefer this) 2 ‘I'll repair your bike tomorrow, OK? ‘I'd rather you did it today.’ 1 “Are you going to tell them what happened?" ‘No. I'd rather they didn’t know.” J Shall I tell them, or would you rather they didn’t know? In this structure we use the past (came, did etc.), but the meaning is present not past. Compare: 1 I'd rather make dinner now. I'd rather you made dinner now. (not I'd rather you make) 'd rather you didn’t (do something) = I'd prefer you not to do it: I'd rather you didn’t tell anyone what I said, ‘Shall I tell Linda what happened?” ‘I'd rather you didn't.” Would prefer —> Unit 588 Prefer (one thing) to (another) —> Unit 1360Exercises Unit 59 59.1 Which do you prefer? Write sentences using ‘I prefer (something) to (something else)’ Put the verb into the correct form where necessary. 1 (drive / travel by train) .|.prefer driving. to travelling by brain... 2 (basketball / football) I prefer .. gaa arc poss 3 (phone people / send emails) 1 eu i 6 si oe 4 (go to the cinema / watch videos at home) Now rewrite sentences 3 and 4 using the structure ‘I prefer to (do something): 5) wl prefer to drive rather than travel, by. train 6 (3) I prefer to . a 7 = = - 59.2 Write sentences using I'd prefer... and I'd rather ... + the following: cat athome -getataxt go alone ——_wait a few minutes, listen to some music stand go fora swim -waitilllater think about it for a while \ i Shall we walk home (prefer) ..|'4 prefer to get a taxi, 2 Do you want to eat now Irather) ...!'4 rather wait til later. ai 3 Would you like to watch TV? | | (rather) 4 | Do you want to go toa restaurant? | | (prefer) .. 5 Let's leave no (rather) 6 Shall we play tennis (rather) - ene 7 I think we should decide now. | | (prefer) ~ 8 Would you like to sit dows (rather) E 9 \Do you want me to come with you?) \ (prefer) : - Now use the same ideas to complete these sentences using than and rather than. 10 I'd prefer to get a taxi ...ather. than walk home. 11 Td prefer to go for a swim z * a 12 Td rather ear at home i _ ia st 13 Td prefer to think about it for a while : 14 I'd rather listen to some music a ~ i 59.3 Complete the sentences using would you rather | 1 Are you going to make dinner or ...would. you. rather | made. it. ' 2 Are you going to tell Liz what happened or would you rather 3 Are you going to do the shopping OF 4 Are you going to phone Diane or ~ 59.4 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. (0, 'd rather she ..didr't... know.” 1 ‘Shall I tell Ann the news? 2 Do you want me to go now or would you rather I here? 3 Do you want to go our this evening oF would you rather at home? 4 This is a private letter addressed to me. I'd rather YOU... -~ fread it. 5 I don’t really like these shoes. I'd rather they smn @ different colour. 6 a: Do you mind if I turn on the radio? Pd rather you = Pim trying to stud = Additional exercises 27-28 (pages 318-19) 119Unit 60 rN Preposition (in/for/about etc.) + -ing If a preposition (in/for/about etc.) is followed by a verb, the verb ends in -ing preposition | verb (ing) Are you interested | in working — for us? P'm not very good | at learning languages. Sue must be fed up | with studying, What are the advantages | of having a car? Thanks very much | for inviting me to your party. How | about meeting for lunch tomorrow? Why don't you go out | instead of sitting at home all the time? Carol went to work in spite of feeling ill. You can also say ‘instead of somebody doing something’, “fed up with people doing something” ete. 1 P'm fed up with people telling me what to do. BEY 0% the use ofthe flowing prepositions + ing before -ing and after -ing: © Before going out, I phoned Sarah. (not Before to go out) 10 Whar did you do after leaving school? You can also say ‘Before I went out ...” and *.., after you left school’. by ~ing (to say how something happens): © The burglars gor into the house by breaking a window and climbing in. © You can improve your English by reading more, © She made herself ill by not eating properly © Many accidents are caused by people driving too fast. without -ing: © We ran ten kilometres without stopping © It was a stupid thing to say, I said it without thinking. She needs to work without people disturbing her. (or ... without being disturbed.) 1 Thave enough problems of my own without having to worry about yours. BE) 1 «ing (look forward to doing something etc.) 120 To is often part of the infinitive (to do / to see etc.) 1 We decided to go out. © Would you like to meet for lunch tomorrow? But to is also a preposition (like in/for/abouv/from etc.), For exampl We drove from London to Edinburgh. OI prefer tea to coffee. 1 Are you looking forward to the weekend? Ifa preposition is followed by a verb, the verb ends in -ing: in doing about meeting —_ without stopping (etc.) So, when to is a preposition and it is followed by a verb, you must say to -ing: 6 I prefer driving to travelling by train. (not to travel) © Are you looking forward to going on holiday? (not looking forward to go) Belget used to ~ing — Unit 61 Verb + preposition + -ing -> Unit 62 While/when -ing -> Unit 688 In spite of — Unit 113. Prepositions > Units 121-136Exercises Unit 60 60.1 60.2 60.4 Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. 1 Why is it useful to have a car? What are the advantages of having @ car - I don’t intend to apply for the job. Thave no intention of a 3 Helen has a good memory for names. Helen is good at _ a 4 Mark won't pass the exam. He has no chance. Mark has no chance of ea Did you get into trouble because you were late? Did you get into trouble for 7 ion 6 We didn’t eat ar home. We went to a restaurant instead. Instead of We gor into the exhibition. We didn’t have to queue. ‘We gor into the exhibition without . 8 Our team played well, but we lost the game. ‘Our team lost the game despite SO aba Complete the sentences using by -ing. Use the following (with the verb in the correct form): borrow too much money break-awindow drive too fast put some pictures on the walls stand on a chair turn a key The burglars gor into the house . y breaking a window “ Twas able to reach the top shelf 7 You start the engine of a car Kevin got himself into financial trouble You can put people's lives in danger We made the room look nicer Complete the sentences with a suitable word. Use only one word each time. 1 We ran ten kilometres withour stopping. . He leit the horel without his bil. 2 3 It's. a nice morning. How about for a walk? 4 We were able to translate the letter into English without a dictionary 5 Before to bed, I like to have a hot drink. 6 Ie was a long journey. I was very tired after on a train for 36 hours. 7 Iwas annoyed because the decision was made without anybody me, 8 After the same job for ten-years, I felt I needed a change 9. We lost our way because we went straight on instead of left. 10 Tike these photographs vou took. You're good at photographs. For each situation, write a sentence with I'm (not) looking forward to. 1 You are going on holiday next week. How do you feel? I'm looking formard. #0 going on holiday, - - 2 Diane is a good friend of yours and she is coming to visit you soon. So you will see her again soon. How do you feel? I'm 3 You are going to the dentist tomorrow. You don't enjoy going to the dentist. How do you feel? I'm nor 4 Carol is a student at school. She hates it, but she is leaving school next summer. How does she feel? _ eer You've arranged to play tennis tomorrow. You like tennis a lot. How do you feel? + Additional exercises 26-28 (pages 317-19) 121ini 6 Be/get used to something (I'm used to ...) BY | 5:02 this example situation: Lisa is American, but she lives in Britain, When she first drove a car in Britain, she found it very difficult because she had to drive on the left, not on the right. Driving on, the left was strange and difficult for her because: She wasn't used to it. She wasn't used to driving on the left. But after a lot of practice, driving on the left became less strange. So: She got used to driving on the left. __ Now i's no problem for Lisa: She is used to driving on the left. BEY | sed 10 something = itis nor new or strange for me © Frank lives alone. He doesn’t mind this because he has lived alone for 15 years. It is not strange for him. He is used to it. He is used to living alone. © I bought some new shoes. They felt a bit strange at first because I wasn't used to them. © Our new flat is on a very busy street. I expect we'll get used to the noise, but at the moment it’s very disturbing. & Diane has a new job. She has to get up much earlier now than before ~ at 6.30. She finds this difficult because she isn't used to getting up so carly 2 Barbara’s husband is often away from home. She doesn’t mind this, She is used to him being away. After be/get used you cannot use the infinitive (to do / to drive etc.). We say: 1 She is used to driving on the left. (not She is used to drive) When we say ‘Iam used to something’, to is a preposition, not a part of the infinitive. So we say: 17 Frank is used to living alone. (not Frank is used to live) 1 Lisa had to get used to driving on the left. (not get used to drive) BEE) 0. 10¢ confuse 1 am used to doing and I used to do: J am used to (doing) something = it isn’t strange or new for me: © Lam used to the weather in this country. © Lam used to driving on the left because I've lived in Britain a long time. used to do something = I did it regularly in the past but no longer do it. You can use this only for the past, not for the present. ‘The structure is ‘I used to do” (not ‘I am used to do’: 5 Lused to drive to work every day, but these days I usually go by bike. 1 We used to live in a small village, but now we live in London. 122 Used to (do) + Unit 18 To + -ing -> Unit 60CExercises Unit 61 611 612 613 614 Look again at the situation in Section A on the opposite page (‘Lisa is American .. The following situations are similar. Complete the sentences using used to. 1 Juan is Spanish and went to live in England. In Spain he usually had dinner late in the evening, but in England dinner was at 6 o'clock. This was very early for him and he found it very strange at first. When Juan first went to England, he co dinner so early, bur after some time he it, Now he finds it normal. He _. _— .. at 6 o'clock. 2 Julia is a nurse. A year ago she started working nights. Ar first she found it hard and didn’t like it. She nights and it took her a few months to it, Now, after a year, she’s quite happy. She nights. What do you say in these situations? Use I'm (not) used to ... 1 You live alone, You don’t mind this. You have always lived alone. FRIEND: Do you get a bit lonely sometimes? You: No, ..!'m_used. to living alone. 2 You sleep on the floor. You don’t mind this. You have always slept on the floor. FRIEND: Wouldn't you prefer to sleep in a bed? you: No.1 . 3 You have to work long hours in your job. This is not a problem for you. You have always worked long hours. FRIEND: You have to work very long hours in your job, don’t you? you: Yes, but don’t mind that. [ ieee 4 You usually go to bed early. Last night you went to bed very late (for you) and as a result you are very tired this morning, FRIEND: You look tired this morning, you: Yes, Read the situations and complete the sentences using used to. 1 Some friends of yours have just moved into a flat on a busy street. It is very noisy. They'll have to ...9e# used. to the noise... = emanenars 2 The children at school had a new teacher. She was different from the teacher before her, but this wasn’t a problem for the children. They soon ... si 3 Sue moved from a big house to a much smaller one. She found ie strange at first. She had o _... ina much smaller house. 4 Some people you know from Britain are going to live in your country. What will they have to get used to? They Bae arc Complete the sentences using only one word each time (see Section C). 1 Lisa had to get used ro... 414¥i"9... on the left. 2 We used to Ne... in a small village, but now we live in London, 3 Dan used to a lot of coffee. Now he prefers tea. 4 1 feel very full after thar meal. I'm not used to so much. 5 I wouldn't like to share an office. I'm used to my own office 6 Lused 10 nen a car, but I sold it a few months ago 7 When we were children, we used t0 swimming very often. 8 There used to... a cinema here, but it was knocked down a few years ago. 9 I'm the boss here! I'm nor used to told what to do. — Additional exercises 26-28 (pages 317-19) 123Unit 62 eh) 124 Verb + preposition + -ing (succeed in -ing / accuse somebody of -ing etc.) forlabout etc.) + object. Many verbs have the structure verb + preposition (i For example: verb + preposition + object | We talked | about the problem. You must apologise | for what you said. Ifthe object is another verb, it ends in -ing: verb + preposition + -ing (object) We talked | about going to America. You must apologise | for not telling the truth, Some more verbs with this structure: succeed (in) Have you succeeded | in finding a job yer? insist (on) | They insisted | on paying for the meal. think (of) Tm thinking | of buying a house dream (of) I wouldn't dream of asking them for money. approve (of) He doesn’t approve of swearing decide (against) We have decided against | moving to London, feel (like) Do you feel | like going out tonight? look forward (to) | I'm looking forward to You can also say ‘approve of somebody doing something’, ‘look forward to somebody doing something’: © I don’t approve of people killing animals for fun. 17 We are all looking forward to Peter coming home. The following verbs can have the structure verb + object + preposition + -ing: ___verb + object + preposition + -ing (object) congratulate (on) ——Lcongratulated | Liz on getting a new job. accuse (of) They accused | us of telling lies suspect (of) | Nobody suspected | the general of being a spy. prevent (from) ‘What prevented | you from coming t0 see us? stop (from) The rain didn’t stop us from enjoying our holiday: thank (for) forgot to thank them for helping me. excuse (for) | Excuse me for being so late. forgive (for) Please forgive me for not writing to you, You can say ‘stop somebody doing’ or ‘stop somebody from doing’ 1 You can’t stop me doing what I want. or You can’t stop me from doing what | want Some of these verbs are often used in the passive, For example: 1 We were accused of telling lies. 10 The general was suspected of being a spy. Note that we say ‘apologise to somebody for ...” 