Chapter 5 Review

Chapter 5: Producing Data

___ 1. In order to assess the effects of exercise on reducing cholesterol, a researcher sampled 50
people from a local gym who exercised regularly and 50 people from the surrounding
community who did not exercise regularly. They each reported to a clinic to have their
cholesterol measured. The subjects were unaware of the purpose of the study, and the
technician measuring the cholesterol was not aware of whether subjects exercised
regularly or not. This is
a) an observational study.
b) an experiment, but not a double-blind experiment.
c) a double-blind experiment.
d) a matched-pairs experiment.

___ 2. In order to investigate whether women are more likely than men to prefer Democratic
candidates, a political scientist selects a large sample of registered voters, both men and
women. She asks every voter whether they voted for the Republican or the Democratic
candidate in the last election. This is
a) an observational study. c) a double-blind experiment.
b) a multistage sample. d) a block design.

___ 3. A market research company wishes to find out whether the population of students at a
university prefers brand A or brand B of instant coffee. A random sample of students is
selected, and each student is asked first to try brand A and then to try brand B, or vice
versa (with the order determined at random). They then indicate which brand they prefer.
This is an example of
a) an experiment.
b) an observational study, not an experiment.
c) stratified sampling design.
d) block design.

___ 4. In order to assess the opinion of students at the University of Minnesota on campus snow
removal, a reporter for the student newspaper interviews the first 12 students he meets
who are willing to express their opinion. The method of sampling used is
a) simple random sampling. c) voluntary response.
b) convenience sampling. d) a census.

Use the following to answer questions 5-6:

Choose a simple random sample of size three from the following employees of a small company.

1. Bechhofer 4. Kesten 7. Taylor

2. Brown 5. Kiefer 8. Wald
3. Ito 6. Spitzer 9. Weiss

Use the numerical labels attached to the names above and the list of random digits below. Read the
list of random digits from left to right, starting at the beginning of the list.

11793 20495 05907 11384 44982 20751 27498 12009 45287 71753 98236 66419 84533

___ 5. Referring to the information above, the simple random sample is

a) 117.
b) Bechhofer, then Bechhofer again, then Taylor.
c) Bechhofer, Taylor, Weiss.
d) Kesten, Kiefer, Taylor.

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___ 6. Referring to the information above, which of the following statements is true?
a) If we used another list of random digits to select the sample, we would get the same
result that we obtained with the list used here.
b) If we used another list of random digits to select the sample, we would get a
completely different sample than that obtained with the list used here.
c) If we used another list of random digits to select the sample, we would get at most
one name in common with the sample obtained here.
d) If we used another list of random digits to select the sample, it would be just as
likely that the sample that we obtained here would be selected as any other set of
three names.

___ 7. In order to take a sample of 90 members of a local gym, I first divide the members into
men and women, and then take a simple random sample of 45 men and a separate simple
random sample of 45 women. This is an example of a
a) block design.
b) stratified random sample.
c) double-blind simple random sample.
d) randomized comparative experiment.

___ 8. The six people listed below are enrolled in a statistics course taught by means of
television. Use the list of random digits
27102 56027 55892 33063 41842 81868 71035 09001 43367 49497 54580 81507
starting at the beginning of this list, to choose a simple random sample of three to be
interviewed in detail about the quality of the course. Use the labels attached to the six
names.

1. Moore 4. Goel
2. Casella 5. Jones
3. Santner 6. Klein

The sample you obtain is

a) Moore, Casella, Jones.
b) 2, 7, 1.
c) Moore, Casella, and again Casella.
d) any set of three names, but we must exclude Casella.

___ 9. A public opinion poll in Ohio wants to determine whether registered voters in the state
approve of a measure to ban smoking in all public areas. They select a simple random
sample of 50 registered voters from each county in the state and ask whether they
approve or disapprove of the measure. This is an example of
a) a systematic county sample. c) a multistage sample.
b) a stratified sample. d) a simple random sample.

___ 10. In order to assess the opinion of students at the University of Minnesota on campus snow
removal, a reporter for the student newspaper interviews the first 12 students he meets
who are willing to express their opinion. In this case, the sample is
a) all those students favoring prompt snow removal.
b) all students at universities receiving substantial snow.
c) the 12 students interviewed.
d) all students at the University of Minnesota.

