REVIEW ON PHYSICS (DYNAMICS)

RECTILINIAR MOTION – simplest type of accelerated motion

With Constant acceleration or uniformly accelerated motion – uniform change in velocity in uniform
interval of time. The direction is always the same.
𝑣𝑓 −𝑣𝑖
𝑎= 𝑡2 −𝑡𝑖
equation 1

When ti =0

𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡 equation 2
𝑣𝑓 +𝑣𝑖
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 2
equation 3

Displacement after time t:

𝑣𝑓 +𝑣𝑖
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡 or 𝑠 = 𝑡 2
equation 4

Substitute equation 2 to equation 4, we have:

2𝑣𝑖 +𝑎𝑡 1
𝑠= 2
𝑡 or 𝑠 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2 equation 5

And solving for final velocity:

𝑣𝑓 2 = 𝑣𝑖 2 + 2𝑎𝑠

SUMMARY OF ALL THE FORMULAS:

𝑠
1. At constant velocity: 𝑣 = 𝑡

𝑣𝑓 +𝑣𝑖
2. Average velocity: 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 2

𝑣𝑓 −𝑣𝑖
3. Constant acceleration: 𝑎 = 𝑡

4. Final velocity: 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡

5. Displacement after time, t: 𝑠 = 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡 or

𝑣𝑓 +𝑣𝑖
𝑠= 2
𝑡 or
1
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 2
𝑎𝑡 2

6. For final velocity: 𝑣𝑓 2 = 𝑣𝑖 2 + 2𝑎𝑠 ; 2𝑎𝑠 = 𝑣𝑓 2 − 𝑣𝑖 2

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
At constant speed : 𝑣 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

Where:

𝑣 = velocity; m/s or ft/s

𝑣𝑓 = final velocity
 𝑎 = acceleration; m/s2 or ft/s2

𝑡 = time; s, hr., min.

𝑠 = displacement; distance; m or ft.

PROBLEMS:

1. An automobile covers the distance of 50 km from city A to city B in 1hr and 10 min and then covers
the distance of 75 km from city B to city C in 2 hrs.
a) Find the average speed from A to B in m/s
b) Find the average speed from B to C in m/s
c) Find the average speed from A to C in m/s

Solution: sBC=75 km
A B tBC=2 hrs C

sAB=50km
tAB=1hr,10min.
𝑠
𝑣=
𝑡
50000 𝑚
a) 𝑣𝐴𝐵 = 4200 𝑠
= 11.9 𝑚/𝑠
75000 𝑚
b) 𝑣𝐵𝐶 = 7200 𝑠 = 10.42 𝑚/𝑠
125000 𝑚
c) 𝑣𝐴𝐶 = 11400 𝑠 = 10.96 𝑚/𝑠

2. A car starting from rest is accelerated 6.0 m/s2. In how many seconds will its velocity be equal to
30.0 m/s. How far will it have travelled during this time?
𝑣𝑓 −𝑣𝑖 30−0 1 1
Solution: a) 𝑡 = 𝑎
= 6
=5𝑠 b) 𝑠 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2 = 0 + 2 (6)52
vi=0 vf=30 m/s
𝑎 = 6.0 𝑚/𝑠 2
s =?
t =?
3. A car starting from rest is accelerated uniformly at 2 m/s2 . a)find its velocity after 5 seconds and b)
the distance it travels during this time
𝑚
Solution: 𝑎 = 2 𝑠2 𝑣𝑖 = 0
𝑚
a) When t=5 s and vf=? then, 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡 = 0 + 2 (5𝑠) = 10 𝑚/𝑠
𝑠2
1 1 𝑚
b) 𝑠 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 = 0 + (2 2 ) (5 𝑠)2 = 25𝑚
2 2 𝑠

4. The speed of an automobile going north is reduced from 30.0 m/s to 20 m/s in a distance of 125m.
Find: a) acceleration ; b) time; c) the distance in which the car is brought to rest from 20 m/s.
Solution:
Assuming the acceleration of a
x

125 m

V0= 30.0 m/s

Vf= 20.0 m/s
 a) 𝑣𝑓 2 = 𝑣𝑖 2 + 2𝑎𝑠
202 = 302 + 2𝑎(125)
𝑎 = −2𝑚/𝑠 2 (negative acceleration due to decrease in speed)
b) 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
20 = 30 + (−2)𝑡
𝑡 =5𝑠
c) 𝑣𝑓 2 = 𝑣𝑖 2 + 2𝑎𝑠
0 = 202 + 2(−2)(𝑥)
𝑥 = 100 𝑚