15 Lapologised to them for keeping them waiting. (not I apologised them) Decide to... > Unit 544 Preposition + -ing —> Unit GO Verb + preposition > Units 132-136Exercises 62.1 Complete each sentence using only one word. 1 Our neighbours apologised for ..aking 1 feel lazy. I don’t feel like I wanted to go out alone, but Joe insisted on I'm fed up with my job. 'm thinking of 2... We have decided against... aAueun from you. 7 The weather was extremely bad and this prevented us from 8 The man who has been arrested is suspected of 9 I think you should apologise to Sue for 10 Some parents don’t approve of their children 11 E'm sorry I can’t come to your party, but thank you very much for .. 3 Unit 62 so much noise. any work. with me, something else. a new car because we can’t really afford it. Thope you get in touch with me soon, I'm looking forward 10 ae: out a false passport. so rude to her. a lot of television. me. 62.2 Complete each sentence using a preposition + one of the following verbs (in the correct form): carry cause escape go interrupt live see solve spend —_walk 1 Do you feel ...\use..202"4... out this evening? 2 It took us a long time, but we finally succeeded ....... _vusuusee the problem, 3 I've always dreamed ...... in a small house by the sea. 4 The driver of the other car accused me ™ the accident. 5 There’s a fence around the lawn to stop people on the grass. 6 Excuse me you, but may I ask you something? 7 Where are you thinking ce your holiday this year? 8 The guards weren't able to prevent the prisOMet oso 9 My bag wasn’t very heavy, but Dan insisted .... — — 10 Ir's.a pity Paul can’t come to the party. I was really looking forward - him. 62.3. Complete the sentences on the right. 1 g Ms {was rice ofyouto FP) Kevin thanked ...me. for elping, hum me. Thanks very much.) Lae else eS) me ay 7 2 a) aad inn Ton 3 g EW _S ear you got marie “ab = conpatulstirs! co im 4 i 5 Tesi now ene taser Tank ou Suz JENNY 5 2 ‘m sorry | didn't opine ei you tate s g § Toure nian YOU ANE + Additional exercises 27-28 (pages 318-19) Tom insisted Dan congratulated me Jenny thanked a. Kate apologised .. Jane accused ...... - “ 125Unit 13%] 126 Expressions + -ing ‘When these expressions are followed by a verb, the verb ends in -ing: It’s no use / It’s no good 1G There’s nothing you can do about the situation, so it’s no use worrying about it. 1U It’s no good trying to persuade me. You won't succeed. There's no point in © There's no point in having a car if you never use it. © There was no point in waiting any longer, so we went. Bur we usually say ‘the point of doing something’: 3 What's the point of having a car if you never use it? Ie’s (not) worth © Hive only a short walk from here, so it’s not worth taking a taxi 2 Our fight was very early in the morning, so it wasn’t worth going to bed. You can say that a film is worth seeing, a book is worth reading etc. : © What was the film like? Was it worth seein, © Thieves broke into the house but didn’t take anything, There was nothing worth stealing. Have difficulty -ing, have trouble -ing We say ‘have difficulty doing something” (not to do}: 5 Thad no difficulty finding a place to live. (not difficulty to find) 5 Did you have any difficulty getting a visa? 13 People often have difficulty reading my writing. You can also say *have trouble doing something’: 13 Thad no trouble finding a place to live. We use -ing after: a waste of money / a waste of time 17 It was a waste of time reading that book. It was rubbish. 1 I's a waste of money buying things you don’t need. spend/waste (time) 13 He spent hours trying to repair the clock. 3 L waste a lor of time day-dreaming. (be) busy 1 She said she couldn't see me. She was too busy doing other things Go swimming / go fishing etc We use go -ing for a number of activities (especially sports). For example, you can say: goswimming go sailing go fishing goclimbing go skiing —_go jogging Also go shopping, go sightseeing © How often do you go swimming? 13 I'd like to go skiing. 3 When did you last go shopping? © I’ve never been sailing. (For gone and been, see Unit 7D.)Exercises Unit 63 63.1 Make sentences beginning There’s no point ... . 1 Why have a car if you never use it? There's no.point in having a..car if you never use. it. a . . 2 Why work if you don’t need money? 3 Don't try to study if you feel tired. 4 Why hurry if you've got plenty of time? 63.2 Complete the sentences on the right. 1/ Shall we get a taxi home? ‘No, it isn’t far. It’s not worth ....getting...0. taxi. 2| Ifyou need help, why don’t you TS m0 8 none n nnn nne » He ask Dave? | | won't be able to do anything. 3 I don’t really want to go our | | Well, stay at home! There's 0 pOiNt -nem-mnn tonight. if you don’t want to. 4 Shall I phone Liz now? No, it’s no good ...... . euniteoaniiile now, She won't be at home. 5 | Are you going to complain about | | No, it’s not worth .. what happened? | Nobody will do anphing about 6 Do you ever read newspapers: No, I think it’s a waste .. a Do you want to keep these old | No, ler’s throw them away. They're not worth clothes?) \ - a 63,3 Write sentences using difficulty. 1 I managed to get a visa, but it was difficult. I had difficulty getting. av 2 [find it hard to remember people's names. Thave difficulty... 3 Lucy managed to get a job without difficulty. She had no. eS 4 Iewon’t be difficult to gee a ticket for the game. You won't have any a " 63.4 Complete the sentences. Use only one word each time. 1 It’s.a waste of money ..044o"d__ things you don’t need. 2. Every morning I spend about an hour the newspaper. 3 ‘What's Sue doing?’ ‘She's going away tomorrow, $0 she's BUSY emeernwnmnnnonmnn & 4 [think you waste too much time television. $ There's a beautiful view from that hill. I's worth ~~ to the top. 6 Irs no use for the job. I know I wouldn't get it. > Just stay calm. There's no point in ou angry. 63.5 Complete these sentences with the following (with the verb in the correct form): goriding -go-sailing go shopping go skiing _go swimming 1 Barry lives by the sea and he’s got a boat, so he often ..90%8. sailing _, 2 Ir was a very hor day, so we peacasemdenmmans athe ley 3. There’s plenty of snow in the mountains, so We'll be abL€ 10 -oor-vnenennennen 4 Helen has got two horses. She nm regularly. 5 ‘Where's Dan?” “He's wei . There were a few things he needed to buy.” —+ Additional exercises 27-28 (pages 318-19)itis (258 To ..., for ... and so that ... (purpose) EY We use to ... to say why somebody does something (= the purpose of an action): ‘Why are you going out?” ‘To post a letter.” 5A friend of mine phoned to invite me to a party. 15 We shouted to warn everybody of the danger. We use to ... to say why something exists (= its purpose): 5 This wall is to keep people out of the garden. © The president has a team of bodyguards to protect him. We use to ... to say what can be done or must be done with something: © Tes difficult to find a place to park in the centre. (= a place where you can park) © Would you like something to eat? © Have you gor much work to do? (='work that you must do) © I get lonely if there’s nobody to talk to. [need something to open this bottle with. Also. money/time/chance/opportunity/energy/courage etc. to (do something): © They gave us some money to buy some food. © Do you have much opportunity to practise your English? need a few days to think about your proposal. sare For... and to Compare: for + noun to + verb 1 T'm going to Spain for a holiday. © T'm going to Spain to learn Spanish. (not for learn, not for learning) 3 What would you like for dinner? What would you like to eat? © Let’s go to the pool for a swim. © Let’s go to the pool to have a swim. You can say ‘for (somebody) to (do something)’: 3 There weren’t any chairs for us to sit on, so we had to sit on the floor. You can use for -ing or to ... t0 talk about the general purpose of something, or what it is generally used for: © Do you use this brush for washing the dishes? (or ... to wash the dishes?) You can use What ... for? to ask about purpose: 1 What is this switch for? Ol What did you do that for? a] Sometimes you have to use so that for purpose. ‘We use so that (not to especially when the purpose is negative (so that ... won't/ wouldn't): © [hurried so that I wouldn't be late. (= because I didn’t want to be late) © Leave early so that you won't (or don't) miss the bus. with can and could (so that ... can/could): She’s learning English so that she can study in Canada. 3 We moved to London so that we could see our friends more often, 128Exercises Unit 64 64.1 64.2 64.3 1 1 Choose from Box A and Box B to make a new sentence with to ... ATT dehonted: BI iiwaneto keep warm 2 Thad to go to the bank 1 wanted to report that my car had been stolen 3 I'm saving money | I want to go to Canada 4 L went into hospital Thad to have an operation 5 I'm wearing two sweaters | I needed to get some money 6 Iphoned the police -Lwanted-to-wara-people of the danger 1 ed. people. of tne. dMnger ers 2 Thad to go to the bank ena acca 31 sa = . = 4 - co 7 3 5 si . ssa 8 seta AoE Complete these sentences using a suitable verb. 1 The president has a team of bodyguards ....t..protect.... him. 2 Ididn't have enough time the newspaper today. 3 Teame home by taxi. I didn’t have the energy Sa 4 ‘Would you like something P “Yes, please. A cup of coffee.” 5 We need a bag ‘these things in. 6 There will be a meeting next week oonunmnnnes the problem. 7 Lwish we had enough money = another ca 8 Tsaw Helen at the party, but we didn't have a chance .. -sonnnrnem 10 each other. 9 Lnced some new clothes. I don’t have anything Mice enna (0 They've just passed their exams. They're having @ patty soon oer, 1 [can’t do all this work alone. I need somebOdy ovum vnnnsnnnennn ME, Put in to or for. 1 I'm going to Spain ...f9r... a holiday. 2 You need a lor of experience this job. 3 You need a lor of experience do this job. 4 We'll need more time... make a decision. 5 Lwent to the dentist... a. check-up. 6 Thad to put on my glasses read the letter. 7 Do you have to wear glasses — reading? 8 Iwish we had a garden the children... play in. Write sentences with so that. 1 Thurried. I didn’t want to be late. ..l hurried. so that | wouldn't. be, late. 2 L wore warm clothes. I didn’t want to be cold. I wore = os in a _— 3 [left Dave my phone number. I wanted him to be able to contact me, 4 We whispered. We didn’t want anybody else to hear our conversation, : pee MODOLY nnn 5 Please arrive early. We want to be able to start the meeting on time. Please 6 Jennifer locked the door. She didn’t want to be disturbed. 7 Isslowed down. I wanted the car behind me to be able to overtake.itis B (che Adjective + to ... TY viticutt to understand ete. Compare sentences (a) and (b): (a) It is difficult to understand him . 13 Jim doesn’t speak very clearly. —__—_—— (b) He is difficult to understand. Sentences (a) and (b) have the same meaning. Note that we say: oO He ifficult to understand. (not He is difficult to understand him.) You can use the same structures with: easy hard impossible dangerous safe expensive cheap nice good interesting exciting © Do you think it is safe (for us) to drink this water? Do you think this water is safe (for us) to drink? (not to drink it) © The questions in the exam were very difficult. It was impossible to answer them. ‘The questions in the exam were very difficult. They were impossible to answer. (not to answer them) 2 Jill has lots of interesting ideas. It's interesting to talk to her. Jill is interesting to talk to. (not to talk to her) You can also use this structure with adjective + noun: 1 This is a difficult question (for me) to answer. (not to answer it) BE ts) nice of (you) to ... You can say ‘It’s nice of somebody to do something’: © It was nice of you to take me to the airport. Thank you very much. You can use many other adjectives in this way. For example: kind clever sensible mean silly stupid careless unfair considerate: 1 It’s silly of Mary to give up her job when she needs the money. 1 I think it was very unfair of him to criticise me. You can use adjective + to ... to say how somebody reacts to something: 1 Iwas sorry to hear that your father is I was surprised to ... ete. You can use many other adjectives in this way. For example: happy glad pleased sad disappointed surprised amazed astonished relieved © Was Julia surprised to see you? © It was a long and tiring journey. We were glad to get home. BE) he first / the next (etc.) + 10. You can use to ... after the firstthe last, the next, the only, the second (etc.): © If [have any more news, you will be the first (person) to know. © The next train to arrive at platform 4 will be the 10.50 to Cardiff. 1 Everybody was late except me. I was the only one to arrive on time. ‘You can say that something is sure/certain/likely/bound to happet © Carla is a very good student. She's bound to pass the exam. (= she is sure to pass) © I’m likely to be late home this evening. (=I will probably be late home) 130 Afraidjinterested/sorry — Unit 66 If... + Unit 84C Enough and too + adjective > Unit 103Exercises Unit 65 65.1 65.2 653 65.4 65.5 65.6 (Section A) Write these sentences in another way, beginni 1 It’s difficult to understand him. He ..is..difficut 2. It’s easy to use this machine. This machine is 3 Ir was very difficult to open the window. The window 4 Ir’s impossible to translate some words. Some words .. i 5 It’s expensive to maintain a car. 6 Irs not safe to stand on that chair. (Section A) Complete the second sentence. Use the adjective in brackets and to ...as in the example. 