Naval Architecture Notes

Chapter 4 Calculations of Ship

Hydrostatic Particulars

4.1 The Importance of Hydrostatic Particulars

In the previous chapter, we have seen the importance of knowing the hydrostatic
particulars of a vessel. If we have the hydrostatic particulars in the form of tables,
curves, or our own direct calculation, we can obtain details about the ship in any
particular condition. We can also determine or estimate what would happen when
ship condition changes such as due to addition or removal of weights.

To draw hydrostatic curves or to make the table, we need to calculate the

particulars. The hydrostatic particulars can be obtained only if we carry out
calculations of area, volumes and moment at various draughts or water plane area.
Using some known relationships, the particulars can be derived from areas,
volumes and moments,

If the body has a uniform shape, such as cuboids, cones, spheres or prisms,
calculation of areas, volumes and moments are easy. For example water plane
areas, block coefficients, TPC, MCTC, KB and LCB of such objects can be found
using simple formulae. We can easily obtain the particulars at any draught and if
necessary plot the curves.

However not all ships have simple and uniform shapes as above. In fact, most
ships have hull shapes which are varying in three directions. This makes it difficult
to calculate hydrostatic particulars.

4.2 Methods to Calculate Areas

Figure 4.1 Typical Ship Half-Breadth Plan

Consider the shape of the ship whose body plan is shown in Figure 4.1. If we want
to find the area of the section or water plane for example, we do not have simple
methods. Similarly to find volume displacement or LCF will not be easy.

If we want calculate the water plane area of the ship in Figure 4.1 at a particular
draught, we may use a few methods.

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First is to plot the curve on a graph paper from where the area under the curve can
be obtained by counting the squares. To improve accuracy, smaller boxes or
triangles can be used. The method is tedious and it’s accuracy depends on the size
of the smallest grid. To use this method, we need to plot the curve first; a
disadvantage when sometimes we are only provided with offset data, i.e. half-
breadth at various stations.

The second method is to use an equipment called the planimeter. This equipment
can be used to measure the area of a shape drawn on paper. Again, this equipment
can only be used only when hard copy of the waterline drawing is available.
Moreover, similar to graphical method, planimeter requires a lot of man power.

Figure 3.2 A Planimeter

The third method is to use mathematical approximation. In this method, an

attempt is made to represent the curve or shape by a mathematical expression. By
using calculus, area and moments of the area bounded by the curve can be found
by integration.

Mathematical methods are normally preferred for a number of reasons. First there
is no need for a hard copy of the curves. Offset tables are normally available and
the data can be used directly in the calculations. A very important feature of
mathematical methods is the ability to make use of the technology offered by
computers. The use of mathematical methods also enable us to obtain not only
areas but all hydrostatic particulars. As we have seen in chapter 3, we need to
calculate not only areas but also volumes, positions of centroids of waterplanes
(LCF) and centroids of volumes (KB and LCB). In addition we require second
moments of areas for calculations of MCTC and metacentric heights. Unlike
graphical or planimeter methods, mathematical methods can easily be used to
calculate these particulars.

A very important caution should be noted when using mathematical methods. The
accuracy of the calculations will mainly depend on the degree of fit of the actual
curve to the mathematical expression representing it.

4.3 Mathematical Methods

offset
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ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 ST5

 Naval Architecture Notes

Figure 4.3 Waterline or Sectional Area Curve

Figure 4.3 shows a curve which may represent a half-waterplane area or a curve of
sectional areas. A waterplane curve is represented by offsets made up of half-
breadth at various stations. Stations are positions along the length of the ship and
normally separated by a common-interval, h. To cater for the fast changing slopes
of the curve at the stern and bow regions, half stations may be used.

To calculate the area, centroid and moment under such curve, its offsets and h are
required. By assuming that the curve can be represented by a certain
mathematical formulae, calculations can be made. A number of methods have been
developed for these purpose such as Newton-Cottes, Tchebycheff, Trapezoidal and
Simpson methods. In this course, we will concentrate on the two most popular
methods; Trapezoidal and Simpson methods.

4.4 Trapezoidal Method

When a curve can be assumed to be represented by a set of trapezoids, the area
under the curve can be calculated.