5. A car and a truck start from rest at the same instant, with the car initially behind the truck. The
truck has a constant acceleration of 2.0 m/s2 and the car on an acceleration of 3.0 m/s2. The car
overtakes the truck after the truck has covered a distance of 75.0 meters.
a) How long does it take for the car to overtake the truck?
b) How far the car was initially behind the truck?
c) What is the velocity of each vehicle when they are abreast?
acar = 3.0 m/s 2 atruck = 2.0 m/s 2
v0= 0 v0= 0

x
tcar= t

a car = 3 m/s2 a truck = 2 m/s2

vo = 0 vo = 0
1
a) 𝑠 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
1 2𝑚
75𝑚 = 0 + ( ) 𝑡2
2 𝑠2
𝑡 = 8.66 𝑠

1
b) 𝑥 + 75 = 0 + 2 (3)(8.662 )
𝑥 = 37.5 𝑚
c) 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
For truck:
𝑣𝑓 = 0 + 2(8.66) = 17.3 𝑚/𝑠

For car:
𝑣𝑓 = 0 + 3(8.66) = 25.98 𝑚/𝑠

6. Two automobiles A and B travelling in opposite directions, pass a given point. Automobile A
travelling eastward passes the point with a velocity of 10.0 mi/hr and there after accelerates
uniformly at 10.0 ft/s2. Automobile B travelling westward passes the point with a velocity of 20.0
mi/hr and there after accelerates uniformly at 6.0 ft/s2. Where are A and B one-tenth of a mile
apart. (1 mile = 5280 ft)
1 5280
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 𝑓𝑡 = 528𝑓𝑡
10 10

𝑥 528 − 𝑥

voB=20 mi/hr voA=10 mi/hr

aB=6 ft/s2 aA=10 ft/s2
 𝑚𝑖 𝑓𝑡 1ℎ𝑟
𝑣𝑜𝐵 = 20 (5280 ) ( ) = 29 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
ℎ𝑟 𝑚𝑖 3600 𝑠
𝑚𝑖 𝑓𝑡 1ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡
𝑣𝑜𝐴 = 10 (5280 ) ( ) = 15
ℎ𝑟 𝑚𝑖 3600 𝑠 𝑠

For automobile B:
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑣𝑓𝑏 = 29 + 6𝑡 → eqtn 1
2𝑎𝑠 = 𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣𝑖 2
2(6)𝑥 = (29 + 6𝑡)2 − (29)2
12𝑥 = (29)2 + 348 𝑡 + 36𝑡 2 − (29)2
12𝑥 = 348 𝑡 + 36𝑡 2
𝑥 = 29𝑡 + 3𝑡 2 → eqtn 2
For automobile A:
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑣𝑓𝑎 = 15 + 10𝑡
2𝑎𝑠 = 𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣𝑖 2
2(10)(528 − 𝑥) = (15 + 10𝑡)2 − (15)2
20(528 − 𝑥) = (15)2 + 300𝑡 + 100𝑡 2 − (15)2
20(528 − 𝑥) = 300𝑡 + 100𝑡 2
528 − 𝑥 = 15𝑡 + 5𝑡 2 → eqtn 3
Substitute eqtn 2 to eqtn 3
528 − (29𝑡 + 3𝑡 2 ) = 15𝑡 + 5𝑡 2
−8𝑡 2 − 44𝑡 + 528 = 0
𝑡 2 + 5.5𝑡 − 66 = 0
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −5.5±√5.52 −4(1)(−6.6)
By quadratic equation: 𝑥 = 2𝑎
= 2(1)
= 5.82 s

FREELY FALLING BODIES

In the absence of air resistance, it is found out that all bodies regardless of their size and weight,
fall with the same acceleration at the same point on the earth’s surface and the radius covered is
very small compared to the radius of the earth, the acceleration remains constant throughout
the fall.
Since those bodies fall under the action of gravitational force of the earth, then the acceleration
will be presented by “g”.
𝑚
𝑔 = 9.81 2 −𝑔 = going upward
𝑠

𝑓𝑡
𝑔 = 32.2 𝑠2 +𝑔 = going downward

Equations developed for constant acceleration(rectilinear motion) will be applied for freely
falling bodies.
1) The velocity at any time t:
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑔𝑡
2) The coordinate at any time t:
1
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 + 2 𝑔𝑡 2
3) The velocity of any coordinate:
𝑣𝑓 2 = 𝑣𝑜2 + 2𝑔𝑦
Where: 𝑔 = acceleration due to gravity
𝑣𝑜 = initial velocity
𝑣𝑓 = final velocity
𝑦 = vertical distance
𝑡 = time
PROBLEMS:

1. A stone is thrown vertically upward and returns to earth in 10.0 sec. what was its initial velocity
and how high did it go?
Given: 𝑡 = 10 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑔𝑡
0 = 𝑣𝑜 − 9.8(10) or 0 = 𝑣𝑜 − 32(10)
𝑣𝑜 = 98 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣𝑜 = 32 𝑓𝑡/𝑠