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___ 11. A small college has 500 male and 600 female undergraduates. A simple random sample of
50 of the male undergraduates is selected, and, separately, a simple random sample of 60
of the female undergraduates is selected. The two samples are combined to give an
overall sample of 110 students. The overall sample is
a) a simple random sample. c) a multistage sample.
b) a stratified random sample. d) all of the above.

___ 12. A marketing research firm wishes to determine if the adult men in Laramie, Wyoming,
would be interested in a new upscale men's clothing store. From a list of all residential
addresses in Laramie, the firm selects a simple random sample of 100 and mails a brief
questionnaire to each. The sample in this survey is
a) all adult men in Laramie, Wyoming.
b) all residential addresses in Laramie, Wyoming.
c) the members of the marketing firm that actually conducted the survey.
d) the 100 addresses to which the survey was mailed.

___ 13. A 1992 Roper poll found that 22% of Americans say that the Holocaust may not have
happened. The actual question asked in the poll was:
Does it seem possible or impossible to you that the Nazi extermination of the Jews never
happened?

Twenty-two percent responded “possible.” The results of this poll cannot be trusted
because
a) undercoverage is present. Obviously those people who did not survive the Holocaust
could not be in the poll.
b) the question is worded in a confusing manner.
c) we do not know who conducted the poll or who paid for the results.
d) nonresponse is present. Many people will refuse to participate and those that do will
be biased in their opinions.

___ 14. A call-in poll conducted by USA Today concluded that Americans love Donald Trump. USA
Today later reported that 5640 of the 7800 calls for the poll came from the offices owned
by one man, Cincinnati financier Carl Lindner, who is a friend of Donald Trump. The
results of this poll are probably
a) surprising, but reliable since it was conducted by a nationally recognized
organization.
b) biased, but only slightly since the sample size was quite large.
c) biased understating the popularity of Donald Trump.
d) biased overstating the popularity of Donald Trump.

___ 15. A news release for a diet products company reports: “There's good news for the 65 million
Americans currently on a diet.” Its study showed that people who lose weight can keep it
off. The sample was 20 graduates of the company's program who endorse it in
commercials. The results of the sample are probably
a) biased, overstating the effectiveness of the diet.
b) biased, understating the effectiveness of the diet.
c) unbiased since these are nationally recognized individuals.
d) unbiased, but they could be more accurate. A larger sample size should be used.

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___ 16. A marketing research firm wishes to determine if the adult men in Laramie, Wyoming,
would be interested in a new upscale men's clothing store. From a list of all residential
addresses in Laramie, the firm selects a simple random sample of 100 and mails a brief
questionnaire to each. The chance that all 100 homes in a particular neighborhood in
Laramie end up being the sample of residential addresses selected is
a) the same as for any other set of 100 residential addresses.
b) exactly 0. Simple random samples will spread out the addresses selected.
c) reasonably large due to the “cluster” effect.
d) 100 divided by the size of the population of Laramie.

___ 17. A recent poll conducted by the student newspaper asked, “Who do you believe will win
the Ohio State Undergraduate Student Government elections?” In order to vote, one had
to access the student newspaper's Web site and record one's vote at the student
newspaper's Web page. The results of the poll were summarized in a graphic similar to the
one below.

Total Votes: 24

Based on this information,

a) the results of the survey are unreliable since convenience sampling was used.
b) the results of the survey are likely to be unreliable since the sample size was very
small.
c) both of the above.
d) Patel and Patel have such a large majority that, even though there are flaws in the
poll, they are still almost certain to win.

___ 18. The number of undergraduates at Johns Hopkins University is approximately 2000, while
the number at Ohio State University is approximately 40,000. At both schools a simple
random sample of about 3% of the undergraduates is taken. We conclude that
a) the sample from Johns Hopkins is more accurate than the sample from Ohio State.
b) the sample from Johns Hopkins is less accurate than the sample from Ohio State.
c) the sample from Johns Hopkins has the same accuracy as the sample from Ohio State.
d) it is impossible to make any statements about the accuracies of the two samples
since the students surveyed were different.

