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Skew Bridges

The document provides guidelines for planning, designing, and constructing skew bridges and culvert drainage works (C.D. works). Some key points include: 1) The angle of skew should be determined based on high flood flows, not low water levels. Skew angles up to 10 degrees may not require realignment. 2) Training natural channels is generally not effective for large floodplains or where spill channels exist. 3) The maximum recommended skew angle is 45 degrees for drainage works and 20 degrees for arch culverts. Consider realignment or changing road alignment if larger. 4) Design recommendations are provided for solid slab bridges and T-beam bridges with skews up to 45 degrees

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amol gurav
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103 views4 pages

Skew Bridges

The document provides guidelines for planning, designing, and constructing skew bridges and culvert drainage works (C.D. works). Some key points include: 1) The angle of skew should be determined based on high flood flows, not low water levels. Skew angles up to 10 degrees may not require realignment. 2) Training natural channels is generally not effective for large floodplains or where spill channels exist. 3) The maximum recommended skew angle is 45 degrees for drainage works and 20 degrees for arch culverts. Consider realignment or changing road alignment if larger. 4) Design recommendations are provided for solid slab bridges and T-beam bridges with skews up to 45 degrees

Uploaded by

amol gurav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Sub:- Skew Bridges and C.D.

Works-
Instructions for the-
Please find herewith important considerations regarding planning and
design and construction of skew bridges and C.D. works for your general
guidance. And use.

SKEW BRIDGES AND C.D. WORKS


(I) IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS DURING PLANNING

1) The Angle of skew should always be found out with reference to the
direction of flow at higher floods and not with reference to the low water
levels or post monsoon flow.
2) If the high flood expense is vast with small flood depth, and if the skew
angle observed at low floods is upto 10 degree, there is every possibility of
the high floods being square to the crossing.
Under such circumstances, the skew angle should not be considered as a
square crossing. The sections of piers and abutments, generally adopted in
such designs are normally safe for skew flow upto 10 degree
3) When the flood expense is vast or there exists a spill channel to the main
stream under maximum flood conditions, any attempt to the training of the
main nalla to avoid the skew is futile. Such a training would not be affective
and the trained course would soon be silted up under maximum flood.

Training of the nalla should only be proposed when the trained course can
be a well defined channel to contain the maximum floods within the banks.
Intake of the trained course may be aligned tangentially to the curve of the
natural nalla course and length of the trained course should be shorter than
that of the natural one.

4) Maximum angle of skew for cross-drainage works may be limited to 45


degrees only. If a certain cross drainage work entails angle of skew more
than 45 degrees either the nalla may be trained suitably or road alignment
changed.
5) Maximum angle of skew for arch culverts any be limited to 20 degrees.
6) For skew culvert or bridge section of a patent parrallel to the road center
line may be kept same as that required for square cross drainage work but
the top width of the abutment may be increased if necessary, for workable
width for masonry section of the pier at right angle to it’s center line should
be the same as that required for square structure and the length of pier may
be such that no portion of deck is supported by cut and ease waters.
Sections of wings and returns at right angle to their axis for skew C.D.works
may be same as those for square case.

IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

Solid slab Bridges :-


Measure the distance between the centers of bearings along the center line of the road
way. Let this skew span be L feet.

Refer the standard tables for slabs for the design of solid slabs. Provide the thickness of
slab, the amount of the main reinforcement and distribution reinforcement as required for
a span in this table nearest to L foot span.

Provide the main reinforcement parallel to the center line of the road way.Measure the
spacing of bars at right angles to this main reinforcement.

Keep the distribution reinforcement parallel to the supports. Measure the spacing of bars
at right angles to this reinforcement.

T-beam and slab bridges:-


For angle of skew less than 20 degrees.
1.Measure the distance between the center of bearings along the center line of the
roadway. Let this skew span be L feet.

2.Design the depth of beam the amount of main reinforcement and shear reinforcement,
for this span of L feet. Provide the shear reinforcement at right angles to the direction of
beam bars.

3.The thickness of the deck slab the amount of main reinforcement and distribution
reinforcement , should be the same as for a square slab spacing between the main
girders.

4.Place the main reinforcement in the deck parallel to the supports. Measure the
requisite spacing of bars in the direction of skew span. If S is the spacing of main bars
required for a square slab, the spacing at right angles to the main slab reinforcement will
then be S cos  , where  is the skew angle.

5. Place the distribution steel in the deck slab, parallel to the roadway. Measure the
spacing of the bars in the direction of flow. If S is the spacing of the distribution bars
required for a square slab, the spacing at right angles to the distribution will be S x cos
.

2. T- Beam and slab bridges.


(ii) For angle of skew between 20 degrees and 45 degrees

1. Measure the distance between the center of bearings along the center line of
the roadway. Let this skew span be L feet.
2. Design the depth of beam, the amount of main reinforcement and shear
reinforcement for this span of L feet, place the shear reinforcement at right
angles to the main reinforcement in the beam.
3. The thickness of the deck slab, the amount of the main reinforcement and
distribution reinforcement should be the same as for a square slab spanning
between the main girders.
4. Keep the main reinforcement in the deck slab, perpendicular to the main beam.
Measure the requisite spacing of the bars at right angles to this steel.
5. Keep the distribution reinforcement in the deck slab, parallel to the main
beams. Measure the spacing of the bars to this steel.
6. At the acute angles near the ends where the main reinforcement in the deck
slab is intercepted by the edges of the slab, it should be anchored in the
special cross girders ( in replacement of the ordinary end cross girder ) to be
provided at the end of the deck. This special and cross girder will have the
same thickness and reinforcement as for the corresponding ordinary end cross
girder but (1) It would be best monolith when end supporting has deck slab. (2)
it will extend for the full length of the cantilever deck slab end. (3) it’s
reinforcement will rise upto below the topmost layer of the beam
reinforcement. The slab reinforcement to be anchored into this cross girder will
anchor into a length of 50 diameter plus the end hook.

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