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Booting Process in Linux

This document describes the 6 stages of the Linux boot process: 1) BIOS, 2) MBR, 3) GRUB, 4) Kernel, 5) Init, and 6) Runlevel programs. It provides details on what each stage does and how it loads the next stage, culminating in the Linux login prompt appearing after the power button is pressed.

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kranthikumar12
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116 views

Booting Process in Linux

This document describes the 6 stages of the Linux boot process: 1) BIOS, 2) MBR, 3) GRUB, 4) Kernel, 5) Init, and 6) Runlevel programs. It provides details on what each stage does and how it loads the next stage, culminating in the Linux login prompt appearing after the power button is pressed.

Uploaded by

kranthikumar12
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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User permissions in Linux prepared by Ravindra 8867670260

6 Stages of Linux Boot Process (Startup Sequence)


Press the power button on your system, and after few moments you see the Linux login prompt.

Have you ever wondered what happens behind the scenes from the time you press the power button until the
Linux login prompt appears?

The following are the 6 high level stages of a typical Linux boot process.

Basic Input/Output System


Executes MBR
Master Boot Record Executes GRUB

Grand Unified Boot loader


Executes Kernel

Kernel Executes /sbin/init

Init
Executes run level programs

Run level Programs are


Executed from /etc/rc.d/rc*.d/

1. BIOS
 BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System
 Performs some system integrity checks
 Searches, loads, and executes the boot loader program.
 It looks for boot loader in floppy, cd-rom, or hard drive. You can press a key (typically F12 of F2, but it
depends on your system) during the BIOS startup to change the boot sequence.
 Once the boot loader program is detected and loaded into the memory, BIOS gives the control to it.
 So, in simple terms BIOS loads and executes the MBR boot loader.

2. MBR

User permissions in Linux prepared by Ravindra 8867670260


User permissions in Linux prepared by Ravindra 8867670260
.
 MBR stands for Master Boot Record.
 It is located in the 1st sector of the bootable disk. Typically /dev/hda, or /dev/sda
 MBR is less than 512 bytes in size. This has three components 1) primary boot loader info in 1st 446 bytes 2)
partition table info in next 64 bytes 3) mbr validation check in last 2 bytes.
 It contains information about GRUB (or LILO in old systems).
 So, in simple terms MBR loads and executes the GRUB boot loader.

3. GRUB
 GRUB stands for Grand Unified Bootloader.
 If you have multiple kernel images installed on your system, you can choose which one to be executed.
 GRUB displays a splash screen, waits for few seconds, if you don‟t enter anything, it loads the default kernel
image as specified in the grub configuration file.
 GRUB has the knowledge of the filesystem (the older Linux loader LILO didn‟t understand filesystem).
 Grub configuration file is /boot/grub/grub.conf (/etc/grub.conf is a link to this). The following is sample
grub.conf of CentOS.

#boot=/dev/sda
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title CentOS (2.6.18-194.el5PAE)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-194.el5PAE ro root=LABEL=/
initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.18-194.el5PAE.img

 As you notice from the above info, it contains kernel and initrd image.
 So, in simple terms GRUB just loads and executes Kernel and initrd images.

4. Kernel

 Mounts the root file system as specified in the “root=” in grub.conf


 Kernel executes the /sbin/init program

User permissions in Linux prepared by Ravindra 8867670260


User permissions in Linux prepared by Ravindra 8867670260
.
 Since init was the 1st program to be executed by Linux Kernel, it has the process id (PID) of 1. Do a „ps -ef |
grep init‟ and check the pid.
 initrd stands for Initial RAM Disk.
 initrd is used by kernel as temporary root file system until kernel is booted and the real root file system is
mounted. It also contains necessary drivers compiled inside, which helps it to access the hard drive partitions,
and other hardware.

5. Init
 Looks at the /etc/inittab file to decide the Linux run level.
 Following are the available run levels
 0 – halt
 1 – Single user mode
 2 – Multiuser, without NFS
 3 – Full multiuser mode
 4 – unused
 5 – X11
 6 – reboot
 Init identifies the default initlevel from /etc/inittab and uses that to load all appropriate program.
 Execute „grep initdefault /etc/inittab‟ on your system to identify the default run level
 If you want to get into trouble, you can set the default run level to 0 or 6. Since you know what 0 and 6
means, probably you might not do that.
 Typically you would set the default run level to either 3 or 5.

6. Runlevel programs
 When the Linux system is booting up, you might see various services getting started. For example, it might
say “starting sendmail …. OK”. Those are the runlevel programs, executed from the run level directory as
defined by your run level.
 Depending on your default init level setting, the system will execute the programs from one of the following
directories.
 Run level 0 – /etc/rc.d/rc0.d/
 Run level 1 – /etc/rc.d/rc1.d/
 Run level 2 – /etc/rc.d/rc2.d/

User permissions in Linux prepared by Ravindra 8867670260


User permissions in Linux prepared by Ravindra 8867670260
.
 Run level 3 – /etc/rc.d/rc3.d/
 Run level 4 – /etc/rc.d/rc4.d/
 Run level 5 – /etc/rc.d/rc5.d/
 Run level 6 – /etc/rc.d/rc6.d/
 Please note that there are also symbolic links available for these directory under /etc directly. So, /etc/rc0.d is
linked to /etc/rc.d/rc0.d.
 Under the /etc/rc.d/rc*.d/ directories, you would see programs that start with S and K.
 Programs starts with S are used during startup. S for startup.
 Programs starts with K are used during shutdown. K for kill.
 There are numbers right next to S and K in the program names. Those are the sequence number in which the
programs should be started or killed.
 For example, S12syslog is to start the syslog deamon, which has the sequence number of 12. S80sendmail is
to start the sendmail daemon, which has the sequence number of 80. So, syslog program will be started
before sendmail.
There you have it. That is what happens during the Linux boot process.

User permissions in Linux prepared by Ravindra 8867670260

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