1 Tcouldn’t answer the question. (difficult) It was a ...dif ficult. question to answer. 2 Everybody makes that mistake. (easy) It’s an 2 3 like living in this place. (nice) Wes a. : eae 4 We enjoyed watching the game. (good) It was a. (Section B) Make @ new sentence beginning It .. . Use one of these adjectives each time: careless inconsiderate kind) nice 1 Sue has offered to help me. ..\t's_kind of Sue. to offer to help me. 2 You make the same mistake again and agai We cccieniscrconinia 3 Dan and Jenny invited me to stay w 4 The neighbours make so much noise at night. (Section C) Use the following words to complete these sentences: sorry/hear glad/hear —pleased--get- surprised / see 1 We ...were. pleased to get. your letter last week. 2 [got your message. [cn innvsnnnssinnninennnnn that you're keeping well. 3 We. anna .... Paula ar the party. We didn’t expect her ro come. 41 -nvsvnsvnmnnnnsnes that your mother isn’t well. I hope she gets better soon. (Section D) Complete the second sentence using the words in brackets + to... . 1 Nobody left before me. (the first) Iwas te. first person. to Vat mn 2 Everybody else arrived before Paul. (the last) Paul was the . a = 3 Fiona passed the exam. All the other students failed. (the only) Fiona Was nnn oo 4 I complained to the restaurant manager about the service. Another customer had already complained. (the second) Twas — 5 Neil Armstrong walked on the moon in 1969. Nobody had done this before him. (che first) Neil Armstrong was ......— dienes) (Section E) Complete these sentences using the words in brackets and a suitable verb. 1 Diane is a very good student. She ...'. bound. to pass... the exam. (bound) 2 I'mnot surprised you're tired. After such a long journey you (bound) 3. Andy has a very bad memory. He om. ace what you tell him. (sure) 4 I don’t think you need to take an umbrella. It piscine (AGE likely) The holidays begin this weekend. There anne @ lot of traffic on the roads. (likely) 131ig Lote) To ... (afraid to do) and preposition + -ing (afraid of -ing) EY Afraid to (do) and afraid of (do)ing 132 1am afraid to do something = I don’t want to do it because it is dangerous or the result could be bad. We use afraid to do for things we do intentionally; we can choose to do them or not: 15 This part of town is dangerous. People are afraid to walk here at night. (= they don’t want to walk here because it is dangerous ~ so they don’t) © James was afraid to tell his parents what had happened. he didn’s want to tell them because he knew they would be angry, worried et.) Lam afraid of something happening = itis possible that something bad will happen (for example, an accident). ‘We do not use afraid of -ing for things we do intentionally: © The path was icy, so we walked very carefully. We were afraid of falling, (= it was possible that we would fall ~ not we were afraid to fall) © I don't like dogs. I'm always afraid of being bitten. (or afraid to be bitten) So, you are afraid to do something because you are afraid of something happening as a result: Iwas afraid to go near the dog because I was afraid of being bitten. Interested in (do)ing and interested to (do) Pm interested in doing something = I'm thinking of doing it, I would like to do it: 19 Let me know if you're interested in joining the club. (not to join) 5 [tried to sell my car, but nobody was interested in buying it. (not to buy) ‘We use interested to ... to say how somebody reacts to what they hear/see/readilearn/know/find. For example, ‘I was interested to hear it’ = I heard it and it was interesting for me: © I was interested to hear that Tanya has left her job. ) Ask Mike for his opinion. I would be interested to know what he thinks. interesting for me to know it) This structure is the same as surprised to ... / glad to ... etc. (see Unit 65C): © Iwas surprised to hear that Tanya has lefe her job. it would be Sorry to (do) and sorry for/about (dojing ‘We use sorry to ... to say we regret something that happens (see Unit 65C): © T'was sorry to hear that Nicky lost her job. (=I was sorry when I heard that ...) © T've enjoyed my stay here, I'll be sorry to leave. ‘We also say sorry to ... to apologise at the time we do something: I'm sorry to phone you so late, but I need to ask you something. You can use sorry for or sorry about (doing something) to apologise for something you did before: 5 I'm sorry for (or about) shouting at you yesterday. (not sorry to shout) You can also say: © I'm sorry I shouted at you yesterday We say: I want to (do )/ I'd like to (do) but ~—_‘I'm thinking of (do}ing / I dream of (do)ing I failed to (do) but succeeded in (do)ing [allowed them to (do) but prevented them from (do}ing I stopped them from (do}ing For examples, see Units 54-55 and 62. Verb + preposition + ing -> Unit 62 Adjective + preposition —» Units 130-131 Sorry aboutifor — Unit 130Exercises Unit 66 66.1 66.2 66.3 66.4 Use the words in brackets to write sentences. Use afraid to ... or afraid of -ing. 1 The streets are unsafe at night. (a lot of people / afraid / go / our) A. lot. of people, are. afraid. to go out. eects ‘We walked very carefully along the icy path. (we / afraid / fall) We were afraid. of falling " I don’t usually carry my passport with me. (I / afraid / lose / it)... aaa 4 I thought she would be angry if I told her what had happened. (U1 afraid f tell et) nen 5 We rushed to the station. (we / afraid / miss / our tr 6 Inthe middle of the film there was an especially horrifying scene. (we / afraid / look) 7 i “i — The vase was very valuable, so I held it carefully. (afraid J drop 7 it) nnn 8 [thought the food on my plate didn’t look fresh. a (I/ afraid / eat / it) — " oe sn anette ave b (afraid / get / sick) ws yar seasons sissies w Complete the sentences using in .. or to ... . Use these verbs: ‘buy get know look ~—read_— start 1 I'm trying to sell my car, but nobody is interested .... buying. it, 2 Julia is interested nnn .. her own business. 3 Iwas interested your letter in the newspaper last week. 4 Ben wants to stay single. He’s not interested ~ oon Married. 5 Imet Mark a few days ago. You'll be interested " ow» that he's just got a job in Paris. 6 I don’t enjoy sightseeing. I'm not interested nnemnnn at old buildings. Complete each sentence using sorry for/about ... or sorry to .... Use the verb in brackets. 1 I'm ..s9rry_to phone. _ you so late, but I need to ask you something. (phone) 2 Twas that you didn’t get the job you applied for. (hear) 8 Te esa s all those bad things about you. I didn’t mean them. (say) 4.0m you, but do you have a pen I could borrow? (disturb) Sim the book you lent me. I'll buy you another one. (lose) Complete each sentence using the verb in brackets. We wanted _.12. lea .. the building, (leave) la b We weren't allowed ieeiniminnnnsninnninnmnne the building. (leave) We were prevented - the building. (leave) 2 a Peter failed the problem. (solve) b Chris succeeded nu the problem. (solve) 3a ['m thinking 3 - nn away next week. (go) b I'm hoping 7 soonnmnm aWAY neXt Week. (ZO) ¢ Pd like nnnnnnnee aWaY NeXt week. (Go) 4 P'm looking forward corn _-» away next week. (go) 4a Helen wanted _.- me lunch. (buy) b Helen promised ..... * ‘me lunch. (buy) © Helen insisted eennenenennnmenes ME func. (buy) Helen wouldn't dram omen _-. me lunch. (buy) — Additional exercise 27 (page 318) 133ta (yay See somebody do and see somebody doing EY study this example situation: Tom got into his ear and drove away. You saw this. You can say: 1 saw Tom get into his car and drive away. In this structure we use get/drive/do etc. (not to get / to drive / to do). Somebody did something + —_‘T saw this Eee CEN ele Bur after a passive (‘he was seen’ etc.), we use to: 1 He was seen to get in the car. HEL) study this example situation: Yesterday you saw Kate, She was waiting for a bus. | You can sa I saw Kate waiting for a bus, KATE | In this structure we use -ing (waiting/doing etc.): Somebody was doing something + —_Isaw this | Teaw somebody doing something = Study the difference in meaning between the two structures: I saw him do something = he did something (past simple) and I saw this. I saw the complete | action from beginning to end: © He fell off the wall. I saw this. — I saw him fall off the wall © The accident happened. Did you see it? -» Did you see the accident happen? | T saw him doing something = he was doing something (past continuous) and I saw this saw him when he was in the middle of doing it. This does not mean that I saw the complete action: 5 He was walking along the street. 8 along | Sean hms walling alemprehe stveee: I saw this when I drove past in my car | Sometimes the difference is not important and you can use ether form: 1 Tve never seen her dance. or I've never seen her dancing We use these structures with see and hear, and a number of other verbs: © I didn’t hear you come in. (you came in — I didn’t hear this) Liz suddenly felt somebody touch her on the shoulder. | 1 Did you notice anyone go out? 1 Icould hear it raining. (it was raining ~I could hear it) © The missing children were last seen playing near the river, | © Listen to the birds singing! © Can you smell something burning? © [found Sue in my room reading my letters. 134Exercises Unit 67 67.1 67.2 67.3 Ktesimecn i) There's Kate Ceuimeer x = (Cstent That’ Bit _¢ Carisma (Cen you smell burning?) Complete the answers to the questions. re Did anybody go out?) (I don’t think so. I didn’t see .axubody go_out.. Has Sarah arrived yet? | | Yes, I think I heard her 3 | How do you know I rook the money? | | I know because I saw you 2 4| Did the doorbell ring? | | I don’t think so. I didn’t hear... : 5 Can Tom play the piano? | | Ive never heard - 6 | Did I lock the door when I went out? ‘Yes, I saw. 7\ How did the woman fall?) \ 1 don’t know. I didn’t see In each of these situations you and a friend saw, heard or smelt something. Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. 1 2 Yes! It the a) We saw Kate waiting for a. bus, We saw Dave and Helet nemo We saw oo We heard - : We could = auawne Complete these sentences. Use the following verbs (in the correct form): climb come crawl cry explode ride run say sing. slam sleep tell 1 Listen to the birds ...2014109.. 1 2 I didn’t hear you ...S2Mé.... in. 3 We listened to the old man his story from beginning to end. 4 Listen! Can you hear a baby 2 5 Tlooked our of the window and saw Dan his bike along the road. 6 I thought I heard somebody ‘Hi’, so I looked round. 7 We watched two men across the garden and through an open window into the house. 8 Everybody heard the bomb Te was a tremendous noise 9 Oh! I can feel something up my leg! It must be an insect. 10 Theard somebody the door in the middle of the night. It woke me up. 11 When we got home, we found a cat on the kitchen table. 135Vitis) -ing clauses ts (Feeling tired, | went to bed early.) Study these situations: Joe was playing football. He hurt his knee. ‘You can say: Joe hurt his knee pl football. You were feeling tired. So you went to bed early. You can say: © Feeling tired, I went to bed early: ‘Playing football’ and ‘feeling tired’ are -ing clauses. If the -ing clause is at the beginning of the sentence (as in the second example), we write a comma (,) after it. BY | When two things happen ar the same time, you can use an -ing clause. 3 Kate is in the kitchen making coffee. (= she is in the kitchen ard she is making coffee) © Aman ran out of the house shouting. (= he ran out of the house and he was shouting) © Do something! Don’t just stand there doing nothing! We also use -ing when one action happens during another action, We use -ing for the longer action: © Joe hurt his knee playing football © Did you cut yourself shaving? while he was playing) while you were shaving) You can also use -ing after while or when: 5 Jim hurt his knee while playing football. © Be careful when crossing the road. (= when you are crossing) ‘When one action happens before another action, we use having (done) for the first action: © Having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner. © Having finished her work, she went home. You can also say after 1 After finishing her work, she went home. If one short action follows another short action, you can use the simple -ing form (doing instead of having done) for the first action: raking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door. These structures are used more in written English than in spoken English, BD) ¥0u can use an -ing clause to explain something, or to say why somebody does something. The -ing clause usually comes at the beginning of the sentence: Feeling tired, 1 went to bed early. (= because I felt tired) cing unemployed, he hasn’t gor much money. (= because he is unemployed) Not having a car, she finds it difficult to get around. = because she doesn’t have a car) © Having already seen the film twice, I didn’t want to go to the cinema. (= because I had already seen it twice) 5 ‘These structures are used more in written English than in spoken English 136 ing and -ed clauses — Unit 97Exercises Unit 68 68.1 Choose from Box A and Box B to make sentences. Use an ~ing clause. A\ 1 Katewasinthekitchen- B) She was trying not to make a noise. 2 Diane was sitting in an armchair. She looked at the sights and took photographs. 3 Sue opened the door carefully. She said she would be back in an hour 4 Sarah went out. She was reading a book. 5 Linda was in London for wo years. | | -She-was-making-coffee- 6 Mary walked around the town, She worked as a tourist guide. 1 . Kate was, in, the kitchen making coffee... hs 7 ~ 2 Diane was siting — cousaniccoeseiin ~ 3 Sue . ss 4 ‘- os - S sas i i i wee ere ita 6 es se 68.2. Make one sentence from two using an ~ing clause. 1 Joe was playing football. He hurt his knee. ./9¢.hurt his. knee. playing football. 