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___ 19. A sociologist wants to study the attitudes of American male college students toward
marriage and husband-wife relations. She gives a questionnaire to 25 of the men enrolled
in Sociology 101 at her college. All 25 complete and return the questionnaire. The sample
in this situation is
a) all men taking a comparable sociology class.
b) the 25 men who received and returned the questionnaire.
c) all the men in the Sociology 101 class.
d) all married men in the Sociology 101 class.

___ 20. A researcher is interested in the cholesterol levels of adults in the city in which she lives.
A free cholesterol screening program is set up in the downtown area during the lunch
hour. Individuals can walk in and have their cholesterol levels determined for free. One
hundred and seventy three people use the service, and their average cholesterol is 217.8.
The sample obtained is an example of
a) a simple random sample, since the experimenter did not know beforehand which
individuals would come to the screening.
b) a stratified sample of high and low cholesterol individuals.
c) a sample probably containing bias and undercoverage.
d) a multistage sample of varying cholesterol levels.

___ 21. You are testing a new medication for relief of depression. You are going to give the new
medication to subjects suffering from depression and see if their symptoms have lessened
after a month. You have eight subjects available. Half of the subjects are to be given the
new medication and the other half a placebo. The names of the eight subjects are given
below.

1. Blumenthal 5. House
2. Costello 6. Long
3. Duvall 7. Pavlicova
4. Fan 8. Tang

Using the list of random digits

81507 27102 56027 55892 33063 41842 81868 71035 09001 43367 49497
starting at the beginning of this list and using single-digit labels, you assign the first four
subjects selected to receive the new medication, while the remainder receive the
placebo. The subjects assigned to the placebo are
a) Blumenthal, Costello, Duvall, and Fan.
b) Blumenthal, House, Pavlicova, and Tang.
c) House, Long, Pavlicova, and Tang.
d) Costello, Duvall, Fan, and Long.

___ 22. Sickle-cell disease is a painful disorder of the red blood cells that affects mostly blacks in
the United States. To investigate whether the drug hydroxyurea can reduce the pain
associated with sickle-cell disease, a study by the National Institute of Health gave the
drug to 150 sickle-cell sufferers and a placebo to another 150. The researchers then
counted the number of episodes of pain reported by each subject. The response is
a) the drug hydroxyurea.
b) the number of episodes of pain.
c) the presence of sickle-cell disease.
d) the number of red blood cells.

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___ 23. Which of the following is not a major principle of experimental design?
a) comparative experimentation. c) randomization.
b) replication. d) segmentation.

Use the following to answer questions 24-25:

A study of human development showed two types of movies to groups of children. Crackers were
available in a bowl, and the investigators compared the number of crackers eaten by children watching
the different kinds of movies. One kind of movie was shown at 8 AM (right after the children had
breakfast) and another at 11 AM (right before the children had lunch). It was found that during the
movie shown at 11 AM, more crackers were eaten than during the movie shown at 8 AM. The
investigators concluded that the different types of movies had an effect on appetite.

___ 24. The results cannot be trusted because

a) the study was not double-blind. Neither the investigators nor the children should
have been aware of which movie was being shown.
b) the investigators were biased. They knew beforehand what they hoped the study
would show.
c) the investigators should have used several bowls, with crackers randomly placed in
each.
d) the time the movie was shown is a confounding variable.

___ 25. The response variable in this experiment is

a) the number of crackers eaten.
b) the different kinds of movies.
c) the time the movie was shown.
d) the bowls.

___ 26. Two variables in a study are said to be confounded if

a) one cannot separate their effects on a response variable.
b) they are highly correlated.
c) they do not have a normal distribution.
d) one of them is a placebo.

___ 27. A study of the effects of running on personality involved 231 male runners who each ran
about 20 miles a week. The runners were given the Cattell Sixteen Personality Factors
Questionnaire, a 187-item multiple-choice test often used by psychologists. A news report
(New York Times, Feb. 15, 1988) stated, “The researchers found statistically significant
personality differences between the runners and the 30-year-old male population as a
whole.” A headline on the article said, “Research has shown that running can alter one's
moods.” Which of the following statements is true?
a) This study was not a designed experiment.
b) This study was an experiment, but not a double-blind experiment.
c) This study was a double-blind experiment, but not a randomized experiment.
d) This study was a randomized, double-blind experiment.