1 1 1 1
𝑦= 2
𝑔𝑡 2 = 2
(9.8)(10)2 = 490 𝑚 or 𝑦= 2
𝑔𝑡 2 = 2
(32)(10)2 = 1608 𝑓𝑡

2. An object is dropped from rest at a height of 300 m. Find

a) Its velocity after 2 sec.
b) The time it takes for the object to reach the ground
c) What velocity does it hit the ground?
a) Given t=2.0 sec
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑔𝑡
9.8𝑚
𝑣𝑓2𝑠 = 0 + ( ) (2 𝑠) = 19.6 𝑚/𝑠
𝑠2
1
b) 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 + 2 𝑔𝑡 2
1 9.8𝑚
300 = 0 + 2 ( 𝑠2 ) (𝑡 2 )
𝑡 = 7.8 𝑠
c)
𝑣𝑓 2 = 𝑣𝑜2 + 2𝑔𝑦
𝑚
𝑣𝑓𝑔𝑟𝑛𝑑 2 = 0 + 2 (9.8 2 ) (300𝑚) = 76.68 𝑚/𝑠
𝑠

3. A bullet is fired straight upward with a velocity of 98.0 m/s from the top of a building 100 m high.
Find
a) Its maximum height above the ground
b) The time required to reach its maximum height
c) The time required to reach the ground
d) The velocity it has when it reaches the ground
Given: a) 𝑦 = 100 + 𝑦1
𝑣𝑓 2 = 𝑣𝑜2 + 2𝑔𝑦
0 = (98)2 + 2 (9.8)𝑦1
𝑦1 = 490 𝑚
𝑦 = 100 + 490
𝑦 = 590 𝑚
b)𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑔𝑡
0 = 98 + (−9.8)𝑡
𝑡 = 10 𝑠
1
c) 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 + 2 𝑔𝑡 2
1
590 = 0 + 2 (9.8)𝑡 2
𝑡 = 10.9 𝑠 - from the highest point to the ground

d) 𝑣𝑓 2 = 𝑣𝑜2 + 2𝑔𝑦
𝑣𝑓 2 = 0 + 2(9.8)(590)
𝑣𝑓 = 107.5 𝑚/𝑠
 4. A ball is thrown vertically upward from the ground with a velocity of 15 m/s. One second later ,
another ball is thrown vertically upward with a velocity of 30 m/s. How far above the ground will
the two balls be at the same level.
ball 1: ball 2:
1 1
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 + 2 𝑔𝑡 2 𝑦2 = 30 (𝑡 − 1) + 2 (−9.8)(𝑡 − 1)2
1
𝑦1 = 15𝑡 + 2 (−9.8)(𝑡)2 𝑦2 = 30𝑡 − 30 − 4.9 (𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 + 1)
𝑦1 = 15𝑡 − 4.9𝑡 2 → [1] 𝑦2 = −4.9𝑡 2 + 39.8𝑡 − 34.9 → [2]

But 𝑦1 = 𝑦2
15𝑡 − 4.9𝑡 2 = −4.9𝑡 2 + 39.8𝑡 − 34.9
0 = 24.8𝑡 − 34.9
𝑡 = 1.4 𝑠
From equation 1:

𝑦1 = 15(1.4) − 4.9(1.4)2

𝑦1 = 11.4 𝑚 above the ground the two balls will be at the same level

5. A ball thrown vertically upward returns to its starting point in 4 seconds. Find its initial velocity.
1
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 + 2 𝑔𝑡 2
1
0 = 𝑣0 (4) + 2 (−9.8)(4)2
𝑣0 = 19.6 𝑚/𝑠
6. An aircraft shell is fired vertically upward with an initial velocity of 500 m/s. Neglecting friction,
compute
a) The maximum height it can reach
b) The time it takes to reach the max height
c) The instantaneous velocity at the end of 60 sec.
d) When will its height be at 10 km?
Solution:
a) At maximum height 𝑣𝑓 = 0
𝑣𝑓 2 = 𝑣𝑜2 + 2𝑔𝑦
0 = (500)2 + 2(9.8)𝑦
𝑦 = 12 755 𝑚
b) 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑔𝑡
0 = 500 + (9.8)𝑡
𝑡 = 51 𝑠 to reach the max. height
c) When t = 60 sec
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑔𝑡
𝑣𝑓 = 5000 + (−9.8)(60)

𝑣𝑓 = −88.6 m/s

d) When h= 10 km t=?
1
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 + 2 𝑔𝑡 2
1
10000 = 500𝑡 + 2 (−9.8)𝑡 2
4.9𝑡 2 − 500𝑡 + 10000 = 0
−(−500)±√(−500)2 −4(4.9)(10000)
𝑡= 2(4.9)
𝑡 = 75 sec 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 27 𝑠𝑒𝑐