2 Twas seca television. I fell see Vo 3A friend of mine slipped and fell. He was getting off a bus. AA friend of mine 4 Twas walking home in the rain. I got very wet. 5 Laura was driving to work yesterday. She had an accident. 68.3 1 She finished her work. Then she went home. Having. finished. her work, she went ho 2 We bought our tickets. Then we went into the theatre, 68.4 Make sentences beginning -ing or Not ~ing (like those in Section D). Sometimes you need to begin with Having (done something). 1 [felt tired. So I went to bed early. Feeling tired... | went to bed. early. - tt I thought they might be hungry. So I offered them something to eat. She is a foreigner. So she needs a visa to work in this count I didn’t know his phone number. So I wasn't able to contact him. * Sarah has travelled a lot. So she knows a lot about other countries. I wasn't able to speak the local ana. So I had trouble communicating. 7 We had spent nearly all our money. So we couldn't afford to stay at a horel. 137iris 69 eas) 138 Countable and uncountable 1 A noun can be countable or uncountable: Dy A countable noun can be singular (banana) or plural (bananas). Countable © Leat a banana every di © Like bananas. Banana is a countable noun. We can use numbers with countable nouns. So we can say ‘one banana’, ‘two bananas’ ete. Examples of nouns usually countable: © Kate was singing a song. © There's a nice beach near here. Do you have a ten-pound note? It wasn't your fault. It was an accident. © There are no batteries in the radio. © We haven't got enough cups. You can use a/an with singular countable nouns: abeach student an umbrella You cannot use singular countable nouns alone (without a/the/my etc.): 3 Twant a banana. (vot I want banana) 1 There's been an accident. (not There's been accident) You can use plural countable nouns alone: 0 I like bananas. (= bananas in general) © Accidents can be prevented. You can use some and any with plural countable nouns: 1 We sang some songs. 1 Did you buy any appl We use many and few with plural countable nouns: © We didn’t take many photographs. 5 Thave a few things to do. Countable and uncountable 2 Unit 70 Children / the children —> Unit 75 ‘Some and any Unit 85 Uncountable © Teat rive every day. I ike rice. od RICE ) opts Rice’is an uncountable noun. ey An uncountable noun has only one form (rice) ‘We cannot use numbers with uncountable nouns. We cannot say ‘one rice’, “two rices’ ete Examples of nouns usually uncountable: Kate was listening to (some) music. There's sand in my shoes. 5 Do you have any money? © It wasn’t your fault. It was bad luck. © There is no electricity in this house. We haven't got enough water. You cannot normally use a/an with uncountable nouns. We do nor say ‘a sand’, ‘a music’, ‘a rice’. Bur you can often use a ... of. For example: a bow! / a packet / a grain of rice You can use uncountable nouns alone (without the/my/some etc. Teat rice every day. © There's blood on your shirt. Can you hear music? You can use some and any with uncountable nouns: © We listened to some music. = Did you buy any apple juice? We use much and little with uncountable We didn’t do much shopping. = Thave a little work to do. Many/much/few/little —> Unit 87Exercises Unit 69 69.1 69.2 ‘Some of these sentences need a/an. Correct the sentences where necessary. 1 Joe goes everywhere by bike. He hasn't got cat, He hasn't got. a car. 2 Helen was listening to music when I arrived. a ai * 3 We went to very nice restaurant last weekend. 4 I clean my teeth with toothpaste. 3 Luse toothbrush to clean my teeth, Can you tell me if there’s bank near here? My brother works for insurance company in London. I don’t like violence. Can you smell paint? 10 When we were in Rome, we stayed in big hotel. 11 We need petrol. I hope we come to petrol station soon. 12 I wonder if you can help me. I have problem. =m a 13 like your suggestion. It's very interesting idea. 14. John has gor interview for job tomorrow. 15 Tlike volleyball. It’s good game. a 16 Liz doesn't usually wear jewellery. 17 Jane was wearing beautiful necklace. Complete the sentences using the following words. Use a/an where necessary. accident — biscuit blood — coat “decision _electricity interview key moment music question sugar Tt wasn’t your fault, Ir was...” accident. Listen! Can you hear PASC... > I couldn't get into the house because I didn’t have Irs very warm today. Why are you wearing... Do you take in your coffee? Are you hungry? Would you like with your coffee? Our lives would be very difficult without aaa 8 ‘Thad for a job yesterday.’ “Did you? How did it go?” 9 The heart pumps through the body. 0 ? 1 2 en Excuse me, but can Task you I'm not ready yet. Can y 12 We uu wait + please? ne delay much longer. We have to make soon. Complete the sentences using the following words. Sometimes the word needs to be plural (-s), and sometimes you need to use a/an. air day friend language letter meat patience people photograph queue space umbrella 1 Thad my camera, but I didn’t take any photographs. 2 There are seven in a week. 3 A vegetarian is a person who doesn’t eat ... “ aes 4 Outside the cinema there WAS rum of people waiting to see the film. 5 Tm nor very good at WHitiNg enone + 6 Last night I went out With SOME eewnmnennennennnnnnnenen Of mine, There were very few usin i tOWN today. The streets were almost empty. I'm going out for a walk. I need some fresh an. Gary always wants things quickly, He hasn’t got much 10 T think it’s going to rain, Do you have enone F could borrow? 11 Do you speak any foreign ~ 12 Our flat is very small, We haven't got much pani 139Unit 70 140 Countable and uncountable 2 Many nouns can be used as countable or uncountable nouns, usually with a difference in ‘meaning. Compare: Countable Uncountable 5 Did you hear a noise just now? © Ican't work here, There’s too much = a specific noise) noise. (of too many noises) 1 T bought a paper to read, © I need some paper to write on. (= a newspaper) (= material for writing on) © There’s a hair in my soup! You've got very long hair. (not hairs) = one single hair) = all the hair on your head) © You can stay with us. There is a spare 5 You can’t sit here. There isn’t room. room. (=a room in a house) pace) © Thad some interesting experiences © © They offered me the job because I had a while I was travelling. (= things that lor of experience. (not experiences) happened to me) © Enjoy your trip. Have a good time! 5 Tcan't wait. I haven't got time. Coffec/tea/juice/beer etc. (drinks) are normally uncountable: 0 I don't like coffee very much. But you can say a coffee (= a cup of coffee), two coffees 1 Two coffees and an orange juice, please. The following nouns are usually uncountable: accommodation behaviour damage luck permission traffic advice bread furniture luggage progress weather baggage chaos information news scenery work You cannot use a/an with these nouns: 10 P'm going to buy some bread. or ... a loaf of bread. (not a bread) 1 Enjoy your holiday! I hope you have good weather. (not a good weather) ‘These nouns are not usually plural (so we do not say ‘breads’, ‘furnitures’ etc.): © Where are you going to put all your furniture? (not furnitures) © Let me know if you need more information. (rot informations) News is uncountable, not plural: © The news was very depressing. (not The news were) ‘Travel (noun) means ‘travelling in general” (uncountable). We do not say ‘a travel” to mean a trip or a journey: 1 They spend a lot of money on travel. © We had a very good tripfjourney. (not a good travel) ‘Compare these countable and uncountable nouns: Countable Uncountable © I'm looking for a job. © I'm looking for work. (not a work) © What a beautiful view! = What beautiful scenery! 1 Ie’ a nice day today. © It’s nice weather today: 1 We had a lot of bags and cases. © We had a lot of baggage/luggage © These chairs are mine. © This furniture is mine. © Thar’s a good suggestion. = That's good advice. Countable and uncountable 1 -» Unit 69 American English — Appendix 7Exercises Unit 70 70.1 70.2 Which of the underlined parts of these sentences is correct? 1 “Did you hear noise/a noise just now? ‘No, I didn’t hear anything,” (a noise is correct). 2 a If you want to know the news, you can read paper /a paper. b Twant to print some documents, but the printer is out of paper / papers. a. I thought there was somebody’ in the house because there was light /a light on inside. b a Light /A light comes from the sun, Twas in a hurry this morning, I didn’t have time (a time for breakfast. b ‘Did you enjoy your holiday?” “Yes, we had wonderful time /.a wonderful time.” 5 This is nice room /a nice room. Did you decorate it yourself? 6 Sue was very helpful. She gave us some very useful advice / advices. 7 Did you have nice weather /a nice weather when you were away? 8 We were very unfortunate. We had bad luck /.a bad luck. 9 Is it difficult to find a work / job at the moment? 10 Our travel / journey from Paris to Moscow by train was very tiring, 11 When the fire alarm rang, there was total chaos / a total chaos. 12 Thad to buy a/-some bread because I wanted to make some sandwiches. 13 Bad news don't/ doesn’t make people happy. 14 Your hair is / Your hairs are too long. You should have it/ them cut. 15 The damage / the damages caused by the storm will cost a lot to repair. Complete the sentences using the following words. Use the plural (-5) where necessary. advice chair experience experience furniture hair information job —_tuggage- permission progress work [didn’t have much .4sg9age .. — just two small bags. They'll tell you all you want to know: They'll give you plenty of — There is room for everybody to sit down. There are plenty OF oe We have no not even a bed or a table, “Whar does Alan look like?’ *He’s got a long beard and very short si a Carla’s English is better than it was. She’s made ..-.-.oowmnenmn Mike is unemployed. He can’t get a Mike is unemployed. He can’t get If you want to leave early, you have to ask for 2 I didn’t know what co do, So Lasked Chris for don’t think Dan will get the job. He doesn’t have enough n-ne Paul has done many interesting things. He could write a book abOUt his onowenewinnmnnn + hone law What do you say in these situations? Complete each sentence using one of the words from Section B. 1 Your friends have just arrived at the station. You can’t see any cases or bags. You ask ther Have you got any Wggage. — ee a -? You go into the tourist office. You want ro know about places to see in the town. You say: Td like Seas You are a student. You want your teacher 10 advise you about which courses to do. You say: Can you give me . sn 4 You want to watch the news on TV, but you don’t know when it is on. You ask your friend: What time pecs ena 5 You are at the rop of a mountain. You can see a very long way. It’s beautiful. You say: i. ™ etme _ .-» y isn’t it? 6 You look out of the window: The weather is horrible: cold, wet and windy. You says What - oe 141Unit yi Countable nouns with a/an and some Countable nouns can be singular or plural: adog ach the evening this party an umbrella dogs some children the evenings these parties __two umbrellas Before singular countable nouns you can use alan: 1 Goodbye! Have a nice evening. 1 Do you need an umbrella? You cannot use singular countable nouns alone (without a/the/my etc.): ©) She never wears a hat. (not She never wears hat) © Be careful of the dog. (not Be careful of dog) © What a beautiful day! G I've got a headache. SEY vse a/an ... to say what kind of thing or person something/somebody is: 0 That's a nice table. In the plural we use the noun alone (not some ...): Those are nice chairs. (not some nice chairs) ‘Compare singular and plural: © A dog is an animal. Dogs are animals, 3 I'm an optimist. We're optimists. 1 Tim’s father is a doctor. Most of my friends are students. © Are you a good driver? © Are they good students? > Jill is a really nice person. Jills parents are really nice people. © What a lovely dress! ‘Whar awful shoes! We say that somebody has a long nose / a nice face / blue eyes / small hands etc. : Jack has got a long nose. Jack has got blue eyes. (not the long nose) (not the blue eyes) job is: Remember to use a/an when you say what somebody 17 Sandra is a nurse. (not Sandra is nurse) 2 Would you like to be an English teacher? BE 0 can use some with plural countable nouns. We use some in two ways. (1) Some = a number of / a few of /a pair of: I've seen some good films recently. (not I've seen good films) © Some friends of mine are coming to stay at the weekend. 3 I need some new sunglasses. (= a new pair of sunglasses) Do not use some when you are talking about things in general (see Unit 75): © Love bananas. (not some bananas) © My aunt is a writer. She writes books. (rot some books) Sometimes you can make sentences with or without some (with no difference in meaning): 1 There are (some) eggs in the fridge if you're hungry. (2) Some = some but not all: 1 Some children learn very quickly. (but not all children) ‘Tomorrow there will be rain in some places, but most of the country will be dry. 142 Countable and uncountable — Units 69-70 A/an and the —* Unit 72. Some and any —* Unit 85Exercises Unit 71 na n2 n3 What are these things? Use a dictionary if necessary. 1 am ant? ...\t'S.an insect, a 7 Earth, Mars, Venus and Jupiter? 2 ants and bees? They're. insects. 3 acauliflower? a ~ 4 chess? 9 the Nile, the Rhine and the Mississippi? 5 a violin, a trumpet and a flute? a 10 a pigeon, an eagle and a crow? 6 a skyscraper? = Who were these people? 11 Beethoven? ..He..was a. composer. 12 Shakespeare? cae 15. Marilyn Monroe? 13 Albert Einstein? 16 Elvis Presley and John Lennon? 14 Washington, Lincoln and Kennedy? 17 Van Gogh, Renoir and Picasso? Read about what these people do, and say what their jobs are. Choose from: chef interpreter journalist’ nurse. plumber surgeon travel agent waiter 1 Sarah looks after patients in hospital. She's. @ nurse. 2 Gary works in a restaurant. He brings the food to the tables. He .. 