D E
C A

B
y1 y2 y3 y4
h
A F

Figure 4.4 Waterline or Sectional Area Curve

In Figure 4.4, the area under the curve is the are area of trapezoid ABCDEF.

Area =
1
 y1  y 2 h  1  y 2  y3 h  1  y3  y 4 
2 2 2

h y1  2 y 2  2 y3  y 4 
1
=
2

Exercise

1. Find the Trapezoidal formulae for curves made up of

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 Naval Architecture Notes
i) 6 offsets
ii) 9 offsets
iii) n offsets

2. The midship section of a chine vessel has the following offsets:

Draught(m) 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0

Half-breadth (m) 0 0.6 1.0 1.5 1.9

Calculate its midship section coefficient at draught of 1.00m.

3. Find the water plane area of a ship LBP = 10m made up of the following offsets:

Station 0 1 2 3 4
Half-breadth 0 0.3 1.0 1.2 1.1
(m)

Find its area, TPC and waterplane coefficient

4.5 Simpson Rules for Areas.

Simpson rule is the most popular method being used in ship calculations to
calculate volumes, second moments of areas and centroid. This is because it is
flexible, easy to use and its mathematical basis is easily understood.

Basically, the rule states that the ship waterlines or sectional area curves can be
represented by polynomials. By using calculus, the areas, volumes, centroids and
moments can be calculated. Since the separation between stations are constant,
the calculus has been simplified by using multiplying factors or multipliers.

There are three Simpson rules, depending on the number and locations of the
offsets.

4.5.1 Simpson First Rule

Simpson’s First Rule

D
C

B
y2 y3
y1
-h h
A O E
A
Figure 4.5 Waterline or Sectional Area Curve with Three Offsets

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Assume that the offsets are points on a polynomial curve of form

y  a0  a1 x  a2 x 2  a3 x 3

h
Then area ABCDE =

h
y.x

= 2a0 h+ 2a2h3
3

At x= -h y1 = a0 - a1h + a2h2 - a3h3

At x= 0 y2 = a0
At x= h y3 = a0 + a1h + a2h2 + a3h3

y1  y3  2 y 2
Therefore, a0  y 2 a2 
2h 2

Substituting these values into the above equation

Area ABCD =
h
y1  4 y 2  y3 
3

First Rule is used when there is an odd number of offsets. The basic multiplier for
three offsets are 1,4,1. For more stations, the multipliers are developed as follows:

Station 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Offset a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7

Multiplier 1 4 1
1 4 1
1 4 1
1 4 2 4 2 4 1

Area = 1/3 x h x  (multiplier x offset)

Where h = common interval

Exercise

4. Use Simpson first rule to find the area of the midship section of the chine vessel
in exercise 2. Explain the difference in area.

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Example 1

Find the waterplane coefficient for the waterplane of a 27m LBP boat represented by
the following offsets:

Station 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Half-breadth (m) 1.1 2.7 4.0 5.1 6.1 6.9 7.7

Simpson Product
Offset
Station Multiplier Area
0 1.1 1
1 2.7 4
2 4.0 2
3 5.1 4
4 6.1 2
5 6.9 4
6 7.7 1

. . Area= 1/3 x h x ∑ Product Area = ___________ m2

Cw = _______

4.5.2 Simpson Second Rules

D E
C A

B
y1 y2 y3 y4
h
A F
-3h -h 0 h 3h
2 2 2 2

Figure 4.6 Waterline or Sectional Area Curve with Four offsets

Assume that the offsets are points on a polynomial curve of form

y  a0  a1 x  a2 x 2  a3 x 3

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Then area ABCD = 3h / 2

 y.x
3 h / 2
=  a1 x 2 a 2 x 3 a3 x 4 
a 0    
 2 3 4 

= 3 (1)
3a0  a2 h 2
4
But

3h 3a1 h 9a 2 h 2 27a3 h 3 (2)

x y1  a0   
2 2 4 8

h a1 h a 2 h 2 a3 h 3
x y 2  a0   
2 2 4 8
a1 h a 2 h 2 a3 h 3
h y3  a0   
x 2 4 8
x
3h
2 3a1 h 9a 2 h 2 27a3 h 3
y 4  a0   
2 2 4 8
Adding (2) and (4)

a2 h 2
2a 0   y1  y 2
2
Adding (2) and (5)