PROJECTILE MOTION / CURVILINEAR MOTION

Choosing the launch point as the origin of the x and y axes, x0=0 and y0=0.
For uniform acceleration,
1 1
𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣0𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑣0𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 2
2 2
However, 𝑎𝑥 = 0 , and 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑔 therefore:
1
𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥 𝑡 and 𝑦 = 𝑣0𝑦 𝑡 − 2 𝑔𝑡 2
PROBLEMS:

1. A projectile is fired with an initial velocity of 𝑣0 ft/sec upward at an angle θ with thw horizontal.
Find the horizontal distance covered before the projectile returns to its original level. Also
determeine the maximum height attained by the projectile.
1
𝑦 = 𝑣0𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 2
2
1
𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥 𝑡 + 2
𝑔𝑡 2
𝑎𝑡 (𝑥, 0); 𝑦 = 0 :
1
0 = 𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡 − 2 𝑔𝑡 2
1 2𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡=2 𝑔𝑡 2 , thus 𝑡1 = 𝑔
2𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ( 𝑔
)
𝒗𝟎 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝜽
𝒙= 𝒈
𝑥 𝑡1
𝑎𝑡 ( , ℎ) ; 𝑡 = ; 𝑣0 = 0
2 2
1 2𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
ℎ= − 2 𝑔( 0 𝑔 )2
𝒗𝟎 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝒉=
𝟐𝒈
2. A stone is thrown from a hill at an angle of 600to the horizontal with an initial velocity of 100 ft per
sec. After hitting level ground at the base of the hill, the stone has covered a horizontal distance of
500 ft. How high is the hill?
Solution:
𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑡
500 = 100 cos 60 𝑡
𝑡 = 10 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
1
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜 sin 𝜃 𝑡 − 2 𝑔𝑡 2
1
𝑦 = 100 𝑠𝑖𝑛600 (10) − (32)(10)2
2
𝑦 = 743 𝑓𝑡

3. An object is launched at 450 to the horizontal on level ground as shown. What is the range of the
projectile if its initial velocity is 180 ft/sec? Neglect air resistance.
1
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜 sin 𝜃 𝑡 − 2
𝑔𝑡 2
1
𝑦= 180 sin 450 𝑡 − 2 (32)𝑡 2
2
𝑦 = 127𝑡 − 16𝑡 , when projectile is on the ground,
y=0. Thus, 0 = 𝑡(127 − 16𝑡)
𝑡 = 7.89 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 180 cos 450 𝑡 = 127 𝑡
𝑥 = (127)(7.89)
𝑥 = 1000 𝑓𝑡

4. A shell leaves a mortar with a muzzle velocity of 500 ft/sec directed upward at 600 with the
horizontal. Determine the position of the shell and its resultant velocity 20 sec after firing. How
high will it rise?
500𝑓𝑡
Given: 𝑣0 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐
 𝜃 = 600
𝑡 = 20𝑠𝑒𝑐

Solution:
𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑡
𝑥 = 500 𝑐𝑜𝑠600 (20)
𝑥 = 5000 𝑓𝑡

1 1
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜 sin 𝜃 𝑡 − 2
𝑔𝑡 2 = 500 sin 600 (20) − 2 (32.2)(20)2 = 2220.25 𝑓𝑡
From 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡 → velocity at any given time, thus,
250𝑓𝑡
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣0 = 𝑔𝑡 → 𝑣𝑥 − 500 cos 600 = 0 → 𝑣𝑥 = .
𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑣𝑦 − 500 sin 600 = −32.2 (20)
𝑣𝑦 = 210.99 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝒗 = √𝒗𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒗𝒚 𝟐

𝒗 = √𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟐 + 𝟐𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟐

𝒇𝒕
𝒗 = 𝟑𝟐𝟕. 𝟏𝟑 𝒔𝒆𝒄

𝑣0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 5002 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 600

ℎ= = = 𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟏. 𝟓 𝒇𝒕
2𝑔 2(32.2)

CIRCULAR MOTION AND GRAVITATION

When a particle moves in a circular path of radius 𝑅 with constant speed 𝑣 the motion is called uniform
circular motion.

The magnitude of instantaneous acceleration is equal to the square of the speed divided by the radius of
the circle. Its direction is perpendicular to 𝑣 and inward along the radius.

𝑣2 4𝜋2 𝑅 2𝜋𝑅
𝑎c = 𝑅
or 𝑎c = 𝜏
where 𝑣= 𝜏
; v = Rω

𝜏 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑅 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒

ω = angular speed/velocity in rad./sec.

PROBLEMS:

1. A motorcycle travelling at constant speed of 40 ft/s rounds the curve of radius 300 ft. What is the
magnitude and direction of its acceleration?