3. Martina arranges people’s holidays for them. She 4 Kevin works in a hospital. He operates on people. . _ = 5 Jonathan cooks in a restaurant. 7 az anor . —— 6 Jane writes articles for a newspaper _ 7 Dave installs and repairs water pip€s. con-vnneenncwnewnnnnminn 8 Linda translates what people are saying from one language into another, so that they can understand each other. ae Put in a/an or some where necessary. If no word is necessary, leave the space empty. 1 I've seen ..S0ME... good films recently. 2. Whar’s wrong with you? Have you got ..... headache? 3 [know a lot of people. Most of them are ..~.. students. 4 When I was child, I used to be very shy. 5 Would you like to be actor? 6 Do you collect... stamps? 7 What beautiful garden! 8 birds, for example the penguin, cannor fly 9 Do you enjoy going to ._. concerts? 10 ve been walking for three hours. ['¥e got wv Sore feet. 11 Idon’t feel very well this morning. I've got oo Sore throat. 12. Maria speaks _. English, but not very much. 13 Tes. a pity we don’t have ..---n. camera. I'd like to take _. photograph of that house. 14 Those are nice shoes. Where did you get them? 15 I'm going shopping. I wane to bi eons NEW Shoes. 16 You need _. visa to _--» countries, but not all of them. 17 Jane is teacher, Her parents Were ou.» teachers too, 18. I don’t believe him, He's nnn liar, He’s always telling, nnn lies. 143itis vy Sa 144 Alan and the Study this example: [ Joe says ‘a sandwich’, ‘an apple’ because this Lis the first time he talks about them. Thad a sandwich and an apple for lunch, | Joe now says ‘the sandwich’, ‘the apple’ because Karen knows which sandwich and which apple he means ~ the sandwich and | the apple that he had for lunch. The sandwich wasn’t very good, bbut the apple was nice. JOE KAREN Compare a and the in these examples: 1D Aman and a woman were sitting opposite me. The man was American, but I think the woman was British. 2 When we were on holiday, we stayed at a hotel. Sometimes we ate at the hotel and sometimes we went to a restaurant. We use the when we are thinking of a specific thing. Compare a/an and the: 10 Tim sat down on a chair. (perhaps one of many chairs in the room) Tim sat down on the chair nearest the door. (a specific chair) 1 Paula is looking for a job. (not a specific job) Did Paula get the job she applied for? (a specific job) 1 Have you got a car? (not a specific car) Icleaned the car yesterday. (= my car) ‘We use the when it is clear in the situation which thing or person we mean. For example, in a room we talk about the light / the floor / the ceiling / the door / the carpet etc © Can you turn off the light, please?: (= the light in this room) © I took a taxi to the station. (= the station in that town) (ina shop) V'd like to speak to the manager, please. (= the manager of this shop) In the same way, we say (go to) the bank, the post office: © Thave to go to the bank and then I'm going to the post office. (The speaker is usually thinking of a specific bank or post office.) We also say (go to) the doctor / the dentist: © Caroline isn’t very well. She's gone to the doctor. (= her usual doctor] 1 I don’t like going to the dentist. Compare the and a: © Thave to go to the bank today. Is there a bank near here? 3 I don’t like going to the dentist. ‘My sister is a denti ‘We say ‘once a week / three times a day / £1.50 a kilo’ etc. “How often do you go to the cinema?” ‘About once a month.’ © ‘How much are those potatoes?’ ‘£1.50 a kilo.” © Helen works eight hours a day, six days a week. Alan > Unit 71 The —> Units 73-78Exercises Unit 72 72.1 Put in a/an or the. 1 This morning { bought... newspaper and un. magazine. newspaper is in my bag, but I can’t remember where I put... magazine. 21a cneones accident this morning. cear crashed int0 oem TCE. driver of .. ear wasn't hurt, DUE sono» Car was badly damaged. 3 There are two cars parked outs coves IWC OME ANG aoe BEEY OME. cern blue cone belongs to my neighbours; I don’t know WhO nm. owner of w= grey one is. 4 My friends live in old house in...» small village. There ig... beautiful garden behind house. I would like to have garden like that. 72.2, Put in a/an or the. 1 a This house is very nice. Has ir gor garden? b Ir’s.a beautiful day. Ler’s sit in garden, © [like living in this house, but it’s a pity thar. garden is so small. 2a Can you recommend ‘good restaurant? b We had dinner in very nice restaurant. © We had dinner in best restaurant in town. 3a She has French name, but in fact she’s English, not French, b What's name of that man we met yesterday © We stayed at a very nice hotel ~ I can’t remember ..... name now. 4a There isn’t airport near where I live. nearest airport is 70 miles away. b Our flight was delayed. We had t0 Wait at ono airport for three hours. © Excuse me, please. Can you tell me how to get to. airport? 5 a ‘Are you going away next week?” ‘No, ... _. week after next.” b I'm going away for ~....... week in September. © Gary has a part-time job. He works three mornings week. 72.3 Put in a/an or the where necessary. 1 Would you like apple? 2 How often do you go to dentist? Could you close door, please? _ en — I'm sorry. I didn’t mean to do that. It was mistake. Excuse me, where is bus station, please? Thave problem. Can you help me? Fm just going to post office. I won't be long. There were no chairs, so we sat on floor. Have you finished with book I lent you? 10 My sister has just got job in bank in Marichester. 11 We live in small fla in city centee. 2 12 There's supermarket at end of street I live in, ee Would. you. like. an apple?..... ee 72.4 Answer these questions about yourself. Where possible, use the structure in Section D (once a week / three times a day ete). How often do you go to the cinema? _.Three..or four. Himes... Year svomnnecemvee How much does it cost to hire a car in your country? ...About.#20. 4. day. suai How often do you go to the cinema? sou 7 How often do you go away on holiday? - assis " preemie ‘What's the usual speed limit in towns in your country? ..... sms How much sleep do you need? ~ - a a How often do you go out in the evening? eee How much television do you watch (on average)? cnn LAW RW > Additional exercise 29 (page 319) 145Unit TE} 146 The 1 ‘We use the when there is only one of something: 1 Whar is the longest river in the world? (there is only one longest river) © The earth goes round the sun and the moon goes round the earth. 1 Have you ever crossed the equator? 1 I’m going away at the end of this month, Don’t forget the: 1 Paris is the capital of France. (not Paris is capital of ...) Bur we use a/an to say what kind of thing something is (see Unit 71B). Compare the and a: © The sun is a star. (= one of many stars) 1 The hotel we stayed at was a very nice hotel. ‘We say: the sky, the sea, the ground, the ‘country, the environment. 2 We looked up at all the stars in the sky. (ot in sky) © Would you like to live in the country? (= not in a town) 2 We must do more to protect the environment. (= the natural world around us) But we say space (without the) when we mean ‘space in the universe’. Compare: © There are millions of stars in space. (ot in the space) © I tried to park my car, but the space was too small. ‘We use the before same (the same): © Your pullover is the same colour as mine. (not is same colour) © ‘Are these keys the same?" ‘No, they're different.” We say: (go to) the cinema, the theatre. 1 Igo to the cinema a lot, but [ haven't been to the theatre for ages. ‘When we say the cinema / the theatre, we do not necessarily mean a specific cinema or theatre. We usually say the radio, but television (without the). Compare: 1 [listen to the radio a lot. but TL watch television a lot. 1D We heard the news on the radio, but We watched the news on television. The television = the television set: © Can you turn off the television, please? Breakfast lunch dinner We do not normally use the with the names of meals (breakfast, lunch etc.): © What did you have for breakfast? 1D We had lunch in a very nice restaurant. © What time is dinner? But we use aif there is an adjective before breakfast, lunch etc. : © We had a very nice lunch. (not We had very nice lunch) Platform 5 Room 126 etc. We do not use the before noun + number. For example, we sa © Our train leaves from Platform 5. (not the Platform 5) © (ina shop) Have you got these shoes in size 43? (not the size 43) In the same way, we say: Room 126 (in a hotel), page 29 (of a book), question 3 (in an exam), Gate 10 (at an airport) etc. ‘Alan and the -> Unit 72 The 2~4— Units 74-76 Names with and without the — Units 77-78Exercises Unit 73 73.1. Put in the or a/an where necessary. If no word is necessary, leave the space empty. 1 A: Where did you have... lunch? We went to ..%... restaurant. 3 Did you have nice holiday? : Yes, it was. best holiday I've ever had. 2 Where's uu nearest shop? There's one at end of this street. : Do you often listen to radio? No, In face I haven't gor radio. A: Would you like to travel in space? & Yes, I'd love £0 90 €0 ann Moon, 6 A: Do you go to cinema very often? No, not very often, But I watch a lot of films on... television. 2 Tk was nice day yesterday, wasn’t it? Yes, it was beautiful. We went for a walk by sea, : What did you have for breakfast this morning? Nothing. I never eat breakfast. : Excuse me, where is Room 25, please? Irs on second floor. : We spent all our money because we stayed at most expensive hotel in town. &: Why didn't you stay at cheaper hotel? 10 73.2. Put in the where necessary. If you don’t need the, leave the space empty. 1 Thaven’t been to ....... cinema for ages. 2 Tay down on ground and looked up at sky. 3 Sarah spends most of her free time watching television. 4 television was on, bur nobody was watching it. 5 Lisa and I arrived ar . same time. 6 Have you had _.. dinner yer? 7 You'll find information you need at TOP OF conan page 15. 8 What's on. capital city of Canada? 73.3 Put in the or a/an where necessary. (See Unit 72 for a/an and the if necessary.) Sun is star. The. sun star, Paul lives in small village in country. nn Moon goes round earth every . T'm fed up with doing same thing every day. — 3 3 Ir was very hor day. It was hortest day of year. 1 don’t usually have lunch, but I always eat good breakfast. apse If you live in foreign country, you should try and learn language. We missed our train because we were waiting on wrong platform. . ‘Next train to London leaves from Platform 3. _ se — — lays. ” _ 2 LOW ewe © 73.4 Complete the sentences using the following. Use the where necessary. breakfast cinema dinner gate. ~—- Gate 21 question 8— sea 1 ‘Are you going out this evening?’ “Yes, after dunner...” 2 There was no wind, $0 mom Monn Was very calm, 3 The test wasn't too difficult, but I couldn’t answer — 4 ‘Tm going to Ss oon tonight.” ‘Are you? What are you going to see?” 5 I didn't have time for conn» this morning because I was in a hurry. 6 Ob. . is open. I must have forgotten to shut it. (airport announcement) Flight AB123 to Rome is now boarding at. sans — Additional exercise 29 (page 319) 147rig VL The 2 (school / the school etc.) Compare school and the school: ALISON Alison is ten years old, Every day she goes to | Today Alison’s mother wants to speak co her school. She’s at school now. School begins at | daughter's teacher. So she has gone to the 9 and finishes at 3. school to sce her. She’s at the school now. We say a child goes to school or is at school | Alison’s mother is not a pupil. She is not ‘at (as a pupil). We are not necessarily thinking | school’, she doesn’t ‘go to school’. If she of a specific school. We are thinking of wants to see Alison’s teacher, she goes to the school as a general idea school (= Alison’s school, a specifie building) BEY We use prison, hospital, university, college and church in a similar way. We do not use the when we are thinking of the general idea of these places and what they are used for. Compare: i Ken’s brother is in prison for robbery. Ken went to the prison to visit his (He is a prisoner. We are not thinking brother. of a specific prison.) (He went as a visitor, not as a prisoner. © Joe had an accident last week. He was Jane has gone to the hospital to visit Joe. taken to hospital, He's still in hospital She’s at the hospital now. (as a visitor) now. (as a patient) 1 When I leave school, I want to go to 1 Excuse me, where is the university, university/college. please? (= the university buildings) 10 Sally’s father goes to church every Some workmen went to the church to Sunday. (to a religious service) repair the roof. (not for a religious service) ‘With most other places, you need the. For example, the cinema, the bank (see Units 72C and 73D). Bed work home We say go to bed / be in bed ete. (not the bed): © It’s time to go to bed now. 2 Do you ever have breakfast in bed? but © 1 sat down on the bed. (a specific piece of furniture) {g0 to work / be at work / start work / finish work etc. (not the work): © Chris didn’t go to work yesterday. 3 What time do you usually finish work? go home / come home / arrive home / get home / be at home etc. : 1 It’s late. Let’s go home. 2 Will you be at home tomorrow afternoon? BED) Wc say go to sea / be at sea (without the) when the meaning is ‘go/be on a voyage’: 2 Keith works on ships. He is at sea most of the time. but © Vd like to live near the sea. 17 It ean be dangerous to swim in the sea. The — Units 72-73, 75-78 Prepositions (at school / in hospital ete) > Units 123-125 Home —* Unit 1261 148 ‘American English > Appendix 7Exercises Unit 74 744 74.2 Complete each sentence using a preposition (to/at/in etc.) + one of these words: bed home hospital’ hospital prison school university work 1 Two people were injured in the accident and were taken ...