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___ 28. An amateur gardener decides to change varieties of tomatoes for this year to see if the
yield is improved. He put in six plants the previous year and six plants this year using the
same part of the garden. The average yield per plant was 11.3 pounds per plant in the
previous year and 14.5 pounds per plant using the new variety. This is an example of
a) an experiment.
b) an observational study, not an experiment.
c) the elimination of all confounding variables by design, since the gardener used the
same part of the garden in both years.
d) a multistage design, since two years were involved.

___ 29. In a recent study, a random sample of children in grades two through four showed a
significant negative relationship between the amount of homework assigned and student
attitudes. This is an example of
a) an experiment.
b) an observational study.
c) the establishing of a causal relationship through correlation.
d) a block design, with grades as blocks.

Use the following to answer questions 30-32:

One hundred volunteers who suffer from severe depression are available for a study. Fifty are selected
at random and are given a new drug that is thought to be particularly effective in treating severe
depression. The other 50 are given an existing drug for treating severe depression. A psychiatrist
evaluates the symptoms of all volunteers after four weeks in order to determine if there has been
substantial improvement in the severity of the depression.

___ 30. The factor in the study above is

a) which treatment the volunteers receive.
b) the use of randomization and the fact that this was a comparative study.
c) the extent to which the depression was reduced.
d) the use of a psychiatrist to evaluate the severity of depression.

___ 31. The study described above would be double-blind if

a) neither drug had any identifying marks on it.
b) all volunteers were not allowed to see the psychiatrist nor the psychiatrist allowed to
see the volunteers during the session during which the psychiatrist evaluated the
severity of the depression.
c) neither the volunteers nor the psychiatrist knew which treatment any person had
received.
d) all of the above.

___ 32. Referring to the study described above, suppose volunteers were first divided into men
and women, and then half of the men were randomly assigned to the new drug and half of
the women were assigned to the new drug. The remaining volunteers received the other
drug. This would be an example of
a) replication.
b) confounding. The effects of gender will be mixed up with the effects of the drugs.
c) a block design.
d) a matched-pairs design.

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Use the following to answer questions 33-34:

New varieties of corn with altered amino acid patterns may have higher nutritive value than standard
corn, which is low in the amino acid lysine. An experiment compares two new varieties, called opaque-
2 and floury-2, with normal corn. Corn-soybean meal diets using each type of corn are prepared at
three different protein levels, 12%, 16%, and 20%, giving nine diets in all. Researchers assign 10 one-
day-old male chicks to each diet and record their weight gains after 21 days. The weight gain of the
chicks is a measure of the nutritive value of their diet.

___ 33. Referring to the information above, the experimental units in this experiment are
a) variety and protein level.
b) the weight gains.
c) the 90 one-day-old male chicks.
d) opaque-2 and floury-2.

___ 34. Referring to the information above, the factors are

a) variety and protein level.
b) the three levels of protein.
c) the 90 one-day-old male chicks.
d) opaque-2 and floury-2 varieties of corn.

___ 35. A stratified random sample corresponds to which of the following experimental designs?
a) a block design.
b) a double-blind experiment.
c) an experiment with a placebo.
d) a confounded, nonrandomized study.

___ 36. A basketball player makes 2/3 of his free throws. To simulate a single free throw, which of
the following assignments of digits to making a free throw are appropriate?
a) 0 and 1 correspond to making the free throw and 2 corresponds to missing the free
throw.
b) 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, and 08 correspond to making the free throw and 09, 10,
11, and 12 correspond to missing the free throw.
c) Both (a) and (b) are correct.
d) Neither (a) nor (b) is correct.

___ 37. To simulate a basketball player who makes 75% of his free throws, we use the digits 1, 2,
and 3 to correspond to making the free throw and the digit 4 to correspond to missing the
free throw. Assume successive shots are independent and we obtain the following
sequence of 10 random digits: 19223 95034
Using these digits, the relative frequency of missing a free throw is
a) 1/10. b) 5/10. c) 1/6. d) 5/6.