𝑣2 (40)2
𝑎⊥ = 𝑅
= 300
= 5.33 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 2
 2. In a ride the passengers travel in a circle of radius 5.0 m making one complete circle in 4.0 sec.
What is its acceleration?
Solution:
2𝜋𝑅 2𝜋(5)
𝑣= 𝜏
= 4
= 7.85 𝑚/𝑠
𝑣 2 (7.85 𝑚/𝑠)2
𝑎⊥ = = = 12.3 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑅 5𝑚

FORCE IN CIRCULAR MOTION – centripetal force

𝑣2
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎𝐶 = 𝑚
𝑅

PROBLEMS:

1. A simplified model of a carousel is illustrated. The arms AB abd AC attach the seats B ans C, each
with mass of 200 slugs, to a vertical rotating shaft . What is the maximum angle of the tilt, , for the
radius if the carousel operates at 12 rpm.
Solution:
The free body diagram is

2𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑
(12 𝑟𝑝𝑚)( )
𝑟𝑒𝑣
The angular velocity of the carrousel is|𝜔 = 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐/𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 1.257 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
The rotational force expressed in terms of 𝜃 is:
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚𝑟𝜔2
= 𝑚𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜔2
= (200)(25)(sin 𝜃)(1.257)2
= 7900 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
From the free body diagram,
𝐹 7900 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑊 = (200𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠)(32𝑓𝑡/𝑠2 ) = 1.23 sin 𝜃
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 1.23 = 0.813
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (0.813) = 35.610
2. In the figure, the 20 lb ball is forced to rotate around the smooth inside surface of a conical shell at
the rate of one revolution in π/4 sec. Assuming that g=32 ft/sec2, find the tension in the cord and
the force on the conical shell. At what speed in rpm will the force on the shell become zero?
Given:

W=20 lb ; t=π/4 sec; g=32.ft/sec

2𝜋𝑅 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 4
𝑣= 𝜏
or 𝑣 = 2𝜋𝑅𝑛 where 𝑛 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
= 𝜋/4
= 𝜋 𝑟𝑝𝑠

𝑅 = 4𝑓𝑡 sin 300 = 2𝑓𝑡

4 16𝑓𝑡
𝑣 = 2𝜋(2𝑓𝑡) ( ) =
𝜋 𝑠𝑒𝑐
 ∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0
𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑠 300 − 𝑁 𝑆𝑖𝑛 300 − 𝑊 = 0 ; 0.866𝑇 − 0.5𝑁 = 20 → 𝑒𝑞𝑡𝑛 [1]
∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0
𝑚𝑣 2 𝑊 𝑣2 (20)(16)2
𝑇𝑠𝑖𝑛300 + 𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑠300 − 𝐹 = 0; but 𝐹 = = = (32)(2)
= 80 𝑙𝑏
𝑅 𝑔 𝑅
0.5𝑇 + 0.866𝑁 = 80 → 𝑒𝑞𝑡𝑛 [2]
By elimination, we get N=59.28 lb and T = 57.3 lb.
For N=0; from equation 1, T=23.1 lb, and from equation 2 we get
F= 11.55 Lb
𝑚𝑣 2 𝑊 𝑣2
𝐹= =
𝑅 𝑔 𝑅
20𝑣 2
11.55 = (32)(2)
𝑣 = 6.079 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑣 = 2𝜋𝑅𝑛
2𝜋(2)𝑛
6.079 = 60
𝑛 = 29 𝑟𝑝𝑚

3. A boy running on a school race rounds a flat curve at 50 ft radius. If he runs at the rate of 15 mph, at
what angle with the vertical will he incline his body?
Given: Solution:
5280 𝑓𝑡 1ℎ𝑟 2
𝑣2 [[15𝑚𝑝ℎ( )( )] ]
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
R=50 ft tan 𝜃 = 𝑔𝑅
= 𝑓𝑡
(32 )(50𝑓𝑡)
sec
V=15 mph 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 0.3006
𝜃 = 16.730

Req’d: θ
4. Find the angle of banking for a highway curve of 300ft radius designed to accommodate cars
travelling at 100 mph, if the coefficient of friction between tires and the road is 0.6. What is the
rated speed of the road.
Given: R = 300 ft
V = 100 mph 𝜇 = 0.60
Req’d: rated speed
Solution: 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅ = 0.60
∅ = 30.960
𝑣2
tan(∅ + 𝜃) = 𝑔𝑅
5280𝑓𝑡 1ℎ𝑟 2
[100𝑚𝑝ℎ ( )( )]
0 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 3600sec
tan(30.96 + 𝜃) = 32𝑓𝑡 = 2.241
( )(300𝑓𝑡)
sec
(30.960 + 𝜃) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2.241)
(30.960 + 𝜃) = 65.950
𝜃 = 34.990
𝑣2
tan(𝜃) =
𝑔𝑅
v2
tan 34.990 =
32.2(300)
sec
3600
v = 82.23 ( hr )
5280ft
mile
v = 56.06 mph