9a 2 h 2
2a 0   y1  y 4
2


4a2 h 2   y1  y 4   y 2  y3 
y 1  y 4  y 2  y3
a2 
4h 2

y 2  y3 a2 h 2
a0  
2 2
9 y 2 9 y 3 y1 y 4
   
16 16 10 10

h y1  3 y 2  3 y3  y 4 
3
Then area ABCD =
8

The basic multipliers are thus 1,3,3,1 and Area = 3/8 x h x  (multiplier x offset)

The rule can only be used when number of offsets = 3N +1

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4.5.3 Simpson Third Rule

Simpson third rule is used when we have three offsets and we require the area
between two of the offsets.

Example 2
7.02

5.98

1.06
1.06

Figure 4.7 Midship Section Curve with Three offsets

A midship section curve has halfbreadth 1.06, 5.98 and 7.02 m spaced at 9.0m
draught interval. Find the area between the first two draughts.

½ Breadth Multiplier Product

1.06 5 5.30
5.98 8 47.84
7.02 -1 -7.02
46.12

Area= 1/12 x 9 x 46.12 x 2= 69.18 m2

If we require the area between two upper draughts, the calculations are as follows:

½ Breadth Multiplier Product

7.02 5 35.10
5.98 8 47.84
1.06 -1 -1.06
81.88

Area = 1/12 x 9 x 81.88 x 2 = 122.82 m2

Total Area = 192.0 m2

Exercise

5. Find the total area under the curve using Simpson first rule and compare.

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5.6 Obtaining Volume

Volumes and hence displacement of a ship at any draught can be calculated if we

know either:

i) Waterplane areas at various waterlines up to the required draught

ii) Sectional areas up to the required draught at various stations.

Example 3

Sectional areas of a 180m LBP ship up to 5m draught in sea water at constant

interval along the length are as follows. Find its volume displacement, mass
displacement and prismatic coefficient.

Station 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Area 5 118 233 291 303 304 304 302 283 171 0
(m2)

Figure 3.8 Section Shapes at

Various Stations

Simpso
n Produc
Statio Section Area
Multipli t Vol
n
er
0 5
1 118
2 233
3 291
4 303
5 304
6 304
7 302
8 283
9 171

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10 0
∑f vol

1
Volume =  h   fvol
3

= ____________ m3

Similarly if we have waterplane areas, we can use Simpson rules to integrate the
areas to obtain volume. In this case the common interval is the waterline spacing.

4.7 Considering Half and Quarter Stations

Rapidly changing curvature at both ends of the ship necessitates the use of half and
quarter stations. To take this into consideration, Simpson Multipliers are also
divided as follows:

ST 1 ½ 1 1½ 2 3…

Figure 4.9 Shape with Half Stations

If we consider full stations only:

1 4 2 4…

If we consider half stations:

1 4 1
2 2 2
1 4 1
2 2 2
1 4 1

1/ 2 1 2 1 1/2 4 1
2

Example 4

A waterplane for a 120 m LBP ship has the following offsets:

Station 0 1/4 1/2 3/4 1 2 3 4 5 51/2 6

1/2 ord 0.6 2.8 4.0 5.2 6.2 9.0 9.8 8.4 4.8 2.2 0.0

Find the waterplane area, waterplane coefficient and TPC for

the waterplane.

Station 0 1/
4
1/
2
3/
4 1 2 3 4 5 51/2 6

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Multiplie 1/4 1 1/4 1 4 1 1/2 2 1/2

r
1/ 1 1/ 1 4 1
4 4
1/ 1 1/ 1 11/4 4 2 4 11/2 2 1/
4 2 2

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Statio 1/2 SM Product Area Lever Product Product

n ord 1st moment 2nd mmt

0 0.6 1/
4

1/4 2.8 1
1/2 4.0 1/2

3/4 5.2 1

1 6.2 11/4
2 9.0 4

3 9.8 2

4 8.4 4

5 4.8 11/2

5.5 2.2 2

6 0.0 1/2

. .Area= 1/3 x h x ∑ Product Area = ___________ m2

Cw = _______

TPC = ________

4.8 Obtaining LCF, LCB and Longitudinal Second moment of Area

dx

x
A

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Area =  ydx => 1/3 x productA x h

1st moment =  ydx x
=  x . ydx => 1/3 x product1stmmt x h x h

2st moment = y dx x 2

= x => 1/3 x product2ndmmt x h x h2

2
ydx

Values of x are given in multiples of h, the common interval.