%2.. hospital. _— - 2 In Britain, children from the age of five have t0 go Se ccveccacimeacucmacaree 3. Mark didn’t go out last night. He stayed omen papas 2 4 There is a lot of traffic in the morning when everybody is going .... Cathy's mother has just had an operation. She is still... ——— Send When Julia leaves school, she wants to study economics, Se Eee Bill never gets up before 9 o'clock. I's 8.30 now, so he is still... If you commit a serious crime, you could be eM -rn-nunnnmrnnene Complete the sentences with the word given (school etc.). Use the where necessary. 1 (school) Every term parents are invited to ..¥1e. 8H00L... co meet the teachers. a b Why aren’t your children at ..2022¢L.. today? Are they ill? When he was younger, Ted hated : : 4. What time does 2 usually start in the mornings in your country? € s: How do your children get home from .. 2? By bus? &: No, they walk... isn’t very far. f What sore of job does Jenny want to do when she leaves jov-vo-u-nemnwen There were some people waiting OUtSid€ i .n--nnnemnnw €O meet their children, 2 (university) a In your country do many people go to b Ifyou want to get a degree, you normally have to study at © This is only a small town, but a is one of the biggest in the country. 3 (hospital) a My brother has always been very healthy. He's never been in ... : When Ann was ill, T went t0 to visit her. When I was there, I met Lisa who is a nurse at a € Peter was injured in an accident and was kept in smwm for a few days. 4 (church) a John’s mother is a regular churchgoer. She gOeS (0 ren nm-ne-eennennnnnnne every Sunday. b John himself doesn’t go to Saree 4 © John went ro a to take some photographs of the building, 5 (prison) a. In some places people are in... 2 because of their political beliefs. bb A few days ago the fire brigade were called to ww €O put out a fire. € The judge decided to fine the man £500 instead of sending him to =i 6 (home/work/bed) a to read in -nomnem before I go to sleep. b Irs nice to travel around, but there's no place HK acnmenrnncnennrenne Y © Shall we meet after soem COMOFFOW evening? df Pm feeling tired, 1 g0 t0 a carly, What time do you usually start... ene in the morning? f The economic situation was very bad. Many people were oUt Of onmn (sea) a There’s a nice view from the window. You can see b Ie was a long voyage. We were at © love swimming in ae for four weeks. — Additional exercise 29 (page 319) 149iia Say we) The 3 (children / the children) EY When we are talking about things or people in general, we do not use the: © I'matraid of dogs. (not the dogs) (dogs = dogs in general, not a specific group of dogs) 10 Doctors are paid more than teachers. © Do you collect stamps? © Crime is a problem in most big cities. (not The crime) 2 Life has changed a lot in the last thirty years. (not The life) © Do you like classical music / Chinese food / fast cars? 1 My favourite sport is football/skiing/athletics. Go My favourite subject at school was history/physics/English. We say ‘most people / most books / most cars’ etc. (riot the most © Most hotels accept credit cards. (not The most hotels) BY vse the when we mean specific things or people. Compare: In general (without the) | Specific people or things (with the) We took the children to the 200. = a specific group, perhaps the speaker's children) © Children learn from playing. (= children in general) 1 Tcouldn’s live without music, © The film wasn’t very good, but I liked the music. (= the music in the film) © All ears have wheels. | co Althe cars inthis car park belong to || _ perelese work her 2 Can you pass the sugar, please? = the sugar on the table) 17 English people drink a lot of tea. © The English people I know drink a lor (= English people in general) of tea. (= only the English people | know, not English people in general) 12 Sugar isn’t very good for you. BE) 1h cifterence between ‘something in general’ and “something specific’ is not always very clear. Compare: In general (without the) Specific people or things (with the) 1 like working with people. = people in general) © [like working with people who are 5 I like the people I work with. lively. (not all people, but ‘people who = a specific group of people) are lively’ is still a general idea) © Do you like coffee? (= coffee in general) 1 Do you like strong black coffee? 15 Did you like the coffee we had after (not all coffee, but ‘strong black coffee dinner last night? (= specific coffee) is still a general idea) 150 ‘The 1-2 — Units 73-74 The + adjective (the young / the English ete.) — Unit 76Exercises Unit 75 75.1 75.2 75.3 Choose four of these things and write whether you like them or not: boxing cats fast food restaurants football “hot weather maths opera__—_small children rock music 200 Begin each sentence with one of these: like ... /Idon’t like... I don't mind ... Tove... /Thate ... I'm interested in ... /'m not interested in ... | don't like jot weather very much. 3 * 4 oe 7 — Complete the sentences using the following. Use the where necessary, {the} basketball. (the) grass (the) patience (che) people (the) questions (the) meat {the} information. (the) shops (the) history (the) water (the) spiders (che) lies 1 My favourite sport is ..asketba, 2 ..Thgunfermation we were given wasn't correct. 3 Some people are afraid of Mo 4 5 A vegetarian is somebody who doesn’t eat z The test wasn't very difficult. | answered without difficulty. 6 Do you know nomen WhO live next door? 7 _. isthe study of the past. 8 George always tells the truth, He never tells : 9 Ie was late when we arrived in the town, and were shut, 10 in the pool didn’t look very clean, so we didn’t go for a swim. 11 Don’t sit on . It’s wet after the rain. 12. You need one enevnennnnnm €O feach young children, Choose the correct form, with or without the. 1 Tmatraid of dogs /shedags. (dogs is correct) 2 Can you pass salt-/ the salt, please? (the salt is correct) Apples / The apples are good for you. Look at apples / the apples on that tree! They're very big. ‘Women / The women live longer than men / the men. I don’t drink tea / the tea. I don’t like it. ‘We had a very good meal. Vegetables / The vegetables were especially good. fe / The life is strange sometimes. Some very strange things happen. 1 like skiing / the skiing, but I'm not very good at it. 10 Who are people / the people in this photograph? 11 What makes people / the people violent? What causes aggression / the aggression? 12. All books / All the books on the top shelf belong to me. 13 Don't stay in that hotel. I's very noisy and beds / the beds are very uncomfortable. 14 pacifist is somebody who is against war / the war. 15 First World War / The First World War lasted from 1914 until 1918. 16 T'd like to go to Egypt and sce Pyramids / the Pyramids. 17 Someone gave me a book abour history /the history of modern art/ the modern art. 18 Ron and Brenda got married, but martiage / the marriage didn’t last very long. 19 Most people / The most people believe that marriage / the marriage and family life /the family life are the basis of society the society. > Additional exercise 29 (page 319) 151iis 76 152 The 4 (the giraffe / the telephone / the piano etc. ; the + adjective) Study these sentences: © The giraffe is the tallest of all animals. 10 The bicycle is an excellent means of transport. 1c When was the telephone invented? 2 The dollar is the currency (= the money) of the United States. In these examples, the ... does not mean one specific thing. The giraffe = a specific type of animal, not a specific giraffe. We use the (+ singular countable noun) in this way to talk about a type of animal, machine etc. In the same way we use the for musical instruments: © Can you play the guitar? © The piano is my favourite instrument. ‘Compare a and the: a Pd like to havea piano. but I can’t play the piano, 1D We saw a giraffe at the zoo. but The giraffe is my favourite animal. Nore that we use man (= human beings in general / the human race) without the: 1D What do you know about the origins of man? (not the man) The + adjective ‘We use the + adjective (without a noun) to talk about groups of people, especially: the young the rich the sick the blind the injured the old the poor the disabled the deaf the dead the elderly the homeless__the unemployed ‘The young = young people, the rich = rich people etc. © Do you think the rich should pay higher taxes? © The government has promised to provide more money to help the homeless. Th injured’ for one person. You must say ‘a young person’, ‘the injured woman’ etc. expressions are always plural in meaning. For example, you cannot say ‘a young’ or ‘the Note that we say ‘the poor’ (not the poors), ‘the young’ (nof the youngs) etc. The + nationality You can use the + nationality adjectives that end in -ch or -sh (the French / the English / the Spanish etc.) The meaning is ‘the people of that country’: 0 The French are famous for their food. (= the people of France) ‘The French / the English etc. are plural in meaning. We do not say ‘a French / an English’. You have to say a Frenchman / an Englishwoman etc. You can also use the + nationality words ending in -ese (the Chinese / the Sudanese / the Japanese etc.): 2 The Chinese invented printing. But these words can also be singular (a Japanese, a Sudanese etc.). ‘Also a Swiss (singular) and the Swiss (= the people of Switzerland) With other nationalities, the plural noun ends in -s. For example: an Italian — Italians a Mexican > Mexicans. a Turk -» Turks With these words (Italians etc.), we do not normally use the to talk about the people in general (see Unit 75). ‘Alan and the -> Unit 72. The 1-3 -> Units 73-75 Names with and without the — Units 77-78Exercises Unit 76 76.1 Answer the questions. Choose the right answer from the box. Don't forget the. Use a dictionary if necessary. 1 2 3 4 animals birds inventions currencies tiger elephant eagle__penguin | | telephone whee! dollar peso rabbit cheetah swan owl telescope _ laser euro rupee giraffe kangaroo parrot robin helicopter typewriter | | rouble yen ich of the animals is tallest? b Which animal can run fastest? ¢ Which of these animals is found in Austr a Which of these birds has a long neck? b Which of these birds cannot fly? © Which bird flies ar night? a Which of these inventions b- Which one is most recen a b oldest? c Which one was especially important for astronomy? ‘Whar is the currency of India? Whar is the currency of Canada? se © And the currency of your country? aise 76.2 Put in the or a. 1 When was ...t#¢... telephone invented? 2 Can you play musical instrument? 3 Jill plays violin in an orchestra. 4 There was piano in the corner of the room. 5 Can you play piano? 6 Our society is based on _. family, 7 Martin comes from — large family. 8 computer has changed the way we live. 76.3 Complete these sentences using the + the following: injured poor rich sick unemployed -—-young 1... The. young... have the future in their hands. 2. Ambulances arrived at the scene of the accident and took to hospital. 3 Life is all right if you have a job, bur things are not so easy for .... See 4 Julia has been a nurse all her life, She has spent her life caring for - 5 In England there is an old story about a man called Robin Hood. It is said thar he robbed and gave the money to peace 76.4 What do you call the people of these countries? one person (alan ...) the people in general Canada a Canadian. Germany 3 = France 2 . Russia Fz China Brazil SRR ’ England and your country wins assess ‘ fA awe 153Unit va) 7 = e: < Names with and | it the 1: We do not use the with names of people (‘Helen’, ‘Helen Taylor’ etc.). In the same way, we do 154 not normally use the with names of places. For example: continents Africa (not the Africa), Europe, South America countries, states etc. France (not the France), Japan, Switzerland, Texas islands Sicily, Bermuda, Tasmania cities, towns ete. Cairo, New York, Bangkok mountains Everest, Etna, Kilimanjaro But we use the in names with Republic, Kingdom, States etc. : the Czech Republic the United Kingdom (the UK) the Dominican Republic the United States of America (the USA) Compare: © Have you been to Canada or the United States? When we use Mr/Mrs/Captain/Doctor etc. + a name, we do not use the. So we say: ‘Mr Johnson / Doctor Johnson / Captain Johnson / President Johnson etc. (not the ...) Uncle Robert / Saint Catherine / Princess Maria ete. (not the ...) Compare: 1 We called the doctor. We called Doctor Johnson. (not the Doctor Johnson) We use mount (= mountain) and lake in the same way (without the): Mount Everest (ot the...) Mount Etna Lake Superior Lake Constance © They live near the lake. They live near Lake Constance. (not the Lake Constance) ‘We use the with the names of oceans, seas, rivers and canals: the Atlantic (Ocean) the Red Sea the Amazon the Indian Ocean the Channel (between the Nile the Mediterranean (Sea) France and Britain) the Suez Canal ‘We use the with the names of deserts: the Sahara (Desert) the Gobi Desert We use the with plural names of people and places: people the Taylors (= the Taylor family), the Johnsons countries the Netherlands, the Philippines, the United States ‘groups of islands the Canaries / the Canary Islands, the Bahamas mountain ranges 1 The highest mountain in the Alps is Mont Blane. We say: the north (of Brazil) but _ northern Brazil (without the) the south-east (of Spain) but south-eastern Spain Compare: 2 Sweden is in northern Europe; Spain is in the south. Also the Middle East, the Far East We also use north/south etc. (without the) in the names of some regions and countries: North America South Africa Note that on maps, the is not usually included in the name. Names with and without the 2 — Unit 78Exercises Unit 77 mA 772 773 Put in the where necessary. Leave the space empty if the sentence is already complete. 1 Who is =... Doctor Johnson? (the sentence is complete without the) 2 Lwasill, so I went to see doctor. 3 The most powerful person in United States is. president. Fou President Kennedy was assassinated in 1963. 5 Do you know ........... Wilsons? They're a very nice couple. 