Use the following to answer questions 38-40:

To simulate a toss of a coin we let the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 correspond to a head and the digits 5, 6,
7, 8, and 9 correspond to a tail. Consider the following game: We are going to toss the coin until we
either get a head or we get two tails in a row, whichever comes first. If it takes us one toss to get the
head we win $2, if it takes us two tosses we win $1, and if we get two tails in a row we win nothing.
Use the following sequence of random digits:
12975 13258 45144

___ 38. The estimated probability of winning $2 in this game is

a) 1/4. b) 5/15. c) 7/11. d) 9/15.

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___ 39. The estimated probability of winning nothing is

a) 1/2. b) 2/11. c) 6/15. d) 7/11.

___ 40. The estimated number of tosses in a trial of the game is

a) 2.0. b) 15/9. c) 15/11. d) 11/15.

41. Is the right hand generally stronger than the left in right-handed people?
You can crudely measure hand strength by placing a bathroom scale on a shelf
with the end protruding and then squeezing the scale between the thumb below
and the four fingers above. The reading of the scale shows the force exerted.
a. What is/are the explanatory variable(s)?

b. What is the response variable?

c. You have recruited 10 right-handed people to serve as subjects. Carefully describe the
design of a matched pairs experiment to compare the strength of the right and left hands
using these subjects.

d. Use line 139 in the random digit table to do the required randomization and report your
results.

42. A game of chance is based on spinning a spinner numbered 1 through 10

(like the one shown) two times in succession. The player wins if the larger of
the two numbers is greater than 5.
a. Describe a single play of this game. What are all of the possible
outcomes resulting in a win?

b. Describe a correspondence between the random digits from a random digit table and
outcomes in the game.

c. Describe a technique (using the randInt( ) command on your calculator) that would
simulate a single play of the game.

d. Use the random digit table or your calculator to simulate 20 games. If you choose to use
the table, start at line 140. If you choose to use the calculator, enter “123 -> rand” so we
all end up with the same results. Report the proportion of times you win the game.

43. A university’s financial aid office wants to know how much it can expect students to earn from
summer employment. This information will be used to set the level of financial aid. The
population contains 3,478 students who have completed at least one year of study but have not yet
graduated. A questionnaire will be sent to an SRS of 100 of these students, drawn from an
alphabetized list.

a. Describe how you will label the students in order to select the sample.

b. Use Table B, beginning at line 105, to select the first five students in the sample.

44. A corporation employs 2000 male and 500 female engineers. A stratified random sample of 200
male and 50 female engineers gives each engineer 1 chance in 10 to be chosen. This sample design
gives every individual in the population the same chance to be chosen for the sample. Why is this
not an SRS? Explain your answer.

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45. Twenty overweight females have agreed to participate in a study of the effectiveness of four
weight-reducing regimens: A, B, C, and D. The researcher first calculates how overweight each
subject is by comparing the subject’s actual weight with her “ideal” weight. The subjects and
their excess weights in pounds are:

Birnbaum 35 Hernandez 25 Moses 25 Smith 29

Brown 34 Jackson 33 Nevesky 39 Stall 33
Brunk 30 Kendall 28 Obrach 30 Tran 35
Dixon 34 Loren 32 Rodriquez 30 Wilansky 42
Festinger 24 Mann 28 Santiago 27 WIlliams 22

The response variable is the weight lost after 8 weeks of treatment.

Because the initial amount overweight will influence the response
variable, a block design is appropriate.

Arrange the subjects in order of increasing weight. Form five blocks by

grouping the four least overweight, then the next four, and so on. List the
blocks created in this manner.

46. A medical study of heart surgery investigates the effect of a drug called a
beta-blocker on the pulse rate of the patient during surgery. The pulse rate
will be measured at a specific point during the operation. The investigators will use 20 patients
facing heart surgery as subjects. You have a list of these patients, numbered 1 to 20, in
alphabetical order.

Outline in both paragraph and diagram form a randomized experimental design for this study.