If the product for area is multiplied by multiples of h, called levers, the sum of
products can be used to find the first moment and hence the longitudinal position
of the centroid.

1
LCF =  h  h   product 1st moment
3
1
 h   product area
3

 product 1st moment x h

=

 product area

If the offsets are half-breadths, the centroid is LCF. If the offsets are sectional
areas, the centroid is centre of volume i.e. LCB. The LCF is measured from the axis
where levers are taken.

For second moment, Simpson’s product for areas are multiplied twice with levers.
Again, the second moment are taken about the axis from where levers are taken.

1
IL   h  h  h   product 2nd moment
3

Example 5

Find the area, LCF , second moment of area about amidships, transverse second
moment of area about centreline for the waterplane of a ship LBP 180m with the
following ordinates.

Stesen AP 1/2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 91/2 FP

1/2ord (m) 0 5 8 10.5 12.5 13.5 13.5 12.5 11.0 7.5 3.0 1.0 0

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½
Product Product Product
Station ordinat SM Lever Lever
Area 1stmmt 2ndmmt
e
AP 0 ½ - +5 - +5 -
½ 5.0 2 10.0 +4 ½ +45.0 4½ +202.5
1 8.0 1½ 12.0 +4 +48.0 +4 +192.0
2 10.5 4 42.0 +3 +126.0 +3 +378.0
3 12.5 2 25.0 +2 +50.0 +2 +100.0
4 13.5 4 54.0 +1 +54.0 +1 +54.0
5 13.5 2 27.0 0 Sum_aft 0 -
+323.0
6 12.5 4 50.0 -1 -50.0 -1 +50.0
7 11.0 2 22.0 -2 -44.0 -2 +88.0
8 7.5 4 30.0 -3 -90.0 -3 +270.0
9 3.0 1½ 4.5 -4 -18.0 -4 +72.0
9½ 1.0 2 2.0 -4 ½ -9.0 -4½ +40.5
FP 0 ½ - -5 - -5 -
278.5 Sum_fwd 1447.0
-211.0

1 180
Waterplane Area =   278.5  2  3342.0 m 2
3 10

 product 1st moment x h

LCF =

 product area

(323  211)  180

LCF =  7.24 m aft of amidships
278.5 10

1
IL   h  h  h   product 2nd moment
3

IL = 2 x 1 x 183x 1447.0 = 5,625, 936 m4.

3

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Exercise 6:

1. Repeat the Example 5 but this time,

 Calculate LCF from AP and 2nd Moment of area about AP.
 Check that the answers are identical.

2. Calculate the centroid of the midship section in Example 2 measured from

the top-most waterline (page 8).
3. Calculate LCB of the vessel in on Example 3.
4. Calculate LCF from amidship and longitudinal second moment of area about
amidship of the ship in Example 4 on page 11.

4.9 Obtaining Second Moment Of Area About The Centreline

dx

x
A

If the shaded area is a rectangle, second moment of area about the x-axis is

1
i = dxy 3
3

for the whole area :

1 3
3
IT  y dx

If the ordinates are cubed and Simpson multipliers are applied,

1 1
I T    h   product 2nd moment
3 3
1
  h   product 2nd moment
9

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Example

Find BMT for a waterplane of a ship LBP = 100m with the following half breadths.
At this draught the ship has a displacement of 11275 tonnes in sea water.