6 Do you know Professor Brown’s phone number? Some of these sentences are correct, but some need the (sometimes more than once). Correct the sentences where necessary. Everest was first climbed in 1953. MB Milan is in north of Italy. win. the north OF ALY Africa is much larger than Europe. ces Last year I visited Mexico and United States. South of England is warmer than north. snail Portugal is in western Europe. = France and Britain are separated by Channel. 8 Jim has travelled a lor in Middle East. 9 igo is on Lake Michi s 0. Next year we're going skiing in Swiss Alps. i 1 I UK consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. a 12 Seychelles are a group of islands in Indian Ocean. seca 13. Africa’s highest mountain is Kilimanjaro (5895 metres). 14 River Volga flows into Caspian Sea. Here are some geography questions. Choose the right answer from one of the boxes and write the if necessary. You do not need all the names in the boxes. Use an atlas if necessary. continents ‘countries oceans and seas | mountains | rivers and canals Africa Canada Adantie- Alps Amazon Rhine Asia | Denmark Indian Ocean | Andes Danube Thames Australia “Indonesia Pacific Himalayas | Nile Volga Europe | Sweden Black Sea Rockies | Suez Canal North America Thailand | Mediterranean Urals Panama Canal South America Unied States | Red Sea | I What do you have to cross to travel from Europe to America? 2 Where is Argentina? . = _ 3 Which is the longest river in Africa? . < " 4 Of which country is Stockholm the capital? — i . - 5 Of which country is Washington the capital? ae 6 What is the name of the mountain range in the west of North America? 7 What is the name of the sea between Africa and Europe? —.... 8 Which is the smallest continent in the world? 9. What is the name of the ocean between North Amer 10 What is the name of the ocean between Africa and Australia? . 11 Which river flows through London? 2 i” 2 12 Which river flows through Vienna, Budapest and Belgrade? 13 Of which country is Bangkok the capital? 14 What joins the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans? a 15 Which is the longest river in South America? Bocce dasanitrdenhie 155Unit 78 , Pit 156 Names with and without the 2 Names without the We do not use the with names of most city streets/roads/squares/parks etc. : Wall Street (not the...) Fifth Avenue Hyde Park Queens Road Broadway Times Square Names of important public buildings and institutions (for example, airports, stations, universities) are often two words: Manchester Airport Harvard University ‘The first word is the name of a place (‘Manchester’) or a person (‘Harvard’). These names are usually without the. In the same way, we say: Victoria Station (not the...) Canterbury Cathedral Edinburgh Castle Buckingham Palace Cambridge University Sydney Harbour Compare: Buckingham Palace (not the...) but the Royal Palace (‘Royal’ is an adjective — it is not a name like ‘Buckingham’.) Most other buildings have names with the. For example: hotels/restaurants the Sheraton Hotel, the Bombay Restaurant, the Holiday Inn | theatres/cinemas the Palace Theatre, the Odeon (cinema) museums/galleries the Guggenheim Museum, the Hayward Gallery other buildings the Empire State (Building), the White House, the Eiffel Tower We often leave out the noun: the Sheraton (Hotel) the Palace (Theatre) the Guggenheim (Museum) Some names are only the + noun, for example: the Acropolis the Kremlin the Pentagon Names with of usually have the. For example: the Bank of England the Musetim of Modern Art the Great Wall of China the Tower of London Note that we say: the University of Cambridge but Cambridge University (without the) Many shops, restaurants, hotels, banks etc, are named after the people who started them, These names end in ~'s or -s. We do not use the with these names: Lloyds Bank (not the...) Brown’s Restaurant Macy’s (department store) Churches are often named after sain St John’s Church (ot the St Johns Church) St Patrick’s Cathedral Most newspapers and many organisations have names with the: newspapers the Washington Post, the Financial Times, the Sun organisations the European Union, the BBC (= British Broadcasting Corporation), the Red Cross Names of companies, airlines etc. are usually without the: Fiat (not the Fiat) Sony _ British Airways Kodak IBM Yale University Press Names with and without the 1» Unit 77Exercises Unit 78 78.1 78.2 78.3 Use the map to answer the questions. Write the name of the place and the street it is in. Use the if necessary. (Remember that on maps we do not normally use the.) 1 Is there a cinema near here? Yes, ...tne. Odeon. in Market, Street. 2 Isthere a supermarket near here? | | Yes, in 3 Is there a hotel near hei Yes, in = 4 Is there a church near here? | | Yes, : 5 Is there a museum near here? | | Yes, = 6 Is there a bookshop near her Yes, 7 Is there a park near here? | | Yes, at the end of ‘There are two. 7 or . iy Is there a restaurant near her Where are the following? Use the where necessary. Acropolis Broadway Buckingham Palace Eiffel Tower Kremlin White House Gatwick Airport “Times Square. 1 _ Times. Square. is in New York 5 is in Moscow. 2 isin Paris. 6 is in New York. 3 isin London. 7 is in Athens. 4 is in Washington. 8 is near London. Choose the correct form, with or without the. 1 Have you ever been to rsh: Museum/ the British Museum? (the British Museum is correct) 2. Hyde Park / The Hyde Park is a very large park in central London. 3. Another park in central London is St James Park / he St James's Pac. 4 Grand Hotel / The Grand Hotel is in Baker Street / the Baker Street. 5 Dublin Airport / The Dublin Airport is situated about 12 kilometres from the city centre. Frank is a student at Liverpool University / the Liverpool University. 7 If you're looking for a department store, I would recommend Harrison's / the Harrison's 8 If you're looking for a place to have lunch, I would recommend Ship Inn / the Ship Inn. 9 Statue of Liberty / The Statue of Liberty is at the entrance to New York Harbour / the New York Harbour. 10 You should go to Science Museum / the Science Museum. It’s very interesting. 11 John works for IBM / the IBM now. He used to work for British Telecom / the British Telecom. 12 ‘Which cinema are you going to this evening?” ‘Classic / The Classic.’ 13 I'd like to go to China and see Great Wall / the Great Wa 14 ‘Which newspaper do you want?” ‘Herald / The Herald. 15 This book is published by Cambridge University Press / the Cambridge University Press. + Additional exercise 29 (page 319) 157Unit ee 158 Singular and plural Sheets we use a plural at for one thing that has two parts. For example: RAE RAS & of trousers (two legs) pyjamas ee binoculars | scissors also jeanshtights/shorts/pants _ (top and bottom) ‘These words are plural, so they take a plural verb: © My trousers are too long. (not my trousers is) You can also use a pair of + these words; © Those arenice jeans. or Thar’s a nice pair of jeans. (not a nice jeans) 1 Ineed some new glasses. or I need a new pair of glasses. Some nouns end in -ies, but are not usually plural. For example: athletics economics electronics gymnastics maths (= mathematics) physics polities © Gymnastics is my favourite sport. (not Gymnastics are) News is not plural (see Unit 70B): © What time is the news on television? (not are the news) Some words ending in -s can be singular or plural. For example: means a means of transport many means of transport series _a television series two television series species a species of bird 200 species of bird Some singular nouns are often used with a plural verb. For example: audience committee company family firm government — staff team These nouns are all groups of people. We often think of them as a number of people (= they), not as one thing (= it). So we often use a plural verb: © The government (= they) want to increase taxes. © The staff at the school (= they) are not happy with their new working conditions. In the same way, we often use a plural verb after the name of a sports team or a company: © Italy are playing Brazil next week (in a football match). > Shell have increased the price of petrol. A singular verb (The government wants ... / Shell has ... etc.) is also possible. ‘We use a plural verb with police: © The police are investigating the murder, but haven't arrested anyone yet. (not The police is ... hasn't) Note that we say a police officer / a policeman / a policewoman (not a police). We do not often use the plural of person (‘persons’). We normally use people (a plural word): He's anice person. but They are nice people. (not nice persons) 3 Many people don't have enough to eat. (rot Many people doesn’t) We think of a sum of money, a period of time, a distance etc. as one thing. So we use a singular verb: © Twenty thousand pounds (= it) was stolen in the robbery. (not were stolen) © Three years (= it) is a long time to be without a job. (not Three years are) © Six miles is a long way to walk every day. ‘American English — Appendix 7Exercises Unit 79 79.1 Complete each sentence using a word from Sections A or B. Sometimes you need a or some. 1 My eyesight isn’t very good. I need —.9'42388..... 2 A species... isa group of animals or plants that have the same characteristics. 3 Footballers don't wear trousers when they play. They wear nts 4 The bicycle is of transport. 5 The bicycle and the car are of transport. 6 Twant to cut this piece of material. 1 need one enn n « 7 A friend of mine is writing of articles for the local newspaper. 8 There are a lot of American TV tnnrwnneneene shown On British television. 9 While we were out walking, we saw many different ... of bird. 79.2 In each example the words on the left are connected with an activity (for example, a sport or an academic subject). Write the name of the activity. The beginning of the word is given. 1 calculate algebra equation mathematics, - as sacs 2 government election —_minister Pp = 3 finance trade employment Cs 4 running — jumping throwing a S light heat gravity ph - 6 exercises somersault parallel bars ey 3 7 computer silicon chip video games al 79.3 Choose the correct form of the verb, singular or plural. In one sentence either the singular or plural verb is possible. 1 Gymnastics is ate my favourite sport. (is is correct) The trousers you bought for me doesn’t / don’t fit me. The police want / wants to interview two men about the robbery last week. Physics was / were my best subject at school. Can I borrow your scissors? Mine isn't / aren't sharp enough. Fortunately the news wasn’t/ weren't as bad as we expected. Where does / do your family live? Three day’ isn't / aren't long enough for a good holida 9 I can’t find my binoculars. Do you know where it is / they are? Low ew 10 It’s a nice place to visit. The people is/are very friendly. 11 Does / Do the police know how the accident happened? 12 Idon’t like very hot weather. Thirty degrees is /are too hor for me. 79.4 Most of these sentences are wrong. Correct them where necessary. ZFSee Three. years. is. a. long. time. Three years are a long time to be without a job. OK. (wants is also correct) The government want to increase taxes. Susan was wearing a black jeans. Brazil are playing Italy in a football match next week. * 2 1 like Martin and Jane. They're very nice persons I need more than ten pounds. Ten pounds aren’t enough. a m going to buy a new pyjama. im ws The committee haven't made a decision yet. There was a police directing traffic in the street. What is the police going to do? sreanapecnaaeeresanaas This scissors isn’t very sharp. - hn 159Uilig 80 160 Noun + noun (a tennis ball / a headache) You can use two nouns together (noun + noun) to mean one thing/personvidea etc. For example: atennis ball abank manager a road accident income tax __the city centre The first noun is like an adjective. It tells us what kind of thing/personvidea etc. For example: a tennis ball = a ball used to play tennis a road accident = an accident that happens on the road income tax = tax that you pay on your income the water temperature = the temperature of the water a London doctor = a doctor from London my life story = the story of my life So you can say: a television camera a television programme a television studio a television producer (these are all different things or people to do with television) language problems marriage problems health problems work problems (chese are all different kinds of problems) Compare: garden vegetables (= vegetables that are grown in a garden) a vegetable garden (= a garden where vegetables are grown) Sometimes the first word ends in -ing. Usually these are things used for doing something: a frying pan (= a pan for frying) a washing machine a swimming pool a dining room Sometimes there are more than two nouns together: 1 Twaited at the hotel reception desk. © We watched the World Swimming Championships on television. © If you want to play table tennis (= a game), you need a table tennis table (= a table). ‘When two nouns are together like this, sometimes we write them as one word and sometimes as two separate words. For example aheadache toothpaste. a weekend = acar park —_a road sign ‘There are no clear rules for this. If you are not sure, write two words. Note the difference between: sugar bowl (perhaps empty) and a bowl of sugar (= a bow! with sugar in it) a shopping bag (pethaps empty) and a bag of shopping (= a bag full of shopping) When we use noun + nown, the first noun is like an adjective. I is normally singular, but the meaning is often plural. For example: a bookshop is a shop where you can buy books, an apple tree is a tree that has apples. In the same way we say: a three-hour journey (= a journey that takes three hours) a ten-pound note (not pounds) a four-week course (not weeks) two 14-year-old girls (not years) a six-page letter (not pages) Compare: © Iewas a four-week course. but The course lasted four weeks. t BIE ~'sand of ... > Unit 81 A week's holiday / three weeks’ holiday ete. —* UExercises Unit 80 80.1 80.2 80.3 What do we call these things and people? 