ROTATIONAL MOTION
 ∆𝜃
Average angular velocity = 𝜔𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
∆𝑡
∆𝜃
Instantaneous angular velocity = 𝜔 = lim
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
∆𝜔
Average angular acceleration = 𝛼 =
∆𝑡
∆𝜔
Instantaneous angular acceleration = 𝛼 = lim
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡

Comparison of linear and angular motion with constant acceleration

Motion with constant Motion with constant
linear acceleration angular acceleration
𝑎 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡 𝜔𝑓 = 𝜔𝑖 + 𝛼𝑡
1 1
𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝜃0 + 𝜔𝑖 𝑡 + 2 𝛼𝑡 2

𝑣𝑓 2 = 𝑣𝑖 2 + 2𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑖 ) 𝜔𝑓 2 = 𝜔𝑖 2 + 2𝛼(𝜃 − 𝜃𝑖 )
1 1
𝑥 − 𝑥𝑖 = (𝑣 −𝑣𝑖 )𝑡
2 𝑓
𝜃 − 𝜃𝑖 = 2
(𝜔𝑓 −𝜔𝑖 )𝑡

PROBLEMS:
1. A flywheel 6ft in diameter accelerates from rest at the constant rate of 4 rpm per sec. Compute the
normal and tangential components of the acceleration on the rim of the flywheel after 10 sec.
Given: d= 6ft
𝛼 = 4 𝑟𝑝𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
t= 10 sec.
Req’d: 𝑎c and 𝑎॥
Solution:
4 𝑟𝑒𝑣 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝛼= ( )( ) = 0.42 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝑚𝑖𝑛∙𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑟𝑒𝑣 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
∆𝜔
𝛼=
∆𝑡

𝜔
0.42𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 =
10𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜔 = 4.2 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐

6𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
𝑎c = R𝜔2 = (4.2)2 = 52.92
2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2

𝑎॥ = R𝛼 = 3(0.42) = 1.26 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2

2. The rim of a 50 in. wheel on a brake shoe testing machine has a speed of 60 mph when the brake is
dropped. It comes to rest after the rim has travelled a linear distance of 600 ft. What are the
constant angular acceleration and the number of revolution the wheel makes in coming to rest?
Given: d= 50 in.
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝑣 = 60 ℎ𝑟
S= 600 ft
Req’d: 𝛼 and 𝜃
Solution:
25 𝑖𝑛
𝑟= 12
= 2.083 𝑓𝑡
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃
600 = 2.083𝜃
𝜃 = 288 𝑟𝑎𝑑
1𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝜃 = 288 𝑟𝑎𝑑 ( ) = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟖𝟒 𝒓𝒆𝒗
2𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔𝑖
 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 5280𝑓𝑡 1ℎ𝑟 1𝑚𝑖𝑛
60 ( )( )( ) = 2.083𝑓𝑡 (𝜔)
ℎ𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 60𝑚𝑖𝑛 60𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜔𝑖 = 42.24
𝜔𝑓 2 = 𝜔𝑖 2 + 2𝛼𝜃 , but 𝜔𝑓 = 0
0 = (42.24)2 + 2 𝛼(288)
𝛼 = −3.10 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2

WORK
𝑊 = (𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒)(𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)

1. A worker is dragging a crate along a horizontal surface by applying a force F=50N at an angle of
370 above horizontal to the right. Find the total work done if the crate was dragged at 20 m from its
original position and the frictional force is 15 N.

Solution:
𝑊𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑊𝐹 + 𝑊𝑊 + 𝑊𝑁 + 𝑊𝑓
= 𝐹(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑑 + 0 + 0 + 𝑓𝑑
= 𝑑 (𝐹 (cos 𝜃) − 𝑓)
= 20 (50 cos 370 − 15)
= 498.636 𝐽

KINETIC ENERGY and WORK

1
KE = 2 𝑚𝑣 2
𝑊𝑇OTAL = ∆KE = KE2 − KE1

2. Suppose the initial speed in problem above is 4 m/sec and the mass of the body is 10 kg. What is the
final speed.
Given: 𝑊𝑇 = 498.636 𝐽
𝑚
𝑣1 = 4.0 𝑠 𝑚 = 10.0 𝑘𝑔
Req’d: 𝑣2
Solution:
1 1
KE = 2 𝑚𝑣 2 = 2 (10 𝑘𝑔)(4𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐)2 = 80 𝐽
𝑊𝑇OTAL = ∆KE = KE2 − KE1
498.636 𝐽 = KE2 − 80𝐽
KE2 = 578.636 𝐽
1
KE = 2 𝑚𝑣 2
1
578.636 𝐽 = 2 (10𝑘𝑔)(𝑣2 )2
𝑣2 = 10.758 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY

𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔𝑦

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
𝑃𝐸1 − 𝑃𝐸2 = 𝐾𝐸2 − 𝐾𝐸1 𝑜𝑟 𝐾𝐸2 + 𝑃𝐸2 = 𝐾𝐸1 + 𝑃𝐸1

3. A 2000 lb weight is initially suspended on a 500 ft long cable. The weight is then raised at 400 feet.
If the cable weighs 5 lb/ft, how much work is done.
The weight of the cable for the two situations is:
𝑤1 = 500 (5) = 2500 𝑙𝑏
𝑤2 = 100 (5) = 500 𝑙𝑏
 These weights may be considered to be concentrated
at the mid points of the extended cables. Choosing the
datum to be at the top of the cable, the work done is
equal to the difference in potential energies of the
two situations.
𝑃𝐸1 = (2000)(−500) + (2500)(−250)
= −1625000 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
𝑃𝐸2 = (2000)(−100) + (500)(−50)
= −225000 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
𝑊𝑇 = 𝑃𝐸2 − 𝑃𝐸1 = −225000 − (−1625000)
= 1400000 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡

IMPLULSE AND MOMENTUM

The second law of motion states that the force 𝐹 applied to a body of mass 𝑚 that undergoes and
acceleration 𝑎 is given by
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
The acceleration of a body can be expressed in terms of its velocities 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 at the two different times
𝑡1 and 𝑡2 as
𝑣2 − 𝑣1
𝑎=
𝑡2 − 𝑡1
Hence the second law may be rewritten as
𝑚(𝑣2 − 𝑣1 ) 𝑚𝑣2 − 𝑚𝑣1
𝐹= =
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 𝑡2 − 𝑡1
Or, )
𝐹(𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 𝑚𝑣2 − 𝑚𝑣1
Or, 𝐹∆𝑡 = ∆𝑚𝑣
The quantity 𝑚𝑣 is known as the linear momentum of a particle of mass 𝑚 and velocity 𝑣. The product of
the constant force F and the change in time ∆𝑡 during which it acts is called the impulse of the force. Thus,
Impulse = change in momentum
Impulse = ∆𝑚𝑣
Conservation of momentum
Momentum lost = Momentum gained
In every collision or interaction, momentum is conserved, that is, the total momentum before the
collision is equal to the total momentum after the collision.
In the collision of two bodies A and B having masses mA and mB, initial velocities 𝑣1𝐴 , 𝑣1𝐵 and final
velocities 𝑣2𝐴 , 𝑣2𝐵 , the momentum equation gives:
𝑚𝐴 𝑣1𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑣1𝐵 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑣2𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑣2𝐵

For Elastic collisions, the kinetic energy is conserved, and the relative velocity after collision is less
than the relative velocity before the collision. In equation it states,
𝑣2𝐴 − 𝑣2𝐵 = 𝑣1𝐴 − 𝑣1𝐵
The coefficient of restitution(𝑒) – the negative ratio of the relative velocity after the collision to the
relative velocity before the collision.
𝑣2𝐴 − 𝑣2𝐵 𝑣2𝐴 − 𝑣2𝐵
𝑒=− =
𝑣1𝐴 − 𝑣1𝐵 𝑣1𝐵 − 𝑣1𝐴
If the collision is perfectly elastic , e = 1.
If the collision is completely inelastic , e = 0. In this case the two colliding bodies adhere and move
as one body after collision.

PROBLEMS:
1. A stationary passenger car of a train is set into motion by the impact of a moving locomotive. What
is the impulse delivered to the car if it has a velocity of 38 m/sec immediately after the collision?
The weight of the car is 13 kN.
Solution:
 From the impulse-momentum principle,
Impulse = ∆𝑚𝑣 = 𝑚𝑣2 − 𝑚𝑣1 = 𝑚(𝑣2 − 𝑣1 )
13000
= (38 − 0) = 50,408.163 𝑘𝑔 ∙ sec
9.8