AP ½ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 91/2 FP
0 5 8 10.5 12.5 13.5 13.5 12.5 11 7.5 3 1 0

Station ½ (½ SM Product for

ordinat ordinate)3 Second
e Moment T
AP 0 - ½ -
½ 5.0 125.0 2 250.0
1 8.0 512.0 1½ 768.0
2 10.5 1157.6 4 4630.4
3 12.5 1953.1 2 3906.2
4 13.5 2460.4 4 9841.6
5 13.5 2460.4 2 4920.8
6 12.5 1953.1 4 7812.4
7 11.0 1331.0 2 2662.0
8 7.5 421.9 4 1687.6
9 3.0 27.0 1½ 40.5
9½ 1.0 1.0 2 2.0
FP 0 - ½ -
36521.5

2nd Moment = 1/3 x 1/3 x h x product mmt x 2 =

81158.9 m4
about amidships

Volume Displacement = 11275 = 11000 m3

1.025
BMT = 81158.9 = 7.38m
11000

4.10 Appendages

Appendages are the portion of the hull which is protruding from the main body. It
may be part of underwater volume such as a skeg or keel or parts of a waterplane
area which is not suitable to be integrated with the main area due to its abrupt
change in area.

Areas, volumes and moment are calculated separately for the appendages and later
incorporated using composite body method explained in Chapter 4 of NA1 notes.

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Example

A ship length 150m, breadth 22m has the following areas at the various draft.

Draught (m) 2 4 6 8 10
Area of 1800 2000 2130 2250 2370
Waterplane(m2 )

There is an appendage (between waterline 0 and 2m) with displacement 2600 tonne
in sea water and Kb of 1.2m. Find the total displacement, KB and Cb of the ship at
10m draught.

Solution:

Draught Aw (m2 ) Multiplier Product Lever Product

(m) for for 1st
Volume Moment
2 1800 1 1800 0 0
4 2000 4 8000 1 8000
6 2130 2 4260 2 8520
8 2250 4 9000 3 27000
10 2370 1 2370 4 9480
25,430 53,000

Volume Displacement = 1/3 x 2x 25430 = 16960 m3

Mass  = 16960 x  =17380 tonne

Centre of Buoyancy = 53000 x 2 = 4.16m above 2m WL.

25430

Composite Table

Portion Displacemen KB Moment

t
(tonnes)
Main(2m- 17380 6.16 107,000
10m)
Appendage 2600 1.20 3,120
Total 19980 110,120

KB = 110,120 = 5.51m
19980

CB = 19980 = 0.59
150 x 22 x 10 x 1.025

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4.11 Simpson Rules for Radial Integration

C
dθ
A r

1 2
Strip Area = r dθ
2

1
Total Area =  2r dθ
2

1
2
= r 2d θ

In Simpson terms, if first rule is used;

1 1
Total area =   h   fA
2 3

in radians

Example

e.g. A figure is bounded by two radii at right angles to each other and a plane
curve. The polar coordinates of the curve at equal interval of angle are 10,9,8,7,6,5
and 4 meters respectively. Find the area of the figure and its centroid from the 10m
radius.

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 Naval Architecture Notes
Angle r r2 SM Product r3 Sin r3xsinxSM
for angle
Area
0 10 100 1 100
15 9 81 4 324
30 8 64 2 128
45 7 49 4 196
60 6 36 2 72
75 5 25 4 100
90 4 16 1 16
936 3157.95

Area 1 h
   fA
2 3

1 1 90 
     936
2 3 6 180

= 40.6 Sq. metres

Centroid is measured perpendicular from one boundary

1
3
1st moment about AB = r 3 sin θ d θ

 Centroid `x moment =
area
1 1
  h   fmmt
= 3 3
1 1
  h   f
2 3

2  fmmt
= 
3  f

Centroid from 10m boundary = 2 x 3157.95 = 2.25m

3 x 936

Exercise 7

Find area bounded by a plane curve and two radii 900 apart, if the lengths of the
radii at equal angle intervals are 2,3,5,8, and 10 metres respectively. Also find the
distance of the centroid of the figure from the 2m radius.

