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Different Kinds of Propositions

There are two main kinds of propositions discussed in the document: categorical propositions and hypothetical propositions. Categorical propositions make an unconditional statement about a subject and predicate, having four basic forms. Hypothetical propositions express conditional judgments and come in three types: conditional hypothetical propositions relating an antecedent and consequent, disjunctive hypothetical propositions using "either-or" statements, and conjunctive hypothetical propositions asserting two alternatives cannot be true simultaneously. Examples are provided for each type of proposition.

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Erica Joy Escopete
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482 views2 pages

Different Kinds of Propositions

There are two main kinds of propositions discussed in the document: categorical propositions and hypothetical propositions. Categorical propositions make an unconditional statement about a subject and predicate, having four basic forms. Hypothetical propositions express conditional judgments and come in three types: conditional hypothetical propositions relating an antecedent and consequent, disjunctive hypothetical propositions using "either-or" statements, and conjunctive hypothetical propositions asserting two alternatives cannot be true simultaneously. Examples are provided for each type of proposition.

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Erica Joy Escopete
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Erica Joy B.

Escopete
AM11

Different Kinds of Propositions


1. CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION
- A kind of proposition that expresses an unconditional judgment (Babor, 2003)
- A proposition in which the subject is affirmed or denied by the predicate term (De
Leon, 2003)
- A proposition or statement in which the predicate denies or affirms the subject
without qualification or condition
- Elements of categorical propositions: quantifier, subject, copula, and predicate
o The quantifiers are, for example, ‘all’, ‘some’, ‘every’, etc.
o The subject is that part about which something is either denied or affirmed
(Pasigui et al., 2006).
o The copula serves as the qualifier of the proposition. It can either be
affirmative or negative.
o The predicate is that which is affirmed or denied of a subject (Pasigui, et al.,
2006)
- Four basic forms: affirmative (A), universal negative (E), particular affirmative
(I), and particular negative (O)

Examples:
 Every scholar is diligent.
 No man is an island.
 Some dogs are scary.
 Some politicians are not corrupt.
 Certain cities are picturesque.

2. HYPOTHETICAL PROPOSTION
- A proposition or statement that does not declare an unqualified affirmation or denial.
- Expresses conditional judgment

a. CONDITIONAL HYPOTHETICAL PROPOSITION


- Expresses a condition or relation of dependence between two propositions
- “if” propositions
- Two components: antecedent and consequent
o The antecedent is generally introduced by the word “if”, and it contains the
condition.
o The consequent expresses the statement that will happen if the antecedent
(condition) is true.

Examples:
 If the recession will continue, the unemployment rate will increase.
 If Apple Inc. maintained their strategy of releasing a new series of
smart phones with rising prices, then their shares will continue to fall.
 If poaching will not be stopped, a lot of animals will be extinct.
Erica Joy B. Escopete
AM11
b. DISJUNCTIVE HYPOTHETICAL PROPOSITION
- A proposition in which a subject or predicate consists of parts which exclude
each other
- Contains “either-or” statements, indicating that the implied judgments cannot be
true nor false together, but one must be true and the other false

Example:
 A body is either in motion or at rest.
 The dress in the photo is either white and yellow or blue and black.
 The David’s Salon is located either at the second floor or third floor of
the mall.

c. CONJUNCTIVE HYPOTHETICAL PROPOSITION


- A proposition which asserts that two alternatives cannot be true at the same time

Example:
 A body cannot be in motion and at rest at the same time.
 You cannot serve both God and money.
 You cannot be a saint and a sinner at once.

References:

https://www.slideshare.net/lptangcuangco/hypothetical-proposition?next_slideshow=1
https://selfeducatedamerican.com/2013/10/09/categorical-and-hypothetical-propositions/
https://www.slideshare.net/lptangcuangco/hypothetical-proposition?next_slideshow=1

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