2. Two identical balls hit head on in a perfectly elastic collision. Given that the initial velocity of one
ball is 0.9 m/sec and the initial velocity of the other is -0.63 m/sec, what is the relative velocity of
each ball after the collision?
vi1 = 0.9 m/s vi2 = 0.63 m/s
Solution:
The conservation of momentum gives:
1 2
Total momentum = constant
𝑚1 𝑣𝑖1 + 𝑚2 𝑣𝑖2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 but 𝑚1 = 𝑚2
𝑚(𝑣𝑖1 + 𝑣𝑖2 ) = 𝑚(𝑣1 + 𝑣2 )
(𝑣𝑖1 + 𝑣𝑖2 ) = (𝑣1 + 𝑣2 ) 1 2
0.9 + (−0.63) = (𝑣1 + 𝑣2 )
v1 v2
0.27 = (𝑣1 + 𝑣2 )
For the elastic collisions, the interaction forces are conservative,
1 so kinetic energy is 2conserved.
From the conservation of kinetic energy:
1 1 1 1
2
𝑚𝑣𝑖12 + 2 𝑚𝑣𝑖22 = 2 𝑚𝑣1 2 + 2 𝑚𝑣2 2
𝑚𝑣𝑖12 + 𝑚𝑣𝑖22 = 𝑚𝑣1 2 + 𝑚𝑣2 2
(0.9)2 + (−0.63)2 = 𝑣1 2 + 𝑣2 2
1.207 = 𝑣1 2 + 𝑣2 2
1.207 = (0.27 − 𝑣2 )2 + 𝑣2 2
1.207 = 0.073 − 0.54𝑣2 + 2𝑣2 2
𝑣2 2 − 0.27𝑣2 − 0.567 = 0
−(−0.27) ± √(−0.27)2 − 4(1)(−0.567) 𝐦
𝑣2 = = 𝟎. 𝟗
2(1) 𝐬𝐞𝐜
𝑣1 = 0.27 − 𝑣2 = 0.27 − 0.9
𝒗𝟏 = −𝟎. 𝟔𝟑 𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄

3. Two masses collide in a perfectly inelastic collision. Given the data in the figure below, find the
velocity and direction of the resulting combined mass.

Solution:
Let the positive direction of motion be defined to the right. Also, let 𝑚𝑅 be the resultant combined
mass moving at velocity 𝑣𝑅 after the collision. Since momentum is conserved:
𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 𝑚𝑅 𝑣𝑅
However, 𝑚𝑅 = 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = 5𝑚2 , therefore:
4𝑚2 (10) + 𝑚2 (−20) = 5𝑚2 𝑣𝑅
40𝑚2 − 20𝑚2 = 5𝑚2 𝑣𝑅
𝒗𝑹 = 𝟒𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄 to the right

4. A ball is dropped into a solid floor from initial height, ℎ𝑖 . If the coefficient of restitution, 𝑒, is 0.9.
How high will the ball rebound?
Solution: 1, 2 and 3 denote the positions shown below.
Conservation of energy gives, before impact:
𝐸1,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐸2,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 or 𝐸𝐾2 + 𝐸𝑃2 = 𝐸𝐾1 + 𝐸𝑃1
But the kinetic energy at position 1 is zero
and the potential energy at position 2 is zero,
thus
𝐸𝐾2 = 𝐸𝑃1
 1
𝑚𝑣𝑖 2 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑖
2
𝑣𝑖 = 2√2𝑔ℎ𝑖
𝑣𝑖 is the velocity of the ball before impact.
After impact, the kinetic energy at position 3
is zero. Denoting the velocity of the ball after
the impact by :
1
2
𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
𝑣 = 2√2𝑔ℎ
By definition, the coefficient of restitution is
𝑣𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 − 𝑣𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑣
𝑒= =−
𝑣𝑖,𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 − 𝑣𝑖,𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑖

√2𝑔ℎ ℎ
=− = −√
√2𝑔ℎ𝑖 ℎ𝑖
ℎ
(0.9)2 =
ℎ𝑖
ℎ = 0.81ℎ𝑖
5. A ball is suspended in space explodes into three pieces whose masses, initial velocities 𝑣1 =
𝑚
20 𝑠𝑒𝑐 , 𝑣2 = 40𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 and direction are given in the figure. Find the velocity of 𝑚3 .

Solution:

Conservation of momentum for x-axis:

𝑚2 𝑣2 cos 300 + 𝑚3 𝑣3 cos 𝜃 = 0
2𝑣2 cos 300 + 4𝑣3 cos 𝜃 = 0
2(40) cos 300 + 4𝑣3 cos 𝜃 = 0
17.32
𝑣3 = −
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

For y axis:
𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 sin 300 + 𝑚3 𝑣3 sin 𝜃 = 0
𝑚1 (20) + 2𝑚1 (40) sin 300 + 4𝑚1 𝑣3 sin 𝜃 = 0
−4𝑣3 sin 𝜃 = 60
60
𝑣3 = −
4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Equating the values of 𝑣3 gives:
60
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 4(17.32)
;𝜃 = 40.90
 𝑣3 = −17.32/𝑐𝑜𝑠40.90 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟗 𝐦/𝐬𝐞𝐜

References:
1. SEARS, Francis W., W. ZEMANSKY, Mark W., and YOUNG, Hugh D. College Physics, 7th Edition.
Massachusstes: Addison- Weslesy Publishing Co., 1986

2. WEBER, Robert L. MANNING, Kenneth V., WHITE, MARSH w> and WEYGAND, George A. College Physics,.
5th Edition New Yok: Mc Graw Hill Book Co. 1952.

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