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Chapter 5 Review: Answers

1. a 11. b 21. d 31. c
2. a 12. d 22. b 32. c
3. a 13. b 23. d 33. c
4. b 14. d 24. d 34. a
5. c 15. a 25. a 35. a
6. d 16. a 26. a 36. c
7. b 17. c 27. a 37. c
8. a 18. b 28. b 38. c
9. b 19. b 29. b 39. b
10. c 20. c 30. a 40. c

41. (a) The explanatory variable is which hand the subject uses.
(b) The response variable is hand strength (measured as force exerted via the scale
reading).
(c) Recall that a matched pairs design is a type of block design in which every block
consists of two experimental units that are similar to one another in some way relevant to
the experiment. In this case, the pairs are the right and left hands of the same person.
(This should remove variability due to the strengths of different people; if we measured
the right hand of one person and the left hand of a different person, how would we know
whether differences in hand strength were due to what hand it was (left vs. right) as
opposed to differences in individual people?)

Here is the description of the experiment:

First, create 10 “blocks” of one subject (two hands) each. Each subject will squeeze the
scale between their thumbs below and their four fingers above with one hand at a time.
Flip a coin to determine which hand will be used first (heads -> right, tails -> left). The
scale reading will be recorded for each hand for each subject, and a comparison will be
made to determine whether the right hand is generally stronger than the left hand in
right-handed people.
(d) To use the random digit table to do the necessary randomization, read 10 single digits
from the table (to represent the 10 subjects). An even number will represent a heads
(right hand first) and an odd number will represent a tails (left hand first). Using line 139
we have the numbers 55588 99404, and so the first three subjects will use their left hands
first, the next two will use their right hands first, and so on.

42. (a) A single play consists of spinning the spinner twice. The possible winning outcomes
are those outcomes in which at least one of the spins results in a number larger than 5.
There are 50 possible winning outcomes.
(b) Let one digit represent the outcome of one spin of the spinner where the numbers
1,2,…,0 represent the outcomes 1,2,…,10. Two spins would be represented by choosing
two digits, one for each spin.
(c) Use the randInt(01,10,2) command to generate two numbers between 1 and 10
(inclusive). These numbers would represent the two spins.
(d) Using the table, we need the entire row of 40 numbers from line 140 (2 numbers per
game for 20 games). The first 5 games would yield the numbers 12975 13258, during
which we win twice (97 and 58). Continuing in this manner we find that we win a total of
twelve times. Using the calculator, we first use the 123->rand command to “seed” the
random number generator. Then, using the command randInt(01,10,2) and pressing
enter 20 times (for the twenty) games gives us sixteen wins. (NOTE: Your results would
be different if you used a different numbering scheme!)

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43. (a) One possibility would be to number the students consecutively corresponding to their
last names in alphabetical order (from 0001 - 3478).
(b) The first five 4-digit numbers (discarding repeats, if they occur) between 0001 and
3478 from line 105 would be 2940, 0769, 1481, 2975, and (continuing to line 106) 1315.
The students whose names correspond to those numbers would be the first five chosen to
take the survey.

44. This design is not an SRS because not all samples of size 250 would be equally likely. For
example, we would never be able to get a sample consisting of 199 men and 51 women.

45. The blocks would be made up of the following quadruples: Williams, Festinger, Hernandez,
and Moses; Santiago, Mann, Kendall, and Smith; Obrach, Rodriguez, Brunk, and Loren;
Stall, Jackson, Brown, and Dixon; Birnbaum, Tran, Nevesky, and Wilansky.

46. Completely Randomized Design Randomly assign the subjects to two groups of ten
patients each. To create equal-sized groups, randomly select a number between 1 and 20.
The person whose name corresponds to the first number chosen will go into group A (the
beta-blocker group) and the second person chosen will go into group B (the “no
treatment” group). Alternate in this manner, discarding repeated numbers, until all
patients are allocated to one of the two groups. Give one group beta-blockers and one
group (the control group) no treatment. (Further randomization is possible, but not
necessary, if we flip a coin to determine which group will receive the beta-blocker and
which will receive no treatment.) Measure the pulse rates of the patients at the specified
time during the surgery and compare the results between the two groups.
Another option is some sort of Randomized Block Design. Split the subjects into two equal
groups of 10 subjects each (perhaps by gender, since we might expect different pulse
rates for men and women in general). Then within each block, carry out a completely
randomized design as outlined above, but with groups of size 5 (2 groups of 5 men, and 2
groups of 5 women). The diagrams would look like those shown on pages 295 or 302 of the
textbook, depending on the method you choose.

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