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4.12 Tchebycheff’s Rule

When y2 is the middle ordinate and y1 and y3 are located 0.7071l to the left and
right of y2,

Area = C (y1 +y2+y3) where C= L/number of ordinates and l is 0.5L

Ordinates are not equally spaced and their positions in the length depend on
number of ordinates, n.

n Position of ordinates from centre of length

expressed as fraction of half length
2 0.5773
3 0 0.7071
4 0.1876 0.7947
5 0 0.3745 0.9325
6 0.2666 0.4225 0.8662
10 0.0838 0.3127 0.50 0.6873 0.9162

Example

Find area of a 200m waterplane if the half breadth at Tchebycheff stations are as
follows:
1.2, 5.0, 8.4, 10.5, 11.7, 11.8, 11.1, 9.6, 7.4, 3.8

C= L/10 = 200/10
Sum of y =
Area = 3220 m2

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EXERCISES 4

Question 1

A cargo ship 120m, breadth 25m and depth 16m is floating at 8.5m draught
in sea water. The area of sections at various stations are shown in the
following table:

Statio AP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 FP
n
As 12.8 64.5 100. 120. 154. 166. 140. 125. 97.6 43.2 0.0
(m2) 0 6 2 8 7 9

Calculate

i. Mass Displacement
ii. Longitudinal Centre of Buoyancy (LCB) from amidships.
iii. Block Coefficient (CB)
iv. Midship Section Coefficient (CM)
v. Prismatic Coefficient (Cp)

COPYING (zero marks), UNTIDY (minus up to 1 mark)

Question 2

a. At a draught of 4m, the waterplane of Containership Bunga Bawang

(LBP=88m) has the following offsets.

Station 0(AP) 1 2 4 6 7 8(FP)

½ Breadth 2.20 4.48 6.22 7.10 5.02 2.53 0

(m)

Calculate area of waterplane, waterplane coefficient, TPC and LCF from

amidship.

b. The waterplane areas of Bunga Bawang at other draughts are as follows:

Draughts 1m 2m 3m

Area (m2) 520 690 830

Between the keel and 1m waterplane, there is an appendage with volume

420 m3 and centroid 0.60m above keel.

Use all the information to calculate for the ship at draught of 4m, the total
mass displacement in sea water, its block coefficient and centre of buoyancy
above keel.

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Question 3

The 2m waterplane of a catamaran boat LBP 20m is shown in Figure 1. The

half-breadths of one hull is shown in the following table:

Station 0 (AP) 1 2 3 4 5
(amidships)
½ lebar 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.14 2.12 2.10
(m)

Station 6 7 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 (FP)

½ lebar 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.2 0.9 0.4 0.00
(m) 0 0 0 0 0 0

Calculate for the total waterplane:

area of waterplane, TPC, LCF and second moment of area about the
centreline
20m

CL
3m

Figure 1 Catamaran Waterplane

Question 4

A ship LBP 90m, lebar 17.2 m is floating in seawater. At 5m draught, the

waterplane has the following offsets.

Stn. AP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 FP
½ 0.0 5.5 8.0 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.5 8.0 7.0 4.5 0.0
breadth
(m)

The ship has the following waterplane area at other draughts:

Draught (m) 0.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

Waterplane 10 500 800 1100 1200 1260
Area(m2)
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 Naval Architecture Notes

Using all the information, calculate for draught of 5.0m:

i. Waterplane Area
ii. Second moment of area about the centreline.
iii. Mass displacement.
iv. Block Coefficient Cb
v. Height of Metacentre, KMT

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 Naval Architecture Notes

Question 5

The cross-section of a tank can be represented by a plane curve and two radii 90 0 apart as
shown in Figure 2. The lengths of the radii at equal angle intervals are 12,14, 16,18, and 20
metres respectively. Calculate the area of the cross-section.

20m

12m

Figure 2

Question 6

a. Sebuah lengkung dinyatakan seperti berikut:

y = 2 +3x +4x2
Tentukan luas di bawah lengkung yang disempadani oleh x = 0 to x = 4
dan paksi x menggunakan kaedah:

i) Simpsons Pertama
ii) Simpsons Kedua
iii) Trapezoid
iv) Pengamiran

Berikan komentar terhadap keputusan yang diperolehi.

b. Ofset bagi sebuah kapal LBP 60m adalah seperti berikut:

Stesen 0 1 2 2 ½ 3 4 5
(AP) (FP)
Separuh
Lebar 0.5 1.4 2.6 4.3 5.4 6.6 7.0
(m)

Kirakan :
i) Luas Satahair
ii) LCF dari peminggang
iii) Momen luas kedua melintang pada garis tengah.
iv) Momen luas kedua membujur pada pusat keapungan.

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 Naval Architecture Notes

© Omar bin Yaakob, July 2008 61