1 A ticket for a concert is ...2.concert ticket. ere a 2 Problems concerning health are .... health. problems, 3 A magazine about computers i8 enn 2 4 Photographs taken on your holiday are your ian eo $ Chocolate made with milk is cies " 6 Somebody whose job is to inspect factories is 7 oes Rar PUD Fe CES 16 tsa niin 8 A race for horses is SR 9A hotel in central London is a : 10 The results of your exams are your 11 The carpet in the dining room is 12. A scandal involving an oil company is = - * 13 Workers ata car factory are... ‘ . eee 14. A scheme to improve a road is a nn 15 A course thar lasts five days is 7 sri cca 16 A question that has two parts is 17 A girl who is seven years old is Answer the questions using two of the following words each time: accident belt card credit editor_—forecast newspaper number road: room seat shop weather window 1 This can be caused by bad driving. road. accident 2 If you're staying at a hotel, vou need to remember this. your ina 3. You should wear this when you're in a car. enact “ 4 You can often use this to pay for things instead of cash. a 5 If you want to know if it’s going to rain, you can tHe reece read or listen to this. 6 This person is a top journalist. a 7 You might stop to look in this when you're walking along a street. Complete the sentences using the following: 15 minute(s) 60 minute(s) two hour(s) __ five day(s) two year(s) 500 year(s) six mile(s) six mile(s) -20 pound(s) five course(s) -ten-page(s}-450-page(s} Sometimes you need the singular (day/page ete.) and sometimes the plural (days/pages etc... 1 It's quite a long book. There are ...250.pages.. 2A few days ago I received a ..t2n-P446... letter from Julia, 3 I didn’t have any change. P only had 2 enn note. 4 At work in the morning I usually have a. _vww break for coffee. 5 There are — in an hour. 6 Is only a - flight from London to Madri 7 Itwas a very big meal. There were. ~ 8 Mary has just started a new job. She's got @ (i — contract. 9 The oldest building in the city is the ... nn Castle, 10 I work - a week. Saturday and Sunday are free. 11 We went for a long walk in the country. We must have walked en neon 12 We Went £08 & eonnemnnnnennennnnnennens Walk in the country. 161162 -'s (your sister's name) and of ... (the name of the book) We use -s (apostrophe + s) mostly for people or animals: © Tom’s computer isn’t working. (not the computer of Tom) 15 How old are Chris’ children? (not the children of Chris) © What's (= What is) your sister's name? © What's Tom’s sister’s name? 2 Be careful. Don't step on the cat's tal. Note that you can use ~’s without a following noun: © This isn’t my book. It's my sister's. (= my sister’s book) We do not always use -s for people. For example, we would use of ... in this sentence: © What was the name of the man who phoned you? (‘the man who phoned you" is too long to be followed by ~'s) Note that we say a woman's hat (= a hat for a woman), a boy's name (= a name for a boy), a bird’s egg (= an egg laid by a bird) ere. With a singular noun we use “5: my sister’s room (= her room - one sister) Mr Carter's house (= his house) With a plural noun (sisters, friends etc.) we put an apostrophe at the end of the word ( iy sisters’ room (= their room ~ two or more sisters) the Carters’ house (= their house - Mr and Mrs Carter) Ifa plural noun does not end in -s (for example men/women/children/people) we use ~s: the men’s changing room a children’s book (= a book for children) Note that you can use ~'s after more than one noun: Jack and Karen's wedding Mr and Mrs Carter's house 1s, ideas etc., we normally use of (... of the book / ... of the restaurant etc.): the door of the garage (ot the garage’s door) the name of the book the owner of the restaurant Sometimes the structure noun + noun is possible (see Unit 80): the garage door the restaurant owner We say the beginning/end/middle of ... , the top/bottom of ... , the front/back/side of the beginning of the month (rot the month’s beginning) the top of the hill the back of the car For You can usually use ~’s or of ... for an organisation (= a group of people). So you can say: the government's decision or the decision of the government the company’s success. or _ the success of the company It's also possible to use ~*s for places. So you can say: the city’s streets the world’s population _Italy’s prime minister You can also use ~’s with time expressions (yesterday / next week etc.): © Do you still have yesterday's newspaper? Next week’s meeting has been cancelled, In the same way, you can say today’s / tomorrow's / this evening's / Monday's etc. We also uses (or -s’ with plural words) with periods of time: 5 Pve got a week’s holiday starting on Monday. G Julia has got three weeks’ holiday GT live near the station — it’s only about ten minutes’ walk. The garage door (noun + noun) — Unit 80 A three-hour journey a ten-pound note —> Lit 800Exercises Unit 81 ait 81.2 813 814 In some of these sentences, it would be more natural to use ~’s or ~". Change the underlined parts where necessary. Who is the owner of this restaurant? Where are the children of Chris? Is this the umbrella of your friend? Write your name at the top of the page. ve never met the daughter of Charles. Have you met the son of Mary and Dan? We don’t know the cause of the problem. Do we still have the newspaper of yesterday? What's the name of this street? 10 What is the cost of a new computer? 11 The friends of your children are here. 12 The garden of our neighbours is ve 13 I work on the ground floor of the building. 14 The hair of Bill is very long. 15 I couldn't go to the party of Catherine. 16 Whar's the name of the woman who lives next door? 17 Have you seen the car of the parents of Mike’ 18 What's the meaning of this expression? 19 Do you agree with the economic policy of the government? What is another way of saying these things? Use ~'s. a hat for a woman 4 woman's hat, oe a name for a boy 7 - clothes for children a school for girls a nest for a bird sn a magazine for women vasa ses LA RwNe nice. bee Read each sentence and write a new sentence beginning with the underlined words. 1 The meeting tomorrow has been cancelled. Tomerrow's meeting has been cancelled. 2 The storm last week caused a lot of damage. Last eg . 3 The only cinema in the town has closed down. The ... procrenmesant 4 The weather in Britain is very changeable. 5 Tourism is the main industry in the region. Use the information given to complete the sentences. 1 If Leave my house at 9 o'clock and drive to the airport, I arrive at about 11. So it's about ...'Wv9, ours... arive._. from my house to the airport. (drive) 2 If leave my house at 8.40 and walk to the centre, I get there at 9 o'clock. So it’s weve from my house to the centre. (walk) 3. P'm going on holiday on the 12th. I have to be back at work on the 26th. So I've got 7 oon + (holiday) 4 L went to sleep at 3 o’clock this morning and woke up an hour later. After that I couldn't sleep. So last night I only had vostsanasomaameaa's (GMEB) 163Myself/yourself/themselves etc. Study this example: Steve introduced himself to the other guests. ~ We use myself/yourself/himself etc. reflexive pronouns) when the subject and object are the same: i Steve introduced himself snbect object STEVE The reflexive pronouns are: singular: myself —_ yourself (one person) himself/herselffitself plural: ourselves yourselves-(more than one person) themselves 1 Idon’t want you to pay for me. V'll pay for myself. (not I'l pay for me) © Julia had a great holiday. She really enjoyed herself. © Do you talk to yourself sometimes? (said to one person) 1 If you want more to eat, help yourselves. (said to more than one person) ‘Compare: 1 Ir’s not our fault. You can’t blame us. © Ie’s our own fault, We should blame ourselves. ‘We do not use myself etc. after feel/relax/concentrate/meet: feel nervous. I can’t relax. You must try and concentrate. (not concentrate yourself) © What time shall we meet? (not meet ourselves, not meet us) ‘We normally use wash/shave/dress without myself ete. + i He got up, washed, shaved and dressed. (not washed himself etc.) You can also say get dressed (He got dressed). a Compare -selves and each other: Y © Kate and Joe stood in front of the mirror and looked themselves. BQ t at themselves. (= Kate and Joe looked at Kate and Joe) © Kate looked at Joe; Joe looked at Kate, They looked on 2 at each other. each other CY ‘You can use one another instead of each other: 5 How long have you and Bill known each other? or... known one another? © Sue and Ann don’t like each other. or ... don’t like one another. Do you and Sarah live near each other? or... near one another? a We also use myself/yourself etc. in another way. For example: © ‘Who repaired your bike for you?" ‘I repaired it myself.” I repaired it myself = I repaired it, not anybody else. Here, myself is used to emphasise “I” (= it makes it stronger). Some more examples: © I'm nor going to do your work for you. You can do it yourself. (= you, not me) Let’s paint the house ourselves. It will be much cheaper. he film itself wasn’t very good, but I loved the music. © I don't think Liz will get the job. Liz herself doesn’t think she'll get think she'll ger it herself.) (or Liz doesn’t Get dressed / get married etc. — Unit 44D By myself / by yourself etc. — Unit 83¢Exercises Unit 82 82.1 82.2 82.3 82.4 82.5 Complete the sentences using myself/yourself ete. + the following verbs (in the correct form): blame burn enjoy express hurt introduce put Steve ...antroduced. numself.. to the other guests at the party. Bill fell down some steps, but fortunately he didn’t < It isn’t Sue’s fault. She really shouldn't : 7 Please try and understand how I feel. in my position. The children had a great time at the beach. They really ean Be careful! Thar pan is very hot. Don't Sometimes I can’t say exactly what I mean. I wish I could 1a Put in myself/yourself/ourselves etc. or me/you/us ete. 1 Julia had a great holiday. She enjoyed ...ecself. 2 Irs not my fault. You can’t blame —..... 3. What I did was really bad. I'm ashamed of 2 a 4 We've got a problem. I hope you can help . s 6 “Can [take another biscuit?” ‘Of course. Help You must meet Sarah. I'll introduce ae t0 het. Don't worry about us. We can Look after .oeennrnnnnennen « 8 I gave them a key to our house so that they could Let omomoom in. 1 didn’t want anybody to see the letters, so I burned Complete these sentences. Use myself/yourself etc. only where necessary. Use the following verbs (in the correet form): concentrate defend dry —feel_—s meet’ relax. shave wash Martin decided to grow a beard because he was fed up with ..shaving T wasn't very well yesterday, BUD Teen neennnnnenenenene MUCH better today: I climbed out of the swimming pool and —-~ with a towel. I tried to study, but I couldn't If somebody attacks you, you need to be able to ns I'm going out with Chris this evening. We're at 7.30. You're always rushing around. Why don’t you sit down and sa 8 There was no water, 60 We COULD nner GR SR BO Complete the sentences with -selves or each other. 1 How long have you and Bill known ...0¢ch..9¢her. > 2 If people work too hard, they can make ill. 3 Ineed you and you need me. We need z : 4 In Britain friends often give J presents at Christmas. 5 Some people are very selfish. They only think of 6 Tracy and I don’t see... very often these days. 7 We couldn't get back into the house. We had locked cso Bil 8 They've had an argument. They're nor speaking to wwe at the moment. 9 We'd never met before, so we introduced 10 : 2 Complete the answers to the questions using myselfiyourselffitself ete. N fl 1 Who repaired the bike for you? ‘Nobody. I ...repaired.. i myself. 2 Who cuts Brian’s hair for him? | | Nobody. He cuts .... oes 3 | Do you want me to post that letter for you? || No, I'll sei ool 4 | Who told you that Linda was going away? || Linda siScosacecoraeretci 5 Can you phone John for me?) \ Why can’t you won + Additional exercise 30 (page 320) 165Unit si) 166 A friend of mine my own house on my own / by myself A friend of mine / a iend of Tom’s ete. We say ‘(a friend) of mine/yours/his/hers/ours/theirs’ © I'm going to a wedding on Saturday. A friend of mine is getting married. (not a friend of me) © We went on holiday with some friends of ours. (not some friends of us) © Michael had an argument with a neighbour of his. © It was a good idea of yours to go to the cinema. In the same way we say ‘(a friend) of my sister's / (a friend) of Tom's’ etc. : © That woman over there is a friend of my sister’. G It was a good idea of Tom’s to go to the cinema. ete, ‘My own ... / your own ‘We use my/your/his/her/its/our/their before own: my own house your own car her own room (not an own house, an own car etc.) My own .../ your own ... etc, = something that is only mine/yours, not shared or borrowed: © I don’t want to share a room with anybody. | want my own room. © Vicky and George would like to have their own house. 1 It’s a pity that the flat hasn't gor its own parking space. © It’s my own fault that I've got no money. I buy too many things I don’t need. 12 Why do you want to borrow my car? Why don’t you use your own? (= your own car) You can also use own to say that you do something yourself instead of somebody else doing it for you. For example: 0 Brian usually cuts his own hair. we (= he cuts it himself; he doesn’t ES go to the hairdresser’s) 0 Pd like to have a garden so that I could grow my own vegetables. = grow them myself instead of buying them from shops) BRIAN On my own / by myself On my own and by myself both mean ‘alone’, We say: my/your on } hissher/its } own = ourltheir © Hike living on my own / by myself. © ‘Did you go on holiday on your own / by yourself?” ‘No, with a friend.” David was sitting on his own / by himself in a corner of the café. Learner drivers are not allowed to drive on their own / by themselves. himself / herself / itself myself / yourself (singular) by urselves (ph ourselves Myself/yourself/themselves etc. —> Unit 82