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Biostatistics Lecture - 2 - Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive Statistics Lecture on Biostatistics for B.Sc. Students - Medical Lab. Techniques Department - Al-Hikma University College - Baghdad -Iraq

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Dr. Mahmoud Abbas Mahmoud Al-Naimi
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© © All Rights Reserved
220 views

Biostatistics Lecture - 2 - Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive Statistics Lecture on Biostatistics for B.Sc. Students - Medical Lab. Techniques Department - Al-Hikma University College - Baghdad -Iraq

Uploaded by

Dr. Mahmoud Abbas Mahmoud Al-Naimi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Al-Hikma University College

Department of Medical Laboratory


Techniques

Biostatistics
Strategies for Understanding
the Meanings of Data
Descriptive Statistics

Dr. Mahmoud Abbas Mahmoud Al-Naimi


Assistant Professor

2020
Frequency Distribution
for Discrete Random Variables

Example:1
Suppose that we take a
sample of size 16 from
children in a primary school
and get the following data No. of Tally Frequency Relative
about the number of their decayed Marks (f ) Frequency
decayed teeth, teeth (R. F.)
3,5,2,4,0,1,3,5,2,3,2,3,3,2,4,1
0 / 1 0.0625
To construct a frequency
1 // 2 0.125
table:
2 //// 4 0.25
1- Order the values from the
smallest to the largest. 3 //// 5 0.3125
0,1,1,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,4,4,5,5 4 // 2 0.125
2- Count how many 5 // 2 0.125
numbers are the same. Total 16 1
Representing the simple frequency
table using the bar chart

We can represent the above simple frequency


table using the bar chart.
6

5
5

4
4

2
2 2 2
Frequency

1
1

0
.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00

Number of decayed teeth


Frequency Distribution for Continuous
Random Variables
For large samples, we can’t use the simple frequency
table to represent the data.
We need to divide the data into groups or intervals or
classes.
So, we need to determine:

1- The number of intervals (k).


Too few intervals are not good because information
will be lost.
Too many intervals are not helpful to summarize the
data.
A commonly followed rule is that 6 ≤ k ≤ 15, or the
following formula may be used,
k = 1 + 3.322 (log n)
2- The range (R).
It is the difference between the largest
and the smallest observation in the data
set.
R = largest - smallest

3- The Width of the interval (w).


Class intervals generally should be of the
same width. Thus, if we want k intervals,
then w is chosen such that
w≥R/k
Example:2
Assume that the number of observations
equal 100, then
k = 1+3.322(log 100)
= 1 + 3.322 (2) = 7.6  8.
Assume that the smallest value = 5 and the
largest one of the data = 61, then
R = 61 – 5 = 56 and
w = 56 / 8 = 7

Note:- Practically to make the summarization


more comprehensible, the class width may be
5 or 10 or the multiples of 10.
Example: 3

 We wish to know how many class interval to


have in the frequency distribution of the data in
Table 1 of ages of 189 subjects who
Participated in a study on smoking cessation.
Solution:
 Since the number of observations
equal 189, then
 k = 1+3.322(log 189)
 = 1 + 3.322 (2.276)  9,
 R = 82 – 30 = 52 and
 w = 52 / 9 = 5.778

 It is better to let w = 10, then the intervals will be in


the form:
Class interval Frequency
30 – 39 11
40 – 49 46
50 – 59 70
60 – 69 45
70 – 79 16
80 – 89 1
Total 189

Sum of frequency = Sample size = n


The Cumulative Relative Frequency:
It can be computed by adding successive relative
frequencies.

The Mid-interval:
It can be computed by adding the lower bound of the
interval plus the upper bound of it and then divide over 2.

Mid-interval = (lower bound + upper bound) / 2


For the above example, the following table represents the
cumulative frequency, the relative frequency, the cumulative
relative frequency and the mid-interval.
R.f.= freq./n

Class interval Mid-interval Frequency Cumulative Relative Cumulative


Freq. (f) Frequency Frequency Relative
R.f. Frequency

30 – 39 34.5 11 11 0.0582 0.0582


40 – 49 44.5 46 57 0.2434 0.3016
50 – 59 54.5 70 127 0.3704 0.6720
60 – 69 64.5 45 172 0.2381 0.9101
70 – 79 74.5 16 188 0.0847 0.9948
80 – 89 84.5 1 189 0.0053 1
Total 189 1
NOW
From the above frequency table can you answer the
following questions:
 1- What is the number of subjects with age less than 50
years ?
 2- What is the number subjects with age between (40 – 69)
years ?
 3- What is the relative frequency of subjects with age
between (70 -79) years ?
 4- What is the relative frequency of subjects with age more
than 69 years ?
 5- What is the percentage of subjects with age between
(40 - 49) years ?
 6- What is the percentage of Subjects with age less than
60 years ?
Representing the grouped frequency table using
the histogram
To draw the histogram, the true classes limits should be used. They
can be computed by subtracting 0.5 from the lower limit and adding
0.5 to the upper limit for each interval.
True class limits Frequency
29.5 – <39.5 11

39.5 – < 49.5 46

49.5 – < 59.5 70

59.5 – < 69.5 45

69.5 – < 79.5 16

79.5 – < 89.5 1

Total 189
Representing the grouped frequency table
using the Polygon
Frequency Polygon
Dr. Mahmoud Al-Naimi

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